Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Present Continuous
The Present Simple
Form: VB. Short Inf./ pers.III sg. +(e)s
+ I drink/ -I don’t drink/ ? Do I drink?
+ He/ she/ it drinks/ -He/ she/ it doesn’t drink/ ? Does he drink?
USE:
1. Permanent actions/situations (actiuni/ situatii permanente):
E.g. She lives in Australia. (Ea locuieste in Australia.)
He ... fast cars. (Lui ii plac masinile rapide.)
a) likes
b) is liking
c) like
d) will be liking
2. Universal truths, laws of nature and proverbs (adevaruri generale, legi ale naturii si
proverbe):
E.g. Water freezes at 0 Celsius degrees. (Apa ingheata la 0 grade Celsius.)
The Earth ... round the Sun. (Pamantul se invarte in jurul Soarelui.)
a) moves
b) is moving
c) will move
d) move
Taylors ... clothes. (Croitorii fac haine.)
a) are making
b) make
c) makes
d) are being made
A friend in need ... a friend indeed. (Prietenul la nevoies e cunoaste.)
a) is
b) is being
c) will be
d) is been
4. Timetables (orare):
E.g. The train leaves at 5 tomorrow. (Trenul pleaca la 5 maine.)
The plane ... at 8:30 in the morning. (Avionul decoleaza la 8:30 dimineata.)
a) takes off
b) is taking off
c) will take off
d) will be taking off
The shop opens at 7 a.m. and closes at 8 p.m. (Magazinul se deschide la 7 dimineata si se inchide la 8 seara.)
7. Exclamations (exclamatii):
E.g. Here/ There + Pronoun + P! -> Daca subiectul este un pronume atunci el sta in fata verbului.
Here she is!/ There he goes! (Iat-o!/ Iata-l ca pleaca!)
Here/ There + P + Noun! -> Daca subiectul este un substantiv atunci el sta dupa verb.
Here comes Mother!/ There goes the bus! (Iata ca vine mama!/ Iata ca pleaca autobuzul!)
8. Stage directions or narrations/ successive actions (indicatii de regie sau naratiuni/ actiuni succesive):
E.g. He stirs the fire, arranges some books, is restless, shivers slightly and settles to read.
(El atata focul, aranjeaza niste carti, este nelinistit, tremura usor si se aseaza sa citeasca.)
9. Assertions (verbs used in the first person to perform an action)(asertiuni => verbe folosite la persoana I
pentru a realiza o actiune):
accept (a accepta), agree (a fi deacord), apologise (a-si cere scuze), admit (a recunoaste), congratulate (a
felicita),declare (a declara), deny (a nega), beg (a implora), disagree (a nu fi deacord), forbid (a interzice),
forgive (a ierta), guarantee (a garanta), insist (a insista), intend (a intentiona), invite (a invita), order (a ordona
cuiva), predict (a prezice),promise (a promite), recommend (a recomanda), refuse (a refuza), request (a cere),
suggest (a sugera), thank (a multumi), warn (a avertiza)
E.g. I apologise for any inconveniences caused. (Imi cer scuze pentru orice neplacere cauzata.)
(I perform the act of apologizing)
10. Used in IF Clauses and Time Clauses (folosit in propozitii subordonate conditionale si temporale):
E.g. If I have time, I will visit you later. (Daca voi avea timp, o sa te vizitez mai tarziu.)
When she has time, she will visit you. (Cand ea va avea timp, o sa te viziteze.)
!!!!!! NEVER USE WILL or WOULD IN TIME CLAUSES (NU FOLOSITI NICIODATA WILL SAU
WOULD IN SUBORDONATE CONDITIONALE SAU TEMPORALE)
USE:
6. Action that extends over some time including the moment of speaking (actiune care se extine pe o preioada
de timp incluzand momentul vorbirii):
Adverbs: this week/ month/ year/ semester/ these days (saptamana aceasta/ luna aceasta/ anul acesta/ semestrul
acesta/zilele astea)
E.g. They are studying hard this semester. (Ei studiaza din greu semestrul acesta.)
We ... English this year. (Noi invatam engleza anul acesta.)
a) are learning
b) learn
c) learning
d) are learned
7. Immediate personal plans, intentions or arrangements for the future (planuri personale imediate de viitor,
intentii sau
aranjamente pentru viitor):
E.g. I am meeting Tom tomorrow. (Ma intalnesc cu Tom maine.)
Jane ... to work by bus tomorrow. (Jane merge cu autobuzul la servici maine.)
a) is going
b) goes
c) will be gone
d) is gone
8. Actions on the point of happening (actiuni pe punctul de a se intampla): folosim just (tocmai)
E.g. Hurry up! The train is just leaving. (Grabeste-te! Trenul tocmai pleaca.)
