INTRODUCTION TO BASEBALL
, but it is more
• Baseball, is a game played with a bat
and ball between two teams of nine
players (or 10, if a designated hitter
bats and runs for the pitcher).
• Baseball is played on a large field that
has four bases laid out in a square,
positioned like a diamond, whose
outlines mark the course a runner must
take to score.
BASEBALL
• Teams alternate positions as batters
and fielders, exchanging places when
three members of the batting team are
put out.
• Batters try to hit a pitched ball out of
reach of the fielding team and complete
a circuit around the bases in order to
score a “run.”
• The team that scores the most runs in
nine innings (times at bat) wins the
game. If a game is tied, extra innings are
played until the tie is broken
BRIEF HISTORY OF BASEBALL
• Baseball is traditionally considered the
national pastime of the United States.
• That baseball is based on English and
Gaelic games such as cat, cricket, and
rounders is difficult to dispute. On the
other hand, baseball has many
elements that are uniquely American.
• Certainly baseball is related to cricket
and rounders, but exactly how, or how
closely, has not been established.
Modern cricket is much older than
modern baseball.
• It was once thought to have been
invented in 1839 by Abner Doubleday
in Cooperstown, N.Y.
likely that baseball developed from an
18th-century English game called
rounders that was modified by
Alexander Cartwright.
. What is Cricket?
• The history of cricket prior to 1650 is
something of a mystery. Games
believed to have been similar to cricket
had developed by the 13th century.
• There was a game called "creag", and
another game, Handyn and Handoute
(Hands In and Hands Out), which was
made illegal in 1477 by King Edward IV,
who considered the game childish, and
a distraction from compulsory archery
practice.
What is Rounders?
• The game of rounders has been played
in England since Tudor times.
• Rounders is a bat-and-ball game played
between two teams.
• Rounders is a striking and fielding team
game that involves hitting a small, hard,
leather-cased ball with a rounded end
wooden, plastic, or metal bat.
• The players score by running around
the four bases on the field.
Who are the members of house of Tudors?
House of Tudor, an English royal dynasty of
Welsh origin, which gave five sovereigns to
England:
• Henry VII (reigned 1485–1509);
• his son, Henry VIII (1509–47);
• followed by Henry VIII's three children,
• Edward VI (1547–53),
• Mary I (1553–58), and Elizabeth I
(1558–1603).
• The first professional association was
formed in 1871; in 1876 it became the
National League.
• Its rival, the American League, was
founded in 1900, and since 1903
(except in 1904 and 1994) the winning
teams of each league have played a
postseason championship known as the
World Series.
• The Baseball Hall of Fame is located in
Cooperstown.
• Professional baseball leagues also exist
in several Latin American countries. The
champions of leagues in the Dominican
Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and
Venezuela compete in the Caribbean
Series each February. In Asia there are
professional baseball leagues in Japan
and South Korea and on the island of
Taiwan. Japan has two major leagues,
the Central and the Pacific, that face off
in the Japan Series every October.
Notable dates in Baseball
• 1845: Cartwright formalizes the rules
• 1846: the first recorded game is played
by the Knickerbocker Baseball Club of
New York City (including Cartwright)
and the New York Baseball Club
(Cartwright’s team loses)
• 1857: rules and issues are discussed at
the first official convention (25 teams
were represented)
• 1858: the National Association of
Baseball Players is formed and becomes
the first organized amateur baseball
league
• 1860’s: the civil war causes the number
of teams to drop off, but soldiers
introduce the sport to other areas of
the country
• 1868: over 100 teams are represented
at the annual convention
• 1869: the Cincinnati Red Stockings
become the first professional team with
paid players
• 1871: the National Association becomes
the first professional baseball league.
• 1875: the National Association is
replaced by the National League, which
is run by businessmen rather than the
players themselves
• 1882: a rival league is formed, called
the American Association
• 1884: the Union Association is formed
to allow players more freedom with
their contracts, but financial difficulties
force this league to close after only one
season
• 1890: the Players League, similar to the
Union Association, is formed but again
experiences extreme financial hardship.
This league also lasts for just one
season.
• 1890: competition forces the American
association to close its doors, and
players migrate to the National League
• 1901: the American League sprouts up
as another contending league
• 1903: the first World Series is played
• 1911: the introduction of a ball with a
cork center eases the way for batters
• 1914: the Federal League tries to
establish itself, failing after just two
seasons
• 1960: the threat of yet another league
