Biology

Nervous system
C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE
1. Mention, the wherein human body are the following located and state their main
functions:
(a) Corpus callosum
Solution:-
Corpus callosum is located in the brain. Its main function is to transfer information from one
hemisphere to the other.
(b) Central canal
Solution:-
The central canal is located in the center of the spinal cord. Which runs the entire length and is
continuous with the cavities of the brain. It is also filled with cerebrospinal fluid which acts as a
shockproof cushion and forms a medium for the exchange of food materials, waste products,
and respiratory gases with neurons.
2. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
(a) The main component of the white matter of the brain is perikaryon.
Solution:-
False
(b) The arachnoid layer fits closely inside the pia mater.
Solution:-
False
(c) A double chain of ganglia, one on each side of the nerve cord belongs to the spinal
cord.
Solution:-
True
(d) Dura mater is the outermost layer of the meninges.
Solution:-
True
3. Differentiate between the following pairs with reference to the aspects in brackets.
(a) Cerebrum and cerebellum (function)
Solution:-

Cerebrum Cerebellum

The highly developed cortex enables us to think, reason out, The main function of the cerebellum is
 invent, plan and memorise. Overall, the cerebrum is the seat of to maintain the balance of the body
intelligence, consciousness and will-power. It controls all and coordinate muscular activity.
voluntary actions.
(b) Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system (overall effect on
the body)
Solution:-

Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the The parasympathetic nervous system is more concerned
body for violent action against abnormal with re-establishing normal conditions after the violent
conditions. act is over.
(c) Sensory nerve and motor nerve (direction of impulse carried)
Solution:-

Sensory nerve Motor nerve

It is the neuron in the spinal cord that receives nerve
impulse through its axon/terminal ending which is in
contact with a receptor cell.
(d) Medulla oblongata and cerebellum (function)
Solution:-
It carries impulse generated by the
association neuron in the CNS to the effector
organ (muscle and gland).

Medulla oblongata Cerebellum

Its function is to control the activities of the The main function of the cerebellum is to maintain the
internal organs and other involuntary actions. balance of the body and coordinate muscular activity.
(e) Cerebrum and spinal cord (arrangement of cytons and exons of neurons)
Solution:-

Cerebrum Spinal cord

The highly developed cortex (grey matter) The grey matter containing cytons lies in the medullary
enables us to think, reason out, invent, region i.e. inner side while the white matter containing
plan and memorise. axons lies in the cortex i.e. the outer region.
4. Given below are two structures, write their special functional activity.
(a) Cerebellum and ____________.
Solution:-
The main function of the cerebellum is to maintain the balance of the body and coordinate
muscular activity.

(b) Myelin sheath and _____________.