They ... the restaurant so we cannot go eat there anymore. (Ei tocamai inchid restaurantul asa ca nu mai putem
sa mergem sa mancam acolo.)
a) just close
b) are just closing
c) have just closing
d) are closing just
2. Vague time: (Prezentul Perfect Simplu se foloseste atunci cand timpul dat este vag)
Adverbe specifice:
Just/ only just (tocmai):
E.g. We have just arrived. (Noi tocmai am sosit)
Already (deja):
E.g. She has already bought a car. (Ea deja a cumparat o masina)
Never/ ever (niciodata/ vreodata):
E.g. I have never seen such a house. (Eu nu am vazut niciodata o astfel de casa)
Often/ rarely (adesea/ rareori):
E.g. He has often thought of quitting his job. (El s-a gandit adesea sa renunte la slujba lui)
Always (intotdeauna):
E.g. She has always loved reading books. (Ea intotdeauna a iubit sa citeasca carti)
(Toate adverbele de mai sus se folosesc intre auxiliarul HAVE si verbul la forma a III-a sau cu -ed)
My brother ... for today. (Fratele meu a invatat deja astazi.)
a) already studied
b) has studied already
c) has already studied
d) studied already
Recently (recent):
E.g. We have spoken recently. (Noi am vorbit recent)
Lately/ of late (in ultimul timp):
E.g. I haven’t seen him lately. (Eu nu l-am vazut in ultimul timp)
So far (pana acum):
E.g. What have you done so far? (Ce ai facut pana acum?)
In my/ your/ his/ her life (in viata mea/ ta/ lui/ ei):
E.g. She has never lied in her life. (Ea nu a mintit niciodata in viata ei)
Yet (inca/ deja): (used only in negative/ interrogative sentences) (folosit numai in propozitii negative si interogative):
E.g. They haven’t left yet./ Have you finished yet? (Ei nu au plecat inca./ Ai terminat deja?)
!!! S + Verb Present Perfect negative + YET => S + HAVE + YET + Vb. Long Infinitive
I haven't eaten yet. => I have yet to eat.
NU am mancat inca. => Mai am inca sa mananc.
Since (de cand) (arata inceputul actiunii):
E.g. She has slept since noon. (Ea doarme de la pranz. - arata de cand a inceput actiunea)
For (timp de) (arata durata):
E.g. She has slept for 10 hours. (Ea doarme de 10 ore. - arata durata actiunii)
In the last/ past day(s)/ week(s)/ month(s)/ year(s) (in ultimele zile/saptamani/ luni/ ani sau in ultima zi/
saptamana/ luna/ in ultimul an):
E.g. I haven’t seen her in the last month. (Nu am vazut-o in ultima luna.)
(Toate adverbele de mai sus se folosesc la finalul propozitiei)
We ... what to do about the party so far. (NU am decis ca sa facem in legatura cu petrecerea pana acum.)
a) haven't decided
b) didn't decide
c) aren't deciding
d) haven't decide
How long/ long (de cat timp/ (cat) de mult):
E.g. How long have you waited?/ Has he been here long? (De cat timp astepti?/ Este aici de mult?)
It’s the first time/ This is the first time/ It’s the second time/ This is the second time/ It’s the third time/ This is the
third time/ It’s the only/ last time (este prima oara/ este a doua oara/ este a treia oara/ este singura data/ este ultima
data:)
E.g. It’s the first time we have eaten at this restaurant. (Este prima oara cand am mancat la acest restaurant.)
(Toate adverbele de mai sus se folosesc la inceputul propozitiei cu exceptia lui long care se foloseste la final)
It's the last time I ... him with his problems. (Este ultima oara cand l-am ajutat cu problemele lui.)
a) helped
b) have helped
c) did help
d) have help
PAST SIMPLE
Form: vb.II/-ed (forma a II-a a verbului de conjugat daca este verb neregulat SAU verb la infinitiv plus
terminatia -ed daca este verb regulat)
see – saw – seen/ do – did - done/ work - worked - worked
I saw/ I didn’t see/ Did I see?
You saw/ You didn’t see/ Did you see?
He saw/ He didn’t see/ Did he see?
ATENTIE: la negativ si interogativ verbul se intoarce la forma de INFINITIV: I didn't work/ He didn't see/
Did they do?
