The Nervous

System
JUDYLON O. ANDALICIO
BSED-3 SCIENCE
COMPLETE ME!

 THENEXT SLIDES WILL FLASH A SERIES OF

PHOTOS PERTAINING TO THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM. ALL YOU NEED TO DO IS SIMPLY
TO NAME EVERY IMAGE VIA COMPLETING
THE MISSING LETTERS.
 LET’S BEGIN.
B__I_
Answer: BRAIN
N__R_N
Answer: NEURON
S__N_L C__
D
Answer: SPINAL CORD
S_N_ES
Answer: SENSES
C_R_B_LL_
M
Answer: CEREBELLUM
T H _ LA_ U S

Answer: THALAMUS
N_RV_ I_P_L
S_
Answer: NERVE IMPULSE
NE_R_T_AN_M_T
T_R

Answer:
NEUROTRANSMITTER
A_ZH_IM_R‘S
DIS_A_E
Answer: ALZHEIMER’S
DISEASE
Indicative Contents
Indicative Contents
Development of the Nervous System
Answer:
General Functions of the Nervous
System
 Control. Controls all bodily functions. It is the chief
coordinating agency of all organ systems.
 Regulation. Works with the endocrine system to maintain
homeostasis.
 Communication. Communicates signals that originate both
within the body and in the external environment.
 Storage. Acts as a storehouse of information. All information
outside and inside the body are processed and interpreted by
the nervous system.
Answer:
Functions of the Nervous System
According to Its Activity
 Sensory. Gathers information from
both inside and outside the body.
 Integration. Process the
information to the processing
areas in brain and spine.
 Motor. Sends information to the
muscles, glands, and organs so
they can respond appropriately.
Cells in the Nervous System
 Neuron (Nerve Cell). Basic
functional cell of the nervous
system. Transmits impulse
(up to 112 meters per second).
 Neuroglia. From Greek word
glia meaning “glue”. A
specialized connective tissue
that holds neurons together
and protect it.
Answer:
Neuron (Nerve Cell)
 Etymology. From Ancient
Greek νεῦρον (neûron,
“nerve”). Doublet of nerve and
sinew. German anatomist
Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer
introduced the term neuron in
1891.
 Numbers. There are
approximately 86 billions of
neurons in the human body.
Neuron (Nerve Cell)
Types According to Function. (1)
Sensory (2) Motor (3) Interneuron
Types According to the Processes
Extend Out From the Cell Body. (1)
Unipolar (2) Bipolar (3) Multipolar
 Parts. A neuron has three main
parts: dendrites, an axon, and a cell
body or soma, which can be
represented as the branches, roots
and trunk of a tree, respectively.
Types of Neuron According to
Function
Sensory (Afferent) Neuron. Transmits impulses from all parts of the body to the
spinal cord and brain. For example, when you touch a hot object with your
fingertip, the sensory neurons will be the ones firing and sending off signals to the
rest of the nervous system about the felt hotness.
 Motor (Efferent) Neuron. Transmits impulses from the brain and spinal cord into
the different parts of the body. Considering same example above, the brain will
then releases a command through motor neurons towards your sense of touch so
you will withdraw your fingertip away from the hot object.
 Interneuron (Connecting or Relaying Neuron). Conducts impulses from sensory
neurons to motor neurons.
Answer:
Answer:
Types of Neuron According to
Processes Extend Out from the Cell
body
Unipolar. One nerve process or structure extending from the
cell body: an axon that extends into dendrites. Example is a
brush cell found in the cerebellum.
Bipolar. Two processes or structure from the cell body.
Bipolar neurons are found in the retina of the eye, roof of
the nasal cavity, and inner ear. Mostly are sensory neurons.
Multipolar. More than three processes sticking out from the
cell body. 99% of our neurons are multipolar which include
motor neurons and interneurons. Commonly found in the
cortex of the brain and the spinal cord.
 Parts of Neuron (Nerve Cell)
 Nucleus. Inside the cell body. Contains
genetic informations.
 CellBody. Contains nucleus and
cytoplasm. Maintains the health of entire
neuron.
 Dendrites. Treelikestructure. Conducts
impulse towards the cell body.
 Axon. Long slender projection that carries
impulse away from the cell body.
 Myelin Sheath. A white protein and fat
insulation of the axon. If myelin is
Parts of Neuron (Nerve Cell)
Schwann cell. Produces myelin
sheath.
Nodes of Ranvier. Gaps or nodes in
the myelin sheath. It is where axon
left uncovered.
 Axon Terminal. Button-like
endings of axon. It is where
neuron-neuron contact exists.
Identify!
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
Mind-blowing Facts About Neuron
 Neurons in human body is as many as stars in the Milky Way.
 Schwann cells are named after German physiologist Theodor Schwann.
 Unlike other body cells, neurons don’t undergo mitosis (cell division).
Thus, if the neuron damaged, it cannot be replaced. So, take care of
your neurons.
 Neuron increases in size but not in number, usually starts a few months
after our birth.
 Neuron is the longest lived cell.
 About 25% of the calories that we take everyday are consumed by our
brain activity. It is due to our neurons who are having a huge appetite.
 Impulse always travels from dendrite to cell body to axon.
 Cluster of neuron is called ganglia (sing. ganglion).
Neuroglia
 Also known as glial cell, neuroglial
cell, or simply glia.
 Cells that hold neurons (nerve cells)
in place and help them work the way
they should.
 Types of neuroglia are (1) Astrocytes
(2) Microglial (3) Ependemial (4)
Oligodendrocytes (5) Satellite Cells
and (6) Schwann Cells
Types of Neuroglia
 Astrocytes. The most abundant neuroglia.
Star-shaped (astro means “star”). Regulate
blood flow, supply the building block of
neurotransmitters. Fuel neuronal
metabolism.
 Microglial.
10-15% of brain cells. Serve as
immune defense (pathogenic activity).
 Ependemial. Forms the epithelial linings of
brain and spinal cord cavities.
Types of Neuroglia
Oligodendrocytes. Form
myelin sheath around the axon
in the central nervous system.
Satellite Cells. Small flattened
cells. For muscle regeneration.
 Schwann Cells. Form myelin
sheath around the axon in the
peripheral nervous system.
Answer:
Answer:
Tissues in the Nervous System

