PNR1

[PNRCENTRAL TERMINAL HUB IN TUTUBAN, MANILA] 2008120812
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 4.3

1.0 PROBLEM AND BACKGROUND Schemes 30
CHAPTER 1.1
Background of the Study 1 CHAPTER 4.4
Statement of the Problem 1 Site development Plan 30
Project Goal and Objectives 1 Floor Plans 31
Significance of the Research 2
Scope and Limitations of the Study 2 Elevations 32
Conceptual Framework 2 Sections 32
Definition of Terms 3 Perspective 33
CHAPTER 1.2
Review of Related Literature 4 Bibliography or References 34
Appendix 34
CHAPTER 1.3
Research Methodology
Oral Investigation 6
Archival Investigation 9 LIST OF FIGURES
Case Studies 14 1.0
2.0 RESEARCH FOCUS CHAPTER 1.1
CHAPTER 2.1 FIGURE 1 Graphical Presentation of Theory

Rationale 17 FIGURE 2 Graphical Presentation
17 of Proposed Solution
CHAPTER 2.2 CHAPTER 1.3

Discussion of Principles and Relevance to the Project 17 FIGURE 3 Map Showing the Philippine National Railways
FIGURE 4 Graph #1 of general overview about PNR survey
CHAPTER 2.3 FIGURE 5 Graph #2of general overview about PNR survey
Recommendation 18
FIGURE 6 Graph #3of general overview about PNR survey
3.0 SITE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS FIGURE 7 Graph #4 of general overview about PNR survey
FIGURE 8 Graph #2: Survey for passenger
CHAPTER 3.1 FIGURE 9 Graph #3: Survey for passenger
Site evaluation and Analysis 19 FIGURE 11 Graph #5: Survey for passenger
4.0 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TRANSLATION FIGURE 13 Graph #7: Survey for passenger
FIGURE 14 Six options for transport from origin (O) to destination (D) in a
CHAPTER 4.1 network of ten nodes. Dotted lines show related links in the network
designs.
User Analysis FIGURE15 World Competitiveness 2010-2011: The Most Problematic Factors in doing
Organizational Chart 22 business in Philippines.
User Profile 23 FIGURE 16 World Competitiveness 2010-2011: Ranking of Philippines in Inrastructure
User Behavior 24 Category.
Space Programming 25 FIGURE 17 Investments Components
CHAPTER 4.2 FIGURE 18 Passenger Statistics 2009-2010 (commuter express)
Concept Development 27 FIGURE 19 Passenger Statistics 2009-2010 (Bicol express)
Structural Concept 27
Utility Concept 29
Concept Application 29
MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, INDUSTRIAL DESIGN AND BUILT-ENVIRONMENT
FIGURE 20 London Underground Terminal Station FIGURE 51 Images: PNR Passengers

FIGURE 21 London Underground Terminal Station (Panoramic View) FIGURE 52 Images: PNR Officials
FIGURE 53 Images: Service Personnel
FIGURE 22 Secunderabad Railway Station FIGURE 54 User Behavior: Departure Area
FIGURE 23 Aerial View of Guangzhou railway Station FIGURE 55 User Behavior: Arrival Area
FIGURE 24 Exterior and interior view of Guangzhou Railway Station FIGURE 56 User Behavior: Personnel/ Staff
FIGURE 25 Intersecting Rail Line of LRT 1 & 2 FIGURE 57 Space Programming: Functional Areas for Departing Passengers
FIGURE 58 Space Programming: Functional Areas for Arriving Passengers
FIGURE 26 Map and Images of the LRT 1 &2 walkway connection FIGURE 59 Space Programming: Functional Areas for the Office of the General
FIGURE 27 Proposed Grand Central Station of MRT-LRT FIGURE 60 Space Programming: Functional Areas for the Departments
FIGURE 28 Site Plan and Section View of the Proposed Grand Central Station FIGURE 61 Concept
FIGURE 61 Structural Concept
FIGURE 62 Structural Concept
FIGURE 63 Photo of a Steel Structure Building
FIGURE 64 Photo of a Steel Framing
FIGURE 65 Adaptation of Hexagonal Graphite
2.0
FIGURE 66 Glass Panel/ Window Frame
CHAPTER 2.2 FIGURE 67 Utility Concept
FIGURE 68 Mechanical Ventilation
FIGURE 29 Illustration of the Hub-and-Spoke Paradigm FIGURE 69 Natural Ventilation
FIGURE 30 Example image of a wide passageway. FIGURE 70 Concept Application
FIGURE 31 Illustration of a Basic Railway Station FIGURE 71 Concept Application
FIGURE 72 Scheme: Chariot-Wheel Flow
FIGURE 73 Scheme: Sample Plan
FIGURE 74 Interrelationship Diagram
3.0 FIGURE 75 Scheme: Terminal Plan
FIGURE 76 Scheme: Office Space
CHAPTER 3.1 FIGURE 77 Site Development Plan
FIGURE 32 SITE FIGURE 78 Ground Floor Plan
FIGURE 33 Image of City Map of Manila (Macro) and the image of Tutuban Campus FIGURE 79 Second Floor Plan
(Micro) FIGURE 80 Third Floor Plan
FIGURE 81 Fourth Floor Plan
FIGURE 34 Important Building within the Tutuban Campus FIGURE 82 Front Elevation
FIGURE 35 Access Roads FIGURE 83 Rear Elevation
FIGURE 36 Site Illustration FIGURE 84 Front Section
FIGURE 37 Illustration of PNR Tutuban Station as the Central Hub FIGURE 85 Rear Section
FIGURE 38 Front Street of Tutuban Station FIGURE 86 Perspective 1
FIGURE 39 View of Tutuban Mall fron the Station FIGURE 87 Perspective 2
FIGURE 40 Facade, Landscaping and Parking of the Tutuban Station FIGURE 88 Perspective 3
FIGURE 42 PNR Canteen and PNR Chapel FIGURE 89 Perspective 4
FIGURE 43 Waiting Area FIGURE 90 Perspective 5
FIGURE 44 Mini Museum FIGURE 91 Perspective 6
4.0
CHAPTER 4.1
FIGURE 45 Organizational Chart: PNR officials
FIGURE 46 Organizational Chart: Office of the General Manager
FIGURE 47 Organizational Chart: Real Estate Department
FIGURE 48 Organizational Chart: Transportation Department
FIGURE 49 Organizational Chart: Engineering Department
FIGURE 50 Organizational Chart: Service Personnel

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, INDUSTRIAL DESIGN AND BUILT-ENVIRONMENT
1.0 PROBLEM and BACKGROUND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
Because of the lack of infrastructure in the country, the researcher has seen the need to develop
CHAPTER 1.1 a facility that would address to the current infrastructure needs of the country and its economic needs.
The purpose of this research is to develop the PNR train station that could address to the
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
country’s railway needs, and also to address the traffic congestion problem within Metro Manila.
The Philippine railroad was the new means of transportation introduced during the Spanish This research also seeks answers to the following questions:
times of 1875, and it has been called the PNR (Philippine National Railways). This railway has been used
 What infrastructure is provided that could unite the use of PNR, LRT and MRT?
more often before, however due to continued neglect on the past decades PNR reduced its efficiency
 What are the possible train facilities that could increase the demand of a station?
and problems with informal settlers in 1990s also contributed to PNR’s decline. In 2007 Government had
 What could be the possible architectural approach in order to increase the user of the PNR
already started rehabilitation project for informal settlers, development the station and re-model the
train?
train. The informal settlers beside the Philippine National Railways have been relocated easily, as part of
the safety “zero accident” policy. Passengers are already increasing but not as many passengers as the
PROJECT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:
MRT and LRT.
The goal of this project is to establish an intermodal passenger transport for PNR and other
In current update there are several proposed and ongoing construction of rail lines within and
public transportation that could increase the demand use of the railway transportation and address to
outside metro Manila. PNR, on the other hand, will have a vital role to the proposed line extension of
the current infrastructure rank of the country.
LRT-2 and the ongoing construction of Northrail Transit.
This paper will also determine the capacity of Philippine Infrastructure that includes the
Plans to re-establish and expand the railway network have been made a top priority of the
behaviours of the commuters in using the PNR train terminals which will be the proposed solution to
government in order not only to attempt the lack of infrastructure and road network of the country, but
traffic congestion in Manila.
also to cut down on traffic congestion, reduce travel times, and urge economic growth.
Client Objectives:
The Philippine government made infrastructure as a top priority to address to the recent survey
given by the Global Competitiveness Report of 2010-2011. In this survey Philippines had seen to be  To provide solution to the lack of infrastructure and road network of the country
ranked 113 out of 139 in overall infrastructure categories. The survey had also questioned companies  To re-establish and expand the railway network
from other countries “What are the most Problematic factors in doing business in Philippines?”,  To cut down traffic congestion, reduce travel times, and urge economic growth
inadequate supple of infrastructure is the third reason. The World Bank had also seen the Philippine’s
Project Objectives:
lack of infrastructure, especially transportation, as a major threat in doing business in the country.
Fortunately, South Korea and the People's Republic of China have offered to help rehabilitate  To provide a facility that would accommodate forthcoming numbers of passengers and freight
the Philippine railway system. This project will give more function to the Philippine railway, and this will services.
give importance to public rail transportations.  To present a study and development for the route of PNR to increase commuter’s interest to the
train
 To propose an railway terminal project that could be a representation of income growth for
Philippine rail transits

