Comprehensive Framework

On Urban Sustainability:
Flood+
Absorbing Roads
A Feasibility Study on
Technology Synthesized Roads

Ron Edward O. Dulhao Ivan C. Lantape

Electrical Engineering Program Electrical Engineering Program
School of Engineering and Architecture School of Engineering and Architecture
Ateneo de Davao University Ateneo Davao University
Davao City, Philippines Davao City, Philippines
reodulhao@addu.edu.ph iclantape@addu.edu.ph

Matthew Earl Louis I. Rocha

Electrical Engineering Program
School of Engineering and Architecture
Ateneo de Davao University
Davao City, Philippines
melirocha@addu.edu.ph
Abstract— Flooding remains a major issue in
the Philippines. Amidst the rapid urbanization
and fast-paced population growth, many
factors contribute to the perpetuation of such
problem.
When heavy rainfalls occur and storm
surges happen, flash floods occur, damaging
anything in its path. It had already taken
millions of lives and billions worth of
infrastructures. Thus, it becomes an absolute
necessity to solve such perennial issue.
With this on hand, a comprehensive
scientific and infrastructural framework on
flood management is needed to lessen the
overall damage and casualties caused by the
natural disaster. These frameworks aim to
lessen or diminish flood related incidents and
casualties. These will provide more efficient,
comprehensive and life changing defences in
terms of flood management.
The comprehensive
scientific and infrastructural
framework on flood management is
comprised of four keyprograms: (1) enhanced
flood-absorbing roads, (2) utilization of
plastic-eating bacteria, (3) improved
structural design of dams, and (4) enhanced
structural design of seawalls.
I. OVERVIEW
A. Situation Analysis
The catastrophic impacts of the perennial crisis
of flooding in the Philippines still remain
unsolved. According to Cordero (2018), the
economic cost of floods, along with typhoons,
reach up to P6.446 billion, as data shows from
the Office of Civil Defense-National Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Council
(OCDNDRRMC). Aside from this, floods take
and affect the lives of many individuals and
destroy several properties. In fact, during a flood
last June 2, 2018, at least 14,000families or
71,000 persons were affected and about 81
houses were destroyed.
Aside from this, the stagnation and
eventual degradation of the quality of seawalls
and dams also contribute to the perpetuation of
the issue of flooding. The poor structural design
of such structures simply worsen the situation.
Amidst this sordid state, it is absolutely
necessary to address the issues of flooding,
waste mismanagement, faulty sewage systems
and the poor quality and design of seawalls and
dams in order to prevent any other Filipino from
succumbing to the terror of another flooding
incident.
 Proposed Solution to the Problem In addition, according to the study entitled
Presented “The Performance of Super Absorbent Polymer
(SAP) WaterRetaining Asphalt Mixture”, the use
The comprehensive scientific and of the super absorbent polymer (SAP) mortar
infrastructural framework on flood management material, which is poured to fill the pores within
is comprised of four key programs: (1) enhanced the asphalt structure, will increase the water
flood-absorbing roads, (2) utilization of plastic- absorption and retention capacities of the
eating bacteria, (3) improved structural design of asphalt.
dams, and (4) enhanced structural design of
seawalls.

Enhanced flood-absorbing roads

According to Thorpe and Zhuge (2010),
permeable concrete pavements, which have
first been utilized around 60 years ago, have
Table 1. Basic properties of the super absorbent
become an effective initial solution to the
polymer (SAP).
long-term crisis of urban flooding. The surface
of the concrete is made up of a layer of
pebbles that contains tiny holes in between,
Table 2. Particle size of the SAP.
allowing rainwater and floodwater to infiltrate
into the soil. A drainage system is built
underneath, carrying the water to be used for
irrigation. However, the development of such
pavement is riddled with drawbacks. Their
lack of structural strength causes the porous
surface to crumble and break under heavy Table 3. Comparative analysis between the use of
vehicle loads (Thorpe & Zhuge, 2010). permeable concrete pavements and the proposed
utilization of asphalt mixture and SAP.
In order to ameliorate such concern, the
Current Proposed
utilization of asphalt, which is widely used
use of utilization
nowadays due to its durability and resilience,
permeable of
is recommended (Chen, et. al, 2019). concrete asphalt
pavements mixture and
SAP
 Durability Breaks Capable of Inorder to address such concerns, the
and under the withstanding proponents recommend the utilization of
Resilience pressure the pressure permeable concrete for rainwater harvesting.
of heavy of heavy
vehicles vehicles According to Saadeh et. al (2019), permeable
Long-term More Cheaper concrete has pervious layers that allow rainwater to
Cost expensive than the use seep through. Such porous layers already act as a
given the of filtration system (Selbig & Buer, 2018). Aside from
fact that permeable this, the attached drainage system will direct the
repeated concrete rainwater towards a treatment facility for further
repairs are pavements treatment.
needed given its
durability
and
resilience

Combining the results of the two studies will

allow the researchers of this proposed solution
to create enhanced flood-absorbing roads.