USE:
1. Past action -> Time given -> no present connection : (Trecutul Simplu se foloseste atunci cand timpul din
trecut cand actiunea s-a intamplat ESTE DAT/ SPECIFICAT si nu exista nici o legatura cu prezentul)
Adverbe specifice:
yesterday (ieri):
E.g. I saw Jane yesterday. (Am vazut-o pe Jane ieri)
the day before yesterday (alalteri):
E.g. She called me the day before yesterday. (Ea m-a sunat alalteri)
last week/ month/ year (saptamana trecuta/ luna tracuta/anul trecut):
E.g. We talked last month. (Noi am vorbit luna trecuta)
Three days/ weeks/ months/ years ago (cu trei zile/saptamani/ luni/ ani in urma):
E.g. She called five hours ago. (Ea a sunat acum cinci ore/ cu cinci ore in urma)
Once/ once upon a time/ in the past (odata/ a fost odata ca niciodata/ in trecut:)
E.g. We met her once in the past. (Noi am intalnit-o pe ea odata in trecut)
In 1990/ at 4 o’clock/ in May/ on December 15th/ on Christmas Day (in anul 1990/ la ora 4/ in mai/ pe data de
15 decembrie/in ziua de Craciun -> daca se da un an/ o ora/ o luna/ o data se foloseste Trecutul Simplu):
E.g. We visited them in July. (Noi i-am vizitat in luna iulie)
Just now (adineaori):
E.g. She talked with me just now. (Ea a vorbit cu mine adineaori)
When (Time Clause) (cand -> daca avem o temporala cu un verb la trecut in ea se foloseste Trecutul Simplu in
principala):
E.g. I saw her / when I was in Paris./ (Am vazut-o cand eram in Paris)
Location given (daca se da locul unde s-a petrecut actiunea atunci se foloseste Trecutul Simplu):
E.g. They met in London. (Ei s-au intalnit in Londra)
My sister ... her friends last week. (Soara mea s-a intalnit cu prietenii ei saptamana trecuta.)
a) has met
b) meets
c) is meeting
d) met
She ... . (Ea a vorbit cu mama ei adineaori.)
a) has just now talked with her mother
b) talked with her mother just now
c) is talked with her mother just now
d) just now talked with her mother
We ... her birthday on 23rd of September. (Noi am sarbatorit ziua ei de nastere pe 23 septembrie.)
a) celebrated
b) have celebrated
c) did celebrated
d) has celebrated
!!! Daca se foloseste DID in fata unui verb la Infinitiv atunci inseamna ca acctentuez pe actiune: E.g. I loved him.
(Eu l-am iubit) -> I DID LOVE him. (Eu chiar l-am iubit)
3. USED TO + verb Long Infinitive = WOULD + verb Short Infinitive (used to describe habits and routines in
the past)(obisnuiam sa se foloseste pentru a descrie obiceiuri din trecut):
E.g. We used to run in the park when we were younger. (Obisnuiam sa alergam prin parc cand eram mai
tineri)
We would run in in the park when we were younger. (Obisnuiam sa alergam prin parc cand eram mai tineri)
!!! ATENTIE: only USED TO can be used to talk about STATES in the past (numai USED TO se poate folosi
pentru a vorbi despre STARI din trecut):
E.g. He used to love her. (El obisnuia sa o iubeasca)
He would love her. -> NOT POSSIBLE (nu este posibil sa folosim WOULD pentru a exprima o stare. WOULD
nu se foloseste cu cele 4 grupe de verbe care nu se pun in mod normal la aspect continuu)
They ... carols for Christmas when they were children. (Ei obisnuiau sa cante colinde de Craciun cand erau
copii.)
a) used to sing
b) would to sing
c) used sing
d) used to singing
She ... that he was the best. (Ea obisnuia sa creada ca el era cel mai bun.)
