STUDENT ASSESSMENT SUBMISSION AND DECLARATION

When submitting evidence for assessment, each student must sign a declaration confirming that
the work is their own.

Student name: Mohamed alaa Assessor name:

MR/ Mohamed Elgarhy

Issue date: Submission date: Submitted on:

24 October 2022 11 November 2022

Programme:

Higher National Certificate/Diploma in Construction and the Built Environment (Construction -

Architectural Technology)

Unit: 2 / Construction Technology

Assignment number and title:

Terminologies and Techniques in the Construction Industry. (1 of 2)

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Student signature: Mohamed alaa Date: 12/11/2022

 “Assignment brief 1”
“Construction Technology”

BY

Student Name: Mohamed Alaa Eldin Mohamed Habashy

Student ID: 2110139

British Applied College,

Umm Al Quwain

Under supervision of
Dr. Mohamed ElGarhy

November 2022
 Types of buildings
Residential Buildings:
It’s a building that is used for residential purposes such as sleeping, living and cooking.
The building have to one or more family apartments, flats and private garages.
How are buildings categorized
Detached Buildings:
is a building which is not connected to any other buildings.
Semi-Detached Buildings:
Two dwellings under one roof are occupied by separate families.
Multi-Storey or High-Rise Buildings:
All buildings comprising more than 3 stories and buildings with height more than 15
meters or 17.5 meters above the average level of the front road have been categorized as
high-rise buildings. Low rise buildings are buildings which do not exceed three storeys
high.
Industrial Buildings:
Buildings made for manufacturing, assembling and process some products and materials
are used as industrial buildings. They include manufacturing units, assembling plants,
factories.

Commercial buildings:
Commercial buildings are buildings where commercial activities take place. Commercial
buildings include office buildings, retail space, warehouses and more. This differs
somewhat from commercial property, which also includes multi-family buildings like
apartment buildings.
Educational Buildings:
it is a building made for education such as schools, universities, or a training center which
is designed with some standards like multiple bathrooms a lot of rooms and maybe a field
institute either within its premises or outside.
 Functional characteristics and design selection criteria
Technology: Create a master plan for management, operations, instruction, security,
Inservice training, upgrades, infrastructure, hardware, software, and facilities needed to
support administration, staff, and students.
Space program: Develop the total area (square footage) by identifying all spaces needed
teaching stations, large and small-group learning spaces, support facilities, staff offices,
media center, flexible team learning areas, technology center, auditorium, foodservice,
custodial, mechanical and electrical, administrative, circulation and student commons.
Operations and Maintenance: Schools need to be built to last. The materials, systems,
and furnishings must stand up to heavy use and abuse, be economical to operate and
maintain and provide security.
Aesthetics: This quality gives pleasure to the senses, and its value has been demonstrated
in studies that show better student achievement in beautiful spaces compared with ugly
spaces.
Function: The spatial relationship of teaching stations, departments, offices, circulation,
and support spaces supports and promotes the educational philosophy, and adheres to the
building and fire/life-safety codes.
Budget: Cost control is an absolute from the initial estimate for the bond referendum, the
bidding phase, and throughout the construction. Construction costs are affected by design;
the quality of materials and systems the size or the area and volume of the building the
completeness and accuracy of the contract documents for competitive bidding and
minimal change orders and the construction economy at the time of bidding.
Scheduling methodology: The traditional six-or seven-period school day was based on
the Carnegie unit, which equates seat time with learning. Each unit represented about 130
instructional hours. The Carnegie unit continues to influence the length of the class period,
the school day, and the school year, as well as the time expended to receive a diploma.
New scheduling methods developed since the 1960s include modular, flexible, and block.
Curriculum: Core curriculum and elective courses, extracurricular, special education and
community education, and class (section) size dictate the number of teaching stations.
Site: Unique characteristics and amenities will influence the design, location, and
orientation of the building, as well as vehicle and pedestrian access, egress and circulation
patterns, parking, the layout of athletic and physical education fields, and nature areas.