According to Maxwell-Gaines (2019), the

concept of rainwater harvesting already existed
for decades. due to the fact that rainwater has
become a viable alternative source of quality
water. It refers to a system of collecting rainwater
run-off from a structure, which will be stored for
later use. However, Rinkesh (2016) argued that
the mainstream method of rainwater harvesting
is utilizing rain barrels whose small size limits
their capacity to hold collected rainwater. Aside
from this, unpredictable rainfall patterns further
lower the chances of rain falling in the specific Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the structural
area the rain barrels are in (Rinkesh, 2016). design of permeable asphalt concrete for rainwater
harvesting.
Illustrations from Kayhanian et. al (2019). further lower
Table 4. Comparative analysis between the the chances
characteristics of the proposed permeable of rain falling
concrete for rainwater harvesting and the in the
traditionally used rain barrels. specific area
the rain
Permeable Rain Barrels barrels are
Concrete in.

Purpose Collect Collect

rainwater run-off rainwater
from roads run-off from
structures
Efficiency Since roads Even if all
in exist virtually structures
catching in all areas, it are equipped
rainwater is efficient in with this, the
catching traditionally
Quality The porous The
rainwater small
of water layers act as a rainwater
wherever it catchers will
filtration that is caught
may fall. be inefficient
system. is still
Thus, the in catching
Aside from this, untreated,
unpredictable rainwater
the attached and it can
rainfall since they
drainage only be used
patterns are will not have
system will for limited
addressed. enough
direct the purposes.
capacity for
rainwater
mass
towards a
collection.
treatment
Aside from
facility.
this, the
unpredictable
Remarks More Less efficient
rainfall
efficient and and cost
patterns
and cost effective
Note. Data for permeable concrete from E. coli 866 2420
Selbig and Buer (2019), and for rain barrels cfu/100 cfu/100 mL
from Rinkesh (2016). mL

The table below proves that permeable

Remarks Such
concrete is capable of acting as a filtration
concrete
system.
is
indeed
Table 5. Comparative analysis between the
capable
properties of collected and run-off rainwater
of acting
retrieved from the proposed permeable concrete
as a
roads for rainwater harvesting and
filtration
conventional concrete roads system.

Note. Data for permeable concrete and

Properties of Permeable Convention conventional concrete from Selbig and Buer (2019).
Rainwater Concrete al Concrete
Road Road In addition, permeable concrete roads will be
more costeffective in the long term as compared to
Total 48 mg/L 123 mg/L conventional concrete roads, as shown by the
Suspended tables and figures below.
Solids (TSS)
Suspended 34 mg/L 132 mg/L
Sediment
Concentration

0.19 mg/L 0.24 mg/L

Total
Phosphorus
Table 6. Life cycle cost-analysis (LCCA) for a t
400-meter highway using conventional
.
concrete mix with a 50-year life cycle.
Activity Y U U Q To Repair 1 F 0 58 20
e n ni ua tal
a i t nti C (Crack 2 t . 0 3
r t C ty os
o t sealing) . 3
st (in
( U. 5
$ S.
) do
Repair 1 s 2 1, 4,
lla
rs, (Patching 6 q . 67 34
$)
) . 6 0 2
Initial 0 t 6 1, 95
f 0
Construct o 0 58 ,0
t
ion of 4 n . 4 40
.
inches 0

Conventi 0 Milling of 2 t 5 79 3,

onal two 0 o . 2 96

Mixture inches n 0 0

Repair 4 f 0 58 20 0

(Crack e . 0 3
Overlay 2 s 2 63 13
sealing) e 3
of 3 0 q . ,3 6,
t 5
inches . 1 60 22

Repair 8 s 2 1, 4, f 5 4

(Patching q . 67 34 t (

) . 6 0 2 . 0

f 0 .