a) would believe
b) used to believe
c) used to believing
d) would to believe
FOR can be used with both Present Perfect Simple (the action is still happening) and Past Simple (the action
happened in the past but there is no connection with the present)
(FOR se poate folosi cu ambele timpuri, dar cand este folosit cu Prezentul Perfect Simplu inseamna ca
actiunea inca se mai intampla iar cand este folosit cu Trecutul Simplu inseamna ca actiunea si durata de timp
cand aceasta a avut loc s-au terminat demult)
I have lived in London for 5 years. (I am still in London) (Locuiesc in Londra de 5 ani si inca sunt acolo)
I lived in London for 5 years and then I moved to Paris where I have lived ever since. (I no longer live in London)
(Am locuit in Londra timp de 5 ani si pe urma m-am mutat in Paris unde locuiesc de atunci)
This morning/ afternoon/ evening, today, this summer/ autumn/ winter/ spring can be used with both Present
Perfect Simple and Past Simple
(Dimineata/ dupamaiaza/ seara aceasta; astazi; vara/ toamna/ iarna/ primavara aceasta se pot folosi cu ambele
timpuri, dar cand este folosit cu Prezentul Perfect Simplu inseamna ca inca mai sunt in perioada de timp
exprimata iar cand este folosit cu Trecutul Simplu inseamna ca perioada de timp s-a terminat)
Present Perfect: E.g. I have had breakfast this morning. (it is still morning) (Am luat micul dejun in aceasta
dimineata si este inca dimineata)
Past Simple: E.g. I had breakfast this morning, but now it’s 3 p.m. and I am hungry again. (Am luat micul
dejun dimineata aceasta, dar acum este 3 dupamasa si imi este foame din nou)
PRESENT PERFECT is followed by PAST SIMPLE (Daca avem Prezent Perfect Simplu in principala atunci
in secundare sau in propozitiile urmatoare acesta este urmat de Past Simplu)
E.g. I have met Mary recently. She told me that she was happy with the new job. (Am intalnit-o pe Mary recent. Ea
mi-a spus ca este fericita cu noua slujba)
SINCE si EVER SINCE introduc o subordonata temporala si pot sa aiba dupa ele atat Prezent Perfect Simplu cat si
Trecut Simplu:
ATENTIE: In principala trebuie sa avem intotdeauna un verb la Prezent Perfect
!!!!! Main Clause (EVER) SINCE Secondary Clause
Present Perfect (EVER) SINCE Past Simple (action happened ONCE in the past)
I have liked her since she moved here last week. (Imi place de ea de cand s-a mutat aici saptamana trecuta)
In principala se foloseste Prezent Perfect Simplu care este cerut de SINCE iar DUPA SINCE in secundara se
foloseste Trecutul Simplu DACA actiunea s-a intamplat O SINGURA DATA in trecut.
My mother ... me to behave ever since she ... home from work. (Mama imi spune sa ma port frumos de cand s-a intors
acasa
de la munca.)
a) has told/ has arrived
b) told/ has arrived
c) told/ arrived
d) has told/ arrived
I have liked this car ever since I have had it. (Imi place masina asta de cand o am)
She has been difficult ever since she has been here. (Ea este dificila de cand este aici)
He has loved her ever since he has known her. (El o iubeste de cand o cunoaste)
In principala se foloseste Prezent Perfect Simplu care este cerut de SINCE iar DUPA SINCE in secundara se
folosestePrezentul Perfect Simplu DACA actiunea din secundara INCA SE MAI INTAMPLA.
I ... this job ever since I ... here. (Eu iubesc aceasta slujba de cand sunt aici.)
a) have loved/ was
b) loved/ have been
c) have loved/ have been (iubesc slujba de cand sunt aici si inca mai lucrez aici)
d) loved/ was
Ever since they ..., they ... together. (De cand s-au casatorit, ei locuiesc impreuna.)
a) married/ lived
b) have married/ have lived
c) married/ have lived (s-au casatorit odata in trecut, dar locuiesc impreuna de atunci)
d) have married/ lived
In subordonata temporala se poate folosi Prezentul Perfect Simplu DACA actiunea din temporala este
anterioara celei din principala:
!!!!! Main Clause - Time Clause
I will visit you when I have time. (simultaneity) (Te voi vizita cand voi avea timp. -> actiunile sunt simultane)
I will visit you once I have finished my work here. (anteriority – first finish work then visit) (Te voi vizita odata ce
mi-am terminat munca aici. -> intai termin munca si pe urma te voi vizita, este actiune anterioara fata de principala)
6. USED TO = WOULD (past habits and routines), BUT NO WOULD with past STATES
USE:
1. Action which started in the past and is still continuing (Actiune care a inceput in trecut si inca mai continua):
Adverbs: SINCE/ FOR/ ALL/ LONG/ LATELY/ RECENTLY/ OVER THE LAST FEW MONTHS (de/ timp
de/ toata, tot/ de mult/recent/ in ultimele cateva luni)
E.g. We have been listening to music since noon. (Noi ascultam muzica de la pranz.)
He has been living in London for ten years. (El locuieste in Londra de zece ani.)
My father has been working in the garden all day. (Tatal meu a lucrat in gradina toata ziua.)
Have you been waiting here long? (Astepti aici de mult?)
My parents ... all day. (Parintii mei s-au certat toata ziua.)
a) have fought
b) fought
c) have been fighting
d) are fighting
2. A general activity in progress (no mention of time) (o actiune generala in progres fara mentionarea
timpului):
E.g. I have been thinking about moving. (M-am gandit sa ma mut./ Ma gandesc sa ma mut.)
She has been doing a lot of progress with her piano lessons. (Ea a facut multe progrese cu lectiile ei de pian.)
4. Recently finished action which explains a present result (the effects of the action are still apparent) (actiuni
terminate recent care explica un rezultat in prezent - efectele actiunii sunt inca aparente/ vizibile):
E.g. Her eyes are red. She has been crying. (Ochii ei sunt rosii. Ea a plans.)
You are all sweaty. You have been running. (Esti transpirat tot. Ai alergat.)