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, INDUSTRIAL DESIGN AND BUILT-ENVIRONMENT Page 1
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH: This research will mainly focus on the effectiveness of intermodal transport system and terminal hub to
the growth of public railway transportation. Further studies about the railways, trains and its rolling
In Metro Manila, there are lot of transportation system that could connect all the places within stock are excludes in this research. Building technology, utilities and mechanical studies are also
the city and within the country. Road transportation could cause traffic congestion within the city and excluded in this research.
could also cause severe air pollution. Though Philippines have a large number of transportation, it is still
noticeable that it lacks in infrastructure. The proponent had seen the advantage of PNR Tutuban Station
to the future expansion of rail transit in Metro Manila. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE:
This project proposal will address to answer the economic status of the country. As PNR
develops and increase its demand, the government on the other hand will also increase its economic
income. The economic income could lead to another government project, which could also contribute to
the country’s economy.
ARCHITECTURAL SIGNIFICANCE:
This project will provide studies and researches that would lead to the fulfilment of qualities of
a new image for Philippine infrastructure that would symbolize growth in economy.
SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE:
This research will strengthen and give importance to transportation which enables trades
between people that will establish civilisation.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This research will only discuss about the effectiveness of intermodal passenger transport system and its
possible impact to the growth of Philippine railways transportation. This study only focuses on PNR and
LRT2 site at Tutuban, Divisoria. The study will be consisting of a proposed terminal hub for the two
public transportations and it will also include the development of the site, plans and elevations for the
Figure1-1.6 Graphic Presentation of Theory
proposed structure. This study will also include commercial facilities for the terminal.
Terminal station and commercial spaces are the specified topics to be discussed in this research. The A railway terminal station that is architecturally designed, with access to other rail transit will be a result
Movement and interaction of passengers will be considered in the design and planning process of the to the growth of rail transit demand.
project as it should give address to a possible design solution for a Social interactive terminal.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Not Low income/ Intermodal passenger transport involves more than one mode of transport of passengers. Some modes
architecturally less support Site or space of transportation have always been intermodal; for example, most major airports have extensive
designed from the facilities for automobile parking and have good rail or bus connections to the cities nearby. Urban bus
government
systems generally serve train and subway stations and often extends to the local airport. A major goal of
modern intermodal passenger transport, at least in developed countries, is to reduce dependence on
the automobile as the major mode of ground transportation and increase use of public transport. To
Low demand of PNR users Current PNR encourage them to do this, Intermodal Journey planners are used to make users aware of possible
Tutuban Station
services and to facilitate their use.
Philippine National Railways (PNR) is a state-owned railway operator in the Philippines, operating an
Adding other transport extensive railway line on the island of Luzon. As of 2010, it operates two rail services in Metro
Connection to other rail and meeting the needs for Manila and the Bicol Region. The commuter line in Metro Manila is part of the Strong Republic Transit
transport future expansion System and is referred to as the Orange Line.
Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running
on rail tracks. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles merely run on a prepared surface, rail
Economic significance vehicles are also directionally guided by the tracks they run on. Track usually consists of steel rails
Architectural significance
installed on sleepers/ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels,
moves. However, other variations are also possible, such as slab track where the rails are fastened to a
concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface.
Figure2 Graphic Presentation of Proposed Solution Terminal is a station at the end of a railway line. Trains arriving there have to end their journeys
(terminate) or reverse out of the station. Depending on the layout of the station, this usually permits
travellers to reach all the platforms without the need to cross any tracks – the public entrance to the
Tutuban Station is the Central station of PNR. Sadly PNR had gain a lot of negative insights station and the main reception facilities being at the far end of the platforms.
pertaining to their train and to their station; and also a minimal support from the government had yield Sometimes, however, the railway line continues for a short distance beyond the station, and terminating
to low demand of PNR users. The proponent had thought if the PNR would be connected to other rail trains continue forwards after depositing their passengers, before either proceeding to sidings or
transport like LRT and MRT it would be a good means for increasing the number of users of PNR; and reversing back to the station to pick up departing passengers.
also a higher increase for support of the rail transit transportation in the Philippines.
If the PNR would have intermodal connection to other rail transportation, its Tutuban Station
would be the central station for two transportations. Connecting two transportations, the Tutuban
Transportation is the movement of people, cattle, animals and goods from one location to
Station would have to meet the needs of future expansion. It is important that the station will have to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline, and space. The field can be
accommodate the present and future users of the rail transit. divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.

CHAPTER 1.2
Infrastructure is basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of
a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function. Most REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
infrastructures are designed by engineers, urbanists or architects. In the case of urban infrastructure,
a) RAILWAYS STATION
the general layout of roads, sidewalks and public places may sometimes be designed
by urbanists or architects, although the detailed design will still be performed by civil engineers. If a a.1) Transpo Hub: Defining New Horizon In Terminal Design
building is required, it is designed by an architect.
By Ung-York, Amee Libertinee Thesis Proposal
Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may According to this Thesis Proposal the project oath to produce a structure that will meet needs of
be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals andpipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway the passengers. The project tends to combine trade and travel in one structure. The design mixes the
stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel function of trade and travel in a vertical manner an opposed to today’s situation of putting all the
stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for functions in one level. The project aims to separate people—vehicle circulation with this it addresses the
maintenance demand for safety within the terminal. The project does not only address the safety and security of the
passengers but also the needed convenience of the passengers.
The proposal of Ung-York is to produce a terminal station which in house all the different types
of transportation. Ung-York’s project addresses to the development of the facilities of the terminal that
would answer to the convenience of the passengers. The thesis proposal studies the flow, behaviour and
activities of the passengers that could be applied to the plan of the terminal. Ung-York’s thesis is worth
reviewing for its main objective is for the users of the terminal; it studies the needs of passenger and had
developed a typical terminal for the convenience of its users.
a.2) NODE AND PLACE: A study on the spatial process of railway terminus area redevelopment
in central London
Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Architecture by Khaisri Paksukcharern Thammaruangsri.
The objective of this research is to investigate, through a morphological study of eleven main
line railway terminus areas in central London, the spatial conditions in which they can be converted
successfully from transportation nodes into urban places. In practical terms, the research seeks a model
through which railway terminus areas can redevelop their physical and spatial structures, designed
as regional-to-local transport nodes, to function also as local pedestrian nodes, thereby creating urban
settings with a vibrant mix of pedestrian activity relating both to their immediate urban contexts as
well as to their regional transport destinations. The research aims to benefit planners and designers,
through the better understanding of how railway termini and their surroundings interact in order to
ensure the success of railway terminus area redevelopment projects in cities.

This Node and Place Thesis proposal had developed a study about the conversion of to realize the vision of "sustainable" transportation, with the goal of balancing different modes of
transportation point of intersection in to urban place. This Node and Place thesis proposal has given the transportation while taking into account performance, cost, resource use, and social impact.
railway terminal of London a redevelopment design strategy on how would the pedestrian can
The article talks about having a competitive economy through effective transportation. The
contribute to the urban contexts of the place. It also studied how the interaction of terminal and its
word Transportation in this article is used generally. There is no specific mode of transportation
surrounding can contribute to the success of the railway.
mentioned in this article that could really boost the economy of a country. The article, though in general
a.3) From The Farm To The Railway Station form, is still useful for review for it shows the importance of transportation in a country. The articles
main point is to have a sustainable transportation which would have social impact and cost efficient.
According to this Indian news article railway stations across the country would now have outlets
selling agricultural produce and these outlets would be on a global tender. These outlets would be set b.2) How Indian Railways impact the Economy
up on the surplus land available at 7,500 stations. A global tender would be given out for managing
According to this news article, the Indian Railways has a wide network throughout the nation.
these outlets, which would sell fresh fruits and vegetables. Cold storage facilities, processing facilities,
With the help of this widely spread railway networks, you can reach any place of India. Both passengers
and container services would be available and it would act as a distribution service for the farmers.
and freight can be transported to anywhere of India by the help of Indian Railways. This also creates
Farmers need to let them profit from their produce and this is the reason for setting up such outlets.
impact on the Indian Economy. This article deals with how Indian Railways impact the Economy of India
The minister said that he would make arrangements to enable farmers to export their produce through
or the impact of Indian Railways on the Indian economy. In the last year, Indian Railways made a history
sea. Indian railways are currently in third position globally and he would work towards making it number
by rendering a cash surplus before dividend of Rs 20,000 Crores against Rs 14,700 Crores. The total
one, he added.
annual passenger earnings have also amplified by 14 percent whereas the total coach earnings have also
This article is worth for review because it talks about other possible use of the railways. This noticed a rise of 48 percent. Further, a quantum jump in the freight transportation business is another
article had given the project proposal another idea to consider in terms of developing the railways. This important fact of the year that is worth mentioning about. This is how Indian Railways impact the
article could be used for considering agriculture products in the development of Country’s railways. This Economy.
article shows that railways could help in deliver products in more convenient way.
This article shows how railways raised Indian economy. This article can be used to justify the
project proposal in terms of its importance to the economy. This article can be a tool for inspiration in
developing our country’s railways. Indian railways could also be used to compare with Philippine
(b) TRANSPORTATION AND ECONOMY
railways. This article is helpful for the project proposal because it shows the importance of developing
railways for the economy.
b.1)A New Direction to Build Economic Strength
According to the President's Technology for America's Economic Growth, a competitive, growing
economy requires a transportation system that can move people, goods, and services quickly and (c) TRAN0SPORTATION AND ARCHITECTURE
efficiently. Technologies that increase the speed, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of the transportation
c.1) Architectural Review: Places of Transition- Architecture of Transportation Terminals
sector also will increase the economy's competitiveness and ability to create jobs. Providing a world-
class transportation sector will require the Nation to meet the challenges posed by increased congestion According to Architectural Review, sophisticated developments in electronic communications,
in many parts of the transportation system. The Federal Government is committed to leading an effort mass transport systems seem bound to continue to grow in popularity. For all its reliance on fossil fuels

