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Studeni, 2020
Zadaci
x = r cos ϕ
I
y = r sin ϕ
π π
(a) 3, 2 ⇒ r = 3, ϕ = 2
π
x = 3 cos =3·0=0
2
π
y = 3 sin =3·1=3
2
(0, 3)
Zadaci
Rje²enje:
√ √
π
(b) 6, − 3 ⇒r = 6, ϕ = − π3
√
√ √ √ 1
π π 6
x = 6 cos − = 6 cos = 6· =
3 3 2 2
√ √
√ √ √
π π 3 18
y = 6 sin − = − 6 sin =− 6· =−
3 3 2 2
√ √ !
6 18
,−
2 2
(c) (1, 0) ⇒ r = 1, ϕ = 0
x = 1 cos (0) = 1 · 1 = 1
y = 1 sin (0) = 1 · 0 = 0
(1, 0)
Zadaci
I r = x2 + y2
p
Rje²enje:
(a) (−3, 0)
q
r = x 2 + y 2 = (−3)2 + 02 = 3
p
y 0
ϕ = π − arctan = π − arctan = π − arctan |0| = π
x −3
(3, π)
√
(b) 1, − 3
r √ 2
r = x + y = 12 + − 3 = 2
2 2
p
√
− 3 √ π 5π
ϕ = 2π − arctan = 2π − arctan 3 = = 2π − =
1 3 3
5π
2,
3
Zadaci
Rje²enje:
(c) (2, 3) p √
x 2 + y 2 = 22 + 32 = 13
p
r=
3
ϕ = arctan = 0.983
2
(3, 0.588)
√
(d) −3, − 3
r √ 2 √
r = x 2 + y 2 = (−3)2 + − 3 = 12
p
√ √
− 3 3 π 7π
ϕ = π + arctan = π − arctan = =π+ =
−3 3 6 6
√
7π
12,
6
Zadaci
C
O
B
Zadaci
D
r= , e ≥ 0, D ∈ R (1)
1 ± e cos ϕ
D
r= , e ≥ 0, D ∈ R (2)
1±e sin ϕ
15 5
r= = 2
2 1+
3 · 1 + 3 cos ϕ 3 cos ϕ
2
Budu¢i je ekscentricitet e= 3 < 1 radi se o elipsi. Iz jednadºbe
£unjosje£nice slijedi D= 5, prema tome, direktisa je pravac
D 5 15
x= = 2 =
e 2
3
5
(b) r= 2−2 cos ϕ
5
5 2
r= =
2 · (1 − cos ϕ) 1 − cos ϕ
Budu¢i je ekscentricitet e = 1 radi se o paraboli.Iz jednadºbe
£unjosje£nice slijedi D = 25 ,prema tome, direktisa je pravac
5
D 2 5
x= = =
e 1 2
Zadaci
2
(c) r= 4+8 sin ϕ
1
2 2
r= =
4 · (1 + 2 sin ϕ) 1 + 2 sin ϕ
5. Izra£unajte
(a) (2 + 3i) · (−1 + i)
2+3i
(b) −1+i
Rje²enje:
(2 + 3i) · (−1 + i) = −2 + 2i − 3i + 3i 2
= − 2 + 2i − 3i − 3 = −5 − i
(2+3i)
(b) (−1+i)
2 + 3i −1 − i
2 + 3i (2 + 3i) · (−1 − i)
= · =
−1 + i −1 + i −1 − i 1+1
−2 − 2i − 3i − 3i 2 1 − 5i 1 5
= = = − i
2 2 2 2
Zadaci
6. Izra£unajte
(a) i (2 − i) (3 +4i)
1+i
(b) 2i + 2−i + i −1 − 3i
Rje²enje:
(a)
− i 2 (3 + 4i) = (2i + 1) (3 + 4i)
i (2 − i) (3 + 4i) = 2i
= 3 + 4i + 6i + 8i 2 = −5 + 10i
(b)
7. Izra£unajte
(a) Im Re (1 − 2i) − i · Im (1 + i) − 2i
Re (2 − i) (1 − 3i) i 3