His eye is black: he has been fighting. (Ochiul lui este negru: el s-a batut.)
The pavement is wet. It has been raining./ It has been raining, the pavement is wet. (Trotuarul este ud. A plouat.)
The kitchen is a mess. Have you been cooking? (Bucataria este murdara. Ai gatit?)
You look tired. Have you been sleeping properly? (Arati obosit. Ai dormit cum trebuie?)
(the action started in the past => stopped recently => present result)
I don’t know what’s happened to Tom because hise yes are black. I think he ... . (Nu stiu ce s-a intamplat cu Tom
pentru ca ochii lui sunt negri. Cred ca s-a batut.)
a) Has fought
b) Fought
c) Is fighting
d) Has been fighting
E.g. Why is my pen bent? What ... with it? (De ce este stiloul meu indoit? Ce ai facut cu el?)
a) have you done
b) are you doing
c) did you do
d) have you been doing
I have read ten books so far. (Eu am citit zece carti pana acum.) I have been reading ten books
so far. (Eu am citit carti pana acum.) (completed action done ten times - actiune completeta facuta de zece ori)
(an incomplete action – o actiune incompleta)
Putem folosi Prezentul Perfect Simplu pentru a spune de cate ori am facut o actiune (deci putem sa folosim
numere), dar nu putem sa spunem de cate ori am facut o actiune cu Prezentul Perfect Continuu deoarece
acesta arata o actiune incompleta (deci nu folosim numere cu el)
E.g. My little brother ... three toys so far. (Fratiorul meu a stricat trei jucarii pana acum.)
a) has broken
b) broke
c) has been breaking
d) is breaking
My little brother ... a lot of toys so far. (Fratiorul meu a sticat multe jucarii pana acum.)
a) has been breaking
b) is breaking
c) broke
d) breaks
USE:
1. An action in progress at a certain moment in the past (o actiune in progres la un moment dat in trecut.)
Adverbs: at the time/ at this time yesterday/ this time last week/ at that time/ at six yesterday (la vremea aceea/
ieri pe vremea asta/ saptamana trecuta pe vremea asta/ la acel moment/ ieri la ora sase)
E.g. I was eating at five yesterday. (Eu mancam ieri la ora cinci)
He was travelling this time last year. (El calatorea anul trecut pe vremea asta)
At that time we were living in the country. (La vremea aceea noi locuiam la tara)
They ... computer games this time last week. (Ei se jucau la calculator saptamana trecuta pe vremea asta.)
a) played
b) were playing
c) have played
d) have been playing
2. An action in progress (Past Continuous) at a time when another action occurred (Past Simple)(o actiune in
progres, exprimata prin Trecut Continuu, care era in desfasurare intr-un moment cand o alta actiune s-a intamplat,
actiune exprimata prin Trecut Simplu):
E.g. The boys were playing in the garden when it started to rain. (Baietii se jucau in gradina cand a inceput sa ploua)
I was walking in the park when I heard someone shout. (Mergeam prin parc cand am auzit pe cineva strigand)
A car passed me by as I was crossing the street. (O masina a trecut pe langa mine pe cand traversam strada)
We ... T.V. in the bedroom when the earthquake ... . (Noi ne uitam la televizor in dormitor cand s-a intamplat
cutremurul.)
a) Watched/ was happening
b) Were watching/ happened
c) Have been watching/ happened
d) Were watching/ was happening
4. Used in descriptions without a time expression (Trecutul Continuu este folosit in descrieri fara a avea o expresie de
timp data):
E.g. It was a cold winter. Outside the wind was blowing. A fire was burning in the fireplace. (Era o iarna rece. Afara
vantul batea. Un foc ardea in semineu)
It was a beautiful summer day. The birds ... happily on the trees. The sun ... in the sky. (Era o zi frumoasa de vara.
Pasarile ciripeau in copaci. Soarele stralucea pe cer.)
a) chirped/ shone
b) were chirping/ was shining
c) were chirping/ shone
d) chirped/ was shining
5. An incomplete action in the past (Trecutul Continuu expria o actiune incompleta in trecut):
E.g. I was reading a book last night. (I didn’t finish it) (Citeam o carte noaptea trecuta - dar nu am terminat-o)
I read a book last night. (I finished it) (Am citit o carte noaptea trecuta - si am terminat-o)
The soldier ... from the many wounds he had, but he was still breathing a little when the doctors arrived.
