TOPIC : IOT HARDWARE &SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

NAME- SWAGATA DEB BURMAN

ROLL NO:- 12000319051
DEPT:- ECE
SUBJECT:-INTERNET OF THINGS (OE-EC803A)
COLLEGE:-DR B. C. ROY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
EXAMINATION:-CA-2
 • INTRODUCTION :
The Internet of things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of such objects) with sensors,
processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other
devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks.
iot hardwares are the comprised of a wide range of different devices that are completely
connected to one another. IoT stands for the internet of things. IoT hardware is the technology
that is slowly beginning to govern our world, from new ways of driving, to fully integrated home
systems, IoT hardware is everywhere..
Iot softwares are the key areas of networking and action through platforms, embedded
systems, partner systems, and middleware. These individual and master applications are
responsible for data collection, device integration, real-time analytics, and application and
process extension within the IoT network. They exploit integration with critical business
systems (e.g., ordering systems, robotics, scheduling, and more) in the execution of related
tasks.

• BACKGROUND :
There are many kinds of hardware components of an iot devices like :
Sensors, computer chips, actuators, cables, smart devices and microcontrollers
1. Chips:

This is much a broader classification that contains all the electrical and electronic appliances
such as microcontrollers, chips, integrated circuits, radio frequency systems, etc.

2. Sensors:

Sensors, which are one of the base components of an IoT system, have three modules - Power
Management modules, Sensing modules, and Energy modules.

3. Actuators:

These devices provide the motion to a data collection system such as the solenoids, comb
drives, etc to fetch details based on movements.

4. Standard devices:

Standard devices constitute the generally used devices such as Tablets, Smartphones, Switches,
Routers and etc. Each of these devices has its own set of settings that allow them to collect
data.
There are many kind of components in iot software like :

Data collection, device integration, real time analysis, applications and process extention

1. Data Collection:

This step involves the core of the data collection aspects ranging from sensing the data, filtering
it, measuring it, aggregating it, and at the end managing the security of the collected data. Data
collection can be performed from various sources, and once done is distributed over devices
and then to a central data repository.

2. Device Integration:

This ensures that all components within the IoT system are all well integrated. It manages all
the limitations, protocols, and applications that are handled properly to ensure proper
communication amongst the devices.

3. Real-Time Analytics:

Over the collected data and the processing that is done over this data, there can be automated
tasks that could run and analyze this data for specific patterns.

4. Application and Process Extension:

This ensures that the data collection process can be accentuated to get the most of it, from all
possible sources. These are more like the enhancers over the existing data collection
infrastructure.

• CURRENT STATUS :
Some of top iot products of 2023 all over globe are
1. Google Home Voice Controller

Google Home voice controller is one of the most popular IoT devices out there today. It
provides voice-enabled services like alarms, lights, thermostats, volume control and lots more.

Working principal : Google Assistant can reference data in your Google Account to get you
what you need when you ask for help, depending on your settings in Your data in the Google
Assistant and other Google Assistant settings, like Personal results and Voice Match.
Power consumptions :

Processing speed : Sample rates between 8000 Hz and 48000 Hz are supported within Speech-
to-Text

Programming Language use : js, Go, C++, Java, python

2. Amazon Echo Plus Voice Controller

Amazon Echo Plus voice controller is another popular and reliable IoT device on the market. It
provides voice-enabled services like answering phone calls, setting timers and alarms, checking
the weather, and lots more.

Programming Language use : js, Java, Python, C#, Go, Ruby, or PowerShell

3. August Doorbell Cam

August Doorbell Cam is an IoT device that allows you to answer your door from any remote
location. It constantly captures motion changes and suspicious activity in your doorstep
Power consumption : 12-24 V AC

Camera Angle: 120 Degree Angle

It provids 1280x960-pixel live streaming video resolution

4. August Smart Lock

August Smart Lock is a proven and reliable security IoT device that helps users to manage their
doors from any remote location. It helps keep thieves away and provides an extra layer of
security for your home.

Power consumptions : the August Wi-Fi Smart Lock is powered by two CR123 batteries.

Programming language : it is totally written in poython

5. Foobot

Foobot is an IoT device that can accurately measure indoor pollution. It helps to improve the air
quality in houses, cafes, workplaces, and other indoor public spaces.

Power consumption : AC-DC 5V 0.5A

• EMARGING TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS :

Some great challenges of hardware and software development in iot are

Security : security is the most crucial issue that needs to be addressed for IoT. Developers
working on your IoT programming are usually not security experts, which opens your code to a
range of vulnerabilities and your devices to unauthorized access. A few examples are:

1. Not encrypting data while transmitting it to the cloud.

2. Having backdoor access to the device for development purposes, and leaving it open in
production.
3. Not doing proper penetration testing on the backend services.

