p.

1008
Maximum and minimum values
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Maximum and minimum values
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Maximum and minimum values


If the graph of f has a tangent plane at a local maximum

or minimum, then the tangent plane must be
horizontal.
Maximum and minimum values

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Optimizing Functions of Two Variables
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 Absolute maximum and
minimum values
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 A bounded set in ℝ is one that is contained within
some disk.
 A closed set in ℝ is one that
contains all its boundary points.
(a boundary point of D is a point
(a, b) such that every disk with
center (a, b) contains points in D
and also points not in D).
Absolute maximum and
minimum values
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Absolute maximum and
minimum values
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 EXERCISES

 Exercises: Ex 5 – 15 (P 1017)
 Exercises: Ex 33 – 38 (P 1017)
 Exercises: Ex 44, 56 (P 1018)
p. 1020
 Lagrange Multipliers

 To find the maximum and minimum values of ( , )
subject to the constraint , = (assume that these
extreme values exist and ≠ 0 on the curve , = ).
(a) Find all values of , and λ such that
, =λ , and , = .
(λ is called a Lagrange multiplier)
(b) Evaluate at the point , that result from step (a).
The largest of these values is the maximum value of ;
The smallest of these values is the minimum value of .
Constrained Optimization: The Method of Lagrange Multipliers
 Lagrange Multipliers

Example 1. Find the extreme values of the function
, = 3 + on the circle + = 10.

Example 2. Find the extreme values of the function

, = + + 4 − 4 on the disk + ≤ 18.
Lagrange Multipliers

 Lagrange Multipliers

Example 3. Find the extreme values of the function
, , =2 +2 +
on the spherical surface
+ + = 9.

Example 4. Find the extreme values of the function

, , = + +
on the plane
+ + = 12.
 Lagrange Multipliers

 Two constraints
To find the maximum and minimum values of ( , , ) subject to
two constraints , , = and ℎ , , = .
(a) Find all values of , , and λ, μ such that
, , =λ , , +μ ℎ , ,
and , , = and ℎ , , = .
(λ, μ are called Lagrange multipliers)
(b) Evaluate at the point , , that result from step (a).
The largest of these values is the maximum value of ;
The smallest of these values is the minimum value of .
Example 3. Find the extreme values of the function
, , = +2
subject to both constraints + + = 1 and + = 4.
 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES

1. Extreme values: Maximum and minimum values
2. Local maximum (Relative maximum),
Local minimum (Relative minimum)
3. Absolute maximum, Absolute minimum
4. Critical points (or Stationary points)
5. Saddle points
6. Bounded set
7. Closed set
8. Lagrange Multipliers
 EXERCISES

 Exercises: Ex 2 – 9 (P 1026)
 Exercises: Ex 23, 25, 34 (P 1027)