Principles of Sustainable Building Design

1. Optimize Site Potential:
Whether designing a new building or retrofitting an existing building, site design must
integrate with sustainable design to achieve a successful project and begins with the proper
site selection, including the existing building’s rehabilitation. The location, orientation,
and landscaping of a building all affect local ecosystems, transportation methods, and
energy use. The site of a sustainable building should reduce, control, and/or treat storm-
water runoff. If possible, strive to support native flora and fauna of the region in the
landscape design.
2. Optimize Energy Use:
Improving the energy performance of existing buildings is important to increasing our
energy independence. Operating net zero energy buildings is one way to significantly
reduce our dependence on fossil fuel-derived energy.
3. Protect and Conserve Water:
A sustainable building design and construction is one that uses water efficiently to
minimize the impact that affects freshwater stock. Additionally, sustainable construction
and building design should encourage the practice of recycling water on certain on-site
projects when possible.
4. Optimize Building Space and Material Use:
As the world population continues to grow; the use of natural resources (and the demands
for them) continues to increase. A sustainable building is designed and operated to use and
reuse materials in the most productive and sustainable way across its entire life cycle.
Utilizing sustainable materials can also help to minimize environmental impacts such as
global warming, resource depletion, and toxicity. environmentally preferable materials
reduce impacts on human health and the environment, and contribute to improved worker
safety and health, reduced liabilities, and reduced disposal costs.
5. Optimize Operational and Maintenance Practices:
Through collaboration, engineers, architects, and other site contractors can specify
materials and systems that simplify operational practices and reduce maintenance
requirements. On-site and within the facility, these practices not only aim to reduce water
and energy requirements, and require fewer toxic chemicals use, but are also cost-effective
and reduce life-cycle costs.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS AND ENVIROMENT
To evaluate a building's sustainability, we should provide:
Location and transport:
Do not build in environmentally sensitive locations and provide public transport to reduce
private car use.
Sustainable sites:
Protect and maintain the natural habitat, reduce pollution and the use of natural resources
and facilitate interaction with nature.
Efficient use of water:
Minimise the use of water during construction and provide mechanisms to reduce the
building's water footprint.
Energy and atmosphere:
Reduce energy consumption, use renewable energy and increase energy efficiency to
reduce pollution.

Materials and resources:

Incorporate recycling systems, use sustainable materials and save as many resources as
possible during construction.
Indoor environmental quality:
Address the quality of the space for its occupants, such as air cleanliness, thermal control
and noise pollution.
Design innovation:
Implement innovative sustainability strategies during its construction.
Regional priority:
Achieve improvements for the place where it is located in terms of the environment, social
equity and public health.
Desktop study: The term ‘desk study’ refers to a study that is carried out purely through
research, rather than physical investigations, that is, it can be done sitting at a desk. This
may be a preliminary study carried out before more detailed physical investigations are
carried out, or it may be a standalone study carried out instead of a physical investigation.
In very general terms, a desk study is likely to be less time consuming and less expensive
than a physical investigation. Desk studies can provide an initial understanding of a
subject or situation, identify potential risks and inform the detail, scope and methodology
of subsequent investigations.
Site Reconnaissance: Reconnaissance is an integral part of site investigation and is
carried out at the preliminary stage before other stages are begun. Reconnaissance
involves a field trip to the site where further investigation is to be carried out. It gives
details of landforms and other structures that are above ground which may form an
obstacle for an installation.
Soil Investigation: Soil investigation is to carry out physical testing on site to understand
the ground conditions for geotechnical design (foundations, retaining walls & soil
improvement). Site works are usually comprising of Standard Penetration Test, Cone
Penetration Test, Vane Shear Test [ Installation of Water Standpipe, Instrumentations,
etc.] Usually, laboratory testing on soil samples extracted from site works will be carried
out to determine the engineering properties of soil.
Groundwater: contamination must be monitored and could be required by law while
drilling boreholes as part of the construction activities.
Our groundwater water sampling and analysis can help you determine levels of
environmental pollutants and develop a purification plan if it is needed. In addition,
environmental regulations all over the world may demand you to analyze levels of
pollutants in your soil.

Substructure
The purpose of the substructure of a building is to transfer loads of the superstructure to
the soil that is underneath. This is why the substructure is right against the soil that
supports it. Now, it is important that you spend time working with structural engineers to
ensure that all support beams, columns, and foundations are incorporated properly to
ensure that nothing will collapse within the substructure.
Most of the time, the substructure is made from plain cement concrete or reinforced
cement concrete. Once that is in place, stones, bricks, or additional concrete is added until
it all reaches the plinth level. It is necessary for a damp-proof course to be laid on top, so
that moisture doesn’t penetrate any part of the substructure.
Roles of Foundation:
1.Transfer the building load to the ground.
2.Anchor building against wind and seismic load.
3.Isolate building from frost heaving.
4.Isolate building from expansive soils.
5.Holds building up from moisture.
6.Provide living spaces (basement, storage).
7.Houses mechanical systems.