 It is divided into two:

 Cranial Nerves
 Spinal Nerves
Cranial Nerves
 The cranial nerves are a set of 12
paired nerves in the back of your
brain.
 Cranial nerves send electrical
signals between your brain, face,
neck and torso.
12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
 The spinal nerves consist of 31
symmetrical pairs of nerves that
connect the spinal cord to the
periphery (nerves of the rest of
body except of brain).
 Pairs of spinal nerves include: 8
cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5
sacral, and 1 coccygeal.
31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves
Organs of Nervous System

 Brain
 Spinal Cord
Brain
 The brain is the main organ of the
nervous system.
 Itcontrols thought, memory, emotion,
touch, motor skills, vision, breathing,
temperature, hunger and every process
that regulates our body.
 Itis divided into four division (1) brain
stem (2) cerebellum (3) diencephalon
and (4) cerebrum
Brain Stem
 The brain stem is the lower part of
the brain that’s connected to the
spinal cord. It is further subdivided
into three sections namely medulla
oblongata, pons, and the midbrain.
 Medulla oblongata. Latin word for
“elongated middle”. The lowest
portion. Controls vital processes like
your heartbeat, breathing, digestion
and blood pressure.
Brain Stem
Pons. From Latin pons, for “bridge”. Just
above medulla. Control sleep cycle and
bladder control.
 Midbrain. Otherwise known as
mesencephalon. Topmost of brain stem.
Associated with vision, hearing, motor
control, sleep and wakefulness, arousal
(alertness), and temperature regulation.
Identify!
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
Cerebellum
 Latin word for “little brain.”
 For centuries, scientists believed
our cerebellum’s job was to
coordinate our muscle
movements.
 Primarily responsible for muscle
control, including balance and
posture, and fine motor skills
such as holding pencil, using
scissors etc.
Cerebellum