Costs : The infrastructure that IoT requires is expensive in itself, but the overall costs often
prove to be a surprise for most people. There are invisible costs to every major undertaking,
and IoT projects are not an exception to this. The cost of updates, maintenance, design,
replacing outdated devices, and the technical skillsets required can pile up very quickly.
The costs of IoT development are high because the infrastructure has not caught up with the
technology yet, and finding the right team with the required expertise is very difficult. However,
this is quickly changing as more businesses invest in IoT.

Reliability and Hardware : Any successful IoT undertaking requires a robust and secure
infrastructure. Depending on the industry and business, the physical devices may vary but their
quality, upkeep, reliability, and efficiency are extremely important.

Let’s take sensors, for example. Many people believe that cheap sensors are easily available
and effective. However, sensors that last long and are reliable are rarely inexpensive. If the
upkeep of sensors used for delicate operations, such as gas or pH sensors, is not regular and
thorough, the data received from these can be unreliable.

The overall hardware requirements are not always aligned with the available resources, and it
needs to be considered before the project is started.

Ease of Integration

One of the most complex parts of IoT development is ensuring that the IoT application can be
integrated with various platforms, OS, cloud services, and even legacy systems. The failure to
do so can result in a low-usability product that may not survive the advancements in technology
and business practices.

Connectivity

IoT sensors can only collect and transfer data if the connectivity is strong, and that is not always
the case. Especially when the devices are placed in remote areas, connectivity can become a
real issue. When you’re required to connect multiple cloud servers, physical devices, and
applications, connectivity is very important for the success of your project.

Local connectivity is equally important for IoT devices. For example, if your devices are
Bluetooth connected, they will not perform well over long-range connections.

Development Skillset

Finding people who are experts in IoT and also understand security, hardware, and user
requirements is extremely tough. This is a multi-domain expertise that also comes with further
specialization in industry and scale.

As the size of the IoT industry grows, the demand for IoT professionals has shot up, which is not
at par with the supply. This usually means that the cost of the project goes up, and you might
not have people with the right skillset to execute your project.
Quality Control

Along with skilled professionals, the demand for hardware has also increased. In a bid to keep
up with this demand, manufacturers often rush the process which results in lack of testing and
updates. Devices that are not thoroughly tested can be a security threat, and often end up
being unreliable.

This also poses a problem with automating device management. Many businesses struggle to
automate updates and these devices can only be updated with physical access. This increases
the overheads and causes bottlenecks in the process, while also being a security issue.

Design

As IoT becomes commonplace across the world, usability becomes a key concern. The interface
that allows you to handle multiple devices at the same time has to be as well designed as the
overall system. If the user experience is not taken into account, the efficiency of your devices
and processing will make little difference.

Usability involves more than just the UI though. User problems like battery life, and
connectivity are just as important to the overall user experience. These issues can end up
creating a poor product that will not be very helpful to end-users.

Interoperability in iot : Interoperability is the ability of two or more devices, systems, platforms
or networks to work in conjucntion. Interoperability enables communication between
heterogeneous devices or system in order to achieve a common goal. However, the current
devices and systems are fragmented with respect to the communication technologies,
protocols, and data formats. This diversity makes it difficult for devices and systems in the IoT
network to communicate and share their data with one another. The utility of IoT network is
limited by the lack of interoperability.

Standardization in iot : Standardization is key to achieving universally accepted specifications

and protocols for true interoperability between devices and applications.

• CASE STUDIES / EXAMPLES :

• The internet of things (IoT) consists of billions of devices constantly connected to the
internet. These devices range from phones and televisions to cars and appliances,
 capturing unprecedented amounts of data and improving people's lives in innumerable
ways.
• Statistics show that 83% of organizations had improved efficiency after introducing IoT
technology. It can increase productivity, optimize workflows and enhance decision-
making across many industries. Many organizations are already reaping the benefits of
IoT solutions.
• Using internet-connected devices allows people to interact with their surroundings in
new and innovative ways. IoT solutions provide a way to sync devices and do more
without spending a fortune. The benefits of connecting devices include:
• 1. Increased productivity

IoT solutions can potentially increase productivity and optimize workflows in many industries.
In factories, for example, IoT-connected machines can communicate with each other to share
information about their status and needs, allowing factory workers to identify and address any
issues that may arise quickly. In addition, it can help people be more productive in their
personal and professional lives. Internet of things examples such as fitness trackers can help
monitor physical activity and make sure people are staying active.

