Information and communication technology- collectively refer to the technologies,

both hardware and software, that enable humans to communicate with one
another.
Periods of ICT development
MECHANICAL PERIOD

Pascaline- In this period is the advent of the mechanical calculator

Blaise Pascal- invented by the famous mathematician inventor.
Charles Babbage (Father of Computers)- a mathematician invented the Analytical
Engine, which considered the first programmable mechanical computer.
Ada Lovelace (first computer programmer)- provided the algorithm for the analytical
engine.
Electromechanical Period
Telegraph a first electrical communication device invented by William Cooke and
Charles Wheatstone in year 1837
Alexander Graham Bell was granted the patent for the telephone.
telephone converts sound into electricity and enables the telephones network to
transmit it over copper wires.

Electronic Period
The last period in ICT history that started in 1940s and continues to the present.
It focused on the advent of solid-state devices or electronic devices.
The four main events found in this period
- vacuum tubes
- transistors
- integrated circuits
- computer processors
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) – the first electronic and
general-purpose computer, it marked a revolutionary period in computing because
ENIAC was a big machine that occupied an area of 167 square meters.
ICT TODAY
INTERNET- Refers to the network of computers connected to each other globally
Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) that led to the creation of wide-area
packet switching which is considered as the first internet known as ARPANET.
WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)
- was invented by Tim Berners-Lee
- The system that enables user to access hypertext documents and other files over the
internet.
- Collection of Billions of webpages
Webpage is a hypertext document connected to the World Wide Web written in HTML
language.
Website is a collection of webpages that includes a file called Homepage.
Web Browser- An application or software program that allows a user to locate, access,
and display web pages in the World Wide Web.
Web 1.0 or the read-only Web (static web)- wherein the information or hypertext file is
accessed by the user in a mono-directional way.
Example: Personal website (Jekyll, Hexo, Hugon and Octopress)

Web 2.0 or the read-and-write Web (dynamic web)- users or viewers can edit the
content of the files they were accessing. This type of web is also known the wisdom
web, people-centric web, participative web, and could become bi-directional.
Example: Social Medias, Amazon and HubSpot
Web 3.0 or the semantic executing web- The basic idea of web 3.0 is to define
structure data and link them to more effective discovery, automation, integration, and
reuse across various applications.
Example: Wolfram Alpha and Apple's Siri
Web 4.0 or the Symbiotic Web- still an underground idea in progress and there is no
exact definition of how it would be
Example: Sensors and Virtual reality (searching lost item at home such as car key or
mobile phones using google)
Web Search Engine- These are programs designed to search or mine the world wide
web based on keywords provided by the user.
Examples: Bing, Duckduckgo, Google and Yahoo
Research Indexing Sites- These are web sites dedicated to compile and index
researches done by academic researchers, engineers, social scientists, and so on.
Examples: IEEE Xplore and Google Scholar
Massive Online Open Course (MOOC)- These are web sites dedicated to teach and
inform users focused on different areas.
Examples: Canvas, Coursera, edX and Udemy
Employment Websites- These are websites that enable companies to post job
vacancies and accommodate job seekers by providing a resume-submission facility.
Electronic commerce (e-commerce)- This is a technology that uses electronic means
to trade products and currencies.
Examples: Lazada and Shopee
Nano Learning- represents an interesting methodology that offers an effective
alternative to traditional lessons. Basically, it consists of incorporating bite-sized learning
solutions into the daily classroom routine, with the use of electronic media and without
the interaction with real time instructor.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)- refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines

that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions.
Example: Face Detection and recognition, Chatbots, E-payments
Wearable Technology- also known as "wearables", is a category of electronic devices
that can be worn as accessories, embedded in clothing, implanted in the user's body, or
even tattooed on the skin.
Virtual Augmented Reality- An enhanced version of the real physical world that is
achieved using digital visual elements, sound, or other sensory stimuli delivered via
technology
Example: Microsoft HoloLens, and magic leap

Netiquette- is coined portmanteau term ofnetwork and etiquette

Online Safety and Security
Spam – this refers to the transmission of unsolicited messages from various origins
using electronic messaging systems such as email and chat messengers.
Phishing – this is defined as a software or a program used by an attacker to obtain
personal information.
Malware – (malicious software) a computer software sent by attackers to inflict chaos
on a computer’s operation and processes.
Virus - a malicious program that replicates itself and damages computer files.
Trojan Horse – a malicious program that disguises itself as a useful tool but once
installed or downloaded it hacks your computer to get sensitive information
Worms – a malicious program that also replicates itself and makes your computer slow.
Ransomware - a malicious program designed to deny access to a computer system or
data until a ransom is paid
Adware – a program designed to send you advertisements, commonly as pop-ups on
the internet.