Foundation Types
Spread Footings:
It is used for most constructions the place the hundreds are mild and there are robust
shallow soils. At columns there are single spot rectangular pads the place bearing
partitions have an elongation form. These are nearly continually reinforced. These footing
supply the load at once to the assisting soils. Area of unfold footing is acquired by way of
dividing the utilized pressure via the soils secure bearing ability. Generally appropriate for
low upward shove constructions (1-4 Stories). Requires company soil prerequisites that are
successful of assisting the constructing on the vicinity of the unfold footings. When
wanted footings at columns can be related collectively with grade beams to grant greater
lateral steadiness in earthquakes. These are most broadly used due to the fact they are most
economical. Depth of footings have to be beneath the topsoil, and frost line, on compacted
fill or company native soil. Spread footings have to be above the water table. Concrete
unfold footings are at least as thick as the width of the stem. As the weight of the
constructing will increase in relation to the bearing ability or depth of desirable bearing
soil, the footing desires to increase in measurement or specific structures want to be used.
Strip Footing: - Strip footing is also known for the continuous longitudinal strip of
concrete that serves as foundation for a wall. Strip footing spreads the load carried by a
load-bearing wall across width wise area of soil. Hence, it is also known as shallow
foundation.
Strap Beam: - Strap footing is necessitated when a certain column footing has to be
restricted in width due to unavoidable interference or boundary limitation. Basically, it is a
type of combined footing, consisting of one additional, or more full width column footings
connected by a concrete beam.

Drilled Piers or Caissons:

For expansive soils with low to medium loads, or excessive hundreds with rock no longer
too a way down, drilled caissons (piers) and grade beams can be used. The caissons may
be straight or belled out at backside to unfold the load. The grade beam is designed to span
throughout the piers and switch the hundreds over to a column foundation. Caissons
supply the load to soil of enhanced capability which is placed now not too some distance
down
Pile Foundations:
For expansive soils or soils that are compressive with heavy hundreds the place deep soils
can now not take the constructing load and the place soil of higher potential if discovered
deep below. There are two sorts of piles
Friction piles – used the place there is no lifelike bearing stratum and they be counted on
resistance from pores and skin of pile towards the soil.
End bearing – which switch at once to soil of desirable bearing capacity.
The bearing ability of the piles relies upon on the structural electricity of the pile itself or
the energy of the soil, whichever is less. Piles can be wood, steel, bolstered concrete, or
forged in area concrete piles. Cast in region piles are composed of gap drilled in earth and
then crammed with concrete, it is used for mild hundreds on smooth floor and the place
drilling will now not reason collapse. Friction type, received from shaft perimeter and
surrounding earth.

Mat Foundations:
Reinforced concrete raft or mats can be used for small mild load constructions on very
susceptible or expansive soils such as clays. They are regularly put up tensioned concrete.
They permit the constructing to flow on or in the soil like a raft. It can be used for
constructions that are 10-20 memories tall the place it presents resistance in opposition to
overturning. It can be used the place soil requires such a giant bearing location and the
footing would possibly be unfolded to the extent that it will become extra low-cost to pour
one massive slab (thick), extra in your price range – much less forms. It is used in lieu of
using piles due to the fact can be much less costly and much less obvious (much less have
an impact on surrounding areas). Usually used over expansive clays, silts to let basis settle
except extraordinary differences.