1
 5 Repair 3 s 2 1, 4,

p (Patching 6 q . 67 34

e ) . 6 0 2

r f 0

in t

c .

h
Milling of 4 t 5 79 3,
)
two 0 o . 2 96

Repair 2 f 0 58 20 inches n 0 0

(Crack 4 t . 0 3 0

sealing) . 3
Overlay 4 s 2 63 13
5
of 3 0 q . ,3 6,

Repair 2 s 2 1, 4, inches . 1 60 22

(Patching 8 q . 67 34 f 5 4

) . 6 0 2 t (

f 0 . 0

t .

. 7

1
Repair 3 f 0 58 20
5
(Crack 2 t . 0 3
p
sealing) . 3
e
5
r

in

c
 h 99

) 3

Repair 4 f 0 58 20
Total 44
(Crack 4 t . 0 3
Expenses 4,
sealing) . 3
03
5
3

Repair 4 s 2 1, 4,
Note. Data from Zeiada et. al (2016).
(Patching 8 q . 67 34

) . 6 0 2

f 0
Table 7. Life cycle cost-analysis (LCCA) for a
t 400-meter highway using permeable concrete
. mix with a 50-year life cycle.
Activity Fre U U Q To
Salvage 5 t 6 76 45 que n n ua tal
ncy i it nti C
0 o 0 5 ,9 t C ty os
o t
n . 00 s (in
t U.
0 ( S.
$ do
0 ) lla
rs,
$)
Total initial 95
Initial - t 1 1, 16
cost ,0
Construc o 0 58 5,
40
tion of n 4 4 35

permeabl . 0
Total Life- 34
e 4
Cycle Cost 8,
concrete
Vacuum Eve - 4 50 20
Total Life- 45
sweep ry 0 ,0
Cycle ,6
yea 0 00
Cost 00
r

Restore Eve - 1 10 17 Total 21

permeabi ry 5 , ,5 Expenses 0,

lity yea 7 00 95

rs 5 0

0
Note. Data from Terhell et. al (2015).

Refresh On - 8 1 8,

Base ce , 10 Table 8. Comparative cost-analysis between two

1 0 400-meter highways using conventional

0 concrete mix and the proposed permeable

0 concrete with a 50-year life cycle. (Estimating

U.S. $1 = PHP. 52)

Repair - f 0 0 0
Conventio Fiber-
(Crack t
nal reinforc
sealing) . Concrete ed
Concret
e

Total 16 Total Initial Cost

$95,040 $165,35
initial cost 5,
(Php. 0
35
4,942,080 (Php.
0
) 8,598,2

00)
 Total Life-cycle comprehensive framework on water security in
$348,993 $45,600
Davao City. Map from Google Maps.
Cost

Total Expenses $444,033 $210,95 .

Note. Data from Zeiada (2016) and Terhell et.

al (2015).

In the city level, the comprehensive

framework on water security will first direct its
quality water to communities in Davao City that
are suffering from water shortage
contamination. This will be in Davao City’s
districts of Talomo, Poblacion, and Marilog. The
resulting quality water of the projects will be
directed to other districts once sufficient budget
will be allocated.
and
Figure 3. Barangay Bago Aplaya in Talomo
District, one of the priority areas of the comprehen
sive framework on water security in Davao City.
Map from Google Maps

Figure 4. Barangays 21-C, 22-C, and 23-C

in Poblacion District, one of the priority areas of
Figure 2. Barangay Bago Gallera in Talomo the comprehensive framework on water security in
District, one of the priority areas of the Davao City. Map from Google Maps.
 upgrading and rehabilitation, the proposed solution
is indeed financially feasible.

Table 10. The challenges to the implementation

of the proposed solution.

Program Area Evidence

Provided

Figure 5. Marilog District, one of the priority Asset Preservation Php.

areas of the comprehensive framework on water Program 58,989,345,000
security in Davao City.Map from Google Maps. Network Development Php.
Program 122,915,623,000
Special Road Support Php.
Table 9. The priority areas of the Fund 8,419,846,000
comprehensive framework on water security in Special Local Road Fund Php.
Davao City. 1,039,305,000
Tourism Road Php.

Top-priority Areas Secondary-priority Infrastructure Program 18,687,929,000

Areas Trade and Industry RoadPhp.

