HYPOTHESIS

Franklin E. Benitez
Hypothesis
•is an educational claim, guess or
conjecture about a population based on a
characteristic of a sample

•Can be called statistical hypothesis

which means a statement about a
population parameter
Types of Hypothesis
There are two types of Hypothesis:
❑ Null Hypothesis
❑Alternative Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
▪a claim that denotes absence of
difference, absence of relationship,
or equality to a certain value. It
usually comes with "=, ≤, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≥.”
▪the hypothesis that is assumed to be
true. It uses a relation symbol with a
▪denoted by 𝐻0
Example of Null Hypothesis
•The average life expectancy 𝜇1 of
females is the same as the average
life expectancy 𝜇2 of males.
(𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 )
•The bottled fruit juice contains
250 ml. (𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 250)
Alternative Hypothesis
▪a claim that denotes presence of
difference, presence of relationship,
or inequality to a certain value. It
usually comes with "≠, < 𝒂𝒏𝒅 >.”
▪the hypothesis that is contrary to the
null hypothesis.
▪denoted by 𝐻𝑎
Example of Alternative Hypothesis
•The average life expectancy 𝜇1
of females is different from the
average life expectancy 𝜇2 of
males.(𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2 )
•The bottled fruit juice does not
contain 250 ml.(𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≠ 250)
Let’s Practice:

1. Researcher A claims that an average

professional typist has a mean typing speed of
75 words per minute. Researcher B wants to test
whether this claim is true. State the null and
alternative hypotheses.

2. A teacher wants to test the claim that female

students have less absences compared to male
students. State the null and alternative
hypotheses.
Level of Significance
•the probability of rejecting the null
hypothesis in favor of the alternative
hypothesis when it is really true, denoted
by 𝛼
Example:
A significance level of 𝛼 = 0.05 means that there is a
5% chance of rejecting a true null hypothesis. In other
words, we are 95% confident that a right decision is
made.
Rejection Region
the set of values in which the null hypothesis
is rejected
Directional Test of Hypothesis or One-tailed Test
a type of hypothesis test that makes use of only one side
or tail of the distribution. It can either be a right-tailed or
left-tailed test.
 Right-tailed Test
a type of directional test of hypothesis or one-tailed test that is used
when an assertion is made that the parameter falls within the
positive end of the distribution. In a right-tailed test, the alternative
hypothesis uses comparatives such as greater than, higher than, better
than, superior to, exceeds, above, increased, etc.

Example:
𝐻0 : The mean number of hours
students spend studying after school
is at most 2.5 hours. (𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≤ 2.5)
𝐻𝐴 : The mean number of hours
students spend studying after school
is greater than 2.5 hours. (𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇 > 2.5)
 Left-tailed Test
a type of directional test of hypothesis or one-tailed test that is used
when an assertion is made that the parameter falls within the
negative end of the distribution. In a left-tailed test, the alternative
hypothesis uses comparatives such as less than, smaller than, inferior
to, lower than, below, decreased, etc.

Example:
𝐻0 : The mean number of hours
students spend studying after school is
at least 2.5 hours. (𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≥ 2.5)
𝐻𝐴 : The mean number of hours
students spend studying after school is
less than 2.5 hours. (𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇 < 2.5)
 Non-directional Test of Hypothesis
or Two-tailed Test
a type of hypothesis test that makes use of two opposite sides or tails of the
distribution. It is used when no assertion is made on whether the parameter falls
within the positive or negative end of the distribution. In a two-tailed test, the
alternative hypothesis uses comparatives such as not equal to, different from, not
the same as, etc.

Example:
𝐻0 : The mean number of hours
students spend studying after school
is equal to 2.5 hours. (𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 2.5)
𝐻𝐴 : The mean number of hours
students spend studying after school
is not 2.5 hours. (𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇 ≠ 2.5)
 Type I Error
an error in hypothesis testing that occurs when a true null
hypothesis is rejected

Example:
Let’s say a medical researcher has the following hypotheses about the
population mean number 𝜇 of patients in an emergency room daily.

𝐻0 : The mean number of patients in the emergency room daily is 74.

𝐻𝐴 : The mean number of patients in the emergency room daily is not 74.

Suppose the null hypothesis is true. That is, the population mean number of
patients in the emergency room daily is really 74. A type I error will occur if
the medical researcher concludes that the mean number of patients is not
74, thus rejecting the true null hypothesis.
 Type II Error
an error in hypothesis testing that occurs when a false null
hypothesis is not rejected
Example:
Let’s say a medical researcher has the following hypotheses about the
population mean number 𝜇 of patients in an emergency room daily.

𝐻0 : The mean number of patients in the emergency room daily is 74.

𝐻𝐴 : The mean number of patients in the emergency room daily is not 74.

Suppose the null hypothesis is not true; that is, the mean number of patients
in the emergency room daily is not 74. A type II error will occur if the medical
researcher concludes that the mean number of patients is 74, thus not
rejecting the false null hypothesis.
 TRY IT
Consider the following hypotheses.

𝐻𝑂 : 𝜇 = 200
𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇 ≠ 200

When will a type I error and a type II error occur?

Solution:

A type I error occurs if we reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is true. Hence, a

type I error occurs when there is no difference between the
frequency of exercise of teens and adults but it is concluded
that there is a difference.

A type II error occurs if we do not reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is false.

Hence, a type II error occurs when there is a difference
between the frequency of exercise of teens and adults but it
is concluded that there is no difference.
1.Suppose we wish to test 𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≤ 47 versus
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 47 . What error is committed if we
conclude that the mean is greater than 47
when its true value is really 52?

No error committed
Identifying
Parameters to Be
Tested
 Parameter
characteristic or measure of a population

The parameter is also referred to as the true or actual value.

Example:

Let’s say a medical researcher wants to determine the mean

number of patients in an emergency room each day. In this
case, the parameter is the population daily mean number
of patients in the emergency room.
TRY IT!
The hypotheses of a test are as follows:

𝐻0 : The population mean number of hours students spend

studying after school is at most 2.5 hours. (𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≤ 2.5)

𝐻𝐴 : The population mean number of hours students spend

studying after school is greater than 2.5 hours. (𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇 > 2.5)

What is the parameter?

The parameter is the population mean number of
hours students spend studying after school.
TRY IT!

A store owner wants to know if the daily average

number of customers in the clothing shop is
greater than 246. What is the parameter?

The parameter is the population mean number

of customers in the clothing shop per day.
TRY ME ALSO
A nutritionist wants to determine the mean
amount of sugar that adults consume per day.
From a random sample of 120 adults, the
nutritionist got a mean of 30 grams.

a. What is the parameter?

b. Name the given statistic.