causes the two existing leagues to
expand from 16 to 24 teams.
Variants of Baseball
Softball
• Softball additionally known as the
diamond ball, indoor-outdoor, kitten
ball, mush ball, or playground ball, is
just like baseball because the rules and
techniques of each game are much
similar. But, it's competed on a smaller
court with entirely different
instrumentation and each game has
only seven innings. The sport is
incredibly widespread within the US.
The ball circumference is merely twelve
inches but it's also competed with a ball
of sixteen inches circumference and
between 2 teams of 10 members each.
Stickball
• Stickball originated from baseball and is
changed to play within the streets. The
ball used is typically made of rubber to
give it a big bounce, and the bat
features a broomstick handle. It's just
like other stick and ball games that we
discover within the streets in which the
walls of buildings work as boundaries,
and therefore the rules are defined and
measured locally.
• The batter hits the ball into the air and
if the ball is caught, the batsman is out.
Hits are measured and outlined by the
way the ball is shot; if the ball lands on
a structure or if it breaks a window, it's
typically thought of a home run. Some
versions of baseball don’t involve
running between bases.
• The batter hits the ball into the air and
if the ball is caught, the batsman is out.
Hits are measured and outlined by the
way the ball is shot; if the ball lands on
a structure or if it breaks a window, it's
typically thought of a home run. Some
versions of baseball don’t involve
running between bases.
Wiffle Ball
• Wiffle ball was made-up in 1953 by
David.N.Mullany for his twelve-year-
old son. It's played with a bat and ball
almost like that of baseball. However,
they are made from plastic in an indoor
or outdoor court. It's a much-liked
street and backyard sport and is
additionally played at summer camps.
T-Ball
• T-ball is a favorite game for kids aged
between 4 to 7 that's practiced to train
young kids for hitting a ball and prepare
them for alternative sports like baseball
and softball. It involves hitting a
stationary ball that's not pitched
however placed on a versatile rod,
firmly fastened on a movable base.
Rounders
• Rounders is taken into account to be a
primitive version of baseball competed
in England within the eighteenth
century This bat and ball game that
once started among college youngsters
involves batting and fielding. The
principles and sporting equipment are
just like those of baseball and cricket.
The ball is little, hard, and enclosed in a
sheet of animal skin, and therefore the
bat is shorter, made of wood, metal, or
plastic and is rounded at the top.
Batting rules and innings are just like
that of baseball. However, batsmen
 earn points only if they end a circuit
past four bases while not obtaining out.
Rigoball
• Rigoball is a recent outdoor game that
was developed in the Dominion
Republic within the lines of baseball.
However, players within the game don’t
need any bats in the slightest degree.
There's no batsman, and therefore the
ball is thrown and caught among
players. It's played on a court with no
pitcher’s mound, and consequently, the
game progresses faster than baseball.
The team might be composed of both
men and women. The sport is taken
into account to be safer and less
stressful. The principles are similar to
baseball except some changes to make
the game faster and fascinating.
PARTICIPANTS IN BASEBALL
• Two teams of nine players each
competes against each other.
• The players are generally referred by
their playing positions on the field.
• The defensive positions are pitcher,
catcher, first baseman, second
baseman, third baseman, shortstop, left
fielder, center fielder and right fielder.
Equipment in Baseball
Albert Goodwill Spalding
• Baseball great A.G. Spalding opened his
sporting goods store to produce and sell
the official National League baseball. A
tireless ambassador for baseball, he
cleaned up corruption and earned
worldwide exposure. Albert G. Spalding
was an entrepreneur in the sporting
goods business as well as an athlete.
Ball
• The baseball balls were initially very
lightweight, soft, and small. Local
merchants or players stitched leather
over a core wrapped in yarn and made
the balls by themselves.
• They went under several modifications
from 1857 to 1872. The size and core
materials constantly kept changing until
the white ball was introduced in 1861.
• From then onwards, dimensions
continued to improve, and today the
baseball measures five ounces, nine
inches in circumference, and contains
108 stitches making the figure-eight.
Bat
• The original baseball bats were more
substantial and thicker than the present
baseball balls. They were flat on one
side and custom made for each baseball
player. This form of bat went under
constant changes until 1895, and the
modern baseball bat was introduced.
Gloves
• In the early format of this game, players
never wore gloves to protect their
hands since it ridiculed their manhood.
However, common sense won the