 A personwho has a tumor in

cerebellum frequently loses balance
and may topple over and reel like a
drunken person when walking.
Answer:
Fine Motors Skills Vs Gross Motor
Skills
Diencephalon
 Greek for “across brain”.
 Also known as the interbrain.
 Literally between brain. Connects the midbrain to the forebrain.
 Divided into two sections: (1) Hypothalamus (2) Thalamus
 Hypothalamus. Hypo means “under”. The body’s smart control
coordinating center. Attached to it is the pituitary gland (master of
all glands). Its main function is to keep our body in a stable state
called homeostasis.
 Thalamus. Your thalamus is your body’s information relay station or
the brain’s switch board. All information from your body’s senses
(except smell) must be processed or filtered through your thalamus
before being sent to your brain’s cerebral cortex for interpretation.
 Cerebrum
 Latin word meaning “brain.”
 The largest part of your brain (2/3 of your
brain), and it handles a wide range of
responsibilities.
 Consists of two cerebral hemispheres: the
outer layer called the cortex (gray matter)
and the inner layer (white matter). There
are four lobes in the cortex, the frontal
lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and the
occipital lobe.
Cerebrum
Control conscious activity including
speech, memory, and knowledge.
It consists of two hemispheres
divided by a fissure – corpus
callosum
 The first feature you would notice
in the cerebrum might be its
ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci).
Answer:
Answer:
Gray Matter Vs White Matter
Four Lobes of Brain
Frontal Lobe. Controls high-level
cognitive skills like: planning;
self-control; memory formation;
empathy; attention.
 Temporal Lobe. For auditory
perception, speech, and
complex visual perceptions.
Four Lobes of Brain
Parietal Lobe. For sensory processing,
attention, and language.
 OccipitalLobe. Plays a role in
processing visual information.
Identify!
Answer:
Answer:
Cortices of the Brain
 Cortices (sing: cortex) are the outer
layer of the brain.
 Cerebral Cortex. The outermost layer
of the brain that is associated with our
highest mental capabilities.
 Motor Cortex. Part of the frontal lobe
involves in planning, control, and
execution of voluntary movements.
Cortices of the Brain
Prefrontal Cortex. Covers the front
part of the frontal lobe. The most
evolved brain region.
Somatosensory Cortex. Responsible
for receiving and processing sensory
information from across the body,
such as touch, temperature, and pain.
Located in the parietal lobe.
 VisualCortex. Processes visual
information. Found in occipital
Cortices of the Brain
Auditory Cortex. Processes hearing
information. Part of temporal lobe.
Olfactory Cortex. Concerned with the
sense of smell. Portion of cerebral
cortex.
 Gustatory Cortex. A region of the
cerebral cortex responsible for the
perception of taste and flavor. Near
the face area of the somatosensory
cortex of the parietal lobe.
 Special Areas in the Brain
 Broca’s Area. Located in frontal cortex. Utlized in
speech production. Broca’s area is named after Pierre
Paul Broca, who first described it in 1861, after
conducting a post mortem study on a speech-
impaired patient.
 Wernicke’s Area. Lies close to the auditory cortex.
Involved in the comprehension of speech. First
described in 1874 by German neurologist Carl
Wernicke.
 Wernicke’s area works to make sure the language
makes sense, whilst Broca’s area helps to ensure the
language is produced in a fluent way.
Answer:
Answer:
The Limbic System
 Also known as the paleomammalian cortex.
 The
name “limbic” comes from the Latin
word for the “border”.
 Thepart of the brain involved in our
behavioral and emotional responses.
 The limbic system is composed of four main
parts: the hypothalamus, the amygdala, the
thalamus, and the hippocampus.
The Limbic System
 Amygdala. Because of its shape, from Latin
amygdala (“almond”). Shown to perform a
primary role in the processing of memory,
decision making, and emotional responses
(including fear, anxiety, and aggression).
 Hippocampus. It is a plastic and vulnerable
structure that gets damaged by a variety of
stimuli. Associated primarily with memory. The
name hippocampus is derived from the Greek
hippokampus (hippos, meaning “horse,” and
kampos, meaning “sea monster”), since the
structure’s shape resembles that of a sea horse.
Why Do We Forget Things?
Answer:
 Awesome Facts About Brain
 Brain of Men: 1.6 kg (about 10% larger than
women)
 Brain of Women: 1.45 kg
 Brain of Babies: 0.4 kg
 Size doesn’t matter in the brain. There is no
evidence that a larger brain is smarter than a smaller
brain.
 The adult human brain is about 2% of total body
weight.
 Men listen with the left side of the brain and
women use both sides of the brain.
Left Brain Vs Right Brain
The brain is divided
into symmetrical left
and right hemispheres.
Each hemisphere is in
charge of the opposite
side of the body, so
your right brain
controls your left hand,
vice versa.
What’s Your Stand?
Mind-blowing Facts About Brain
Brain gets 15% of your blood and consumes
20% of our oxygen.
1-2 minutes interruption of blood flow may
impair brain cells.
4 minutes without oxygen cause permanent
damage to brain.
 The human brain is 75% water. As such,
even slight dehydration can cause fatigue,
headaches, lack of mental clarity, stress and
sleep issues.
Spinal Cord
 A long, thin, relatively cylindrical, fragile
structure made up of nervous tissue.