• 2. Improved workflows

In the manufacturing industry, internet-connected machines can help streamline production

processes. By tracking data points such as machine usage and downtime, manufacturers can
identify bottlenecks and make necessary adjustments to improve efficiency. IoT solutions can
also monitor environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, which helps adjust
the conditions in the workplace to improve comfort and safety.

• 3. Enhanced decision-making

IoT solutions can help people make better decisions by providing real-time data about their
environment. Take air quality sensors, for example. They can monitor the air quality in people's
homes and workplaces to improve it. In addition, IoT solutions can provide vital information
about people's habits, such as how often certain appliances are used or how much energy is
consumed, which can help people make changes to reduce energy usage and save money.

• 4. Greater connectivity

IoT solutions provide a way to connect devices without spending too much. A smartphone app,
for example, can let people remotely control their home’s temperature and lighting.
 • 5. Improved customer service

IoT solutions can help improve customer service by providing businesses with data about their
customers’ needs and preferences. A retail store could use IoT sensors to track customer traffic
patterns and identify areas of the store that are being underutilized. In addition, IoT solutions
can monitor inventory levels and automatically reorder products when they are running low,
which can help businesses avoid stockouts and provide their customers with the products they
need when they need them
Effectiveness of different hardware and software solutions specific IOT such as werables, smart
homes, or robotics

• With the introduction of IoT wearable devices, doctors can monitor a patient's heart
rate, glucometer readings, calorie count, and other vital signs. This information can help
doctors better manage patients' health and safety. It can also help doctors monitor the
compliance of medications with treatment plans.
• IoT technology can help homeowners monitor their homes more efficiently and reduce
energy costs. Smart doorbells and other sensors can be connected to smart homes to
help homeowners detect visitors. Smart thermostats can also monitor the temperature
and lighting conditions in a room.
• Robots with IoT informed AI models can better detect and predict machine failures. IoT
devices that constantly monitor the presence of human counterparts communicate to
the robot their location information to ensure safe operations.

• FUTURE DIRECTIONS :
By considering above mentioned challenges, it is important to understand that planning ahead
and management of resources can help you overcome almost any challenges that you may
come across. What’s more? IoT is absolutely worth the trouble A well-developed IoT application
can help you create additional revenue streams, lower your costs and also help you build
sustainable processes.

We have built a primary checklist to help you overcome the most common challenges
associated with IoT development:

• Vet the technology partners you outsource your work to. Look for: team members with
expertise across the stack, a strong portfolio, automation capabilities, device
management, and technical know-how.
• Budget for security solutions. You may need to add security solutions or additional
security experts to the team depending on your requirements.
 • Research the quality, durability, and reliability of the devices you invest in. While there
are a lot of cheap alternatives available, they may end up costing you more in the long
run.
• If you are building an in-house team, budget for the skillsets required. Investing in
people will help you go a long way.
• Ensure that the updates and maintenance are frequent and regular.
• User research is non-negotiable. It will help you build a strong user experience and give
you a better understanding of their requirements.

Overall market accessibility of IOT devices :

the Internet of Things (IoT) seems poised to cross over into mainstream business use. The
number of businesses that use the IoT technologies has increased from 13 percent in 2014 to
about 25 percent today. And the worldwide number of IoT-connected devices is projected to
increase to 43 billion by 2023, an almost threefold increase from 2018.

This level of uptake is both a result and an impetus of the developing technologies that
underpin the IoT. For one, technological advancement means that IoT technology will become
easier to implement, opening the door for a wider variety of companies to benefit from IoT
applications. Indeed, although large enterprises began to invest their sizable resources in IoT
technologies years ago, the beneficiaries of this latest wave of IoT maturity will be small and
medium-size enterprises. While they may not have the means to execute bespoke
implementations, they can still invest in easy-to-use IoT solutions.

As frequent investors in midsize companies, private equity (PE) funds should re-evaluate the IoT
as a sector that can help create significant value. To that end, this article will serve as an
overview of the growing market for the IoT, the technology’s major applications, and the
elements within the IoT technology stack. These insights can then be translated into business
benefits for PE funds interested in becoming involved with the IoT as investors, owners, and
partners.

Consistent growth
Advanced principal technologies and a proliferation of devices have helped fuel the growth of
IoT technologies. In fact, investments in IoT technology are projected to grow at 13.6 percent
per year through 2022 (see sidebar “Varied growth within the IoT depending on underlying
technology”). Further growth in the coming years will be possible thanks to new sensors, more
computing power, and reliable mobile connectivity.

Sensor technology—embedded in IoT devices—will continue to become cheaper, more

advanced, and more widely available. In turn, this availability and cost-effectiveness will make
new sensor applications possible, including large-scale monitoring and detection. Meanwhile,
computing power has increased about 100 times in the past 15 years. Applications such as real-
time analytics and artificial intelligence can thus shift activity from local devices toward cloud
and edge computing solutions. In addition, improved mobile connectivity with the advent of 5G
will allow new applications for experiences such as augmented and virtual reality.