and destructive effects on the atmosphere, air travel will grow almost exponentially for the foresee-able CHAPTER 1.3
future. Rail itself is making a strong riposte on practical and ecological grounds - even in Britain, where
the railways have been under attack for 15 years from short-sighted and simplistic governments. The RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
opening of the Channel Tunnel has finally re-alerted the British to the benefits of rail travel (once the
ORAL INVESTIGATION:
system is working properly, there will surely be few who will wish to travel from London to Paris or
Brussels by plane rather than train). The connection to the Continent makes all too clear the difference On August 18, 2011, the proponent went to the office of Philippine National Railways located at
between the British system and those of France and Germany where huge amounts of public investment Mayhaligue St., Tondo, Manila. The claimant was Engr. Varquez, Division Manager on PNR Asset
have gone into improving and extending the rail system. Management Division. The discussion brought about information about the PNR services, their priority
projects, their past proposals and opinions about the said study. PNR is authorized to operate the state
In this article, it was clearly said how Railway transportation grew its popularity in Britain and
owned railways of the Philippines; they are assigned for the maintenance and present rehabilitation of
how Britain had benefitted by the railway system. It implies in this article that destinations in a railway
railroad transportation in the Philippines. Philippine National Railways is offering the cheapest price for
system are very important for the popularity of the railway. In my opinion, the railway’s destination
transportation; they have maintained their image for general public transportation.
should be one of the most visited places in the country, so everyone would have to have interest in
As the proponent inquired about the priority projects of the PNR, Engr. Varquez gave a list of
using the train.
properties which are subject for development of the railways. The main ongoing project of the PNR is
c.2)“The Architecture Of Transportation: Design Symposium” By Parsons Brinckerhoff the rehabilitation of the North Rail Line up to Caloocan. PNR is supported by a private sector in every
project. Some private foreign sectors are also investing in PNR. This state-owned railway operator has
According to the symposium served as a forum to discuss innovative ideas about how to build
many properties, and one of its properties is the well known Tutuban Central Mall. The Tutuban Central
transportation systems that support and strengthen healthier, more functional and more liveable
mall is paying PNR 96 Million pesos per annum. Factors that affect PNR’s financial problems are: the
neighbourhoods. During the symposium, the various aspects of what makes a complete community and
maintenance of trains is costly; and the payments on the private sectors. High operation cost and low
apply these definitions of context in an effort to re-define the performance criteria expect from transit-
oriented districts, in specific, and from overall transportation infrastructure in general was highlighted. income is also one of the PNR’s problem. Engr. Varquez had also told stories about the past proposals
Community activists, academics, business leaders, policy makers, planners, urban designers and they have in PNR.
architects have shared insight and perspective on what immediate next-steps are essential to reach our The proponent had told Engr. Varquez many options of project proposal for the Development of
common goals. The speakers outlined pathways for how can maximize investment and, at the same PNR. The first proposal is the Train Station and Commercial Complex in PNR Paco Station.. It was during
time, inspire healthier and more active lifestyles.
the time of Pres. Fidel Ramos that they had proposed a mall at the Paco Station, but it has not been
implemented due to the change of Government Administration. The second proposal the proponent
According to this article, there had been a symposium about innovative transportation system,
had told Engr. Varquez is the inter-modal connection of PNR and LRT2 at the Tutuban Divisoria. Engr.
especially in infrastructure. This article is worth for review, it discusses ways to approach transportation,
Varquez said that this could be possible; in fact they are already waiting for the decision of LRT2. LRT2 is
and it also discussed about investments. Everyone had talked, from Architect to businessman. This
said to have their terminal extension in Tutuban. If this operation starts, Engr. Varquez said that they
article is useful for the project proposal because this symposium narrates all possible things in
developing transportation. would also start to extend their train operation up to the front side of the Tutuban, Cluster Builbing for
the PNR passenger will have a direct access to the LRT-2 Station, as well as to the Tutuban Mall.
The proponent had asked Engr. Varquez if there was an agreement between LRT-2 and PNR
about the possible intermodal, the Engineer had said that agreement are not necessary for the said
intermodal because the rail track of the PNR is already existing. They would just have to operate the

existing track to link passenger to the LRT-2. Engr. Varquez also said that this intermodal project would Rarely (once or twice a month) 29%
have a great impact and advantage to the development and growth of rail transportation in our country.
Other 3%
Figure 4 Graph #1 of general overview about PNR survey
2. Do you think there would be a great potential for PNR’s development
if it will be paired to LRT-2?

Figure3
Map Showing the

Yes 81%
Philippine National
Railways No 19%
Figure 5 Graph #2of general overview about PNR survey
3. How would you rate PNR? LRT-2?
PNR LRT-2
SURVEY RESULT:
Cleanliness Excellent 6% Excellent 29%
A. GENERAL OVERVIEW ABOUT PNR:
Good 23% Good 61%
1. How often do you use rail transit in Metro Manila?
Poor 65% Poor 10%
Very Poor 6% Very Poor 0%
Signage/ information Excellent 3% Excellent 23%
Good 32% Good 68%
Poor 61% Poor 10%

Always (everyday) 42%
Sometimes (once or twice a week) 26%

Facilities Excellent 6% Excellent 13%

Good 16% Good 68% *Shopping/ buying goods is the Majority reason why PNR passenger are going to Tutuban; and the least
is school/ education reason because there is no direct school from Tutuban.
Poor 65% Poor 16%
Very Poor 13% Very Poor 3% Where is your specific destination?

Divisoria Mall
Tutuban Mall
31% 23%
Basic Amenities Excellent 6% Excellent 26% Divisoria Market
(platform, ticket 15%
booth, waiting area) Good 26% Good 55% 8%
23% All mentioned
Poor 55% Poor 19% Other (School/

office)
Figure 9- Graph #3: Survey for passenger
Figure 6-Graph #3of general overview about PNR survey If Lrt-2 would have Tutuban Station, would you go
and use the LRT-2?
23% 46%
Yes
B. SURVEY FOR PNR PASSENGER 31% No
If necessary
How often do you use PNR train?
31%
38% Everyday Figure 10- Graph #4: Survey for passenger
2-3 times a week Are you in favor of having jeepney travelling from PNR
31% Tutuban station upto the front side of Tutuban Mall (CM
2-3 times a month Recto St.)?
8%
Yes
Figure 7- Graph #1: Survey for Passenger 92% No
Reason of using PNR train

39% Job/ Business

46%
School
15% Shopping

ARCHIVAL INVESTIGATION:
In going to your destination, would you rather walk
inside a mall or ride jeepney/ train?
DESIGN CONSIDERATION IN RAILWAY TERMINALS:
23%
Walk inside a Station and Crossing Safety:
mall Railways were always fenced and passengers and the public were invariably kept away from the tracks
77% Ride Jeepney/
as far as possible. Platforms were built to a level which allowed a reasonable step up into a train
train
without help and bridges or underground passages were provided to allow people to cross the line
unhindered by the movement of trains. The high platform also permitted quicker loading and unloading
of trains.
Platform;
What is your opinion about having PNR train Platform width is also an important feature of station design. The width must be sufficient to
travel directly in front of the Tutuban Mall?
accommodate the largest numbers of passengers expected but must not be wasteful of space - always
Good Idea at a premium for station areas in expensive land districts of a city. The platform should be designed to
15%
give free visual areas along its length so that passengers can read signs and staff can ensure safety when
85% NOT dispatching trains. Columns supporting structures (photo) can often seriously affect the operation of a
Necessary
station by reducing circulating areas and passenger flows at busy times. Platform edges should be
straight to assist operations by allowing clear sight lines.
Entrances and Exits:
Station entrances and exits must be designed to allow for the numbers of passengers passing through
*Majority of the passengers are in favour of having jeepney/ train stop infront of Tutuban Station. For
them, both under normal and emergency conditions. Specific emergency exit requirements are outlined
passenger coming from the mall or market, since they are already tired coming from Divisoria and they
in many countries as part of safety legislation or to standards set down by the railways or other
have been carrying all their consumed goods from the mall or market is the main reason why they are in
organisations. The codes in NFPA 130 (the US standard for their transit industry) are one such instance.
favour of having jeep/ train travelling around the Tutuban Campus.
These codes usually define the exit flows and the types of exits allowed for, e.g. the different rates for
*For passenger going to Divisoria, their reason was to have a quick and effortless travel to their passages, stairways and escalators.
destination.
Information System:
Information systems (photo left) on stations are variously referred to as a Passenger Information System
(sometimes referred to as PIS) or Passenger Information Display (PID). Professional railway staff often
refer to them as Train Describers. Whatever it is called, there must be a reliable way of informing the
passengers where the trains are going. Passenger information systems are essential for any railway.
One of the most common complaints by passengers on railways is the lack of up to date and accurate
information. When asking the staff for information, passengers expect an accurate and courteous