(Soldatul era pe moarte din cauza ranilor multe pe care le avea, dar inca mai respira putin cand doctorii au sosit.)
a) died
b) was dying
c) has died
d) was dyeing
!!! Atentie: nu confundati verbul to die (a muri) care are forma in -ing => dying cu verbul to dye (a vopsi) care
are forma cu -ing => dyeing
6. Anticipated event – the action was arranged (Trecutul Continuu exprima un eveniment anticipat, care urma sa se
intample deoarece a fost aranjat dinainte):
E.g. He was leaving for the country on Sunday. (Urma sa plece la tara duminica - pentru ca aranjase asta ulterior)
The pupils ... on a trip the following weekend. (Elevii urmau sa mearga intr-o excursie weekendul urmator.)
a) have gone
b) have been going
c) were going
d) was going
7. Action that annoyed the speaker ( Trecutul Continuu exprima o actiune care il enerva pe vorbitor in trecut):
E.g. He was always ringing me up late at night. (El ma suna intotdeauna noaptea tarziu)
She was asking questions all the time. (Ea punea intrebari tot timpul)
My grandparents ... me how to behave all the time which was very annoying. (Bunicii mei imi spuneau cum sa ma
port tot
timpul ceea ce era foarte enervant.)
a) told
b) have told
c) were telling
d) have been telling
8. A casual, less deliberate action (Trecutul Continuu exprima o actiune care a fost facuta intamplator, fara
multe
aranjamente dinaine):
E.g. I was talking to Tom the other day. (I happened to meet him and I talked to him) (Vorbeam cu Tom ziua trecuta -
s-a intamplat sa il intalnesc si am vorbit cu el)
I talked to Tom the other day. (deliberate action) (Am vorbit cu Tom ziua trecuta - l-am cautat in mod special sa
vorbesc cu el)
9. An action you intended to do, but didn’t do in the end (Trecutul Continuu exprima o actiune pe care ai
intentionat sa o faci, dar pe care nu ai mai facut-o pana la urma):
E.g. I was going to phone/ was phoning you, but I forgot. (Voiam sa te sun/ urma sa te sun, dar am uitat)
They ... us a visit, but then they had a problem to solve so they didn't have time anymore.
(Ei voiau sa ne faca o vizita, dar apoi au avut o problema de rezolvat si nu au mai avut timp.)
a) paid
b) were paying
c) have paid
d) payed (!!! atentie formele verbului to pay sunt pay - paid - paid)
WILL used as a MODAL VERB can express (Will folosit ca verb modal poate exprima):
Promise (promisiune): e.g. Your father will buy you ice cream. (Tatal tau o sa iti cumpere inghetata.)
Determination (hotarare): e.g. I will see this done. (O sa duc asta pana la capat.)
Predictions (preziceri): e.g. She will make a good mother. (Ea va fi o mama buna.)
Assumptions (presupuneri): e.g. The bell is ringing. That will be Jim at the door. (Suna la usa. Trebuie sa fie Jim.)
Refusal in the present (refuz la prezent): e.g. I won’t do it. (Nu voi face asta - refuz sa o fac.)
Habit in the present (obicei in prezent): e.g. She will drop things all the time. = She is in the habit of dropping
things. (Ea are tendinta sa scape lucruri din mana tot timpul.)
Known facts (fapte stiute): e.g. We will miss the plane because we are caught in a traffic jam. (O sa pierdem avionul
pentru ca suntem prinsi in trafic.)
Polite requests (cereri politicoase): e.g. Will you help me with this? (Vrei sa ma ajuti cu asta, the rog?)
Offers (oferte): Will you have some more cake? (Mai vrei prajitura?)
Invitations (invitatii): e.g. Won’t you have a seat? (Nu vrei sa iei loc?)
Possibility (questions)(Posibilitate in intrebari) : e.g. Will it rain, do you think? (Crezi ca e posibil sa ploua?)
Willingness (vointa): e.g. The doctor will see you in a minute. (Doctorul o sa va vada intru-un minut.)
WILL ca Verb Modal se poate folosi in Conditionale de tipul 1 cu urmatoarele sensuri:
1. willingness (vointa)
E.g. If you want to come to the party, I’ll be glad. (Daca vrei sa vi la petrecere, voi fi bucuros.)
If you will come to the party, I’ll be glad. (Daca vrei sa vi la petrecere, voi fi bucuros.)
2. refusal (refuz)
E.g. If you refuse to help us, I’ll get upset. (Daca refuzi sa ne ajuti, ma voi supara.)
If you won’t help us, I’ll be upset. (Daca refuzi sa ne ajuti, ma voi supara.)
3. polite request (cerere politicoasa)
E.g. If you are kind enough to wait here, I’ll announce you. (Daca sunteti dragut sa asteptati aici, va voi anunta.)
If you will wait here, I’ll announce you. (Daca sunteti dragut sa asteptati aici, va voi anunta.)
4. habit/insistence (obicei/ insistenta)
E.g. If you insist on/ keep on smoking so much, you’ll get lung cancer. (Daca insisti sa fumezi/ continui sa fumezi
atat de mult, o sa faci cancer la plamani.)