battle between masculinity and safety,
and players started wearing padded
gloves to protect their hands and have
some comfort.
• Baseball gloves were initially made by
directly stitching pieces of leather
together and wearing them on hands.
They were fingerless and allowed
players to experience the thrill of
 catching the ball with their bare hands
while offering some protection.
• The gloves underwent some major
modifications after that, taking the form
of modern baseball gloves we see
today.
Mask and headgear
• Baseball masks were made to protect a
player's face from getting injured. There
is quite a dispute upon who wore the
baseball mask first. Some say it was
Fred Thayer of the Harvard University
Baseball Club, in 1875, but some say it
was Jim Tyng, in 1876, when he
transformed a fencing mask.
• From 1897 to 1915, baseball players
started to use protective headgears,
thanks to the new york giants catcher
and baseball Hall of Famer, Roger
Bresnahan, who once got injured by a
baseball and introduced the concept in
return.
Shin Guards
• The first evidence of shin guards being
used during a baseball match came in
1907, when Roger Bresnahan, a
legendary baseball catcher, trimmed
down the cricket pads and wore them
to protect his shins. Every major league
baseball player later adopted this
practice, and that's how shin guards
came into existence in baseball.
Uniforms
• The earliest trends in baseball uniforms
were long blue woolen pants, white
flannel shirt, and a straw hat, which are
150 years old. The pantaloons (or long
pants) were initially very long and
players used to trip over them. Thus,
short pants (or knickers) were
introduced in the 1860s.
• By the 1880s, many teams simply
sewed the name of their team on the
front of their shirts, and modern
baseball uniform code came into
existence.
Baseball - Clothing
• Players wear polyester jerseys and
trousers. Usually, home team wears a
white uniform and visiting team wears
grey but it is not compulsory. Players
can also wear colored jerseys at home
or on the road depending on their
preference.
Baseball - Shoes
• Baseball players wear leather shoes
with metal or plastic cleats to ensure
that they do not slip while running on
dirt or grassy surface.
Baseball - Cap
• Baseball cap is a crucial element in
America’s most loved game - Baseball
and has emerged out as a fashion
statement too. The caps have a
rounded crown with a stiff projection in
the front. The front part of the cap
generally features a design or logo.
Baseball - Batting Gloves
• Batters use batting gloves to enhance
the grip on the bat.
Baseball - Helmet
• The primary objective behind the
wearing a helmet involves protection
and prevention of any injury in the head
and face.
Baseball - Catcher's Mask
• Catchers wear helmets with a face mask
for added protection for their face.
Baseball - Catcher's Gloves
• A large, cushioned, leather glove is
worn by the players of the defending
team that allows them to catch the ball.
The shape and size of a player’s glove
varies, depending on his position on the
field. A catcher’s glove also known as
Mitt does not have finger holes and has
a longer pocket than other fielders’
gloves (which have finger holes) and are
well padded to protect the fingers.
Baseball - Knee pads
• Protective kneepads may be worn by
players for prevention against grazing.
Baseball - Protective Cup
• A protective cup known as jockstrap for
men and Jill strap for women is used by
players to protect the genital area from
being injured.
Baseball - Chest Protector
• Padded chest protectors are worn by
catchers to protect their chest and ribs
from injuries.
Baseball - Mouthguard
• Mouth guard covers teeth and gums
and is used by players to protect their
teeth, arches, lips and gums from
injuries.
Baseball - Shin Guard
• Shin guard is a protective gear worn by
the players to protect their shin bone
against the injuries.
Baseball - Foot Guards
• Foots guards made of hard plastic are
worn over shoes to prevent damage to
the feet.
Facilities in Baseball
Infield
• The infield is the center of action. It is
marked by four rugged pads or bases,
also called bags usually made of canvas.
They are set equidistant at 90 feet from
one another on the ground in a square,
aligned diagonally, forming a diamond
shape. The third base is also called the
hot corner.
Infield
• A home plate, where the batter bats, is
larger and is on one of the bases, closer
to the deck. Unlike the other bases the
home plate is a flat slab of rubber,
pentagonal in shape and has a batter’s
box allocated for the batter with a
barrier called backstop behind it.
• The other three bases are equal in size
and are numerically labelled from the
right side of the batter standing on
home plate facing the outfield. Players
must run from the bases to reach the
home plate and score runs.
• The path joining a base to the next is
made of mud or dirt, and the diamond
is enclosed by base lines covered in
grass or in artificial turf. The rest of the
infield outside the diamond and
enclosed by the outfield is not covered
with grass.
Pitchers’ Mound