response with the latest data. There is nothing worse than the "your guess is as good as mine" response a) Inter-Modal Function
when a member of staff is asked what is happening when a train is delayed or has not appeared on Inter-Modal Functions are defined as bus automobile, bike and pedestrian means of travel to the
time. This means that staff must have access to the latest information and they must be trained to use station.
it properly and to pass it on to passengers. • Provide a safe, efficient and convenient configuration for inter-modal transfer at the station.
• Provide clear and easily understood transit information that can be referenced quickly and that
Toilets:
minimizes disorientation.
Any railway operators responsible for stations will have to decide whether they are prepared to pay for • Develop operational efficiencies that simplify modal interchange and passenger processing.
the installation of toilets and, if they do so decide, they must be prepared for the management and • Minimize congestion and crossings of inter-modal functions.
maintenance of such facilities. Nowadays, it is considered good marketing to provide good restroom, • Provide the best service possible at a reasonable cost.
baby changing and toilet facilities. They will not be cheap to provide and they will require regular
inspections to ensure the safety and cleanliness of the premises. In spite of all the difficulties, toilets b) Architecture
must be considered a requirement, if for no other reason than the public expect them. If they are In general, on corridors with existing rail, the extension design should match the existing architectural
installed, they must be designed to a high standard and then kept spotlessly clean throughout the day. elements. On new alignments:
• Create a civic architecture that is permanent, functional and pleasant, has a character and context --
Concessions:
one that is not entirely a derivative of the transit system, but of the neighborhoods and community of
Concessions on railway premises can be a lucrative source of income for a railway and the opportunity which it is a part, yet maintains an overall line recognition and system identity.
to provide for them should be taken wherever possible. The normal types of concessions are coffee • Develop a family of station parts and furniture that are interchangeable and allow for the individual
shops, refreshment counters and small lunch rooms, plus pharmacies, dry cleaners, newspaper shops character of each neighborhood or community as appropriate.
and flower shops. Some larger stations are able to provide space for so many shops that they are • Protect transit passenger from adverse weather conditions (snow, rain, wind and summer sun) and
almost shopping malls in their own right. This is good for the railway, since it attracts customers and vehicular traffic.
it provides a sense of community which would otherwise be lacking. There should, however, be limits Provide seating at shelters and other protected locations on the platform.
as to what can be done and proper design in the first place and subsequent good estate management • Make transit a safe, secure, friendly and enjoyable experience and accessible to all, including the
are both required to permit railway operations to continue unhindered and with safety. disabled.
• Develop systems that use maintainable materials and minimize life cycle costs.
Station Design:
• Provide an architectural and urban design framework that defines and encourages joint development
On a railway which requires passengers to be in possession of a valid ticket or "authority to travel"
opportunities.
whilst on the property, the station area is divided into an "unpaid area" and a "paid area", to denote the
parts where passengers should be in possession of a valid ticket. Of course, there are now many railway
c) Community Relationship
operators who have "open stations", which allow passenger to wander at will without a ticket. In these
• Protect, maintain and enhance existing qualities which are valued.
circumstances, in addition to a ticket office or ticket selling machines, tickets can be purchased on the
• Promote desirable TOD.
train.
• Recognize emerging development that can compliment station development and increase ridership.
• Initiate and coordinate programs with the community that limit local traffic impacts and minimize
STATION DESIGN CRITERIA disruption during and after the implementation phase.
• Utilize local jurisdictional processes and agencies throughout project design and implementation.

• Implement an Art-at-the-Station program to instill a sense of ownership by the community and a sense
of “place” for the station in the community and as a recognizable feature along the corridor.
ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT NETWORK DESIGN:
Figure15-World Competitiveness 2010-2011: The Most Problematic Factors for doing Business in
Philippines
The maximum flexibility is offered by the dynamic routes design. Links are designated depending on
Figure 14 options for transport from origin (O) to destination (D) in a network of
ten nodes. Dotted lines show related links in the network designs.
actual demand, and the network operator can choose many different routes between O and D.
Transport services are planned by rules of thumb or optimisation methods. In an extreme form, routes
In the direct link alternative, transport is obviously direct from O to D, and there is no coordination with can be changed during transportation.
transport between other O-D pairs. Also, no other nodes are involved.
The transport corridor is a design based on using a high-density flow along an artery and short capillary World Competitiveness 2010-2011: PHILIPPINES (*Rank/139)
services to nodes off the corridor. The nodes are thus hierarchically ordered, here denoted corridor and
satellite nodes, respectively. In this example O is a satellite node, and D is a corridor node.
In the hub-and-spoke layout, one node is designated the hub, and all consignments call this node for
transfer, even for consignments between adjacent origins and destinations. Terminals are then either
hub terminals or spoke terminals. While the operations follow simple principles, the challenge is to
coordinate a large number of interdependent transport services.
The connected hubs design is another hierarchical layout in which local flows are collected at hubs that
in turn are connected to hubs in other regions. It can thus be described as a direct link with regional
consolidation. Also here terminals are either of the hub type or the spoke type.
Figure16 World Competitiveness 2010-2011: Ranking of Philippines in
When using the static routes design, the transport operator designates a number of links to use on a Republic of the Philippines
Inrastructure Category.
regular basis. In contrast to the hub-and-spoke layout, several nodes are used as transfer points along
the route. Usually only a part of the load is transferred, and the rest stays on the transport means to the
next node. The term exchange terminal is here used if only parts of the unit loads are exchanged;
terminals with full exchange between trains are referred to as gateways. In Figure 1 O is on a one-way
loop, connected by a feeder link to a two-way loop, which in turn is connected to D through another
node.

IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, ALSOKNOWN AS THE
“EXPANDED SENIOR CITIZENS ACT OF 2010,” AN ACTGRANTING ADDITIONAL BENEFITS AND
PRIVILEGES TO SENIOR CITIZENS,FURTHER AMENDING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7432 of 1992 AS AMENDED
BY REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9257 OF 2003
Article 18. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORT
The DOTC and its attached agencies and sectoral offices shall improve the implementation of programs
to assist senior citizens to fully gain access in the use of public transport facilities. The minimum
Figure17-Investment Components requirements and standards to make transportation facilities and utilities for public use accessible to
senior citizens shall be developed to enhance the mobility of senior citizens. There shall be strict
implementation of courtesy space and seats for the exclusive use of senior citizens in all transport
PNR Passenger Statistics 2009- 2010
system. As far as practicable, PUVs shall also strive to install safe lower stepping boards
9000000 8,000,000 ++
8000000
7000000 6,381,487
FOURTEENTH CONGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES )
6000000
First Regular Session ) Introduced by Senator Richard J. Gordon
5000000
4000000 SENATE
3000000 S. No. 1.420
projected AN ACT CONSOLIDATING THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RAILWAYS AND THE LIGHTRAIL TRANSIT
2000000 1,238,952 increase
1000000 AUTHORITY INTO THE NATIONAL RAILWAY AUTHORITY TO INTEGRATE AND REVITALIZE RAILWAY
2009 2010 (30%)
TRANSPORTATION IN THE PHILIPPINES, AUTHORIZING THE ISSUANCE OF BONDS THEREFOR TO BUILD
0
AN ADEQUATE AND EFFICIENT NATIONAL RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM, AND FOROTHER
No. Of Commuter Carried (Commuter Express) PURPOSES
Figure18-Passenger Statistics 2009-2010 (commuter express)
Be if enacted by the Senafe and fhe House of Represenfafives of fhe Philippines in
600000 Congress assembled:
600000 ++
500000 SECTION 1. Short W e . - This Act shall be known as the "National Railway Act."
430,873
400000
Sec. 2. Policy. - It is hereby declared the policy of the State to promote and develop a national railway
300000
transportation system that will provide and maintain an adequate and efficient railway transportation
200000 system to the people for the social and economic development of the Philippines.
projected
100000 increase
4,043 2010 (20%) Sec. 3. Purposes. -This Act shall have the following purposes:
2009
0
No. Of Commuters Carried (Bicol Express) (1) To consolidate the Philippine National Railways and Light Rail Transit Authority into the National
Railway Authority;
Figure19-1Passenger Statistics 2009-2010 (bicol express)