 Has three main parts: Cervical (neck).
Thoracic (chest). Lumbar (lower back).
 Itis a vital link between the brain and the
body, and from the body to the brain. The
spinal cord is 18 inches long and a half
inch in diameter.
Spinal Cord
The spinal nerve contains motor and sensory nerve
fibers to and from all parts of the body.
Like the brain, the spinal cord consists of gray and
white matter. The butterfly-shaped center of the cord
consists of gray matter.
Spinal cord is encloses by a bones named spine.
Damage to the spinal cord rarely heals because the
injured nerve cells fail to regenerate.
 Spinal cord is a place where simple action known as
reflexes can be coordinated without involving the
brain.
Reflex Action
 Reflexarc is a neurological and sensory mechanism that
controls a reflex, an immediate response to a particular
stimulus.
 Thisquick response is called a reflex, and reflexes occur
without conscious thinking or planning, meaning the brain
is not involved in them.
 The simplest pathway, including a few neurons.
 Simply, it is the time when messages takes a shortcut.
Reflex Action
Examples of Reflex Action
Knee Jerk
 Also known as the patellar reflex, is a
simple and well-used example of reflex that
causes the contraction of the quadriceps
muscle when the patellar tendon is
stretched.
 Youexperience a knee jerk when your
doctor taps your knee with a rubber mallet
and your leg automatically kicks out. The
idiom “a knee jerk reaction” means that
you respond to something in an equally
unthinking way.
Knee Jerk
 The knee jerk reflex (seen in
the figure to the right) is
called a monosynaptic reflex
because there is only one
synapse in the circuit needed
to complete the reflex. It only
takes about 50 milliseconds
between the tap and the start
of the leg kick. That is fast!
What Protects Brain
 Skull Or Cranium. Bone protects the brain and forms
the shape of the face.
 Meninges. The three layers of membranes that cover
and protect our brain. It consists of: (1) dura mater
(2) arachnoid mater and (3) pia mater.
 Dura mater. The tough outer layer, closest to your
skull.
 Arachnoid mater. The middle layer. Web-like
structure filled with fluid that cushions the brain.
 Pia (“Tender”) mater.The inner layer, closest to your
brain tissue.
Answer:
What Protects Brain
 Cerobrospinal Fluid (CSF). A clear,
colorless, watery fluid that flows in
and around your brain. Acts like a
cushion that helps protect your brain
and spinal cord from sudden impact or
injury. The fluid also removes waste
products from the brain and helps
your central nervous system work
properly.
What Protects Spinal Cord
 Vertebrae. A moderately flexible series of small bones
forming the backbone. A hole through which the spinal
cord passes.
 Meninges. The key difference between brain and spinal
cord meninges is based on the characteristic features of
the dura mater. The brain dura mater forms dural folds
while the spinal cord dura mater does not form dural
folds.
 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The spinal cord also has CSF.
It is a watery fluid that cushion the spinal cord from
sudden movement.
Division of the Nervous System
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
Central Nervous System
 Made up of the brain and spinal cord.
 The body’s processing center.
 Itis referred to as “central” because it
combines information from the entire body
and coordinates activity across the whole
organism.
Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral means “away from the center.”
 The peripheral nervous system refers to
parts of the nervous system outside the
brain and spinal cord.
 Comprises of cranial and spinal nerves.
 Responsible for relaying information
between the body and the brain.
Subdivision of Peripheral Nervous
System
 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). Regulates
involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate,
blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual
arousal.
 SomaticNervous System (SNS). Associated with the
voluntary control of the body movements such as
walking, eating, talking, etc.
Answer:
Subdivision of Autonomic Nervous
System
 Sympathetic Nervous System. Best known for its role in
responding to dangerous or stressful situations. In these
situations, your sympathetic nervous system activates to speed up
your heart rate, deliver more blood to areas of your body that need
more oxygen or other responses to help your get out of danger.
 Parasympathetic Nervous System. A network of nerves that
relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger. It also helps
run life-sustaining processes, like digestion, during times when
you feel safe and relaxed.
Answer:
Nervous System and the Other Organ
Systems
 Each of your organs belong to
one of eleven body systems.
These body systems are
interconnected and dependent
upon one another to function.
This is called integration.
 Nervous system, however, serves
as the chief control amongst all
body systems.
Nervous System and the Other Organ
System
 Control of the body’s billion of cells is mainly
accomplished by the nervous system and the
endocrine system. However, they differ because
Nervous System transmits information very
rapidly through nerve impulses whilst the
endocrine system takes slow in transmiting
information via secretion of chemicals known as
hormones.
Nervous System and the Five Sense
Organs
Specialized cells and tissues within these organs