• Inside the grassy infield and near the

middle of it is a dirt mound called
pitchers’ mound. The circular mound is
18 ft in diameter and a white rubber
slab rectangular in shape of 5 ft × 3 ft
levels it at the top.

• The front side of the plate is about 60

ft, 6inches from the home base and the
plate is elevated by 10 inches at its
back. Another rectangular pitchers’
plate or pitchers’ rubber is placed in the
rectangle at about 6 inches from the
front, 18 inches from the sides, and 24
inches from the back.

Outfield

• The sides of infield that corner the

home plate are extended and marked
by mud, they are foul lines and they
enclose outfield between them. The
outfield is enclosed by a fence and its
distance from home plate varies from
290 ft to 400 ft.

• A painted box called catcher’s box is

behind home plate; it is where the
catcher crouches to catch the ball if the
batsman misses it. Coaches’ boxes and
on-deck circles are outside the foul
lines. A bull pen or simply a pen is a
warm-up area for relief pitchers.
Officials involved in the game and
teammates not in play sit at a
designated area called Dugout.

Lesson 7: BASKETBALL
INTRODUCTION to BASKETBALL
 Basketball is one of the world’s most
popular team sport in which two teams
compete on a rectangular court by
scoring more baskets than the other
team.  bottom so that the balls (which were
 The sport was originated in December
1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a physical
education professor and instructor at
YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts.
 YMCA – Young Men’s Christian
Association
 The sport was originally played with a
soccer ball and gained popularity first in
America and then throughout the
world. Men’s basketball is a part of
summer Olympics since 1936 while
women’s game since 1976.  size and can be played without a
 The global governing body of basketball
is Fédération Internationale de
Basketball (FIBA). The American
National Basketball Association (NBA) is
considered to be the most popular and
highest level of professional basketball
in the world.
HISTORY of BASKETBALL
 Dr. James Naismith, a teacher in YMCA
Springfield, wanted to keep his gym
class busy on rainy days. And this is how
the game was invented in the early
December of 1981.
 He nailed a peach basket on a ten-foot-
high track and eventually removed its
bottom so that the balls (which were
actually soccer balls!) weren't needed
to be retained manually.
 Dr. James Naismith, a teacher in YMCA
Springfield, wanted to keep his gym
class busy on rainy days. And this is how
the game was invented in the early
December of 1981.
 He nailed a peach basket on a ten-foot-
high track and eventually removed its
actually soccer balls!) weren't needed
to be retained manually.
VARIANTS of BASKETBALL
Half court
 An informal form of basketball where
players play as they want to and no
strict rules are implemented. It means
that the game can vary regarding team
referee.
Water basketball
 A form of basketball played in water
(swimming pool), which combines the
rules of basketball and water polo.
Wheelchair basketball
 Wheelchair basketball is a para-sport
introduced by disabled world war II
veterans. The governing body of
wheelchair basketball is the
International Wheelchair Basketball
Federation (IWBF).
Beach basketball
  A modified version of basketball played
on a circular court on a beach with no
backboard, no out of bounds rule, and
no dribbling seen.
Slamball
 A form of basketball that contains
trampolines in place of a court. Players
are required to jump on those
trampolines and score points.
Streetball
 It's an informal version of basketball
that often uses only half of a basketball
court. The number of players may also
vary in these type of games.
PARTICIPANTS OF BASKETBALL