Infrastructure Program 6,828,349,000
Local Infrastructure Php.
Talomo District Other districts in
Program 20,517,740,000
(especially Barangays Davao
Budget that can be Php.
Bago Gallera and City
used for the 216,880,397,000
Bago Aplaya)
implementation of the
Poblacion District
proposed solution
(especially Barangays
of permeable
21-C, 22-C, and 23-C)
concrete roads for
Marilog District
rainwater harvesting
Note: This figure is not
Given the fact that the Department of Public
the total budget of
Works and Highways (DPWH) allocates
DWPH.
approximately Php. 216.8 billion of its budget in
2019 to road construction, improvement,
 Remarks This is proof that the Department Canada, Japan and the
of Public United Kingdom.
Works and
Highways
(DPWH) is
capable of
Remarks The proposed solution is
financing
feasible in the Philippines.
infrastructural
projects.
Note. Data for technical-scientific expertise from
LeeBrago (2019) and Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) (2019).
Table 11. Budget allocation of Department of
Public Works and Highways (DPWH) to different
Furthermore, another innovation brought to
program areas for 2019.
us by this road are their energy generating
Note. Data from Department of Budget and
capabilities. Roads in the United States already
Management – 2019 General Appropriations
serve a triple purpose: they transport the
Act: Budget of DPWH.
lifeblood of our economy, they serve as conduits
for numerous emergency services, and they
Challenges Solutions that address
serve as links connecting Americans to one
the challenges
another and to the great potential and beauty of
our nation.
Technical Expertise of DOST and
scientific DPWH Pacific Dr. Hao Wang (Rutgers, Civil and
expertise Partnership 2019 will Environmental Engineering) and Dr. Ahmed
allow the Philippines to Safari (Rutgers, Materials Science and
request for technical Engineering) have discovered a way to use
assistance for disaster piezoelectric transducers in the pavement to
and crisis management provide a sustainable source of energy.
and technological
development for disaster Wang and his team have created a device
mitigation from the United that can catch tidal waves using piezoelectricity
States, Australia, that generate electric charges when mechanical
pressures are applied.
 Furthermore, In 2017, a team of
researchers from the University of Texas at
San Antonio, led by Samer Dessouky, won
funding to investigate the feasibility of using
TEGs to produce power from pavements and
roadways. Later that year, the researchers
published a report that went into great depth
about the technology.
The thermal difference between the
surface temperature and the pavement
substrata can be utilised to create electrical
power through thermoelectric generators,"
according to the paper (TEGs). Heat is
collected from the pavement surface and
transferred to a TEG installed in the subgrade
at the pavement shoulder in the proposed
prototype. Using many TEG devices to scale
up the prototype, enough electricity might be
generated to power low-watt LED lights and
roadway/traffic sensors in off-grid distant
areas.
Solar is frequently at the top of any list
of renewable energy sources. The sun has
always been and will continue to be
mankind's most respected source of energy.
For quite some time, solutions to turn
highways into solar energy collecting systems
have been in the works. The benefits are self-
evident: there are over 16 million kilometers
of sun-exposed asphalt already in place
throughout the world. When it comes to
energy harvesting, that's a lot of excellent real
estate. Except for the initial infrastructure
expenditure, this is, in theory, free energy! Free
energy that can be utilized to run highway
infrastructure like traffic lights and monitoring
systems, or it can be fed into the main power grid
to be used later.
While there are many obvious benefits to
this type of setup, it is not without its drawbacks.
To begin with, installing glass panels on
highways will be no easy task - this is a no-
brainer - roads must be grippy enough for tyres,
and the glass panels must be tough and durable
enough to sustain enormous weights over
lengthy periods of time. Another possible
concern is that buildings, structures, and trees
may provide shade, reducing solar exposure.
A business named "SolaRoad" in the
Netherlands created an experimental 70-meter-
long bike lane that was lined with solar panels
made of heavy-duty glass that could resist
massive loads. The panels are expected to
generate well over 3 MWh in the first six months
of operation, according to the business. The cost
of these solar modules is a major stumbling
block to their widespread implementation.
Alternative alternatives include installing solar
panels alongside roadways rather than on them,
as well as in secondary locations such as
parking lots, bike lanes, and driveways. The
second major obstacle is equally self-evident:
this form of energy harvesting technology is very
reliant on climatic conditions and may not be
economically feasible internationally. Ironically,
many nations that can afford to invest in the
necessary infrastructure do not receive
enough sunlight to warrant the expenditure.
Furthermore, due of the tremendous heat and
continual, severe loads associated in busy
highways, engineers are still working to
maintain the structural integrity of pipes and
subsurface systems.
Although harvesting sound energy from
passing automobiles isn't the most practical
answer, all hope isn't lost: the loud noises
we're likely to hear around us, such as an
airplane taking off or a rock concert thumping
away at full tilt, aren't simply loud; they also
vibrate their surrounds.
That is the fundamental basis of
piezoelectric energy harvesting. Another
possible technique to gather acceptable
amounts of energy from highways is to use
piezoelectric harvesting technology. When a
material is exposed to an external stress or
deformation, it has a physical characteristic
that causes an electrical charge to collect on
its surface. These are known as "piezoelectric
compounds," and they contain a wide range
of crystals and polymers.
Utilization of plastic-eating bacteria
Improper waste disposal is one of the leading
causes of urban flooding. Thus, it is
significant to address such issue in order to
effectively solve the perennial problem of
flooding. According to Flashman (2019),
Japanese scientists tested different bacteria and
discovered that Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6 is
capable of digesting the plastic used to make
single-use drinks bottles, which is polyethylene
terephthalate (PET), by secreting an enzyme
known as PETase. High concentrations of the
mentioned bacteria breaks down PET 10 to 100
times faster (Patel, 2019). In fact, Mateo (2019)
revealed that bacteria that can degrade plastic
have been discovered in a hyperalkaline spring
in Zambales. This proves that utilizing plastic-
eating bacteria to solve the problem of improper
waste disposal is feasible. The proponents of
this solution seek to mobilize the Department of
Interior and Local Government (DILG) to
intensify their efforts in cleaning canals and other
waterways of plastic and send such to newly
created plastic facilities where the bacteria
Ideonella sakaiensis are contained and utilized
for degradation of plastic.
Improved structural design of dams
Philippine dams are mostly gravity dams
and barrages, which are cheap initially, yet have
more maintenance compared to other dams. The
utilization of arch-gravity dams and arch dams
will provide a costly initial expense but very low
maintenance cost since these dams are made
from thick cement, plastic and rubber.
Enhanced structural design of seawalls