(2) To integrate and revitalize railway transportation in the Philippines in order to provide energy- hereby consolidated into the National Railway Authority. The National Railway Authority shall possess all
efficient, ecologically compatible railway transportation with greater efficiency, effectiveness and the rights, privileges, immunities and franchises of the Philippine National Railways and the Light Rail
economy; Transit
(3) To provide the means to rehabilitate and maintain the physical facilities, improve the operation and Authority; and all property, real or personal, and all receivables due on whatever account, including
structure, and restore the financial stability of railway transportation in the subscriptions to shares and other choses in action, and all and every other interest of, or belonging to,
or due to the Philippine National Railways and the Light Rail Transit Authority, shall be deemed
Philippines through greater local government and private sector participation; and
transferred to and vested in the National Railway Authority. The National Railway Authority shall be
responsible for all the liabilities and obligations of the Philippine National Railways and the Light Rail
(4) To provide an adequate and efficient national railway transportation system to meet the needs and
Transit Authority in the same manner as if it had itself incurred such liabilities or obligations; and any
service requirements of the people.
pending claim, action or proceeding brought by or against any of the Philippine National Railways and
Sec. 4. National Railway Authority. - There is hereby created a corporate body to be known as the the Light Rail Transit Authority may be prosecuted by or against the National Railway Authority. The
National Railway Authority, which shall be primarily responsible for the integration, revitalization, rights of creditors or liens upon the property of any of the Philippine National Railways and the Light Rail
planning, prioritization, development and regulation of railway transportation in the Philippines. Transit Authority shall not be impaired by the consolidation. Assign or authorize.
Sec. 5. Powers and Functions. - The National Railway Authority shall have the following powers and
functions:
(1) To formulate, adopt and implement a comprehensive development plan
(2) To promote and encourage the participation of the local government and the private sector in the
development and implementation of a comprehensive development plan for a national railway system;
(3) To develop, construct, operate and maintain by itself or by delegation to another, railway facilities,
including but not limited to stations, terminals and warehouses;
(12) To construct, own, lease, operate and maintain by itself or by delegation to another, public utilities
and infrastructure facilities and such auxiliary support services needed for a national railway
transportation system;
(13) To design, construct, operate and maintain by itself or by delegation to another through contract
such auxiliary infrastructure support facilities such as, but not limited to, parking structures above or
below ground, including the means of access;
Sec. 13. Consolidation of the Philippine National Railways and the Light Rail Transit Authority info the
National Railway Authority. – The Philippine National Railways and the Light Rail Transit Authority are

CASE STUDIES b) SECUNDERABAD RAILWAY STATION
Is a major intercity rail station and a commuter rail hub in

Railways terminal station with commercial complex is the
the Hyderabad Urban Area. It is located in the City
focus of the case study. The following case studies are the
of Secunderabad falls under the South Central Railway zone
terminal station that is known by their function to the
of Indian Railways. The main portico and concourse are
passengers. The facilities within the terminal make it
influenced by AsafJahi style architecture.
acknowledgeable by passengers and commercial facilities
gives a great impact to commuters. Commercial facilities,
on the other hand, gives the terminal another way to have
Figure 22- Secunderabad Railway
extra income, it increases the income of a railway Station
transport.
STRENGTH:
Figure 20- London Underground Terminal Station a) SOPHISTICATED SHED UNITES FOUR RAIL LINES
 The station building resembles a fort and is one of the tourist attractions in the twin cities of
Nominally just the terminal station for London Underground’s Jubilee Line, the straightforward shedlike
Hyderabad and Secunderabad.
structure of the Stratford Regional station untangles a very complicated rail interchange. It was design of
the London Underground chief architect Roland Paoletti. Design might have been neglected amid this  The station is well connected by rail to all parts of India. Over 190 trains arrive at, or depart
leftover landscape of rail lines. from, the station, daily, transporting over one hundred thousand passengers to their
destinations across the country.
 The station has also achieved the ISO-9001 Certification for quality management in ticket
booking, parcel and luggage booking and train management of platform.
 It is connected to almost all the parts of the twin cities (Hyderabad and Secunderabad) by
the Hyderabad MMTS and Hyderabad Road Transport's buses, making it convenient for
Figure 21- London Underground Terminal Station (Panoramic View) passengers to commute to and from the station.
 Passengers using the Secunderabad Station are fully equipped with as many facilities as in any
STRENGTH: other railway station in the Indian Railways. Many facilities like lodging, restaurants, cafes,
coffee shop, book stalls, waiting halls, cloak rooms, Cyber cafe[42] tourism agents counters, train
 It was able to convince the system’s management that stations deserved to be treated as
inquiry counters, train status display (digital) boards, train status announcements, foot bridges
important architecture that appeals to travellers and serves as a civic symbol.
etc. are provided to the passengers using the station.
The design spans the North London line (which runs at grade between the Jubilee Line tracks and the
WEAKNESS:
passenger access point) with a mezzanine (axonometric).
 In recent years, the railway has proposed to upgrade it into a world-class station, with emphasis
The curving profile of the shed is framed with steel-box ribs springing from the northern side of on vertical expansion of the complex. This proposal shows that the original building plan does
the mezzanine to the roof edge, where they are propped by a giant truss that spans the tracks. not prioritize future expansion.

c) GUANGZHOU RAILWAY STATION Now that the new Guangzhou South Railway Station (Guangzhou New Railway Station) is open, the
Guangzhou Railway Station only deals with some of the passengers to Beijing, Maoming, Zhuhai,
Located at No.159 West Huanshi Road, Yuexiu District. Once was the busiest railway station in
Shenzhen, and Wuhan, and some short-distance, multi-stops, and low-speed lines. It still provides
Guangzhou. In the early 1990s, many people came to Guangzhou to seek their fortune. The Guangzhou
very convenient service to some medium and small cities.
Railway Station became a commercial hub and has played an important role in Guangzhou
transportation ever since. Many commercial areas are centered on the station. Besides all-sized markets
around, Guangzhou Railway Station is also near the Exhibition Center of Canton Fair and Yuexiu Park,
the Guangzhou Provincial Long-distance Bus Station, Guangzhou Long-distance Bus Station, and
Liuhua Long-distance Bus Station.
Guangzhou Railway Station covers an area of 43,000 square meters (10.6 acres), comprising
a station building, 11 railways, 4 platforms, a station square, parking lots, gardens, underground parking
lots and markets. There are four floors in the station buildings, the first of which is the Ticket Hall. The
upper three floors contain waiting rooms, shops and restaurants. Escalators connect the waiting rooms
and the platforms.
Figure 24-Exterior and interior view of Guangzhou Railway Station
D) LRT-1 AND LRT-2 INTERSECTION
This intersection is situated at the LRT-1 Doroteo Jose station and LRT-2 Recto station at Rizal
Avenue.
Figure 23- 1.7.3 Guangzhou Railway Station
STRENGTH:
 The Location is Convenient; it was near the business places in the District.
 The building is well planned based on the expansion of passengers.
 The terminal and its facilities can accommodate a large number of passengers.
 Getting off at this subway station, passengers can get to West Huangshi Road, Zhanqian Road,
Zhanxi Road, Zhannan Road, North Jiefang Road, Jichang Road, Liuhua Road, Guangzhou
Provincial Long-distance Bus Station, Guangzhou Long-distance Bus Station, Liuhua Hotel,
Oriental Hotel, and Guangzhou TV Station. Figure 25- Intersecting Rail Line of LRT 1 & 2

STRENGTH: d) THE MRT-LRT GRAND CENTRAL STATION
 The location of the this connection is very convenient to passengers travelling along Taft Avenue Figure 27- Proposed Grand Central
The P6.4 billion project that would connect the
Metro Rail Transit (MRT) and the Light Rail Transit
and passengers travelling along Aurora Boulevard, Araneta Avenue, Marcos Highway, Station of MRT-LRT
(LRT) loop is expected to be completed and
Magsaysay Boulevard, and Legarda. operational by May 2010 and would cover at least
five stations and span 5.71 kilometers.
 There is always been a large number of passengers walking on this bridge-like connection. The rail link project would connect the LRT Line
1’s Monumento station in Caloocan City with the
 The design is modern. MRT North Avenue station in Quezon City in a bid
to ease Metro Manila’s traffic problem, according
to Department of Transportation and
Communications (DOTC) Secretary Leandro
Mendoza.
He also said that the completion of the 5.4-
kilometer route linking LRT 1 and MRT 3 will definitely help ease the traffic congestion,
particularly along EDSA from Monumento in Caloocan up to Taft Avenue in Pasay City.
“The closed loop train system will run entirely on electricity, making it fast, efficient, safe, and
environment friendly," Mendoza added.
The project aims to put up new stations in Balintawak, Roosevelt/Muñoz while the North
Avenue Station of the MRT and the Monumento Grand Central station of the LRT 1 would be
improved.
Figure 26- 1.7.3 Map and Images

of the LRT 1 &2 walkway
connection
WEAKNESS
 The connection is too long.
 The walkway has its curve shape that makes it look lengthier.
 The heat from the sun is directed in this walkway because of its translucent roofing.
Figure 28- 1.7.3 Site Plan and Section View of the Proposed Grand Central
Station

