KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL AND BUILDING ENGINEERING

TCBE 2203: CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2

GROUP PRESENTATION

TOPIC: BUILDIND SERVICES

SN NAME REG NO SIGNATURE

1 ETORU CHRISTIAN EGITU 20/U/ECD/7797/PD

2 LUYEMBA BRIAN 20/U/ECE/7840/PE

3 EYAKU ALFRED 20/U/ECE/7816/PE

4 ARIGANYIRA POLLY 20/U/ECD/12450/

GV
BUILDING SERVICES

Introduction

• Building services are the systems installed in buildings to make them comfortable,

functional, efficient and safe. In general, installation is the act of putting up something in

a fixed, semi-fixed or temporary location.

There are several building services;

 Building management systems

 Energy generation, distribution and supply
 Escalators and lifts
 Fire safety, detection and protection
 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
 Information and communications technology (ICT) networks
 Lighting
 Lightning protection
 Refrigeration
 Security and alarm systems
 Water, drainage and plumbing

1. Building management systems

Building management systems are computer-based systems used to monitor and control building
services. They help building managers understand how buildings are operating and allow them to
control and adjust systems to optimise their performance.

As well as collating data and allowing ease of control, BMS can help; visualise data,

automatically generate reports and create alarms and alerts when parameters are exceeded

2. Energy generation, distribution and supply

Energy is generated from several different sources and delivered through a

transmission system by distribution network operators to end users. Sources of energy tend to be
categorised as either renewable or non-renewable.

Forms of energy include;

Biomass.

Combined heat and power.

Community or district energy networks.

Hydroelectricity.

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

Renewable energy.

Solar thermal energy..

Wind energy.

3. Escalators and lifts

A lift (or elevator) is a form of vertical transportation between building floors, levels or decks,

commonly used in offices, public buildings and other types of multi-storey building. Lifts can be
essential for providing vertical circulation, particularly in tall buildings, for wheelchair and other
non-ambulant building users and for the vertical transportation of goods. Some lifts may also be
used for firefighting and evacuation purposes

Some of the key dimensions associated with lifts set out in approved document m are shown

below
 Escalators are mechanical devices used for transporting people vertically between
different levels of buildings. Typically, they take the form of a moving staircase, consisting of a
'chain' of single-piece aluminium or stainless steel steps guided by a system of tracks in a
continuous loop

4. Design considerations

There a number of factors that affect the design of escalator systems, including:

 The vertical and horizontal distance to be spanned.

 The location.
 Other building infrastructure.
 Traffic patterns.
 Carrying capacity.
 Safety considerations.
 Aesthetic preferences.

5. Fire safety, detection and protection

Buildings need to be designed to provide an acceptable level of fire safety and minimise

the risks from heat and smoke. Building services can present a major ignition risk. Plant
rooms, boiler houses and kitchens and so on should be sited where their threat is minimised.

Once a fire is detected (either by occupants or by automatic means), it is necessary to

communicate the location of the fire to (other) occupants and to a control and response centre
such as the fire and rescue service. Forms of detection include:

 Optical smoke alarms.

 Ionisation smoke alarms.
 Multi sensor alarms.
 Heat alarms.

There may also be other sorts of detectors, such as carbon monoxide detectors.
 Sprinklers are designed to extinguish small fires or contain growing fires until the fire and rescue
service arrives

The main design options for ensuring fire safety are:

 Prevention: Controlling ignition and fuel sources so that fires do not start.

 Communications: If ignition occurs, ensuring occupants are informed and any
active fire systems are triggered.
 Escape: Ensuring that occupants of buildings and surrounding areas are able to move
to places of safety.
 Containment: Containing fire to the smallest possible area, limiting the amount
of property likely to be damaged and the threat to life safety.
 Extinguishment: Ensuring that fire can be extinguished quickly and with minimum
consequential damage

6. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)

HVAC can be used in buildings to:

 Maintain internal air quality.

• Regulate internal temperatures.

• Regulate internal humidity.
 HVAC systems can be centralised in a building, or local to the space they are serving, or a
combination of both (for example, local air handling units supplied by centrally-
generated cooling). They may also be connected to a wider district heating or cooling network.

Internal air quality can be maintained by a combination of introducing 'fresh' air into

the building, extracting 'stale air' and by filtration. Ventilation may be natural, mechanical, or
mixed mode (a hybrid system

Ventilation is necessary in buildings to remove 'stale' air and replace it with 'fresh' air.

