Worksheet - I

Biology X
Topic: Control and Cordination — Nervous System

1. Name the fluid that is present in spaces between the meninges that protect the
brain.
2. Name four lobes of each cerebral hemisphere.
3. Name any example of cerebral reflex.
4. Smonath observed nerve cell under microscope and made the following sketch:
The mistake in his drawing is that cyton is shown to have no
(a) dendrites (b) cytoplasm
(c) nucleus (d) all of these
5. How is the spinal cord protected in the human body?
6. Give the scientific names for the following receptors in animals:
(a) receptors for light (b) receptors for sound
(c) receptors for smell (d) receptors for touch
(e) receptors for heat
7. (a) Which part of neuron (nerve cell) receives the information?
(b) name the minute gap between two adjacent neurons lined end to end.
(c) Give general name of the chemicals that transmit nerve impulse across the
minute gap between two adjacent neurons lined end to end.
8. Define nerve impulse. Which structure in a neuron helps to conduct a nerve
impulse (a) towards the cell body, (b) away from the cell body?
9. Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body?
10. What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
11. What happens at the synapse between two neurons?
12. How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense stick)?
13. What is the role of the braiin in reflex action?
14. How does chemical coordination take place in animals?
15. Why is the use of iodised salt advisable?
16. How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?
17. What is the function of receptors in our body. Think of situations where receptors
do not work properly. What problems are likely to arise?
18. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?

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19. Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and
coordination in animals.
20. Explain the mechanism of reflex action with suitable example.
21. Study the given diagram of the brain carefully and label the parts 1 to 6.

22. What are the major parts of the brain? Mention the functions of different parts.
23. Label the parts (a), (b), (c) and (d) and show the direction of flow of electrical
signals in figure.

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 Hints/Solutions to Worksheet - I
Biology X
Topic: Control and Cordination — Nervous System

1. Cerebrospinal fluid.
2. Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe.
3. Salivation at sight or smell of food.
4. (c)
5. Vertebral column encloses spinal cord in the human body to protect it.
6. (a) Photoreceptors (b) Phonoreceptors
(c) Olfactoreceptors (d) Tangoreceptors
(e) Thermoreceptors
7. (a) Dendrites receive the information
(b) Synapse
(c) Neurotransmitters
8. The information that passes through neurons in the form of electrochemical
signals is called nerve impulse.
(a) Nerve impulse is carried by dendrites towards the cell body.
(b) The axon of neuron transmits the nerve impulse away from the cell body.
9. Cerebellum part of hind brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body.
10. Reflex action is a spontaneous, automatic and mechanical response to a stimulus
acting on a specific receptor without the will of an animal. On the other hand,
walking is a voluntary action that occurs with the animal’s will.
11. The neurons lie end-to-end in chains to transmit impulses in the animal body.
The synapse between two neurons acts as a one way valve to conduct impulse in
one direction only. This is so because a chemical substance (neurotransmitter)
is secreted at the terminal end of axon of one neuron. It carries the message
(impulse) across the synapse and passes it to the dendron of the other neuron. In
this way, message is passed in the form of nerve impulse from one neuron to
other across the synapse.
12. We have olfactoreceptors in our nose. These receptors (sensory neurons) detect
the smell of agarbatti and transmit this information in the form of nerve impulse
of olfactory lobes of fore-brain. The message is then sent to temporal lobes of
cerebrum where it is interpreted.
13. Reflex actions generally involve spinal cord for quick response to specific stimulus.
However, the information input also goes on to reach the brain where thinking
process occurs.
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14. In animals, endocrine glands, when stimulated, release chemical substances
called hormones. These are directly poured into the blood which circulates them
to all the body tissue cells. Body tissue cells have specific molecules (receptors)
to identify specific hormones either on their surfaces or inside their cytoplasm.
Once the hormone combines with specific receptor present on target cells, it
then transmits the information to bring about the effect.
15. Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroxine hormone in the thyroid gland.
The thyroxine, in turn, regulates carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism in
the body for growth. Deficiency of iodine results in goitre. Thus, use of iodised
salt is advisable to prevent iodine deficiency in the body.
16. Adrenaline is termed as emergency hormone. When a person faces stress or
danger, it is secreted in large amounts to prepare the body to face emergency
situations. It increases the rate of heart beat and breathing, blood pressure,
basal metabolic rate and sugar level in blood.
17. The receptors in our body collect information about changes in the environment
around us in the form of stimuli. These then pass the information in the form of
nerve impulses to central nervous system (brain or spinal cord) where message
is interpreted and appropriate instructions are sent to effectors (muscles or glands)
which reveal responses. When receptors do not function normally, the
environmental stimuli are not able to create nerve impulses and body does not
respond.
18. Reflex actions are spontaneous, automatic, mechanical responses to specific
stimuli without the will of animal. In reflex actions, spinal cord is generally
involved. Involuntary actions also occur without the will of the animal and animal
has no choice in them. However, these are regulated by either midbrain and
hind brain.
19. Nervous Information Hormonal Information
(a) It is sent as an electrical (a) It is sent as a chemical messenger
impulse along axons, and as via blood stream.
a chemical across synapse.
(b) Information travels rapidly, (b) Information travels slowly.
in milliseconds.
(c) Information is directed to (c) Information is spread throughout
specific receptors – one or a the body by blood from which the
few nerve fibres, gland cells target cells or organs pick it up,
or other neurons, i.e., it is i.e., it is addressed to ‘whom it
addressed by name. may concern.’
(d) It gets response immediately. (d) It gets response usually slowly.
(e) Its effects are short-lived. (e) Its effects are generally more
prolonged.
20. Studymate book

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21. (1) Cerebrum (2) Mid brain
(3) Cerebellum (4) Medulla
(5) Pons (6) Hypothalamus
22. Hints:
(a) Forebrain (olfactory lobes, cerebral hemisperes and diencephalon).
(b) Mid brain (crura cerebri and corpora quadrigemina), and
(c) Hind brain (cerebellum, pons varolii and medulla oblongata).
(d) Give functios of each part.
23. (a) Sensory neuron (b) Spinal cord
(c) Motor neuron (d) Effector (muscle in arm).

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