Rubble mound and embankment

seawalls are the common sea walls found in
the country, but these types are not that
effective in reducing flash floods during storm
surges. Preferably curved stepped sea walls
are very effective and durable even though it
is costly but with low maintenance rate.
REFERENCES October 11, 2019, from
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/134980.

[1] Bureau, T. (2018). Utilization of Pervious

Concrete in Rainwater Harvesting. [7] Flashman, E. (2019). How plastic-eating

Retrieved from bacteria actually work – a chemist explains.

https://www.masterbuilder.co.in/utilization-of- Retrieved from

perviousconcrete-in-rain-water-harvesting/. https://theconversation.com/how-plastic-
eatingbacteria-actually-work-a-chemist-

[2] Castillo, A. (n.d.). Status of Solid Waste explains95233?utm_campaign=Echobox&

Management in the Philippines. Retrieved utm_medium=Social

from https://www.jstage.jst.go. &utm_source=Twitter#link_time=1524067

jp/article/jsmcwm/24/0/24_67 7/_pdf. 335.

[3] Chen, M., et. al (2019). The Performance [8] Floods. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2019,

of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) Water- from

Retaining Asphalt Mixture, 1–19. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agric

ultural-andbiological-sciences/floods.

[4] Cordero, T. (2018). Typhoons and

[9] Grant, K. (2015). 10 measures that must be
flashfloods cost the Philippines P6.446B in
2017. GMA News Online. Retrieved from taken to prevent more flooding in the future.

https://www.gmanetwork.com/news Retrieved October 11, 2019, from

/money/economy/6 57532/typhoons-and- https://www.independent.co.uk/

flashfloods-cost-the-philippinesp6-446b-in- news/uk/10-measures-that-must-be-taken-

2017/story/ to-preventmore-flooding-in-the-future-
a6788866.html.

[5] Department of Budget and Management

(DBM). (2019). 2019 General [10] How long will we drown in the Philippines'

Appropriations Act: Budget of DPWH. flood problems? (n.d.). Retrieved October

Retrievedfrom https://www.dbm.gov.ph 11, 2019,from

/wpcontent/uploads/NEP%202019/DPWH. https://www.philstar.com/busi

pdf ness/motoring/2017/08/0 8/1726759/how-

long-will-we-drown-philippines-flood

[6] Fernandez, R. J. T. (2017). Improper waste problems.