This helps to:

 Moderate internal temperatures.
 Reduce the accumulation of moisture, odours and other gases that can build up during
occupied periods.
 Create air movement which improves the comfort of occupants.

Very broadly, ventilation in buildings can be classified as 'natural' or 'mechanical'.

 Mechanical (or 'forced') ventilation tends to be driven by fans.

 Natural ventilation is driven by 'natural' pressure differences from one part of the building to
another. Natural ventilation can be wind driven, or buoyancy driven. For more information,
see Natural ventilation.

Whilst natural ventilation may be preferable, mechanical ventilation may be necessary where:

 The building is too deep to ventilate from the perimeter.

 Local air quality is poor, for example, if a building is next to a busy road.
 Local noise levels mean that windows cannot be opened.
 The local urban structure is very dense and shelters the building from the wind.
 Air cooling or air conditioning systems mean that windows cannot be opened.
 Privacy or security requirements prevent windows being opened.
 Internal partitions block air paths.
 The creation of draughts adjacent to openings.

7. Information and communications technology (ICT) networks

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) describes technologies and equipment that

can be used to communicate as well as to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data.

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is a specialist application of Information

Technology that has some aspect of communication. It includes areas such
as; software development, mobile devices, cloud computing, data centres, cyber
security, research networks, support and so on

8. Lighting

The term ‘lighting’ refers to equipment the primary purpose of which is to produce light. This is
typically some form of lamp. However, lighting can also refer to the use of natural light to
provide illumination.
 Lighting in some cases may be made such that it matches with the interior design. Some places
have specific lighting systems basing on what the light is used for. i.e. in offices light has to be
equally distributed in the building whereas in dancehalls the dance halls light goes off and on.

9. Lightning protection

• A lightning protection system (LPS) can protect a structure from damage caused by being

struck by lightning by providing a low-resistance path to ground for the lightning to
follow and disperse. Examples include:

• Rods or ‘air terminals’.

• Conductor cables.

• Ground rods.

10. Hazards of a lightning strike

In the absence of an LPS, a lightning strike may use any conductor as a path to reach ground,

which could include phone cables, power cables, utilities such as water or gas pipes, or
the structure itself if it is a steel frame.

Some of the main hazards presented by a lightning strike to a building include:

 Fire caused by lightning igniting flammable materials or overheating electrical wiring.

 Side flashes, when lightning jumps through the air to reach a better-grounded conductor.
 Building components can be damaged
by explosive shock waves, glass shattered, concrete and plaster fragmented, and so on.
 Any electrical appliance plugged into a circuit may be badly damaged.
 The air inside porous materials such as masonry may expand rapidly.
 Materials containing moisture from humidity or rain may flash to steam.
 Other materials can reach their plastic limit and melt or ignite

Types of LPS

Rods or ‘air terminals’

A lightning rod is a tall metallic tip, or pointed needle, placed at the top of a building. One or
more conductors, often copper strips, are used to earth the rod. Rods are designed to act as the
‘terminal’ for a lightning discharge.

Conductor cables

Numerous heavy cables placed around the building in a symmetrical arrangement. This is

sometimes referred to as a ‘Faraday cage’. These cables are run along the tops and around the
edges of roofs, and down one or more corners of the building to the ground rod(s) which carry
the current to the ground. This type of LPS may be used for buildings which are
highly exposed or house sensitive installations such as computer rooms.

Ground rods

These are long, thick rods buried deep into the earth around a protected structure. They are
normally made of copper or aluminium and are designed to emit positive streamers
 11. Refrigeration

Refrigeration can be used in buildings such as creating cold rooms that can be used for
preservation and to also lower temperatures of operating machines that could heat up.

They provide cooling in a process that is essentially the same as that used in domestic fridges,
based on either compression or absorption and these can be used to
provide cooling for industrial processes.

• In compression systems, a liquid refrigerant with a low boiling point absorbs heat from

the body that is being cooled and boils in an evaporator to form a gas. The resulting gas is
then compressed, which increases its temperature further. The gas is then condensed,
releasing its latent heat which is rejected. The process then repeats.

• Absorption refrigeration works on a similar basis, with a refrigerant that boils at

low temperature and pressure, however, in this case, the refrigerant gas is
then absorbed in a solution which is then heated in a ‘generator’ so that
the refrigerant evaporates again, but this time at a higher pressure and temperature.
The gas is then condensed, releasing its latent heat which is rejected. The process then
repeats. See absorption refrigeration for more information.
Security and alarm systems

As well as the security of physical property it is also important to protect equipment,

staff, visitors, and information. Security can also be an important consideration on construction
sites.