Concrete foundation:
Reinforced concrete is additionally a essential structural cloth in these buildings. Indeed,
outdoor of North America and western Europe, it is the dominant industrialized
constructing material. Its issue components are quite simply accessible in the course of the
world at pretty low cost. Portland cement is without difficulty manufactured by way of
burning shale and limestone; aggregates such as sand and overwhelmed limestone can be
without problems obtained. Steel mini mills, which use scrap iron to feed their electric
powered furnaces, can mass-produce reinforcing bars for regional use. In industrialized
international locations the mixing and shipping of liquid concrete to constructing web sites
has been mechanized with the use of central flora and mixing trucks, and this has
appreciably decreased its cost. In barely a hundred years, strengthened concrete has risen
from an experimental cloth to the most sizable shape of constructing construction.
There are two strategies of fabricating strengthened concrete. The first is to pour the liquid
cloth into types at the constructing site; this is so-called in situ concrete. The different
technique is known as precast concrete, in which constructing elements are manufactured
in a central plant and later delivered to the constructing web site for assembly. The
elements of concrete are Portland cement, coarse aggregates such as overwhelmed stone,
high-quality aggregates such as sand, and water. In the mix, water combines chemically
with the cement to shape a gel shape that bonds the stone aggregates together. In
proportioning the mix, the aggregates are graded in dimension so the cement matrix that
joins them collectively is minimized. The higher restriction of concrete electricity is set
through that of the stone used in the aggregate. The bonding gel shape types slowly, and
the plan energy is typically taken as that taking place 28 days after the preliminary placing
of the mix. Thus, there is a one-month lag between the time in site concrete is poured and
the time it can lift loads, which can considerably have an effect on development schedules.
Wood foundation:
Wood foundations are built with wood that has been treated to resist rot. These
foundations may create a warmer basement in cold weather and may be more cost
effective for isolated building sites where concrete is unavailable or would be expensive to
transport. However, wood in contact with soil in never a great idea. When poor surface
drainage causes damage to a concrete foundation, it might result in cracking - cracks can
usually be patched. Moisture damage to a wood foundation means rot damage, and once
there is rot present, it tends to spread to adjacent areas (rot is actually a fungus, like mold).
If you plan to build a house with a wood foundation, it is extremely important to control
surface drainage so that water is not discharging anywhere near the foundation wall. If
you are buying a house with a wood foundation, you should have it analysed by a
structural engineer to determine an estimated remaining service life, and be sure to correct
all surface drainage issues immediately.

Terminology Used in Construction Technology

Low, Medium and High-Rise Buildings:
There are not any usually well-known definitions or barriers that outline low-rise,
medium-upward thrust, and high-upward thrust buildings. It is categorised into low-
upward push, medium-upward thrust and high-upward thrust buildings. Tall constructing
definition tall buildings and urban habitat council “a constructing of top that creates
conditions of layout, production and use that differ from those of regular buildings in a
particular region or generation.”
worldwide conference on fire safety in excessive-rise buildings
Residential Buildings, Commercial Buildings and Industrial Buildings
a domestic is in the main made up of 1 or greater residential units. In sri lanka, residential
homes up to 1 storey are typically masonry creation, while multi-storey (- and 3-storey)
homes are he rcc structure. Industrial activity is the primary practical characteristic of
industrial buildings. (Banks, workplaces)
normally a multi-storey rcc shape
commercial homes are particularly used for commercial activities. Steel structures are
famous in business buildings (warehouses, workshops, factories) because they're short to
construct and manufacture.
Load Bearing Structural Element:
an lively element in a structure that supports the load and transfers the load below the
foundation or detail
Durability: the capacity of a product, factor, meeting, or layout to hold its usefulness over
the years.

Factors Affecting Selection of Foundation

Type of Soils:
There are many types of soil it depends on the quantity of solid particles moisture and air
such as clay soil, sandy soil, expansive soil, loose soil. The soil in the surface is called top
soil and if we go 300mm depth its called sub soil subsoil is used as base for foundation for
small buildings. So we have to investigate the soil to know its type and load that it can
handle and the depth of ground water to choose the suitable foundation and how much
bearing load it could handle The complete settlement of foundation in sandy soil may
occur even before the building construction has been completed. settlement is very slow
and can take years. Soil clayey holds large amount of water, and thus settlement of
foundation is large in such soils.

Type of Structure in Neighbourhood:

The selection of foundation for building construction can also be done based on the type of
foundation selected for the buildings in the neighboring buildings for the same types.
Based on the success or failure of foundations for such buildings, decision can be taken for
the selection of foundation.