(b)
Rje²enje:
(a)
Im Re (1 − 2i) − i · Im (1 + i) − 2i = Im [1 − i · 1 − 2i] =
Im [1 − 3i] = −3
(b)
h
3
i
2
Re (2 − i) (1 − 3i) i = Re 2 − 6i − i + 3i · (−i)
= Re [i − 7] = − 7
Zadaci
(zr , zi ) (+, +)
(−, +) (−, −) (+, −)
arctan zzri π − arctan zzri π + arctan zzri
z
ϕ 2π − arctan z i
r
Rje²enje:
z = −1 + i
√ √
|z| = 1 + 1 = 2
zi 1 π 3π
ϕ = π − arctan = π − arctan = π − arctan |1| = π − =
zr −1 4 4
√
3π 3π
z = 2 cos + i sin
4 4
Zadaci
9. Izra£unajte
π
7π
π
7π
(a) 2 cos
3 3 · 6
+ i sin
cos 6 + i sin 6
π π
: 6 cos 76π + i sin 76π
(b) 2 cos 3 + i sin 3
Rje²enje:
zw = |z| (cos ϕ + ı̇ sin ϕ) |w | (cos θ + ı̇ sin θ)
= |z||w | cos(ϕ + θ) + ı̇ sin(ϕ + θ)
z |z|
= cos(ϕ − θ) + ı̇ sin(ϕ − θ)
w |w |
Zadaci
Rje²enje:
(a)
! !
π π 7π 7π
2 cos + i sin · 6 cos + i sin =
3 3 6 6
!
π 7π π 7π
12 cos + + i sin + =
3 6 3 6
!
3π 3π
12 cos + i sin =
2 2
12 (0 − i) =
− 12i
Zadaci
Rje²enje:
(b)
! !
π π 7π 7π
2 cos + i sin : 6 cos + i sin =
3 3 6 6
!
2 π 7π π 7π
cos − + i sin − =
6 3 6 3 6
!
1 5π 5π
cos − + i sin − =
3 6 6
!
1 5π 5π
cos − i sin =
3 6 6
√ !
1 3 1
− − i =
3 2 2
√
3 1
− − i
6 6
Zadaci
10. Izra£unajte
6
(a) (2 − 2i)
√ 7
(b) − 3+i
Rje²enje:
(a) (2 − 2i)6
z = 2 − 2i
√ √
|z| = 4 + 4 = 8
zi −2
ϕ = π + arctan = π + arctan
zr 2
π 5π
= π + arctan |1| = π + =
4 4
Zadaci
Rje²enje:
(a)
!
√
5π 5π
z= 8 cos + i sin
4 4
√ 6 !
5π 5π
z6 = 8 cos 6· + i sin 6·
4 4
√ 6 !
15π 15π
= 8 cos + i sin
2 2
√ 6
= 8 (0 − i)
= −512i
Zadaci
Rje²enje:
√ 7
(b) − 3+i
√
z =− 3+i
√ 2
q
|z| = 3 +1=2
zi 1
ϕ = π − arctan = π − arctan √
z − 3
√r
3 π 5π
= π − arctan =π− =
3 6 6
!
5π 5π
z = 2 cos + i sin
6 6
!
7 7 5π 5π
z =2 cos 7· + i sin 7·
6 6
Zadaci
Rje²enje:
!
7 7 35π 35π
z =2 cos + i sin
6 6
!
11π 11π
= 27 cos 4π + + i sin 4π +
6 6
!
11π 11π
= 27 cos + i sin
6 6
√ !
3 1
= 128 − i
2 2
√
= 64 3 − 64i
Zadaci
√ 22
11. Izra£unajte 3+i · (1 − i)15 .
Rje²enje:
√ √
z= 3+i ⇒ |z| = 3 + 1 = 2
√
zi 1 3 π
ϕ = arctan = arctan √ = arctan =
zr 3 3 6
π π
z = 2 cos + i sin
6 6
22 22 22π 22π 22 11π 11π
z =2 cos + i sin =2 cos + i sin
6 6 6 6
!
