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Quarter3_MELC#15&16_WEEK 4
Activity Sheet No. 4: Explain how protein is made using
information from the DNA; Explain how mutation
causes changes in the structure and function of a
protein.

START UP

At the end of this worksheet, the learners will be able to:

1. Describe the process of DNA replication, transcription and translation.
2. Explain how proteins are synthesized and determine how mutation on the
DNA affect the protein structure.
3. Appreciate the importance of DNA in protein synthesis and how a simple
change on its sequence can alter the structure and function of a certain
protein.

CAPTURE

Proteins are large class of biomolecules consisting of chains of amino acid called
polypeptides. Proteins are synthesized by the cell and it is required for the
structure, function, and regulation of the body’s cells, tissues and organs. Protein
synthesis is the process in which cells makes protein. It occurs in two stages:

Transcription – the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied

into a molecule of mRNA (messenger
ribonucleic acid). The newly formed
mRNA copies of the gene then serve as
the blueprints for protein synthesis
during the process of translation.
Unlike DNA replication where both

DNA strands are being copied, only one

Figure 1. Transcription and Translation Process
Source:http://biologydictionary.net/protein-
synthesis/
strand is being transcribed. This process happens inside the cell’s nucleus.

Translation – the process of translating the sequence of a mRNA molecule to a

sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. This process happens on the
cell’s cytoplasm.

Mutation – an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism.

It can be categorized as chromosomal mutation or gene mutation.

Figure 2. Point mutation

Source:http://www.expii.com/t/point-mutation-
definition-types-10200

INTEGRATE

Materials:
Bond paper glue Colored paper
Genetic code table scissors DNA structure template

What to do:
1. Construct a DNA structure using your DNA structure template, bond
paper and colored paper (Red – guanine, Blue – cytosine, Yellow –
adenine, Green – thymine) based on the sequence below.
 DNA Template Strand Sequence:
TAC-TTT-CGC-GAA-ACC-CCT-

Note: Uracil’s shape is the same as thymine

2. After creating your DNA; use the DNA template strand sequence to
construct your mRNA (Red – guanine, Blue – cytosine, Yellow – adenine,
Pink – uracil)
3. Paste your constructed DNA and mRNA on a separate bond paper.
4. Using your mRNA codons (3 nucleotide sequence), write the
complementary anticodon (3 nucleotide sequence complimentary to
codon) amino acid sequence (refer to the genetic code table) on the box
provided below.

mRNA(codon)

tRNA(anticodon)

Amino acid sequence

 NOTE: use the mRNA codon to determine the specific amino acid.

5. Repeat step 4 for the given mutated DNA sequences. Write your answer
on the space provided

Original DNA sequence

TAC-TTT-CGC-GAA-ACC-CCT-
TCT-ATC

Mutated DNA sequence mRNA(codon)

tRNA(anticodon)
a.
TAC-TTG-CGC-GAA-
Amino acid
ACC-CCT-TCT-ATC
sequence

b.

TAC-TTT-CGC-GAA-ATT-CCT-
TCT-ATC
c.
sequence____________
TAC-GTT-TCG-CGA-AAC-CCC-
TTC-TAT-C

Answer the following. Write your answers on the line provided for each number.

1. What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

2. Which process involves copying of DNA information from template strand

and produces mRNA strand that will be used for protein
synthesis
3. Based on the activity, what is the function of
anticodon(tRNA) on protein synthesis?

4. What causes mutation? Is it always harmful?

5. Does a simple change on DNA sequence affect the resulting

protein? Explain briefly.

6. Draw the steps of transcription and translation on the

separate boxes provided below.
Transcription Translation