 Two teams of five players each side
compete against each other. The
players are generally referred by their
playing positions on the court which
include a point guard, shooting guard,
power forward, small forward and
center.
EQUIPMENT of BASKETBALL
 Basketball was originally played with
peach baskets attached to the
mezzanine balcony of a playing court.
These primary methods of playing
basketball deemed impractical since
spectators continuously interfered with
the shot and balls had to be retrieved
manually from the basket.
 Later on, a hole was drilled at the
bottom of the basket, and long sticks
were used to poke out the ball from it.
Then in 1906, the peach baskets and
balcony combination was finally
replaced by metal hoops and
backboard, which helped in reducing
interference and delays
 Basketball was originally played with
soccer balls which were sewn together
by laces. This type of basketball balls
resulted in unexpected bounce due to
the heavy laces. Finally, the lace-free
ball construction was invented by
Naismith himself.
 Also, the color of a basketball ball was
initially brown but was later changed to
orange due to increased visibility.
Backboard
 A backboard is a raised vertical board
made from plexiglass (or tempered
glass) which stands ten feet from the
ground. The basket/net is usually
mounted on the backboard.
Basketball Ball
 A ball used in basketball games has
different sizes according to different
federations in which it's used.
Breakaway Rim
 A highly flexible basketball rim that
bends downward whenever a player
dunks the basketball and then snaps
back into its original position. It allows
the player to dunk the ball without
breaking the backboard and also helps
prevent wrist injuries.
Basketball Court
 The basketball court is usually made up
of maple wood or concrete or asphalt.
Its dimensions vary according to various
federations you consider.
 NBA - 94 by 50 feet
 FIBA - 91.9 by 49.2 feet.
Basketball - Basket
 A basket is a round shaped metallic rim
from which the net hangs. The baskets
are supported by a backboard and are
mounted on top of the pole that is
usually 10 ft. above the ground.
Basketball - Mouthguard
 Mouth guard covers teeth and gums
and is used by players to protect their
teeth, arches, lips and gums from
injuries.
Basketball - Shoes
 Basketball players wear shoes with air
cushioned soles that provide comfort
during fast-moving play.
Basketball - Clothing
 Players wear loose-fitting, lightweight
vest or tank tops and shorts that
provide total freedom of body
movement.
Playing Area
 The size of basketball court varies
according to the federations and the
level of play. Under NBA rules, the court
is 90 x 50 feet while according to FIBA
rules, the court measures 92 x 49 feet.
The high school court measures 84 x 50
feet. A free-throw line (the key) is
marked at 15 feet from the basket and
is 16 feet wide for NBA and 12 feet
wide for NCAA.
 The baskets are always 10 feet above
the floor except in youth competitions.
The court is also marked with a 3-point
arc at both baskets which is 19.75 feet
from the center of the basket in high
school competitions, 20.75 feet in
NCAA, 21.65-22.15 feet in FIBA and 22-
23.75 feet in NBA. The court should
have a minimum of 25-27 feet height.
Match Duration
 The game duration usually includes four
quarters of 10 minutes each according
to FIBA rules and four quarters of 12
minutes each according to NBA. College
men’s matches use two halves of 20-
minutes and women’s matches use 10-
minute quarters.
Scoring
 Every free throw is awarded one point,
2-points are awarded for any field goal
scored from inside the 3-point line and
3-points are awarded for every basket
made from a throw behind the 3-points
arc. To score more points than the
opponent team by scoring more
baskets.