NERVOUS

SYSTEM
REPORTERS:
JENNY ALASAD
CHERRY LOVELY ANN GANGA
MARKUS JARO
INTRODUCTION

Nervous system a
network of neurons
that sends, receives
and modulates
neural impulses
between different
body parts.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSISTS OF
TWO DIVISIONS:
Central nervous system (CNS) is the
integration and command center of the body.
Made up of the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) made up of
all the nerves that carry messages to and from
the CNS.
It is further subdivided into the somatic nervous
system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system
(ANS).
2 PARTS OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Somatic nervous system- relay information
between skin, skeletal muscles and central
nervous system.
Autonomic nervous system- relay information
from central nervous system to organs.
Sympathetic nervous system: controls in times of
stress, such as the flight or fight response.
Parasympathetic nervous system: controls body
in times of rest.
Cells of the Nervous
System

Neurons
Glial Cells
 NEURONS
Neurons or nerve cell are the main
structural and functional units of the
nervous system.
Neurons receive stimuli, conduct action
potentials, and transmit signals to other
neurons or effector organs.
Cells that conduct impulses.
made up of dendrites, cell body and an
axon.
A neuron has a:
Cell body - which contains a single nuclues
Dendrite - which is a cytoplasmic extension from
the cell body, that usually receives information
from other neurons and transmits the
information to the cell body.
Axon- which is a single long cell process that
leaves the cell body at the axon and conducts
sensory signals to the CNS and motor signals
away from the CNS.
 STRUCTURAL TYPES OF NEURONS
Multipolar neurons have many dendrites
and a single axon.
Bipolar neurons have two processes one
dendrite and one axon.
Unipolar neurons have a single axon that
branches into two.
Pseudo-unipolar neurons have a single
process extending from the cell body,
which divides into two processes as short
There are 3 types of neurons, named according to
whether they send an electrical signal towards or
away from the CNS:

Sensory neurons (afferent or ascending) carry

impulses from inside and outside the body to brain
and spinal cord.
Motor neurons (efferent or descending) carry
impulses away from the brain and spinal cord.
Interneurons found within brain and spinal cord,
process incoming impulses and pass them on the
motor neurons.
 GLIAL CELLS

GLIAL CELLS, ALSO CALLED NEUROGLIA

OR SIMPLY GLIA, ARE SMALLER NON-
EXCITATORY CELLS THAT ACT TO
SUPPORT NEURONS.
GLIAL CELLS ARE THE SUPPORTIVE CELLS
OF THE NS.
Different types of glial cells:
Astrocytes serve as the major supporting cells
in the CNS.
Ependymal cells line the cavities in the brain
that contains cerebrospinal fluid.
Microglial cells that in an immune function in
the CNS by removing bacteria and cell debris.
Oligodendrocytes provide myelin to neurons in
the CNS.
Schwann cells provide myelin to neurons in the
PNS.
 MYELIN SHEATH
The myelin sheath is made up of
layers of fatty tissue, and it
surrounds the axons of nerve cells
in the central and peripheral
nervous systems.
 MYELINATED NEURONS
also known as myelinated nerve
fibers, are nerve cells that have a
myelin sheath.
Myelinated neurons are found in the
central nervous system, which includes
the brain and spinal cord, as well as in
the peripheral nervous system.
 UNMYELINATED NEURONS

Unmyelinated neurons are neurons

that lack a layer of the myelin
sheath. They are found in the gray
matter of the nervous system and
the peripheral nervous system.
 ORGANIZATION OF NERVOUS TISSUE
The nervous tissues varries in color due to the
abundance or absence of myelinated axons.
Nervous tissue exists as gray matter and white
matter:
Gray matter consists of groups of neuron cell
bodies and their dendrites, where there is very little
myelin.
White matter consists of myelinated axons
 MAIN PARTS OF
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain
and spinal cord.

The brain is made of four parts: Cerebrum, Cerebellum,

Brainstem and Diencephalon.
CEREBRUM - the largest and most anterior part of
the brain and is responsible for conscious thought,
memory, and learning.
It consists of two hemispheres and four lobes:
The two hemispheres are the left and right halves of
the cerebrum, which is the part of the brain
responsible for conscious thought and voluntary
actions.
Types of Four Lobes:
Frontal lobes reside at the very front of the brain behind the
forehead and are responsible for many key functions, such as
attention, learning, and speech. A rear-facing region is
involved in voluntary movements.
Parietal lobes are located near the middle of the brain behind
the frontal lobes and are sensory areas that process pain,
taste, temperature, and textures along with spatial
relationships (such as the distance between your car and the
one in front of you).
Temporal lobes sit at the sides of the brain and are
responsible for short-term memory, understanding sounds and
speech, and musical rhythm.
Occipital lobes are located at the very back of the brain and
are responsible for processing what you see.
CEREBELLUM
Is a part of the brain that plays a vital role in
virtually physical movement.
It also assists people with eye movement and vision.
There are three functional areas of the cerebellum:
Cerebrocerebellum the largest division, formed by
the lateral hemisphere.
Spinocerebellum comprised of the vermis and
intermediate zone of the cerebellar hemispheres.
Vestibulocerebellum the functional equivalent to
the flocculonodular lobe.
BRAINSTEM
Is the lower part of the brain that connects to the
spinal cord.
It is made up of three parts: Midbrain, Medulla
oblongata and Pons.
Midbrain is a complex region of your brainstem
that serves many functions.
Medulla oblongata or medulla is a long stem-like
structure which makes up the lower part of the
brainstem.
Pons is the second-lowest section of the brainstem.
 DIENCEPHALON
Is a part of the brain that is located between
brainstem and cerebral cortex.
The diencephalon is comprised of the:

Epithalamus serve as a connected to the limbic system to

other parts of the brain.
Thalamus is the largest and most significant part of the
diencephalon.
Subthalamus is a small are located ventral to the thalamus.
Hypothalamus is located ventrally to the thalamus and
plays a crucial role in the regulating bodilly functions such
as hunger, thirst, body temperature and sleep-wake cycles.
 SPINAL CORD
Is a vital link between the brain and the
body, carrying messages that control
movement, sensation, and autonomic
functions.
It can be divided into four regions: cervical,
thoracic, lumbar, and sacral, each with
different numbers and types of spinal nerves
that connect to different parts of the body.
Four regions
1. Cervical region: This region of the spinal cord corresponds to
the neck region of the vertebral column and contains 8 cervical
spinal nerves (C1-C8).
2. Thoracic region: This region is corresponds to the chest
region of the vertebral column and contains 12 thoracic spinal
nerves (T1-T12).
3. Lumbar region: are corresponds to the lower back region of
the vertebral column and contains 5 lumbar spinal nerves (L1-
L5).
4. Sacral region: This region of the spinal cord corresponds to
the pelvic region of the vertebral column and contains 5 sacral
spinal nerves (S1-S5).
The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
consists of the nerves and ganglia outside
the brain and spinal cord.

CRANIAL NERVES
Are peripheral nerves that emerge from the
cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem and
spinal cord. They innervate the head and
neck.
Cranial nerves carry somatosensory data.
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves:
CN I - Olfactory nerve
CN II - Optic nerve
CN III - Oculomotor nerve
CN IV- Trochlear nerve
CN V - Trigeminal nerve
CN VI - Abducens nerve
CN VII - Facial nerve
CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve
CN X - Vagus nerve
CN XI - Accessory nerve
CN XII - Hypoglossal nerve
SPINAL NERVE
Spinal Nerve is made up of vertebrae (back bones)
that protect and surround the spinal cord, which is
a column of nerve tissue.
Is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and
autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the
body.

TYPES OF SPINAL NERVE:

Cervical Nerves are spinal nerves that arise from
the cervical region of the spinal cord.
Thoracic nerves refer to the cluster of nerve fibers
found in the upper body, particularly within the
chest region.
Lumbar nerves arise from the spinal cord between
each pair of lumbar spinal vertebrae.
Sacral nerves are a emerge from the sacral bone
and constitute the lowest segment of the spinal
cord.
Coccygeal nerves is a part of the sacral plexus, a
network of nerves that provides motor and sensory
innervation to the lower limbs and pelvis.
 GANGLIA
are clusters of nerve cell bodies found throughout
the body.
Two Main Types of Ganglia:
Sensory ganglia contain the cell bodies of sensory
neurons and are avoid shape.
e.g. Dorsal root ganglia and Cranial nerve ganglia
Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies of
autonomic nerves and are irregularly shaped.
CASE STUDY
#1
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Severe headache often on one side
of the head
Nausea and vomiting
Sensitivity to light and sound
Visual disturbances (aura) in some
cases
CAUSES & EFFECTS:
Exact cause is not fully understood but
involves abnormal brain activity and genetics.
Triggers such as certain foods, stress, lack of
sleep.
Effects include pain, discomfort, and reduced
quality of life.
Impact on daily activities, work, and social life.
Can lead to anxiety and depression due to
chronic pain.
INTERVENTION/THERAPHY
Medications: Pain relievers, preventive
medications to reduce frequency.
Lifestyle Changes: Stress management,
regular sleep, balanced diet.
Biofeedback and Relaxation Techniques:
Help in managing pain and reducing
frequency.
Avoid Triggers: Identify and avoid foods
or situations triggering migraines.
CASE STUDY #2
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Fatigue, numbness, or weakness, often in
limbs
Problems with coordination and balance
Pain and incoordination of the muscles
Vision problems, including blurred or
double vision.
Cognitive changes, including memory
problems
CAUSES & EFFECTS:
Immune system attacks the protective covering
of nerves (myelin).
Disrupted communication between the brain
and the rest of the body.
Variable and unpredictable symptoms.
Impact on mobility, daily activities, and
employment.
Emotional challenges due to chronic nature
and uncertainty.
 INTERVENTION/THERAPHY
Disease-Modifying Therapies (DMTs):
Slow down the progression and manage
symptoms.
Physical and Occupational Therapy: Improve
mobility and enhance daily functioning.
Medications: Manage specific symptoms like
pain, fatigue, and muscle spasms.
Counseling and Support Groups: Address
emotional challenges and provide coping
strategies.
ANY QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU!!!