Solution:-
Myelin sheath acts as an insulation and prevents mixing of impulses in the adjacent axons.
5. State the functions of the following:
(a) Synapse
Solution:-
The function of the synapse is to transfer electric activity (information) from one cell to another.
The transfer can be from nerve to nerve (neuro-neuro), or nerve to muscle (neuro-myo).
(b) Association neuron
Solution:-
Association neurons carry impulses from the motor neuron to the Central Nervous System.
(c) Medullary sheath
Solution:-
A medullary sheath is a protective covering surrounding and insulating certain nerve fibres.
(d) Medulla oblongata
Solution:-
Its function is to control the activities of the internal organs and other involuntary actions.
(e) Cerebellum
Solution:-
The main function of the cerebellum is to maintain the balance of the body and coordinate
muscular activity.
(f) Cerebrospinal fluid
Solution:-
Which acts as a shockproof cushion and forms a medium for the exchange of food materials,
waste products, and respiratory gases with neurons.
6. Explain the following terms:
(a) Motor nerve
Solution:-
It carries impulse generated by the association neuron in the CNS to the effector organ (muscle
and gland).
(b) Autonomic nervous system
Solution:-
Autonomic nerves system is strongly influenced by emotion such as grief, anger, fear, sexual
stimulation, etc. High blood pressure, stomach ulcers and some other troubles may arise due to
long-continued emotional stress.
(c) Conditioned reflex
Solution:-
A conditioned reflex is one which develops during lifetime due to experience or learning. For
example, what you experience simply at the sight or by the smell of a familiar tasty food
resulting in the watering of your mouth. This means that if you have not eaten that food earlier,
the response would not occur.
(d) Association neuron
Solution:-
Association neurons carry impulses from the motor neuron to the Central Nervous System.
(e) Gray matter
Solution:-
The outer portion (cortex) of the cerebrum contains cell bodies of the neurons and, being
greyish in colour, is called the gray matter.
7. Rearrange the following in correct sequence pertaining to what is given within
brackets at the end.
(a) Effector – Sensory neuron – Receptor – Motor neuron – Stimulus – Central nervous
system – Response (Reflex arc)
Solution:-
Stimulus – Receptor – Sensory neuron – Central nervous system – Motor neuron – Effector –
Response
(b) Repolarization – Depolarisation – Resting (polarized) (during conduction of nerve
impulse through a nerve fibre)
Solution:-
Resting – Depolarization – Repolarization
(c) Axon endings – Nucleus – Dendrites – Axon – Perikaryon – Dendron (neuron
structure)
Solution:-
Dendrites – Dendron – Perikaryon – Nucleus – Axon – Axon endings
(d) Diencephalon – Cerebellum – Medulla oblongata – Pons – Cerebrum – Mid brain
(sequence of parts of human brain)
Solution:-
Cerebrum – Diencephalon – Mid-brain – Cerebellum – Pons – Medulla oblongata
D. LONG ANSWER TYPE
1. (a) What is meant by reflex action?
Solution:-
It is an automatic/quick/immediate, involuntary action in the body brought about by a stimulus.
(b) State whether the following are simple reflexes, conditioned reflexes or neither of the
two.
(i) Sneezing…………………..
Solution:-
Simple
(ii) Blushing……………..
Solution:-
Simple
(iii) Contraction of eye pupil…………
Solution:-
Simple
(iv) Lifting up a book
Solution:-
Conditioned

(v) Knitting without looking

Solution:-
Conditioned
(vi) Sudden application of brakes of the cycle on sighting an obstacle in front
Solution:-
Conditioned
2. What are the advantages of having a nervous system?
Solution:-
(a) Nervous system helps our various body parts to communicate with each other.
(b) Nervous system Keeps us informed about the outside world through sense organs..
(c) It enables us to quickly detect a stimulus and then communicate and co-ordinate with
external as well as internal environment to make an appropriate response.
(d) It allows carrying information generated from one part of the body to others.
3. Why is the spinal cord and the brain referred to as the central nervous system?
Solution:-
The spinal cord and the brain referred to as the central nervous system because, the brain is
protected by the skull (the cranial cavity) and the spinal cord travels from the back of the brain,
down the centre of the spine, stopping in the lumbar region of the lower back. The central
nervous system controls our thoughts, movements, emotions, and desires. It also controls our
breathing, heart rate, the release of some hormones, body temperature, and much more.
4. What is the difference between reflex action and voluntary action?
Solution:-

Reflex action Voluntary action

1. Initiated by some stimulus (touch, pain, pressure, heat, light) 1. Initiated by a willing
thought.

2. Mainly self-protective due to environment. 2. Fulfilment of a desired

goal.

3. Commands originate mostly in the spinal cord and autonomic nervous 3. Commands originate
system and a few in the brain as well. in brain.

4. Involve muscles and glands. 4. Involve only muscles.

5. Draw a labelled diagram of a myelinated neuron.
Solution:-

6. During a while watching a scary movie, mention the effects on the following organs by
the autonomous nervous system, in the table given below: (one has been done for you
as an example).

Organ Sympathetic System Parasympathetic System

e.g. Lungs Dilates bronchi and bronchioles Constricts bronchi and bronchioles

1. Heart    
 2. Pupil of the eye    

3. Salivary gland    
Solution:-

Organ Sympathetic System Parasympathetic System

e.g. Lungs Dilates bronchi and bronchioles Constricts bronchi and

bronchioles

1. Heart  Accelerate heartbeat Retards heartbeat

2. Pupil of the  Dilates Constricts

eye

3. Salivary  Inhibits the secretion of saliva causing the drying of Stimulates the release of saliva
gland the mouth
E. STRUCTURED/APPLICATION/SKILL TYPE
1. Two hungry boys (A and B) enter a restaurant and find a table decorated as shown
alongside:

Boy B starts salivating but not A. Explain the reason for this difference.
Solution:-
Salivation can occur as a natural reflex also. Salivation starts flowing down when you chew or
eat food. But in the above situation of salvation, the sight or the smell of food was enough for
the response. There, your brain actually remembered the taste of the food and worked in an
unconscious way. Boy B started salivating because he must have tasted that food previously
unlike boy A.
2. Given below are a few situations. What effective change will occur in the organ/body
part mentioned and which part (sympathetic or parasympathetic) of the autonomic
nervous system brings it about?
 Situation Organ/body Change/action Part of autonomic
part nervous system involved

1. You have entered a dark Eye  Pupil dilates Sympathetic

room

2. Your body is consuming Liver  Glycogen is converted Sympathetic

lot of glucose while running into glucose in liver
a race

3. You are chewing tasty Salivary  Salivation increases Parasympathetic

food gland

4. You are running a race Adrenal  Release of adrenaline and Sympathetic

gland noradrenaline increases

5. You are retiring to bed Heart  Heart rate slows down Parasympathetic
for sleep

6. You are shivering in the Body hairs  Hair raised Sympathetic

intense cold
Solution:-

Situation Organ/body Change/action Part of autonomic

part nervous system involved

1. You have entered a dark Eye  Pupil dilates Sympathetic

room

2. Your body is consuming a Liver  Glycogen is converted Sympathetic

lot of glucose while running into glucose in the liver
a race

3. You are chewing tasty Salivary gland  Salivation increases Parasympathetic

food

4. You are running a race Adrenal gland  Release of adrenaline and Sympathetic
noradrenaline increases

5. You are retiring to bed for Heart  Heart rate slows down Parasympathetic
sleep

6. You are shivering in the Body hairs  Hair raised Sympathetic

intense cold
3. Given below is the partially incomplete scheme of the components of peripheral
nervous system. Fill up the blanks numbered (1)-(12):
Solution:-
1. Central Nervous System
2. Autonomic
3. 12
4. Spinal
5. 31
6. Neck
7. Waist
8. Dilates
9. Constricts
10. Liver
11. Neck
12. Sacrun
 Sense organs
C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE
1. Differentiate between members of each of the following pairs with reference to what is
asked in brackets.
(a) Myopia and hyperopia (cause of the defect)
Solution:-

Myopia Hyperopia

Reasons for myopia is the eyeball is lengthened This defect results on account of either shortening of
from front to back or the lens is too curved the eyeball from front to back or the lens are too flat
(b) Rods and cones (sensitivity)
Solution:-

Rods Cones

The rod cells are sensitive to dim light but do The cones are sensitive to bright light and are
not respond to colour. responsible for colour vision.
(c) Semi-circular canal and cochlea (Function)
Solution:-

Semi-circular canal Cochlea

Semicircular canal is widened to form an ampulla which contains The cochlea is responsible for
sensory cells for dynamic balance. hearing.
(d) Rod and cone cells (pigment contained)
Solution:-

Rods Cones

Rods cells contain the pigment rhodopsin or visual purple. Cones contain the pigment iodopsin.
(e) Dynamic balance and static balance (definition)
Solution:-

Dynamic balance Static balance

The sensory cells in the semicircular canals are The sensory patches are also located in the
concerned with dynamic equilibrium i.e., while the utriculus and sacculus which register the static
body is in motion. balance with respect to gravity.
2. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). If false, correct them by
changing any one single word in each.
(a) Deafness is caused due to rupturing of the pinna.
Solution:-
False.
Deafness is caused due to rupturing of the eardrum.
(b) Semicircular canals are concerned with static (positional) balance.
Solution:-
False.
Semicircular canals are concerned with dynamic balance.
3. Mention, where in living organisms are the following located and state their main
functions:
(a) Fovea centralis
Solution:-
Fovea centralis or yellow spot lies at the back of the eye almost at the centre on the horizontal
axis of the eyeball. This spot contains the maximum number of sensory cells and particularly the
cones. As a result, this is the region of brightest vision and also of the colour vision.