Superstructure
The superstructure of a building is where people will spend most of their time. This area
includes the first and second floors inside a home and any number of floors in larger
buildings. The superstructure includes beams, columns, finishes, windows, doors, the
roof, floors, and anything else.
The parts of the superstructure are much lengthier than the parts of the substructure. This
shouldn’t be surprising since the superstructure is much larger than the substructure.

floors
Solid ground floor:
Solid floors tend to require little maintenance and are less prone to movement. They are
often built up from the following components:
Sub-base: Well-compacted building rubble or loose stone-based material.
Hardcore: Suitable filling material to make the required level, and create a solid base.
Damp-proof membrane (DPM): An impervious layer such as heavy-duty polythene
sheeting.
Concrete bed: Provides a solid level surface.
Insulation to limit heat transfer with the ground.
Screed: Usually a sand and cement mix laid to prepare for the installation of a floor
covering.
Finish: Such as carpet, tiles, and so on.
The thicknesses of the layers and their order will depend on the specific use required and
the ground conditions.
Suspended timber floor:
A suspended timber floor is usually constructed using timber joists suspended from
bearing walls, which are then covered with either floorboards or some other for of
boarding material. The joists are typically laid across the shortest span.
Ventilation may be provided to the void between the floor and the ceiling below by
placing air vents/air bricks within the exterior walls, allowing air to travel from one side of
the building to the other. This can, however, cause a problem of draughts, which can be
avoided by installing an airtight breather membrane which will help maintain an airtight
seal.
Suspended concrete floor:
The construction of suspended concrete floors is similar to that of timber but can span
greater distances, and offerings better sound insulation properties. A simple reinforced
concrete flat slab is not usually economical as a suspended floor spanning over 5 m.
Other solutions include pre-cast concrete planks or pre-cast concrete beams with concrete
blocks laid between them. Voids can be created by beams or ribs, or cast-in holes, to house
services, as well as providing support for suspended or attached ceilings.
Larger beams allow a greater span, but require greater overall depth and more complex
formwork and reinforcement.
Ribbed floor:
Ribbed floors use narrow-spaced shallow beams, or ribs, rather than wide-spaced deep
beams. Troughed floors are ribbed in only one direction, whereas coffered or waffle floors
are ribbed in two directions. Ribbed floors have greater span and load potential per unit
weight than flat slab construction.
Hollow pot floor:
This is a ribbed cast in situ floor with permanent formwork in the form of hollow clay or
concrete pots. This creates a flat soffit, allowing the direct application of a plaster finish or
dry lining. The pot voids can be used to contain small diameter services within the overall
slab depth. The most common form is a one-way spanning floor, although two-way
spanning is also possible.
Raised floor:
A raised floor (sometimes referred to as an access floor or raised access floor) is a floor
created above a solid floor slab, leaving an open void between the two. This void can be
used to distribute building services. Raised floors are often found in offices, or in spaces
that have a high demand for information and communications infrastructure such as data
centres.
Floating floor:
A floating floor is a floor that is not fixed to the layer beneath it. Floating floors are
particularly common in refurbishment works, and can be used to help improve the thermal
or acoustic insulation of a floor construction.
Sprung floor:
Sprung floors are used for activities such as dance, indoor sports, and multi-purpose halls
where specific properties of shock absorption and energy return are desirable to reduce the
occurrence of injuries that may result from repeated impact or falls. They can also help
maximise performance.

walls
1. Bearing wall:
as the call suggests, the complete structure of the constructing rests on walls rather than
columns. In well-known, hundreds are transferred from slabs to beams, beams to columns,
and foundations. From the photo above you could see that the shape has beams and slabs
but no columns. Clearly put, a wall that supports the full weight of a structure, which
includes the weight of the structural individuals, is referred to as a load-bearing wall,
irrespective of whether or not it's far an external wall or an internal wall. The burden-
bearing wall type adopts a belt-formed basis.
2. Non-bearing or falling partitions:
this kind of wall does not make a contribution to the mass of the foundation or roof above
it, so it adds no weight to the form above. Walls in buildings are a prime example of the
shortage of structural integrity of these walls as they may be designed best to divide space.
Non-bearing walls can be removed or shortened without impacting the design structure.
The thickness of non-bearing partitions is generally 100mm to 125mm.
3. Shear wall:
a shear wall is a wall built around a pit, swamp, or staircase to preserve the ground. Every
shear wall reviews pressures: wind and soil or wind and water. Shear walls are assumed to
resist these forces. Those walls are used to increase the lateral pressure on the mold
because of wind, earthquake, or other lateral hundreds. To make clear, permit's look at the
water tank instance above. Overhead tanks are uncovered to the wind as they are advanced
at altitudes with wind masses. Water tanks contain water that creates water pressure in the
tank. Shear partitions withstand those forces along with deflection. Shear partitions might
be discussed in brief in another submit.
4. Retaining Wall:
The wall which is constructed to preserve the unequal degree of the floor on its two faces
is referred to as a Retaining wall. The wall which is built round the plot under floor stage
to continue the soil at one cease and land sliding after the earthwork on website are known
as holding wall. Retaining wall can be made of RCC or CRS.
5. Brick masonry wall:
walls constructed using bricks are known as brick masonry. The masonry was part of the
wall bricks. Brick wall thickness have to be 20 cm or 10 cm
6. Course Rubble Stone masonry wall:
a wall built in normal size with properly completed and confronted stone is referred to as a
tough rubble masonry wall. This form of wall is usually used for abutments, composite
walls or boundary walls.
7. Random rubble stone masonry wall:
walls constructed with irregularly sized stones are known as random rubble walls. This
sort of wall uses greater masonry than a natural rubble wall
8. Core wall:
a core wall is unrolled from the muse and raised to the pinnacle of the constructing. With
this type of wall, the wall itself acts as a assist. The center partitions are designed to face
up to lateral stress on the mold from wind, earthquakes and different lateral masses.