receive raw stimuli and translate them into
signals the nervous system can use. Nerves relay
the signals to the brain, which interprets them as
sight (vision), sound (hearing), smell (olfaction),
taste (gustation), and touch (tactile perception).
The stimuli from each sensing organ in the body
are relayed to different parts of the brain through
various pathways.
Nervous System and the Five Sense
Organs
Taste (Gustation)
 Refers to the ability to detect
chemicals in food, minerals and
dangerous substances such as
poisons. This detection is performed
by sensory organs on the tongue
called taste buds. The mouth
contains around 10,000 taste buds.
There are five basic tastes that these
organs relay to the brain: sweet,
bitter, salty, sour and umami.
Taste (Gustation)
 Salty taste is caused by the presence of sodium ions in food.
 Sour taste is produced by hydrogen ions released from acids.
 Sweet taste is elicited by sugars such as sucrose and fructose.
 Bitter taste is caused by wide variety of substance such as
caffeine and morphine.
 Umami taste is described as “meaty” or “savoury”. It is elicited
by amino acid glutamine that are present in our condiments such
as Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) aka “betsin”.
Taste (Gustation)
External Anatomy of Tongue
Smell
 The sense of smell, or
olfaction, is closely
related to the sense of
taste. Chemicals from
food or floating in the air
are sensed by olfactory
receptors in the nose.
These signals are sent
directly to the olfactory
bulb in the olfactory
cortex of the brain.
Anatomy of Nose
Touch
 Touch or somatosensory perception is perceived
by activation in neural receptors in the skin. The
main sensation comes from pressure applied to
these receptors, called mechanoreceptors. The
skin has multiple receptors that sense levels of
pressure from gentle brushing to firm as well as
the time of application from a brief touch to
sustained. There are also receptors for pain,
known as nociceptors, and for temperature,
called thermoreceptors.
Anatomy of Skin
Hearing
 Hearing, also called audition, is the perception of
sound. Sound is comprised of vibrations that are
perceived by organs inside the ear through
mechanoreceptors. Sound first travels into the ear
canal and vibrates the eardrum. These vibrations are
transferred to bones in the middle ear called the
hammer, anvil, and stirrup which further vibrate
the fluid in the inner ear. This fluid-filled structure,
known as the cochlea, contains small hair cells that
output electrical signals when deformed.
Hearing
 The signals
travel through
the auditory
nerve directly
to the brain,
which
interprets these
impulses into
sound.
External Anatomy of Ear
Sight
 Sight, or vision, is the ability of
the eyes to perceive images of
visible light. The structure of the
eye is key in how the eye works.
Light enters the eye through the
pupil and is focused through the
lens onto the retina on the back
of the eye. Two types of
photoreceptors, called cones and
rods, detect this light and
generate nerve impulses which
are sent to the brain via the optic
nerve.
Anatomy of the Eye
The Other Senses You Probably
Don’t Know
Equilibrioception: A sense of balance, otherwise known as
your internal GPS. Tells you if you’re sitting, standing, or
lying down. Located in the inner ear.
Proprioception: A sense of knowing which parts of your
body are where without looking. It’s how we can type
without looking at the keyboard, for instance, or walk
around without having to watch our feet.
 Nociception: A sense of pain.
The Other Senses You Probably
Don’t Know
Thermo(re)ception: A sense of temperature. We know
whether our environment is too cold or too hot.
Chronoception: How we sense the passing of time.
 Interoception: A sense of your internal needs, like
hunger, thirst, needing to use the bathroom, etc.
How Stimulus Converted into
Sensation
 Stimuli (sing. Stimulus). Things or events that evoke a
specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue.
(Oxford Language)
 Stimulus is any change or signal in the environment
that can make an organism react. After your nervous
system analyzes a stimulus, it causes a response. A
response is what your body does in reaction to a
stimulus.
 Sensation. Mental process (as seeing or smelling)
resulting from stimulation of a sense organ.
Nerve Impulses
 Signals carried along nerve fibers.
These signals convey to the spinal cord
and brain.
 Information about the body and about
the outside world.
 Generated when the stimulus is strong.
This stimulus triggers the electrical and
chemical changes in the neuron.
Nerve Impulses
Nerve impulses begin in a dendrite, move
toward the cell body, and then move down the
axon.
 The axon tip ends at a synapse. A synapse
is the junction between each axon tip and
the next structure. A small gap separates
these two structures. For a nerve impulse to
be carried along at a synapse, it must cross
the gap between the axon and the next
structure. The axon tips release chemicals
called neurotransmitters that carry the
impulse across the gap.
Neurotransmitters
 Chemical messengers
 Can be proteins, amino acids or gases.
 Job is to carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one
neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell.
 A signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another
cell across a synapse.
 There are more than 40 neurotransmitters in the human
nervous system.
Answer:
Types of Neurotransmitter

