GENOME:

In 1920, the German botanist Hans Winkler coined the concept of the
genome.
The genome includes both the genes and non-coding sequences DNA.
An organism genome is defined as the entire collection of gene and all
other functional and non-functional DNA sequence in a haploid set of a
chromosomes.
The genome is the ultimate source of information about an organism.
Genes are the units of genetic information present on the DNA in the
chromosomes and chromatin.
Genome is the entirety of an organisms hereditary organization. It is
encoded either in DNA, or for many types of viruses, in RNA.
Genome Organization:
Prokaryotes:
1. Nucleoid formation
Eukaryotes:
First level of composition
Second level of compaction
Third level of compaction
Bacterial Genome Organization:

Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. However, they still must fit DNA
that is 1000 times the length of the cell within the cell membrane.
The chromosomal DNA is organized into a condensed ovoid structure
called a nucleoid.
The genome of Escherichia coli, a bacterium widely used in a molecular
biology research, is 4700kb in size and exists as one double-stranded
circular DNA molecule.
DNA Supercoiling:
DNA supercoiling refers to under winding of DNA strand. It is important
for packaging of DNA.
Mainly two structure
Toroid (Anchoring protein)
Plectoneme (loop domain)
Supercoiling of DNA to be generated and controlled by two enzyme
1- DNA gyrase
2- DNA topoisomerase-1
These two enzymes maintain the supercoiled state.
DNA Domains:
Experiments in which DNA from E.coli is carefully isolated free of most
of the attached proteins and observed under the electron microscope
reveal one level pf organization of the nucleoid.
The DNA consists of 50-100 domains or loops, the ends of which are
constrained by binding to a structure which probably consists of
proteins attached to part of the cell membrane.