If you will smoke so much, you’ll get lung cancer. (Daca insisti sa fumezi/ continui sa fumezi atat de mult, o sa faci
cancer la plamani.)
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
FORM: SHALL/ WILL + BE + Vb.-ING
+ I/ we shall be leaving - I/ we shan’t be leaving ? Shall I/ we be leaving? (SHALL se foloseste la persoana I singular
si plural)
You will be leaving You won’t be leaving Will you be leaving?(WILL se foloseste la persoana a II-a si a III-a
singular si plural)
He will be leaving He will be leaving Will he be leaving?
USE:
1. Action in progress at a certain point in the future (actiune in progres la un moment dat in viitor:)
Adverbs: THIS TIME NEXT WEEK/ MONTH/ YEAR (saptamana trecuta/ luna viitoare pe vremea asta/ anul
viitor pe vremea asta), AT 5 TOMORROW (maine la 5), SOON (in curand), IN 10 YEARS’ TIME (in zece ani)
E.g. I will be sleeping at five tomorrow. (Eu voi dormi maine la cinci.)
They will be travelling this time next week. (Ei vor calatori saptamana viitoare pe vremea asta.)
2. Action which will follow naturally one in the present (actiune care va urma in mod natural uneia din
prezent)/ used for predicting or guessing about future events (folosit pentru a prezice sau a ghici evenimente
viitoare):
E.g. The clouds are gathering. It will be raining soon. (Norii se aduna. O sa ploua in curand.)
I guess you will be feeling thirsty after working in the sun. (Presupun ca o sa iti fie sete dupa munca in soare.)
3. Polite questions about somebody’s future intentions (intrebari politicoase despre intentiile de viitor ale
cuiva:)
E.g. Will you be staying here long? (Veti sta mult aici?)
4. Events which are going to happen anyway (evenimente care se vor intampla oricum):
E.g. I won’t fix a time to talk because wew ill be meeting anyway. (Nu o sa aranjez un timp sa vorbim pentru ca
oricum o sa ne intalnim.)
5. Fixed arrangements and plans for the future (aranjamente si planuri fixe de viitor):
E.g. The band will be performing in London this summer. (Trupa va canta in Londra vara aceasta.)
7. When combined with "still", the future continuous refers to events that are already happening now and that
we expect to continue some time into the future. (cand este combinat cu "still = inca", viitorul continuu se refera la
evenimente care se intampla deja in present si care ne asteptam sa continue ceva timp in viitor)
E.g. In an hour I'll still be ironing my clothes. (Intr-o ora inca o sa imi mai calc hainele.)
Future Perfect Simple + BY/ BY THE TIME/ BY THIS TIME NEXT MONTH, YEAR/ WHEN/ BEFORE (+
Present Tenses)
E.g. We will have left by the time you arrive. (Noi vom fi plecat pana tu vei sosi.)
She will have eaten when they call her. (Ea va fi mancat cand o sa o sune ei.)
OVERVIEW
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE vs. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
I shall have eaten by the time you arrive home from work. (Eu voi fi mancat pana ajungi tu acasa de la
munca.)
I shall have been eating for an hour by the time you arrive home from work. (Eu voi fi mancat de o ora pana ajungi
tu acasa de la munca.)
I shall have been eating since 2 o'clock by the time you arrive home from work. (Eu voi fi mancat de la ora doua
pana ajungi tu acasa de la munca.)
I shall have been eating all morning by the time you arrive home from work. (Eu voi fi mancat toata dimineata pana
ajungi tu acasa de la munca.)
e.g. My aunt ... the house by the time you call on her. (by the time asks for Future Perfect but you choose Simple
because the duration is not given)
Matusa mea va fi curatat casa pana o vizitezi tu. (by the time cere Viitor Perfect Simplu pentru ca durata nu este data)
a) will have cleaned
b) would be cleaning
c) will have been cleaning
d) shall be cleaning
They ... for three hours by the time they reach their destination. ( choose Future Perfect Continuous because of
BY THE TIME + DURATION -> for three hours)
Ei vor fi condus de trei ore pana vor ajunge la destinatie. (Se foloseste Viitor Perfect Continuup entru ca este data
durata iar by the time cere un Viitor Perfect)
a) will have driven
b) will have been driving
c) are driving
d) will be driving
Other ways of expressing future actions
(Alte modalitati pentru a exprima actiuni viitoare)
Present Simple:
- Timetables/ schedules/ previous arrangements (orare/ arenjamente anterioare):
E.g. The train leaves at 5 p.m. tomorrow. (Trenul pleaca maine la 5 dupa amiaza.)
