something is true about something else. Simply put, it is a sentence that is either true or false. READ THE FF EXAMPLES: • The sampaguita’s roots are used for medicinal purposes, such as an anesthetic and a sedative. • The sampaguita belongs to the genus Jasminum of the family Oleaceae. • The popularity of sampaguita flowers is most evident in places of worship. • Sampaguitas are the most beautiful and most fragrant of all flowers. ASSERTION IS A FACT
•Statement that can be proven
objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research. ASSERTION OF CONVENTION
• A convention is a way in which something is done, similar to
traditions and norms. • Conventions depend on historical precedent, laws, rules, usage, and customs. • They may sound factual due to their being derived from customs, but because they are socially accepted ways of doing things, they can not be verified objectively by measurements. ASSERTION IS AN OPINION
• opinions are based on facts, but are
difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness. ASSERTION IS A PREFERENCE
•Preferences are based on personal
choice. •Subjective and can not be objectively proven or logically attacked. FORMUL ATING COUNTERCL AIMS COUNTERCLAIMS
•Are claims made to rebut a previous
claim. •Provide a contrasting perspective to the main argument. THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS WILL HELP YOU FORMULATE A COUNTERCLAIM: • What are the major points on which you and the author can disagree? • What is their strongest argument? What did they say to defend their position? • What are the merits of their view? • What are the weaknesses or shortcomings in their argument? • Are there any hidden assumptions? • Which lines from the text best support the counterclaim you have formulated? DETERMINING TEXTUAL EVIDENCE EVIDENCE
• Defined as details given by the author to
support his/her claim. • The evidence provided by the writer substantiates the text. • Crucial in swaying the reader to your side. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the culture and values of the Filipinos are still in tacked. Precolonial Philippines has their own form of government and social structure. Every local community is composed of small kingdom or tribe headed by a chieftain called the ‘rajah’ or ‘datu’. Social structure also exists and is composed of three classes namely – the ‘maharlika’ or freeman, ‘timawa’ or the middle class and the ‘alipin’ or the slaves. Judicial, legislative and executive systems, also known as the branches of the government, are also present during precolonialism. The ‘datu’ formulates the law, ‘village elders’ help the datu in deciding and promulgating laws and the ‘umalohokan’ or town crier is the one who disseminates new law or ordinances. Philippines is also known as sea travellers with the use of their ‘balangay’ or Butuan boat. They also had smooth foreign relation because of the trading of minerals and goods. Literacy rate is also high because of the existence of the ‘baybayin’ or the ancient writing method. All of these
Lectures on the Philosophy and Practice of Slavery
As Exhibited in the Institution of Domestic Slavery in the United States, with the Duties of Masters to Slaves