(b) Organ of corti

Solution:-
The middle canal contains areas possessing sensory cells, a spiral organ called the organ of
Corti for hearing.
4. Mention if the following statements are true (T) or false (F). Give reason.
(a) Sometimes medicines dropped into the eyes come into the nose and even throat.
Solution:-
True
A nasolacrimal duct conducts the secretion into the nasal cavity.
(b) Ciliary muscles regulate the size of the pupil.
Solution:-
False
Ciliary muscles regulate the size of the lens.
(c) Yellow spot of the retina is the region of the colour vision.
Solution:-
True
Fovea centralis or yellow spot lies at the back of the eye almost at the centre on the horizontal
axis of the eyeball. This spot contains the maximum number of sensory cells and particularly the
cones. As a result, this is the region of brightest vision and also of the colour vision.
(d) The auditory nerve is purely for perceiving sound.
Solution:-
False
The auditory nerve responsible for sound as well as for the body balance.
(e) Malleus, incus and stapes are collectively called ear ossicles.
Solution:-
True
The middle ear contains three tiny bones malleus, incus and stapes or hammer, anvil and
stirrup in popular terms and a eustachian tube which connects the cavity of the middle ear with
the throat.
(f) Short-sightedness and hyperopia are one and the same thing.
Solution:-
False
Short-sightedness is myopia and hyperopia is long-sightedness.
(g) Blind spot is called so because no image is formed on it.
Solution:-
True
Lateral to the yellow spot on the nasal side is the blind spot. There are no sensory cells here
and, therefore, this is a point of no vision. This is the point at which the nerve fibres from all the
sensory cells of the retina converge and bundle together to leave the eyeball in the form of the
optic nerve.
5. Given below are two sets (a) and (b) of five parts in each. Rewrite them in correct
sequence.
(a) Cochlea, tympanum, auditory canal, ear ossicles, oval window.
Solution:-
Auditory canal, tympanum, ear ossicles, oval window, cochlea.
(b) Conjunctiva, retina, cornea, optic nerve, lens
Solution:-
Conjunctiva, cornea, lens, retina, optic nerve
6. Given below are certain structures. Write against each their special functional activity.
(a) Organ of Corti and ……………
Solution:-
The organ of Corti and hearing
(b) Olfactory nerve and …………..
Solution:-
Olfactory nerve and smell
(c) Retina and …………
Solution:-
Retina and vision
7. Answer the following:
(a) What is the function of the lacrimal gland and where is it situated in the body?
Solution:-
They are located at the upper sideward portion of the orbit. Six to twelve ducts of the gland pour
the secretion over the front surface. The movements of the eyelids spread the liquid which
mainly serves as a lubricant. The tears also keep the front surfaces of the eye clean by washing
away dust particles.
(b) In what two ways is the yellow spot different from the blind spot?
Solution:-
The yellow spot contains the maximum number of sensory cells and particularly the cones. As a
result, this is the region of brightest vision and also of the colour vision. There are no sensory
cells here and, therefore, this is a point of no vision. This is the point at which the nerve fibres
from all the sensory cells of the retina converge and bundle together to leave the eyeball in the
form of the optic nerve.

(c) Name an age-old eye defect. What causes it?

Solution:-
Presbyopia is a condition affecting older people who cannot see near objects clearly. Their lens
loses flexibility resulting in a kind of farsightedness. This again is corrected by a convex lens.

(d) What is meant by the power of accommodation of the eye?

Solution:-
To see an object clearly, its image should be in sharp focus in each eye. The process of
focusing the eye to see objects at different distances is called the power of accommodation of
the eye.