disposal blamed for flooding. Retrieved

 tercache.com/faqs/limitations-ofrain-
barrels.
[11] https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovati [17] Maxwell-Gaines, C. (2019). Rainwater
on/con crete -can-absorb-flood- Harvesting 101: Your How-To Collect
180956830/. Rainwater Guide. Retrieved from
https://www.watercache.com/education/rai
[12] Japan International Cooperation Agency nwaterharvesting-101.
(JICA). (2019). Japan holds disaster
response trainings and marine pollution [18] Patel, N. V. (2019). Scientists stumbled
exercises in PH. Retrieved from upon a plastic-eating bacterium-then
https://www.jica.go.jp/philippine/english/off accidentally made it stronger. Retrieved
ice/topics/news/190725_02.html from https://www.popsci.com/ bacteria-
enzyme-plastic-waste/.
[13] Kayhanian, M., Li, H., Harvey, J. T., &
Liang, X. (2019). Application of permeable [19] Philippines Water Crisis - Water In The
pavements in highways for stormwater Philippines 2019. (n.d.). Retrieved from
runoff management and pollution https://water.org/ourimpact/philippines/
prevention: California research
experiences. International Journal of [20] Philippines: Floods and Landslides - Jun
Transportation Science and 2018. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2019,
Technology. doi: 10.1016/j.ijtst.2019.01.001 from https://reliefweb.int/disaster/tc-2018-
000113-phl.
[14] Lee-Brago, P. (2019). US, Philippines
launch Pacific Partnership disaster [21] Portland Cement Association. (n.d.). Storm
response. Retrieved from Water Management by Pervious Concrete.
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/0 Retrieved from https://www.cement.org
3/13/190100 8/us-philippines-launch- /cementconcreteapplications/paving/pervi
pacific-partnership-disasterresponse. ous-concrete/storm-watermanagement-
by-pervious-concrete.
[15] Matchar, E. (2015). This Concrete Can [22] Project Highlights: Metro Manila Flood
Absorb a Flood. Retrieved from Management. (n.d.). Retrieved November
10AD, from https:// www.worldbank.org/en/
[16] Maxwell-Gaines, C. (2017). What are the country/ philippines/brief/project-
limitations or disadvantages of rain highlights-metro-manila-floodmanagement.
barrels? Retrieved from https://www.wa
[23] Rainwater harvesting and reducing water [28] Stoutjesdijk, J. (n.d.). Philippines:
logging problems by using permeable Managing floods for inclusive and resilient
concrete. (2017). International Journal of development in Metro Manila. Retrieved
Modern Trends in Engineering & October 11, 2019, from https://www.
Research, 4(3), 150–15doi:10.218 preventionweb.net/news/view/61238.
84/ijmter.2017.4097.ntqrq
[29] Terhell, S., Cai, K., Chiu, D., & Murphy, J.
[24] Rinkesh. (2016). Advantages and (2015). Cost and Benefit Analysis of
Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting. Permeable Pavements in Water
Retrieved from https://www.con Sustainability, 1-8. Retrieved from http://
serveenergyfuture.com/Advantages_Disa watermanagement.ucdavis.edu/files/5414/
dvantages_Rainwater_Har vesting.php. 3891/2393/A03_Terhell_Cai_Chiu_Murph
y_ESM121_FinalReport.pdf
[25] Rodzi, N. H. (2017). Poor drainage cited as
main cause of floods. Retrieved October 11, [30] Thorpe, D., & Zhuge, Y. (2010).
2019, from https://www. Advantages and disadvantages in using
straitstimes.com/asia/poor-drainage- permeable concrete pavement as a
citedas-main-cause-of-floods. pavement construction material.
Association of Researchers in Construction
[26] Saadeh, S., Ralla, A., Al-Zubi, Y., Wu, R., Management, 1341–1350.
& Harvey, J. (2019). Application of fully
permeable pavements as a sustainable [31] Tingsanchali, T. (2012). Urban flood
approach for mitigation of stormwater disaster management. Retrieved October
runoff. Retrieved from https://www. 11, 2019, from
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S204 https://www.researchgate.net/publica
6 043018301205. tion/257724199_Urban_flood_disaster_m
anagement.
[27] Selbig, W., & Buer, N. (2018). Hydraulic,
waterquality, and temperature perfor [32] Williams, M. (n.d.). 2.3 billion people
mance of three types of permeable affected by flooding disasters in 20 years.
pavement under high sediment loading Retrieved from
conditions. Scientific Investigations Report. https://www.channel4.com/news/ fact
doi: 10.3133/sir20185037 check/2-3-billionpeople-affected-by-
flooding-disasters-in-20-years.
[33] Zeiada, W., Underwood, S., & Kaloush, K.
(2016). Cost Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced
Pavements, 1–10. Retrieved from
https://ncesmart.asu.edu/wpco
ntent/uploads/2017/01/Cost-Analysis-of-
FiberReinforced-Pavements.pdf