 Excitatory neurotransmitters: These chemical messengers get

things started; they tell a target cell to take a type of action.
Examples are acetylcholine, epinephrine, glutamate,
histamine, and dopamine.
 Inhibitory neurotransmitters: These chemical messengers
stop or prevent things from happening; they decrease the
likelihood of a target cell taking a certain action.Gamma-
aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine and serotonin are
examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters.
Types of Neurotransmitter

 Modulatory neurotransmitters: These chemical

messengers regulate groups of neurons; they can
send messages to many neurons at the same time
and can communicate with other neurotransmitters.
Examples of neurotransmitters that act as
neuromodulators include acetylcholine, dopamine,
serotonin, histamine, and cannabinoids.
Disorders of the Nervous System
Alzheimer’s Disease. Types of dementia. Death of
brain cells causes memory loss and cognitive decline.
Dementias. Not a specific disease but is rather a
general term for the impaired ability to remember,
think, or make decisions that interferes with doing
everyday activities.
 Brain Tumor. Abnormal growth or mass of cells in
or around your brain.
Disorders of the Nervous System
Disorders of the Nervous System

Epilepsy and Other Seizure Disorders. A person is diagnosed with

epilepsy when they have had two or more seizures. A seizure is a
short change in normal brain activity.
Parkinson’Disease. A progressive disorder that affects the nervous
system and the parts of the body controlled by the nerves. People
may have difficulty in walking and talking. Cause by degeneration
of substantia nigra which produces neurotransmitter dopamine.
 Stroke. When the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted
or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen.
Disorders of the Nervous System