Finally, the IoT market will grow because existing IT devices will need to be linked to the IoT.
Growth in traditional connected IT devices is admittedly moderate—about 2 percent per year.
However, the installed base of more than five billion smartphones, two billion personal
computers, and one billion tablets indicates a massive market for device integration.

Wide applications
The IoT already numbers more than 200 known applications in enterprise settings, but IoT
adoption isn’t limited to large companies. And early adopters have moved beyond pilots to
scale IoT solutions across their businesses. Indeed, IoT technologies have already given rise to a
number of landmark applications in sectors as diverse as Industry 4.0, smart cities, smart
homes, connected cars, and e-health. Furthermore, advances in the technologies that
contribute to the IoT mean that all affected sectors can now access functionality that did not
exist five years earlier. For instance, B2B companies have started using Industry 4.0
technologies to maintain direct connections to their products in the field. This constant
monitoring makes predictive maintenance possible and improves efficiency and equipment
uptime (see sidebar “IoT solutions at two private equity–owned companies”).
Affordability :
After almost 20 years in large corporates, in various roles from technology to business, I wanted
to scale up a small company. It was late 2013 when a friend told me about a company in
Tampere. A company that could have something unique in my field of expertise. So, I checked
in and met the guys.

It only took a half an hour to realize that the small group had come a long way from university
research to their first product. And that they had solved something that the market did not
even yet know being a problem! They had invented de-centralized networking. Back then, no
one knew when the market would be ready for it. IoT was only early hype. But I was certain the
time would come. In a few days I was in, excited to bring this concept to the benefit of the
whole wide world.

The concept of a de-centralized network is quite the opposite to the cellular networks. And let
me be clear, cellular networks are one of the best engineering works done on this planet. But if
you need a large scale, high density network without going deep in your pockets, cellular won’t
cut it. It was never designed for it. Try putting thousands or even millions of devices in one
network. You’ll see there is no other way to make that work cost-efficiently than a de-
centralized network. It’s no surprise our technology is on its way to become the standard for
massive IoT. The first non-cellular 5G standard.
Affordability drives the adoption as the cost of acquiring the data must be much lower than the
value of the data to make a good use of it. All that matters at the end of the day, is ROI.
Connectivity plays a big role as it impacts the deployment cost, data fees, service levels,
maintenance and much more. De-centralized architecture has an intrinsic capability to deliver
way more reliable wireless communications than centrally controlled. And very importantly, it
enables superior spectrum efficiency. VTT, a leading wireless research institute, just published
very strong independent results about the topic.

It could not be a better moment than now to go for the next step. Digitalization fans out
everywhere, accelerated by the pandemic. Organizations around the world in different verticals
understand the power of data driven decisions. And benefits of transparency e.g. in supply
chains. IoT is not an option anymore.

The industrial IoT market is enormous, and it is the fastest growing among all wireless. Our
solution is proven to be very competitive, and it is now a peer reviewed open global
standard, DECT-2020 NR. It fulfils the toughest 5G requirements for the massive Machine Type
of Communications (mMTC), and by a big margin. It enables deployments and use with one
tenth of a cost of cellular. Robustness with modern physical layer of OFDM+HARQ gets a whole
new value compared to e.g. Zigbee or BLE Mesh. And 1000s times the performance of LoRa
without a compromise in coverage. And for the use cases where the most extreme cost
requirements are, Wirepas Massive is a very very good option.

• CONCLUSION :
IOT(Internet of Things) is nowadays very much involves with our daily lives . it always tries to
make our daily life esay . we coud wake up form sleep and just by commanding any smart home
assistant that we have in our home to start the day by doing daily chores .you don’t have to do
those things any more and could utilize your valuable time as per your want . Even you don’t
have to open your window curtains ,all you just have to command to you home assistant device
which is connected to wifi and the courtains will be oppend . you could just use your mobile
and could start dusting robot by one click and it will do its job or you sould pre heat your
bathing water by turnning on geyser through smart switch or you can command to samart
home assistant and hear about weather ,important meetings,,arrived mails or you can just call
anyone in our contacts without touching your phone .
IOT devices have enterd in almost every field exist today and working effectively like
medical,engineering, military ,space etc almost every fieds. Thus human race have achived
another purpose of life and day by day its growing even bigger than yesterdays market
By making report on IOT hardware and software development I have come across many new
sides of iot devices and have gathered a vast knowledge about ot
 • REFFERENCES :
Mozila Firefox is used for searching information about IOT hardware and software
products and read articles about them .
.