(e) Mention the characteristics of the image that falls on the retina of the eye.
Solution:-
The image on the retina is inverted and real.
8. What is meant by optical illusion? Give one example.
Solution:-
In a movie, pictures are projected on a screen at the rate of about 24 pictures per second, but
we cannot see the individual frames on account of the after-images in our eyes. The life-like
continuous movement on the screen is an illusion. Television too is similar, where the scanning
beam of a picture frame of the TV camera moves so rapidly on the viewing screen of the TV set
that our eyes cannot keep pace with it. Out of numerous other optical illusion.
9. Where are the following located? Briefly mention the function of each:
(a) Oval window
Solution:-
Oval window is a membrane-covered opening leading to the inner ear. It is located in the middle
ear.
(b) Cochlea
Solution:-
The cochlea is spiral-shaped and looks like a snail shell. It is located in the inner ear. It helps in
transmitting impulses to the brain via the auditory nerve.
(c) Semicircular canals
Solution:-
The semicircular canal is located in the inner ear. It is widened to form an ampulla which
contains sensory cells for dynamic balance.
(d) Utriculus
Solution:-
It is located in the inner ear. The short stem joining the bases of semicircular canals to the
cochlea. These parts also contain sensory cells for static balance when the body is stationary as
in standing.
10. Complete the following table by filling in the blank spaces.
Structure Function
1. Yellow spot (i) ……………..
2. ………………… (ii) Transfers impulse from inner ear to brain
3. ………………… (iii) Helps to change the focal length of the eye lens
4. Oval window (iv) ……………….
5. …………………. (v) Dynamic equilibrium
Solution:-
Structure Function
1. Yellow spot (i) Region of brightest vision
2. Auditory nerve (ii) Transfers impulse from inner ear to brain
3. Ciliary muscle (iii) Helps to change the focal length of the eye lens
4. Oval window (iv) Sets fluid in the cochlear canal into vibration
5. Semicircular canals (v) Dynamic equilibrium
D. LONG ANSWER TYPE
1. Describe the mechanism of focusing the image of a distant object in your eye when
you raise your head after reading a book.
Solution:-
To see an object clearly, its image should be in sharp focus in each eye. For distant vision, the
lens is more flattened or thinner. Changes in the shape of the lens is brought about by the ciliary
muscles.
In the normal condition (ciliary muscles relaxed), the lens remains stretched by the suspensory
ligaments and it is less convex, suited for viewing distant objects shown fig (a).
When we look at nearby objects, the ciliary muscles (which are circular) contract and tend to
pull the ciliary body slightly forward. This releases the tension on the suspensory ligament
making it loose and the lens, on account of its elasticity, becomes thicker and more rounded or
convex shown in fig (b).

2. Sometimes you remember a vivid picture of a dream you saw. What is the role of your
eyes in this experience?
Solution:-
The brain sees the vivid picture of the dream through the eyes. Our eyes have actually never
seen the vivid picture. This is an example of optical illusion. The area of the dream is controlled
by the cerebrum of the central nervous system. So sometimes we can remember the vivid
picture seen in the dream.
3. By closing the eyes and gently pressing them by your palms, you may see some
specks of brilliant light. How do you get this sensation while there is no light entering
your eyes?
Solution:-
By closing the eyes and gently pressing them by our palms, we may see some specks of
brilliant light because, if we look at a bright object and then close our eyes, the sensation of light
persists for a short period. This is known as persistence image or the after image. It lasts for
one-tenth of a second. Therefore by closing the eyes and gently pressing them with your palms,
you see some specs of brilliant light.
4. Explain the terms ‘adaptation’ and ‘accommodation’ with reference to the eye.
Solution:-
Adaptation,
When you pass from a brightly lighted area to a dark room (such as the cinema hall), you
experience difficulty in seeing objects for a short while. Slowly, your vision is improved. This
improvement is called dark adaptation. This change is due to regeneration of the visual purple
or rhodopsin, the pigment of the rods, which was earlier broken down due to bright light. When a
person with dark-adapted eyes moves to a brightly lighted area, as in coming out of a cinema
hall after the noon show, he experiences a dazzling effect for a short period. After a few
seconds. He comes back to normal viewing through light adaptation.
Accommodation,
To see an object clearly, its image should be in sharp focus in each eye. The process of
focusing the eye to see objects at different distances is called the power of accommodation of
the eye. This is mainly brought about by a change in the curvature of the elastic lens making it
thinner or fatter. For distant vision, the lens is more flattened or thinner. For near vision, the lens
becomes more convex or rounded.
5. You do not enjoy watching a movie from a very short distance from the screen in a
cinema hall. Why?
Solution:-
While watching a movie from a very short distance a blurred image is formed. Because our eyes
are designed to focus on a great variety of distances. If the object is too close the eye lens
cannot curve enough to focus the image on to the retina and hence causing strain to the eyes.
Therefore we cannot enjoy watching a movie from a very short distance from the screen in a
cinema hall.
6. Enumerate the common defects of vision, their causes and the possible methods of
correcting them.
Solution:-

Defect of Cause Corrective measure

vision

1. Myopia The eyeball is lengthened from front to This defect can be corrected by using a
back or the lens is too curved. suitable concave lens
 2. Hyperopia This defect results on account of shortening This defect can be corrected by using a
of the eyeball from front to back or the lens suitable convex lens
are too flat.