Stroke
Answer:
Disorders of the Nervous System
 Anxiety Disorder. Common mental health condition. Feeling
of unease, such as worry or fear, that can be mild or severe.
 BipolarDisorders. Extreme mood swings that include
emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).
 Schizophrenia. A serious mental health condition in which
people interpret reality abnormally. People who have it may
hear voices that aren’t there.
 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. A mental health condition
that’s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it
or witnessing it.
Disorders of the Nervous System
Insomnia. Common sleep disorder that can make it hard to
fall asleep, hard to stay asleep.
Multiple Sclerosis. Chronic disease that affects the central
nervous system, which is the brain, spinal cord, and optic
nerves. Destruction of myelin sheaths.
Cerebral Palsy. Affects a person’s ability to move and
maintain balance and posture. Common to childhood.
Disorders of the Nervous System
 Glaucoma. Eye disease that can cause vision loss and
blindness by damaging a nerve in the back of your eye called
the optic nerve.
 Autism. Neurological and developmental disorder that affects
how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and
behave.
 Poliomyelitis. The poliovirus spreads from person to person
and can infect a person’s spinal cord, causing paralysis.
Children are highly vulnerable.
 Bell’s Palsy. Sudden weakness in the muscles on one side of
Disorders of the Nervous System
 Sciatica. Pain that travels along the path of the sciatic
nerves.
 Headache. The pain comes from a mix of signals between
your brain, blood vessels, and nearby nerves.
 Hydrocephalus. Abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid
in the brain.
 Comatose. Prolonged unconsciousness in which a person
cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful
stimuli, light, or sound. Damaged of cerebral cortex.
Disorders of the Nervous System
 Meningitis. Inflammation of meninges.
 Migraine. Severe headache on one side of the head.
 Encephalitis. Inflammation of the brain.
 Myasthenia gravis. Chronic autoimmune, neuromuscular
disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles.
 Teraplegia. A paralysisof whole body because of total
impairment of spinal cord.
Answer:
Signs, Symptoms if You Have
Problem in Nervous System
 Persistent or sudden onset of a headache.
 A headache that changes or is different
 Loss of feeling or tingling
 Weakness or loss of muscle strength
 Loss of sight or double vision
 Memory loss
 Impaired mental ability
 Lack of coordination
 Muscle rigidity
Signs, Symptoms if You Have
Problem in Nervous System
Tremors and seizures
Back pain which radiates to the
feet, toes, or other parts of the
bod
Muscle wasting and slurred
speech
 New language impairment
(expression or
comprehension)
Healthcare Professionals Treating
Nervous System Disorders
 Neurologist
 Neurosurgeon
 Neuroradiologist and Interventional Radiologist
 PsychologiSt
 Psychiatrist
Healthcare Professionals Treating
Nervous System Disorders
Physiatrist
Physical Therapist
Occupational Therapist
 Speech/Language Pathologist
Neuroscientists of Time
 Plato.Believed that the brain was the
locus of mental processes.
 Aristotle.Believed instead the heart to be
the source of mental processes and that the
brain acted as a cooling system for the
cardiovascular system.
 Galen. Described the seven cranial nerves’
functions along with giving a foundational
understanding of the spinal cord.
Neuroscientists of Time
Camillo Golgi. Italian biologist and pathologist known for his
works on the central nervous system. The Golgi apparatus named
after him.
 Thomas C. Südhof (2013). Discovered the precise
neurotransmitters release control system.
 Charles Sherrington and Edgar Adrian (1932). Discovered the
general function of neurons, including excitatory and inhibitory
signals, and the all-or-nothing response of nerve fibers.
Neuroscientists of Time
 SirHenry Dale and Otto Loewi (1936). Discovered
neurotransmitters and identification of acetylcholine.
 Walter Rudolf Hess and António Caetano Egas Moniz
(1949). Discovered the functional organization of the
midbrain and for the controversial therapeutic value of
leucotomy respectively.
 Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally (1977).
Discovered the production on the brain of the peptide
hormone.
Neuroscientists of Time
 ArvidCarlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel (2000).
Discovered neural signal transduction pathways upon
neurotransmitter binding, as well as the establishment of
dopamine as a primary acting neurotransmitter.
 Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck (2004). Discovered the
olfactory system.
Healthy Foods for Our Nervous System
 Grean Leafy Vegetables. Rich in Vitamin B
complex, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and