5π 5π
= 222 cos 2π + + i sin 2π +
3 3
!
5π 5π
= 222 cos + i sin
3 3
Zadaci
Rje²enje:
√ √
w =1−i ⇒|z| = 1 + 1 = 2
wi −1
ϕ = 2π − arctan = 2π − arctan = 2π − arctan |1|
wr 1
π 7π
= 2π − =
4 4
√
7π 7π
w = 2 cos + i sin
4 4
√ 15
15 15 · 7π 15 · 7π 22 105π 105π
w = 2 cos + i sin =2 cos + i sin
4 4 4 4
!
√ 15
π π
= 2 cos 26π + + i sin 26π +
4 4
!
√
15 π π
= 2 cos + i sin
4 4
Zadaci
Rje²enje:
√ 22
3+i · (1 − i)15 = z 22 · w 15
! !
√ 15
22 5π 5π π π
2 cos + i sin · 2 cos + i sin
3 3 4 4
!
√
5π π 5π π
= 222 · 27 2· cos + + i sin +
3 4 3 4
!
√
23π 23π
= 229 2· cos + i sin
12 12
Zadaci
12. Izra£unajte
p 3 √
(a) 1− 3i
√
4
(b)
√ −i
3
(c) −8
Rje²enje:
Rje²enje:
5π 5π
!
√
3
√
3 3 + 2kπ 3 + 2kπ
z= 2 cos + ı̇ sin , k = 0, 1, 2
3 3
5π 5π
!
√ √
3 3 3 3 5π 5π
k = 0 ⇒ z0 = 2 cos + ı̇ sin = 2 cos + ı̇ sin
3 3 9 9
5π 5π
!
√
3 3 + 2π 3 + 2π
k = 1 ⇒ z1 = 2 cos + ı̇ sin
3 3
√
3 11π 11π
= 2 cos + ı̇ sin
9 9
5π 5π
!
√
3 3 + 4π 3 + 4π
k = 2 ⇒ z2 = 2 cos + ı̇ sin
3 3
√
3 17π 17π
= 2 cos + ı̇ sin
9 9
Zadaci
Rje²enje:
√
4
(b) −i
z = −i
√
|z| = 12 = 1
zi −1
ϕ = 2π − arctan = 2π − arctan
zr 0
π 3π
= 2π − arctan |∞| = 2π − =
2 2
!
3π 3π
z = 1 cos + i sin
2 2
3π 3π
z = cos + i sin
2 2
Zadaci
Rje²enje:
3π 3π
!
√
4
√
4 2 + 2kπ 2 + 2kπ
z= 1 cos + ı̇ sin , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4 4
3π 3π
2 2 3π 3π
k = 0 ⇒ z0 = cos + ı̇ sin = cos + ı̇ sin
4 4 8 8
3π 3π
2 + 2π 2 + 2π 7π 7π
k = 1 ⇒ z1 = cos + ı̇ sin = cos + ı̇ sin
4 4 8 8
3π 3π
2 + 4π 2 + 4π 11π 11π
k = 2 ⇒ z2 = cos + ı̇ sin = cos + ı̇ sin
4 4 8 8
3π 3π
2 + 6π 2 + 6π 15π 15π
k = 3 ⇒ z3 = cos + ı̇ sin = cos + ı̇ sin
4 4 8 8
Zadaci
Rje²enje:
√
3
(c) −8
z = −8
√
|z| = 82 = 8
zi 0
ϕ = π − arctan = π − arctan
zr −8
= π − arctan |0| = π − 0 = π
z = 8 cos (π) + i sin (π)
Zadaci
Rje²enje:
√ √
3 3 π + 2kπ π + 2kπ
z= 8 cos + ı̇ sin , k = 0, 1, 2
3 3
√ !