2.0 RESEARCH FOCUS 3

1
Creating Transport Link through the Concept of ‘Hub-And-Spoke’ Paradigm
Figure 29-
CHAPTER 2.1 HUB Illustration of the

Hub-and-Spoke
Paradigm
2 4
RATIONALE
The PNR currently operates in the Manila metropolitan area and

the provinces of Laguna, Quezon, Camarines Sur and Albay. Four types of rolling stock run on PNR's lines:
the locomotives, the Commex express cars, baggage cars and DRC railcars. The Commex Express Cars are
the most often seen and used by the public in everyday basis. PNR have enough railway vehicles but Benefits from hub-and-spoke paradigm:
they are lack in facilities for their stations. The idea of this project proposal is create a distinctive train
 The small number of routes generally leads to more efficient use of transportation resources
station for PNR that would have an appealing characteristic to the public.
 Complicated operations, such as package sorting and accounting, can be carried out at the hub,
The Hub and Spoke paradigm is applicable to other forms of transportation like Public transit; it utilizes rather than at every node.
various transport hubs to allow passengers to transfer between different lines or transportation modes.
 Spokes are simple, and new ones can be created easily.
Terminal Station is a place of transition where in it is a passage from one place to another. The concept
of hub-and-spoke networks is not new to the transportation industry. In general terms, this network
 Customers may find the network more intuitive. Scheduling is convenient for them since there are
involves a node (hubs), connected by arc (spokes) that represent practical transportation alternatives few routes, with frequent service.
between two nodes.
The proponent will study the use of hub and spoke paradigm to the given project; its possible advantage Accessibility:
to the development of rail transit and its contribution to a modern terminal design.
 The terminal station should outline the
circulation of the passengers ensuring that each moment
required in the movement of the
CHAPTER 2.2 passenger is as faultless as possible
 There should be a direct access to the public
DISCUSSION OF PRINCIPLES AND RELEVANCE TO THE PROJECT
transportation
Hub-and-Spoke Paradigm will show how two transportations could be connected. It will clearly  Wide passageway to accommodate number of
Figure 30- Example image of a wide
show how important should common area be in two different transportation in which the transportation 
passageway. commuter coming from the two rail transit
goes to a central location where passengers change to another train, bus or plane to reach their
destination.  Signage / Information should be widely visible
 Outside the Terminal: Sidewalks/ Walkways should be provided for safe access

Facilities: CHAPTER 3.3

 Basic Facilities such as platforms, ticket booth and waiting area should be easily located and
RECOMMENDATION:
convenient to hold large number of passenger
 Providing adequate customer amenities to accommodate customer needs. The resulting architectural structure has an ordering effect on the behaviour of society but also affects
 Providing public areas that are well lit and designed to maximize visibility the adaptation of existing social rules and the generation of new ones (Hillier and Hanson, 1984). A
 Waiting area should provide comfort to the commuters terminal station is originally a place of transition where in passenger would just come and go. In
 Public Securities are required in every entrances and exits connecting various mode of transportation it is important to have a good connection between the
 Facilities should promote a friendly and interactive atmosphere to the users of the structure station and its passenger.
The Hub and Spoke paradigm is applicable and practical for the proposed terminal connecting two
transportations. The hub will be the common space of the direct connection for the two transportations.
The development of hub and spoke system will allow passengers to a more incorporated travelling
system and experience, where passengers coming from smaller regions can make transits at a major hub
and connecting journey to many other destinations are feasible.
The terminal station will also reflect the community. It was according to S. Kandee that Terminal Station
is not just places where trains stop to collect and deposit passengers, but they become a gateway to and
from communities. The building design of this proposed terminal station will be a reflection of the
community.
Its vision is to give a new expression for the PNR, fulfilling the qualities of a new image for Philippine
Transportation infrastructure, and provide strength to transportation that would enable a good trade
between people.
Figure 31- Illustration of a Basic Railway Station

local government. These 16 geographical districts are further grouped into the six legislative districts of
3.0 SITE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS
Manila.
CLIMATE
CHAPTER 3.1
Manila features a tropical monsoon climate. Together with the rest of the Philippines, Manila lies
SITE ANALYSIS entirely within the tropics. The temperature range is very small, rarely going lower than 20 °C and going
higher than 38 °C. However, humidity levels are usually very high which makes it feel much warmer. It
has a distinct, albeit relatively short dry season from January through April, and a relatively lengthy wet
season from May through December.
TRANSPORTATION
Manila, being a major city, has various transportation options. Such as:
 Jeepneys
 Pedicabs
 Tricycles
Figure 32- SITE
 FX / Taxi
 LRT 1 and 2; MRT and PNR

a) MACRO SITE ANALYSIS
 Calesa
Manila
 Port of Manila
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities comprising Metro Manila. On a for-hire basis, the city is served by numerous taxicabs, "tricycles" and "trisikads" or "sikads"
(Philippine version of pedicabs). In some areas, especially in Divisoria, two stroke motors are fitted to
Manila has a total population of more than 1,660,714 according to the 2007 census. Manila is the second
the pedicabs and are used to transport goods. Spanish-era horse-drawn calesas are still used in the
most populous city in the Philippines behind Quezon City. The populace inhabit an area of only 38.55
streets o fBinondo and Intramuros, but mostly for tourists.
square kilometers, making Manila the most densely populated city in the world.
The city is serviced by the Manila Light Rail Transit System, popularly known as LRT, as distinct from the
GEOGRAPHY MRT in other parts of Metro Manila. Two lines provide service to the city: the LRT 1 line (Yellow Line)
that runs along the length of Taft Avenue (R-2) and Rizal Avenue (R-9), and the LRT 2 line (Purple Line)
Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila bay, which rests on the western shores of Luzon. The
that runs along Ramon Magsaysay Blvd (R-6) from Santa Cruz, through Quezon City, up to Santolan
city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation in Pasig. The main terminal of the Philippine National Railways lies within the city.
along the waterfronts. Some of the natural variations in topography have been evened out due to the
The Port of Manila, located in the vicinity of Manila Bay, is the chief seaport of the Philippines.
urbanization of the city. The city occupies an area of 38.55 square kilometers and was divided into
897 barangays. For administrative convenience, all the barangays in Manila are grouped into 100 zones
The site of this project is situated at Tutuban, Divisoria. It is located in the rear of the Tutuban Central
and which are further grouped into 16 geographical districts. These zones and districts have no form of
Mall.

Divisoria is a market district in the heart of the City of Manila known for its wide assortment of STRENGTH:
low-priced goods and wholesale and bargain shopping. It is considered one of the National Capital
- It is a place of commerce
Region's premiere economic centers, as street shops, tiangge-style bazaars and shopping malls are all
- Large number of population goes to this place
found here. The district touches different parts of the city including Binondo, Tondo and San Nicolas.
- Public transportation are good because there are minimal number of private car owners
WEAKNESS:
b) MICRO SITE ANALYSIS - Crowded street vendors
Geography and Transportation
- Multi-culture place (Chinese, Filipino, Muslim etc.,)
The greater Divisoria area is bisected by Claro M. Recto Avenue. Sidestreets containing the various
- Crimes such as stealing are somehow frequent in this place
shops, stalls and markets branch out from this main boulevard. The area boxed in by Recto, Juan Luna,
Santo Cristo and Comercio streets is considered by some to be the center of Divisoria. - Traffic congestion
For public commuters, Divisoria is accessible by taking the MRT or LRT-2 traversing Recto Avenue and OPPOTUNITIES:
getting off at the last station, Recto. There are also jeepneys and FXs from Taft Avenue, España
 The place has the opportunity to be a central business district to all classes of population.
and Cubao which ply the Divisoria route.
 The Tutuban also has the opportunity to connect different places in Metro Manila through the
existing/ provided transportation in this site.
 Once LRT-2 Tutuban Station and Northrail Trainsit start their operation, the PNR Tutuban Station
would be a busy and rapid increase of passenger will be evident.
Figure 33- Image of City Map of Manila (Macro) and the image of Tutuban Campus (Micro)
Figure 34- Important Building within the Tutuban Campus

Figure 35- Site Illustration
ALABANG-
CALAMBA
CENTRAL
AREA
LRT-2 IN BICOL
TERMINAL
CALOOCAN
Figure 37 Illustration of PNR Tutuban Station as the Central Hub
Figure 36-Major access roads

SITE PICTURES 4.0 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TRANSLATION
CHAPTER 4.1
USER ANALYSIS
Figure 38-Front Street of Tutuban Station
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
Figure 39 View of Tutuban Mall fron the Station
Figure 40 Facade, Landscaping and Parking of the Tutuban Station
Figure 42-PNR Canteen and PNR Chapel
Figure 44-Mini Museum

Figure 43-Waiting Area

USER PROFILE
PRIMARY USERS: PASSENGERS
AGE: NO AGE LIMIT

OCCUPATION: STUDENT, BUSINESS OWNERS,
EMPLOYEES.
ECONOMIC STATUS: LOWER TO MIDDLE CLASS
REASON IN USING PNR: SCHOOL PURPOSES;
BUSINESS REASONS;
TO GO SHOPPING;
TRAVEL PURPOSES.
OFTEN USE PNR TO COMMUTE.
SECONDARY USERS: BUILDING OFFICIALS
AGE: 20- 60 YRS. OLD

OCCUPATION: ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS,
MANAGER, SECRETARY,
ACCOUNTANT, etc.
ECONOMIC STATUS: MIDDLE CLASS
REASON IN USING PNR: EMPLOYED IN PNR

TERTIARY USERS: SERVICE PERSONNELS ARRIVAL AREA
• SECURITY PERSONNEL
• JANITORS
• BLDG. TECHNICIANS
• TICKETING PERSONNEL
• CONCESSION PERSONNEL
• INFORMATION
PERSONNEL / STAFF
USERS’ BEHAVIOR
DEPARTURE AREA

SPACE PROGRAMMING
FUNCTIONAL AREAS FOR DEPARTING PASSENGERS
FUNCTIONAL AREAS FOR ARRIVING PASSENGERS

FUNCTIONAL AREAS FOR THE OFFICE OF THE GENERAL MANAGER
FUNCTIONAL AREAS FOR THE DPEARTMENTS (TRANSPORTATION,

ENGINEERING & REAL ESTATE)

CHAPTER 4.2 STRUCTURAL CONCEPT
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
 The concept of Hub-and-Spoke. The concept will be generally used in planning, for spaces and
users behavioural pattern.
 The hub-and-spoke paradigm is a system of connections arranged like a chariot wheel, in which
all traffic moves along spokes connected to the hub at the center. The model is commonly used
in industry, in particular in transport, telecommunications and freight, as well as in distributed
computing.
 The small number of routes generally leads to more efficient use of transportation resources.
Complicated operations, such as package sorting and accounting, can be carried out at the hub,
rather than at every node. Spokes are simple, and new ones can be created easily

Steel trusses ape proposed to achieve the long clear spans with primary vertical support on
the façade line on the end bay where the structure is not visible. Intermediate columns are
adopted at regular centers providing a simple beam and column solution as well as
providing lateral restraint for the façade panels roof buildup is envisaged to be lightweight
supported by profile metal decking and puruns at regular centers. Lateral stability of the
steel structure is achieved by vertical cross bracing in one direction and portal frame action
in the other as well as in plane roof bracing
For low rise construction such as this case strip foundation is the most appropriate form of
substructure with local thickenings in area of concentrated point loads induced by the long
span trusses.