Roofs
FLAT ROOFS:
flat roofs are normally the maximum difficult to assemble and the least suitable of roof
styles, specially in buildings wider than four-5 m. Here are some of their vital hazards:
due to the reality they are flat they will be predisposed to sag within the centre till given
very sturdy aid: the maximum common sorts of assist, timber or strengthened concrete
beams, must be heavy to be robust; as an cease end result they may be hard to carry into
area; reinforced concrete or heavy timber columns may additionally be used to help flat
roofs. But, columns limit usable house internal the constructing;
flat roofs have a tendency to hold snow or rain; this will boom the load on the beams and
partitions and leads to leaks and warping;
flat roofs will be inclined to hold in wind and should be securely tied to the building; in
areas with extreme storms, flat roofs are dangerous. The solely advantage of flat roofs is
that they can deliver more residing vicinity above structures in dry, wasteland-like regions.
SHED ROOFS:
shed roofs are normally less tough to useful resource than flat roofs. They are normally the
cheapest and great form of roof to build. Because of its pitch (perspective), it repels water
effortlessly and is especially faithful while heat. Wet weather without snow. Shed roofs
are no less at risk of wind loads than flat roofs. However, in stormy areas, it need to be
securely fixed to the wall.
GABLE ROOFS:
further, the gable roof has first-rate heat insulation and bloodless protection. On cold
nights and in regions with 4 seasons, the triangle formed by means of the double slopes
above the ceiling allows hold the warmth of the night. In particularly warm areas, a
ventilated pitched roof has the opposite impact. It conducts warmth far from the
constructing quick and enables preserve it cool. In standard, a gable roof is the first-class
and maximum adaptable kind inside the builder's price range. In general, gable roofs are
the best, and most adaptable fashion every time they are inside the builder's budget.
HIPPED ROOFS:
at the threshold of the constructing, a hipped roof offers better wind protection than a
gabled roof. However that is the simplest advantage for distinctive roof shapes. Hip roofs
are greater tough to design than some other style of roof, hard to bring together, and
require extra materials..

Note: All the above substructure and superstructure depends on each

other they act like a chain any failure in the process will severely
damage the project and maybe could lead to catastrophic project
failure.
For example:
The terminology affects the type of foundation and the type of
foundation affect the tall of the building and the design of the building
interiorly and exteriorly and etc...
 Reference
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shape India’s future. (n.d.). The Economic Times. [online] Available at:
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/productline/building-materials/types-of-
buildings-as-categorised-by-government-and-how-infrastructure-development-can-shape-
indias-future/articleshow/69925116.cms.
Iberdrola. (2022). The ‘green’ buildings are leading the way to more sustainable and
efficient urban planning. [online] Available at:
https://www.iberdrola.com/sustainability/sustainable-green-buildings.
https://www.facebook.com/TheConstructor (2015). What Factors Affect Selection of
Foundation for Buildings? [online] The Constructor. Available at:
https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/factors-affecting-selection-of-foundation-for-
buildings/10504/.
Sciencedirect.com. (2014). Soil Investigation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. [online]
Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/soil-investigation.