Magnesium all of which are important for
proper functioning of our nervous
system.Vitamin B is essential in the process
of synthesizing and circulating
neurotransmitters, which are brain
chemicals that regulate heartbeat, respiration
and digestion. Magnesium helps in calming
the nerves. Vitamin E and C acts as anti-
ageing for the nervous system.
Healthy Foods for Our Nervous
 Fish. Nerves are protected by myelin sheaths,
System
which contain very high level of fatty acid. So,
people who are deficient in fatty acids may
suffer from damage of the nerves. Fish has
Omega 3 fatty acid and thus helps in healing
of the nerves and nervous system. Examples
are salmon and sardines.
 Chocolate. Dark chocolates are full of
flavonols which have anti-inflammatory and
anti-oxidant property. These properties help to
lower the blood pressure and improve the
blood flow, to both brain and heart.
 Healthy Foods for Our Nervous
 Broccoli. Rich in Vitamin K which is known to
System
improve brain power and cognitive skills. Many
studies have reported that because broccoli is rich in a
compound called glucosinolates which can slow the
breakdown of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine,
which the central nervous system needs to perform its
function properly, keeps our brain and memory sharp.
Low levels of acetylcholine are linked with
Alzheimer’s.
 Eggs. Rich in choline and B vitamin. When you
consume eggs, the choline in them is used by the brain
to make acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is
important for memory and communication among
Healthy Foods for Our Nervous
System
 Avocado. Rich in both Vitamin K and folate, avocados
help prevent blood clot in the brain and thus protects
you from stroke. Apart from that, avocados also help to
improve memory and concentration.
 Pumpkin seeds. Excellent source of magnesium, copper,
iron, and zinc. Apart from all this, pumpkin seeds
contain powerful antioxidants that protect the body and
brain from free radical damage.
Effects of Drugs on Nervous System
 Alcohol – central nervous system depressant – cell membranes
are highly permeable to alcohol so once in the bloodstream it
can diffuse into almost all body tissues. It is absorbed in the
stomach so it gets into the blood stream quickly and slows
down function of the nervous system.
 Caffeine – acts as a central nervous system stimulant – caffeine
suppresses melatonin for up to 10 hours and also promotes
adrenalin. Melatonin is strongly associated with quality sleep,
while adrenalin is the neurotransmitter associated with
alertness.
Effects of Drugs in Nervous System
Nicotine – small doses of nicotine have a stimulating action on the nervous
system – it is highly addictive nicotine’s effects on the brain cause an increased
release of neurotransmitters associated with pleasure. The brain quickly adjusts
to repeated nicotine consumption by decreasing the amount of neurotransmitters
released. The effect of this increased tolerance is that the smoker must continue
to use nicotine in order to avoid the feelings of discomfort associated with
withdrawal from the drug. Irritability and anxiety often ensue during nicotine
withdrawal.
 Marijuana – THC, the main active ingredient in marijuana, binds to
membranes of nerve cells in the central nervous system that have protein
receptors. After binding to nerve cells, THC initiates a chemical reaction that
produces the various effects of marijuana use. One of the effects is suppression
of memory and learning centers (called the hippocampus) in the brain .
References
 https://www.google.com/amp/s/m.timesofindia.com/life-style/healt
h-fitness/diet/top-12-foods-for-brain-and-nervous-system/amp_arti
cleshow/20725412.cms
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscientist
 https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/c
onditions-and-diseases/overview-of-nervous-system-disorders%3fa
mp=true
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://
www.soinc.org/sites/default/files/uploaded_files/3-17_NERVOUS_
HANDOUT.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwigwtWqub76AhW3l1YBHTjXB
OIQFnoECBAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3kG-b0xl8q-EP6eaDOgC2C

References
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.aus
tincc.edu/sziser/Biol%25202404/2404LecNotes/2404LNExIII/Central%252
0Nervous%2520System.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwigwtWqub76AhW3l1YBHTj
XBOIQFnoECEAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0GAhrNffdhZcOw4AKszhUD
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://
resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/
2011/01/Nervous-
System.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwigwtWqub76AhW3l1YBHTjXBOIQFnoECDs
QAQ&usg=AOvVaw2QkFPoEZSMHKrFEtKIhjfb
 https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.businessinsider.com/myths-about-the-
brain-2016-3%3famp