• The components of a commercial security system might include:

• Access control.

• CCTV.

• Intruder alarms.

• Perimeter security.

• Fire detection systems.

• Integrated systems

Access control

Access control permits access by authorized personnel to a site, building, room or other

secure installation. Electronic access control systems may allow access using credentials such as:
 Passcodes.
 PINs.
 Key cards.
 Access badges.
 Fingerprints.
 Keys.
 Key fobs.
 Video verification.

Access information can be transmitted to a centralised access system where it can be compared

to a database of authorised personnel.

CCTV (closed-circuit TV) systems

CCTV systems generally consist of a number of security cameras connected to a

central digital video recorder (DVR) or computer by cables such as ethernet cables or via a Wi-
Fi signal. Cameras can include features such as:

 Infrared or night vision.
 License plate or facial recognition.
 Automatic motion detectors.
 Lighting.

An important consideration when installing a CCTV system is the quality of the recorded footage

and the resolution of the cameras. A clear image is required if the footage is to be used in any
legal proceedings. One difficulty for large businesses is how to monitor multiple camera feeds in
a cost effective manner. Video analytics can help automate CCTV monitoring and analyse
footage without the need for additional manpower. Video analytics examines video output for
recognizable patterns of movement that might be associated with suspicious behavior, allowing
surveillance to focus on potentially important events.

Disk indexing and time-stamping can make it easier to locate footage.

 CCTV images can be transmitted to a remote monitoring facility or can be accessed on remote
devices such as mobile phones, allowing responses to be controlled, such as police
or fire service action, or in some cases to permit access and de-activate alarms.

Intruder alarms

Also known as security or burglar alarms, intruder alarms detect unauthorised entry into

a site, building, room or secure installation (such as a safe). They can work through a number
of sensor types, such as:

 Hermetically sealed switches.

 Passive infra-red motion detectors.
 Photoelectric beam systems.
 Glass break acoustic detectors.

The signals from these sensors are sent back to a central control unit via a wired or wireless
network. In high-end installations, these units may be located in a remote facility where
staff members can monitor activities, mobilise security personnel or contact the police in an
emergency.

Intruder alarm systems may also emit an audible alarm. This serves two purposes: it draws
attention to the break-in, and makes it unpleasant for the intruder to remain onsite.

Perimeter security

Perimeter security can prevent access onto a property through means such as; walls, fences,

infra-red perimeter beams, bollards and so on. At the points of entry, security guards or
other access controls may be installed. Gates, barriers, turnstiles, shutters, and screens can be
used to close these points outside of business hours. Care must be taken that
the property’s exterior is independent from trees, shrubs and other obstacles which could be used
to approach the building while hidden from sight.
 Fire detection systems

A fire detection system can consist of a number of components, including:

 Manual pull stations.

 Break glass stations.
 Heat detectors.
 Smoke detectors.
 Magnetic fire doors.
 Sprinklers.
 Evacuation signals and signage.
 Alarms.
 Carbon dioxide detectors.

As with intruder alarms, fire detection systems can include remote monitoring.

Integrated systems

If these systems are operated separately, costs can be higher, decisions poorer, and responses

inappropriate. Instead, access controls, alarms, sensors, and responses, can be integrated into
one system, sometimes as part of a wider building management system. This can permit greater
control, better response and improved flexibility, for example, setting different configurations for
weekends, holidays and night time security, turning lights on and off, controlling blinds and
controlling cameras.

Systems might operate across a number of sites.

Security assessments

Security assessments can be useful to assess the needs of an organisation and its estate and to

determine its weak points. Advice can then be given on which components are necessary
to build an effective system that reduces incidents on site. A thorough assessment will also take
local crime trends into account when devising a solution.
It is important that security solutions remain up-to-date, reflecting emerging threats and
changing business needs, and that systems and procedures are tested and re-assessed regularly.

12. Water, drainage and plumbing

Drainage is the removal of surface and sub-surface water. Sustainable urban drainage

systems (SUDS) are systems designed to efficiently manage the drainage of surface water in
the urban environment.

Plumbing refers to any system that allows the movement of fluids, typically

involving pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks and other apparatus.

Plumbing systems might be used for:

• Heating and cooling.

• Waste removal.

• Potable cold and hot water supply.

• Water recovery and treatment systems.

• Rainwater, surface and subsurface water drainage.

• Fuel gas piping.