UTILITY CONCEPT CONCEPT APPLICATION
“HUB AND SPOKE PARADIGM”

CHARIOT-WHEEL CONCEPT
TRAFFIC MOVES ALONG SPOKES CONNECTED TO THE HUB AT THE CENTER
WHEEL
WHEEL
CHARIOT
There would be both Mechanical and Natural

Ventilation in the building. For the Mechanical Openings for natural cross ventilation will
Ventilation, there would be one source, and it have a central patio with vegetation to
will transmit to an large open area (common stimulate climatic stabilization,
middle space) and this common area will humidification and thermal convection.
distribute the service to the different spaces in Adding oxygen from the indoor environment.
the building.

CHAPTER 4.3 CHAPTER 4.4
SCHEMES PRESENTATION DRAWINGS
TERMINAL PLAN SCHEME
INTERRELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
OFFICE SPACE SCHEME

SECOND FLOOR PLAN
THIRD FLOOR PLAN
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FRONT ELEVATION
REAR ELEVATION
FRONT SECTION
REAR SECTION


BIBLIOGRAPHY or REFERENCE
Ung-York, Aimee libertine L. “Transpo Hub: Defining New horizon in Terminal Design” Architectural
Websites:
Thesis Proposal
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com
http://www.dotc.gov.ph/
APPENDIX
http://www.lrta.gov.ph/
APPENDIX A: NEWS ARTICLES
http://di.net
http://modern-arki.blogspot.com PNR TO GET MORE TRAINS THIS YEAR-EXEC By Paolo Montecillo

Philippine Daily Inquirer
en.wikipedia.org First Posted 09:14:00 03/11/2011
Studies, Research or Thesis Book: MANILA, Philippines -- State-run Philippine NationalRailways (PNR) will get more trains by the middle of
this year, doubling the number of passengers it can serve in a day, according to a statement issued by
Andrew Goetz and Timothy Vowles “Progress in Intermodal passenger transporation: Private Sector PNR.
Initiatives” Department of geography and Intermodal Transpiration institute
Officials said the East Japan Railway Co. had agreed to donate 50 additional trains to the PNR line.
Edwards, B. (1998). The Modern Terminal: New approaches to railway architecture. London &New York:
The trains, which will be shipped from Japan from May until July, promise to more than double the PNRs
E & FN Spon.
capacity to benefit thousands of Metro Manila residents.
G. Don Taylor, Santhanam Harit, and John R. English “Hub and Spoke Networks in Truckload
Trucking: Configuration and Operational Concerns” Department of Industrial Engineering, The refurbished train coaches are scheduled to arrive starting this May until July and this would result to
more trips within Metro Manila and less waiting time to our valued commuters,? PNR General Manager,
University of Arkansas Junio Ragragrio said in a statement.
Gustavo Martinez “Considerations For A Sustainable Urban Design Guide Based On An Intermodal He said he was recently in Japan to finalize the donation deal from the foreign train operator, which
would have otherwise just disposed of the cars.
Station” Social Research in Transport Clearinghouse.
Currently, scheduled trips have 30-minute intervals during the busy times of day. During non-peak
James S. Russell, AIA “Setting the pace for innovative transit design, Chris Wilkinson advances his station periods, passengers currently have to wait an hour between trains.
on the English Architecture scene.” Architectural Record 07.99
Ragragio said with the arrival of additional coaches, scheduled train trips would hopefully be cut in half
Jonas JAKAITIS, “Interaction of Architecture and Society: City Individuality under changeable informal during peak and non-peak hours.
Effect Conditions”
We would also use some of the additional train cars in line with the revival of the daily train service from
Interaction of Architecture and Society, 44th ISOCARP Congress 2008 Metro Manila to the Bicol province.
Ken McCarthy” The Hub and Spoke Economy Innovation in Transportation” Weekly Economic
The rehabilitation of the railroad tracks going to Bicol is almost complete and we are targeting that our
Insight: May 31, 2005 trains will be up and running by June of this year, Ragragio explained.
He said despite being obsolete in Japan, the donated trains would still work well in the Philippines.
Press Release, Connect to “The Hub” International Commercial Center in the Yangtze River Delta
and East Asia He said aside from the Metro Manila commuter service, the new trains could also be used to improve
the PNR?s service from Tutuban to Binan, Laguna, which is currently served by dilapidated and non air-
conditioned trains.
Somruedee Kandee “Intermodal Concept in railway Station design”

The units that we will be using looked relatively new. Since these train cars are still in fine state, we can The fully-rehabilitated Bicol Express will have 3 kinds of coaches in the future: tourist class with reclining
still use them for another 15 years, Ragragio said.
seats and in-coach movie and sound systems; sleeping cars for families and for the executives; as well as
Ragragio, if bought brand new, the train cars would have cost as much as $2 million or about P87 million a dining car with first class amenities.
each. The donated units had a depreciated value of about $300,000 each.
“The projected journey of less than ten hours will put the Bicol Express at a competitive advantage with
Late last year, Ragragrio said it was President Benigno Aquino III himself that approved the
buses which take a full ten hours to make the trip, while offering travelers a superior riding experience
disbursement of about P250 million that would be used to ship the donated train cars from Japan to
Manila. at attractive fares,” Lacierda said.
The PNR is also seeking P1.5 billion in funds for the rehabilitation of train tracks from Manila to Bicol. Full service at 4 round trips a day (with a six-coach, 400-passenger capacity) is expected in September in
This will allow for the faster movement of trains, shortening the travel time between the two to as fast time for the pilgrimages to the Festival of the Virgin of Peñafrancia.
as seven hours from the current 16.
An additional 16 round trips will start next year.
PNR’S ‘BICOL EXPRESS’ TO RESUME OPERATIONS JUNE 29

abs-cbnNEWS.com Posted at 06/09/2011 1:15 PM | Updated as of 06/09/2011 5:44 PM AQUINO EXPECTED TO DISCUSS NORTHRAIL PROJECT IN CHINA TRIP
By Jess Diaz (The Philippine Star) Updated August 31, 2011 12:00
MANILA, Philippines - Malacanang said the famous “Bicol Express” of the Philippine National Railways
(PNR) will be up and running starting June 29, years after it was mothballed due to harsh weather
conditions and lack of finances. MANILA, Philippines - President Aquino is expected to discuss the controversial $1.3-billion (P55.1
billion) North Luzon rail project with his counterpart during his China trip.
In a press release, Presidential Spokesperson Edwin Lacierda said the rail service between Manila and
Bicol will resume a month ahead of schedule “made possible by a new workforce and contracts for the
“This is one of the issues the President will take up with Chinese officials. We are seeking better terms
Quezon-Bicol portions of the tracks, and vital infrastructure rehabilitation including the completion of
for the project,” Transportation and Communications Secretary Mar Roxas told the House
the 50-meter San Cristobal Bridge in Laguna.”
appropriations committee.
The so-called Bicol Express, which started in 1938, was halted in the 1970s because of devastating
weather. It was rehabilitated in 1985, only to experience deteriorations in the coming years. It ceased Roxas is among several Cabinet officials accompanying the President in his China visit.
operations in 2006 due to typhoon damage.
“China and the Philippines have mutually agreed to suspend the NorthRail project pending resolution of
“With the forthcoming resumption of the Bicol Express, new impetus to tourism and the transport of many problematic matters. We are seeking amendments to the contract so that these problems can be
goods has been given. Manila-Bicol rail service resuming this month is a promising start,” Lacierda said. addressed satisfactorily,” he said.
He said PNR has earmarked P1.8 billion for the rehabilitation of the railway, on top of P250 million for
He said he did not want to detail the problems and the proposed amendments so as not to preempt the
the acquisition of the new trains. These include 83 air-conditioned sleeper and commuter coaches
President’s meeting with Chinese officials.
donated by Japan, which are due to arrive within the year.
The 400-kilometer long rail service between Manila’s Tutuban Station and Naga City’s Central Station “As a general statement, we want to have an operational rail link to the north,” Roxas, a former Capiz
will also “employ an additional thousand workers including ‘railway police’ to monitor and patrol the congressman before he became a senator, stressed.
tracks and junctions,” Lacierda said.