- Fixed events which are not simply the wish of the speaker (evenimente fixe care nu sunt dorinta vorbitorului):
E.g. Tom retires in three years. (Tom se pensioneaza in trei ani.)
- Calendar reference (referiri calendaristice):
E.g. Christmas is on Tuesday next week. (Craciunul este marti saptamana viitoare.)
- Time Clauses/ IF Clauses (Subordonate temoprale si conditionale):
E.g. When we get there, we will have dinner./ If we have time, we will go to the movies. (Cand von ajunge acolo, o sa
cinam./Daca vom avea timp, vom merge la film.)
Present Continuous:
- Future personal plans/ fixed arrangements (planuri personale de viitor/ aranjamente fixe):
E.g. I am seeing Tom tomorrow. (Ma vad cu Tom maine.)
- Used with JUST to describe something on the point of happening (folosit cu JUST pentru a descrie ceva pe
punctul sa se intample):
E.g. The train is just leaving. (Trenul tocmai pleaca.)
TO BE ABOUT TO - a fi pe punctul sa (near future - viitor apropiat):
E.g. The film is about to begin. (Filmul este pe punctul sa inceapa.)
TO BE ON THE VERGE OF + Vb.-ING - a fi pe punctul sa (near future - viitor apropiat):
E.g. The plane is on the verge of crushing. (Avionul este pe punctul sa se prabuseasca.)
TO BE ON THE POINT OF + Vb.-ING - a fi pe punctul sa (near future - viitor apropiat):
E.g. Mary is on the point of crying. (Maria este pe punctul sa planga.)
TO BE TO (used to describe formal arrangements - folosit pentru a descrie aranjamente formale):
E.g. All students are to assemble in the hall at five. (Toti elevii trebuie sa se adune in hol la cinci.)
TO BE DUE TO (used to refer to scheduled times which are not necessarily fixed events):
(se foloseste pentru a se referi la orare care nu sunt neaparat evenimente fixe)
E.g. The play is due to start in five minutes./ The baby is due (to be born) in May./ The train is due to arrive at 5, but it
is a little late.
(Piesa de teatru trebuie sa inceapa in cinci minute./ Copilul trebuie sa se nasca in mai./ Trenul trebuie sa soseasca la
ora 5 dar este in intarziere.)
TO BE GOING TO:
- Intention (intentie): E.g. I am going to buy a car next week. (Intentionez sa cumpar o masina saptamana viitoare.)
- Future action which will happen due to a present event (actiune viitoare care se va intampla din cauza unui
eveniment
din prezent):
E.g. You are driving too fast. We are going to have an accident. (Conduci prea repede. O sa ai un accident.)
08. THE TENSES: THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Concordanta timpurilor se refera la raportul dintre timpul din propozitia secundara si cel din propozitia principala. In
functie de timpul
verbului din Propozitia Principala se pot pune numai anumite timpuri in Propozitia Secundara.
Concordanta timpurilor se aplica la urmatoarele propozitii secundare:
1. Subordonate Completive Directe (Direct Object Clauses)
2. Subordonate Temporale (Time Clauses)
3. Subordonate de Scop (Purpose Clauses)
4. Subordonate introduse de IN CASE (in caz ca)
FOR DIRECT OBJECT CLAUSES (Completive Directe)
Main Clause Direct Object Clause
Daca in Propozitia Principala avem Past Tense Simple si exista raport de simultaneitate intre actiuni atunci in
Compeltiva Directa se foloseste tot Past Tense Simple:
Past Simple simultaneity Past Simple
She said that she is was happy. (Ea a spus ca este/ era fericita.)
Daca in Propozitia Principala avem Past Tense Simple si exista raport de anterioritate intre actiuni atunci in
Compeltiva Directa se foloseste Past Perfect Simple:
Past Simple anteriority Past Perfect
She said that she saw had seen him before. (Ea a spus ca l-a vazut/ il vazuse pe el inainte.)
Daca in Propozitia Principala avem Past Tense Simple si exista raport de posterioritate intre actiuni atunci in
Compeltiva Directa se foloseste Future-in-the-Past:
Past Simple posteriority Future-in-the-Past (would + Vb. Short INF.)
She said that she will would come the next day. (Ea a spus ca va veni ziua urmatoare.)
EXCEPTIONS (exceptii):
1. Daca in Completiva Directa avem un adevar general atunci se foloseste numai Present Simple in
subordonata:
General Truths:
Past Simple Present Simple
The teacher said that oil never mixes with water. (Profesorul a spus ca uleiul nu se amesteca niciodata cu apa.)
He said that a friend in need is a friend indeed. (El a spus ca prietenul la nevoie se cunoaste.)
2. Daca actiunea din secundara urmeaza sa se intample atunci dupa Trecut in principala se foloseste Prezent
Continuu.