STUDYGUIDE MIDTERM I

SUBJECT: SCIENCE TERM

II CLASS: 8°
TEACHER’S NAME: Yelena Pájaro Esquivia 2022-2023

STUDY GUIDE – 1st TERM MIDTERM

Here you will find 30 questions. Try to answer them by yourself and then, check the feedback below and
self-grade your performance. The 20 question is a challenge for you

Write the oxide number for the given chemical formulas.

1. HPO3 6. MnO2

2. H3PO3 7. FeO

3. CuCl2 8. Fe2O3

4. H4P2O7 9. CaO

5. H5P3O10 10. H2S

11. Which of the following graphs could possibly represent a positive feedback mechanism? Explain.

a) b) c) d)

Time Time Time Time

→stimulus level → response level

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12. How is negative feedback related to homeostasis?

13. It's around lunchtime and you are feeling hungry, so you eat a sandwich. When the food passes through
your stomach and into your small intestine during digestion, your brain receives a signal causing you to feel
full. Consequently, you do not eat any more food. Is this an example of negative or positive feedback?
Explain.

14. Label each situation with the respective type of Feedback mechanism.

A B

15. How do the types of neurons found in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system
(PNS) differ in their functions?

16. Fill in the blanks

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17. Use the chart below to organize your notes on the senses. For each of the senses shown in the first
column, write the types of receptors that contribute to this sense. In the third column, write what kind of
stimuli that the receptor detects.

Sense Receptor Stimuli it detects

Vision
Hearing
Smell
Taste
Touch

18. Complete the chart.

Parts Function Details

CNS

PNS

19. How does a reflex arc work? What part of the PNS sends the signal?

20. John comes to the emergency room with neither voluntary movement nor feeling his legs. The doctor
pricks his leg with a pin and finds that his leg still withdraws from the pain. How can john have a normal
reflex without feeling his legs?

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21. What do nervous and endocrine system have in common? How do they differ?

22. How do hormones get from the gland that produced them to the cells they will affect?

23. What determines whether or not a hormone will affect a cell?

24. The main elements of the endocrine system are ______.

a) The glands, hormones, and cell receptors

b) The glands, nerves, and blood vessels
c) The blood, tissue, and brain
d) The hormones, blood, and brain

25. There are ______ main hormone-producing glands in the body.

a) 7
b) 16
c) 10
d) 8

26. Hormones cause specific effects by ______.

a) Flooding the entire body

b) Targeting specific parts of the brain
c) Targeting specific groups of cells in the body
d) Spreading through the nervous system

27. How do passive immunity differ from active immunity?

28. True or false: Antibodies kill pathogens.

29. How do allergies and autoimmune diseases differ if they are both caused by overreactions of the
immune system?

30. Describe the antigen-antibody reaction.

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 ANSWERS
Write the oxide number for the given chemical formulas.

1. H+1P+5O3-2 6. Mn+4O2-2

2. H3+1P+3O3-2 7. Fe+2O-2

3. Cu+2Cl2-1 8. Fe2+3O3-2

4. H4+1P2+5O7-2 9. Ca+2O-2

5. H5+1P3+5O10-2 10. H2+1S-2

11. d). Because in positive feedback the response enhances the stimulus, so both change in the same direction,
as the graph shows.

12. By periodically reversing the direction of change (counteracting changes away from set values), negative
feedback helps keep many body systems operating within a narrow range.

13. Negative feedback. When the digestive system sends the fullness signal to the brain, the process of eating
is momentarily turned off. If it were positive feedback, the signal would be a message to eat more.

14. A→ Positive. B → Negative.

15. CNS neurons process the information and create responses. PNS neurons send signals from the body to
the CNS and vice versa.

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16. 1→ Sensory receptors detect stimuli. 2 → Sensory neurons send signals from sensory receptor to CNS.
3 → CNS analyzes signals and create responses. 4 → CNS sends responses using motor neurons.
5 → Motor neurons carry signals to target organs.
17.
Sense Receptor Stimuli it detects
Vision Photoreceptor Light
Hearing Mechanoreceptor Vibrations
Smell Chemoreceptor Chemical molecules
Taste Chemoreceptor Chemical molecules
Touch Mechanoreceptor Vibrations, tension, contact
Thermoreceptor Temperature
Pain receptor / nociceptor Tissue damage

18.
Parts Function Details
CNS Analyze information and Divided in cerebrum
Brain create responses. (divided in 4 lobes),
cerebellum and brain
stem.
Send signals to and from Rope-like organ where
Spinal cord the brain. Control all nerves are connected
reflexes. to.
PNS Nerves that send It is connected to our
Somatic voluntary signals. voluntary muscles.

Nerves that send It is connected to all our

Autonomic involuntary signals. body parts with
involuntary movement.
Nerves that send Example: heart rate
Sympathetic involuntary signals that acceleration, faster
prepare the body to breathing rate. Used
spend energy. during exercise other
active activities.
Nerves that send Example: heart rate
Parasympathetic involuntary signals that relaxation, slower
prepare the body to breathing rate. Used
conserve energy. during digestion or
sleeping.

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19. A sensory neuron receives a stimulus and send it to the spinal cord. There, the information is analyzed
and a response is created. The response is sent using a motor neuron and it happens involuntarily and
instantaneously. As the response is involuntary, autonomic nervous system neurons send the response.

21. Both are the communication systems of the body. Both send signals and help to maintain homeostasis.
Since nervous signals are electrical, fast and targeted to a specific body part, endocrine signals are chemical,
slow and spread in the body.

22. Through the bloodstream. Using veins and arteries to move.

23. The presence of the specific receptor.

24. a)

25. c)

26. c)

27. In active there is direct contact with pathogens, while in passive there is not contact with pathogens but
with someone with immunity.

28. FALSE.

29. Allergies appear when an immune reaction is triggered by harmless external substances. Autoimmune
diseases happen when immune cells attack healthy body cells.

30. B-cells detect pathogens and produce specific antibodies for it. Antibody binds to the antigen on the
pathogen’s cell membrane. Macrophage recognizes the pathogen with the antibody and engulfs it.

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