NorthRail, which will start in Caloocan City and end in Clark in Angeles City, Pampanga is said to be the Project Cost US $ 120 Million* US $ 100 Million*
most expensive rail system in the world. It will cost roughly $130 million (P5.5 billion) per kilometer, if * Source: Information Kit during the PPP Forum on November 17-19, 2010
at The Manila Marriot Hotel, Pasay City
the distance from end to end is 100 kilometers. However, Caloocan to Clark is only about 80 kilometers.
West Extension
 Extension of the existing LRT Line 2 by about 1.62 kms. westward
The Chinese government is funding NorthRail through a loan. The contractor is a Chinese corporation. from Recto Station until Delpan Street in front of Tutuban up to
NorthRail is one of several fraud- and corruption-tainted contracts entered into by the Arroyo Divisoria Mall
 One additional station will be constructed in front of Divisoria
administration. Shopping Mall
PROJECT COST: (Based on Feasibility Study submitted by Marubeni, Inc.)
APPENDIX B : THE LRTA AND NORTHRAIL PROJECT East Extension Only:
LRT Line 2 Extension (East/West) Project a. Php8.351 billion for the civil and electro-mechanical works (2012-
2015).
b. Php2.430 billion for the 16 additional/ replacement rolling stock in
2025.
BRIEF BACKGROUND:
East and West Extension:
In June 2010, Marubeni, Inc. submitted its Feasibility Study of the Project
as commissioned by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of the a. Php13.898 billion for the civil and electro-mechanical works (2012-
2015), including twelve (12) rolling stock in n 2014.
Gov't. of Japan.
b. Php1.822 billion for the twelve (12) additional/replacement rolling
stock in 2025.
DESCRIPTION
Two proposed extensions of the existing LRT Line 2

NORTHRAIL PROJECT PHASE 1
East Extension
 Extension of the existing LRT Line 2 by 4.14 kms. eastward from Manila Clark Rapid Railway System (MCRS) aims to build a world class
the existing Santolan Station at Marcos Highway, terminating at railway system of traveling at 100 to 130 kph, and with upgrading
the intersection of Marcos Highway and Sumulong Highway.
potential for higher speeds and capacities. Once completed, the project
 No Right-of-Way acquisition needed
 Two additional stations will be constructed: is expected to encourage dispersal of Metro Manila population towards
Central Luzon, and potentially, Northern Luzon. With the expected
 Emerald Station in front of Robinson's Place Metro East in reduction in travel time, workers and students in Metro Manila may find
Cainta Rizal; and it attractive to live in Central Luzon. New economic activity centers at
 Masinag Station at the Masinag junction in Antipolo City Diosdado Macapagal International Airport and around stations are
expected to flourish.
Estimated Project Cost: (East Extension Only)
Project Description
PPP Stucture Government Private
Scope Civil and Electromechanical Rolling Stock and O & M The project involves the construction of a 76.07 km. rail line with double
track narrow gauge, between Caloocan City in Metro Manila to Clark

Freeport Zone in Pampanga. This MCRS constitutes the initial phase of 2012.
the NorthRail Project. It aims to reactivate rail service to the north and
to develop the former Clark Air base, now known as Diosdado
Status
Macapagal International Airport, as Asia-Pacific’ regional hub for
logistics. This rail system is necessary to make the airport accessible to The Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) signed
the National Capital Region (Metro Manila), still the major trip origin Department Order No. 2010-26 dated 31 August 2010 creating a task
destination of international travelers and the heart of the country’s force to undertake technical, legal and transactional review of the
economic activities. This is also to develop part of the Subic-Clark project. This mid-term review will focus on the reasonableness of the
Alliance for Development (SCAD), which is an integral component of the costs and non-viability of the project due to changes in the project’s
W-Growth Corridor concept for North Luzon. configuration since it was conceptualized. The Task Force shall be
composed of DOTC Oversight Group, Technical Working Group, and
Section 1 of the project is from Caloocan City to Malolos in Bulacan
Consultant Team.
consisting of some 31.93 kilometers, while Section 2 is from Malolos,
Bulacan to Clark Freeport Zone in Pampanga consisting of 44.14 NorthRail project Phase I registered an actual physical accomplishment
kilometers. of 22%, while Phase II has not yet activated.
Other phases of the NorhRail project are composed of Phase II which will
run from Subic Economic Freeport Zone in Olongapo City; Phase III will
be from extension to Fort Bonifacio Global City; and Phase IV will also
APPENDIX C : SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE
from extension to San Fernando, La Union.
FOR GENERAL OVERVIEW ABOUT PNR:
Implementing Agency 1. How often do you use rail transit in Metro Manila?
The implementing agency for the MCRS project will be the NorthRail __ Always (everyday)
Corporation under the Bases Conversion Development Authority (BCDA) __Sometimes (once or twice a week)
__Rarely (once or twice a month)
Mode of Implementation
The design, construction, and contract will be undertaken by the China 2. Do you think there would be a great potential for PNR’s development if it will be paired to LRT-2?
National Machinery and Equipment Group (CNMEG), which is now
known as Sinomach. The consultancy aspect will be done by Systra- __Yes
ESCA-SPI on a joint venture basis. __No
Source of Funding 3. How would you rate PNR? LRT-2?

China Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) or the China EXIM
bank/BDCA/NorthRail. EXCELLENT GOOD POOR VERY POOR
CLEANLINESS
Project Cost
Section I, which covers from Caloocan City in Metro Manila to Malolos in SIGNAGE/
Bulacan will entail project cost of US$602.42 M or Php 30,121.00 M.
INFROMATION
Project Duration FACILITIES
Expected completion date for the MCRS Phase 1 project will be on July

BASIC __Maglakad sa mall

__Sumakay ng jeep o tren
AMENITITES
7) Ano ang iyong masasabi na magkakaroon ng direktang tren papunta sa harapan ng Tutuban
Mall?
__Magandang ideya
__Hindi na kinakailangan
FOR PNR TUTUBAN PASSENGER:
*lagyan ng check ang sagot:
1) Gaano mo kadalas ginagamit ang PNR?

__ Madalas (araw araw)
__ Minsan (2-3 beses sa isang lingo)
__Madalang lang (2-3 beses sa isang buwan)
2) Ano ang dahilan mo sa paggamit ng PNR?

__dahil sa trabaho/ negosyo
__dahil sa eskwela
__dahil mamimili sa divisoria
3) Saan ka papunta kaya mo ginamit ang PNR?

__divisoria mall
__Tutuban Mall
__Palengke ng Divisoria
__lahat ng nabanggit
iba pa: _________________
4) Kung sakali magkaroon ng Tutuban Station ang LRT-2, sasakay ka ba dito?

__Oo
__Hindi
__Kapag kinakailangan
5) Papayag ka ba na magkakaroon ng jeep na dadaan sa Tutuban Station papunta sa harapan ng

Tutuban Mall (kalsada ng C.M. Recto)?
__Oo
__Hindi
6) Mas nanaisin mo ba maglakad sa loob ng mall o sumakay ng jeep o tren papunta sa iyong
destinasyon?

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[PNRCENTRAL TERMINAL HUB IN TUTUBAN, MANILA] 2008120812

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 4.3

CHAPTER 2.1 FIGURE 1 Graphical Presentation of Theory

CHAPTER 2.2 CHAPTER 1.3

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FIGURE 20 London Underground Terminal Station FIGURE 51 Images: PNR Passengers

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1.0 PROBLEM and BACKGROUND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

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SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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Figure 4 Graph #1 of general overview about PNR survey

2. Do you think there would be a great potential for PNR’s development

if it will be paired to LRT-2?

Map Showing the

Figure 5 Graph #2of general overview about PNR survey

3. How would you rate PNR? LRT-2?

Very Poor 6% Very Poor 0%

Signage/ information Excellent 3% Excellent 23%

Good 32% Good 68%

Poor 61% Poor 10%

Very Poor 3% Very Poor 0%

Sometimes (once or twice a week) 26%

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Very Poor 13% Very Poor 3% Where is your specific destination?

Poor 55% Poor 19% Other (School/

Reason of using PNR train

39% Job/ Business

Figure 8- Graph #2: Survey for passenger

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT NETWORK DESIGN:

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Article 18. ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORT

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(1) To formulate, adopt and implement a comprehensive development plan

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

CASE STUDIES b) SECUNDERABAD RAILWAY STATION

Is a major intercity rail station and a commuter rail hub in

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Figure 24-Exterior and interior view of Guangzhou Railway Station

D) LRT-1 AND LRT-2 INTERSECTION

 The building is well planned based on the expansion of passengers.

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

STRENGTH: d) THE MRT-LRT GRAND CENTRAL STATION

Figure 26- 1.7.3 Map and Images

 The connection is too long.

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

2.0 RESEARCH FOCUS 3

CHAPTER 2.1 HUB Illustration of the

The PNR currently operates in the Manila metropolitan area and

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Facilities: CHAPTER 3.3

Figure 31- Illustration of a Basic Railway Station

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 LRT 1 and 2; MRT and PNR

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Figure 34- Important Building within the Tutuban Campus