√
π π 1 3
k = 0 ⇒ z0 = 2 cos + ı̇ sin =2 + i = 1 + 3i
3 3 2 2
π + 2π π + 2π
k = 1 ⇒ z1 = 2 cos + ı̇ sin
3 3
= 2 (cos π + ı̇ sin π) = − 2
π + 4π π + 4π 5π 5π
k = 2 ⇒ z2 = 2 cos + ı̇ sin = 2 cos + ı̇ sin
3 3 3 3
√ !
1 3 √
=2 − i = 1 − 3i
2 2
Zadaci
(a)
x 2 − 5(x − 1) + 4i = yi − 1
x 2 − 5(x − 1) = −1 i 4 =y
x 2 − 5x + 5 + 1 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0 ⇒ x1 = 3, x2 = 2
(b)
|z + 1| + 2i + z = 0
|x + yi + 1| + 2i + x + yi = 0
(x + 1) + yi + 2i + x − yi = 0
q
(x + 1)2 + y 2 + 2i + x − yi = 0
2−y =0⇒y =2
q q
(x + 1) + y + x = 0 ⇒ (x + 1)2 + 22 = −x
2 2
(x + 1)2 + 4 = x 2 ⇒ x 2 + 2x + 1 + 4 = x 2
5
2x +5=0⇒x =−
2
5
z = − + 2i
2
Zadaci
z + |z| = 2 (z + 1) + 2i
x + yi + |x + yi| = 2 x + yi + 1 + 2i
x + yi + x 2 + y 2 = 2 (x − yi + 1) + 2i
p
x + yi + x 2 + y 2 = 2x − 2yi + 2 + 2i
p
3
y = −2y + 2 ⇒ y =
2
x + x + y = 2x + 2 ⇒ x + y 2 = x + 2
2 2 2
p p
x 2 + y 2 = (x + 2)2 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + 2x + 4
2
3 7
= 2x + 4 ⇒ x = −
2 8
7 3
z =− + i
8 2
Zadaci
z 4 + 2z 2 − 3 = 0
t = z2 ⇒ t 2 + 2t − 3 = 0 ⇒ t1 = 1, t2 = −3
√
z2 = 1 ⇒ z = ± 1 = ± 1
√ √
z 2 = −3 ⇒ z = ± −3 = ± 3i
√ √
z1 = 1, z2 = −1, z3 = 3i, z4 = − 3i
Zadaci
(z − 2)3 = z 3
z 3 − 3z 2 · 2 + 3z · (−2)2 − 8 = z 3
− 6z 2 + 12z − 8 = 0 ⇒ 3z 2 − 6z + 4 = 0
√ √ √
6 ± −12 6 ± 2 3i 3
z1,2 = = =1± i
6 6 3
√ √
3 3
z1 = 1 + i, z2 = 1 − i
3 3
Zadaci
√
z 4 − 16 = 0
4
⇒ z= 16
√
w = 16 ⇒ |w | = 162 = 16
wi 0
ϕ = arctan = arctan = arctan |0| = 0
wr 16
w = 16 cos (0) + i sin (0)
√ √
4 4 0 + 2kπ 0 + 2kπ
w = 16 cos + ı̇ sin , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4 4
k = 0 ⇒ w0 = 2 cos(0) + ı̇ sin(0) = 2
2π 2π π π
k = 1 ⇒ w1 = 2 cos + ı̇ sin = 2 cos + ı̇ sin = 2i
4 4 2 2
Zadaci
Rje²enje:
4π 4π
k = 2 ⇒ w2 = 2 cos + ı̇ sin = 2 (cos π + ı̇ sin π) = − 2
4 4
6π 6π 3π 3π
k = 3 ⇒ w3 = 2 cos + ı̇ sin = 2 cos + ı̇ sin = − 2i
4 4 2 2
z1 = 2, z2 = 2i, z3 = −2, z4 = −2i