3. Astigmatism It arises due to Uneven curvature of the This defect can be corrected by using
cornea suitable cylindrical lenses

4. Presbyopia Their lens losses flexibility resulting in a This defect can be corrected by using a
kind of farsightedness. suitable convex lens

5. Cataract This is because of the lens turns opaque This defect can be corrected by surgery
or use of convex lens or implantation of
a plastic lens.

6. Colour Genetic defect No control measure

blindness

7. Squint Formation of cross-eye Surgery and suitable exercise

7. Name the three ear ossicles. How do they contribute to the mechanism of hearing?
Solution:-
Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil) and Stapes (stirrup). The three bones are collectively called the
ear ossicles. The last ear ossicle, stapes, vibrates and transmits the vibration to the oval
window. The role of the other two ear ossicles is to magnify the vibration of stapes as a result of
their lever like action.
8. What is meant by power of accommodation of the eye? Name the muscles of the eye
responsible for the same………………….
Solution:-
To see an object clearly, its image should be in sharp focus in each eye. The process of
focusing the eye to see objects at different distances is called the power of accommodation of
the eye.
The ciliary muscles are responsible for the power of accommodation.
E. STRUCTURED/APPLICATION/SKILL TYPE
1. With reference to the functioning of the eye, answer the questions that follow:
a. What is meant by power of accommodation of the eye?
Solution:-
To see an object clearly, its image should be in sharp focus in each eye. The process of
focusing the eye to see objects at different distances is called the power of accommodation of
the eye.
b. What is the shape of the lens during (1) near vision (2) distant?
Solution:-
(1) The shape of the lens during the near vision is flattened.
(2) The shape of the lens during the distant is rounded or more complex.
c. Name the two structures in the eye responsible for bringing about the change in the
shape of the lens.
Solution:-
Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligament are the two structures in the eye responsible for
bringing about the change in the shape of the lens.
d. Name the cells of the retina and their respective pigments which get activated (1) in
the dark and (2) in the light.
Solution:-
(1) The rod cells of the retina and their pigment rhodopsin get activated in the dark.
(2) The cone cells of the retina and their pigment iodopsin get activated in the light.
2. With reference to the human ear, answer the questions that follow:
a. Given the technical term for the structure found in the inner ear.
Solution:-
The inner ear or membranous labyrinth has two main parts the cochlea and the semi-circular
canals.
b. Name the three small bones present in the middle ear. What is the biological term for
them collectively?
Solution:-
The middle ear contains three tiny bones are malleus, incus and stapes.
c. Name the part of the ear associated with (1) static balance (2) hearing (3) dynamic
balance.
Solution:-
The part of the ear associated with a static balance is utriculus and sacculus (inner ear)
The part of the ear associated with hearing is internal ear
The part of the ear associated with a dynamic balance is semi-circular canals (inner ear)
d. Name the nerve, which transmits messages from the ear to the brain.
Solution:-
The nerve, which transmits messages from the ear to the brain collectively they are termed as
ossicles.
3. The figure below compares a part of our eye with a part of a photographic camera.
(a) Name the corresponding parts of the eye and the camera shown here that are
comparable in function.
Solution:-
Cornea in the eye is the corresponding parts to the lens cover of the camera and iris and pupil
act like the aperture of a camera.

(b) Explain the mode of working and the functions of the parts of the eye mentioned
above.
Solution:-
The white portion on the front of the eye is the sclerotic layer, itself visible through the
conjunctiva. It bulges out and becomes transparent in the front region where it covers the
coloured part of the eye this part is called the cornea.
The iris is also an extension of the choroid, partially covering the lens and leaving a circular
opening in the center, the pupil.
4. Given below is a diagram depicting a defect of the human eye? Study the same and
answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name the defect shown in the diagram.

Solution:-
The defect shown in this diagram is Myopia.
(b) Give two possible reasons for this defect.
Solution:-
The eyeball is lengthened from front to back or the lens is too curved.
(c) Name the parts labeled 1 to 4.
Solution:-
1 represents vitreous humour
2 represents blind spot
3 represents lens
4 represents pupil
(d) Name the type of lens used to correct this eye defect.
Solution:-
A concave lens is used to correct this eye defect.
(e) Draw a labeled diagram to show how the above-mentioned defect is rectified using the lens
named above.
Solution:-
 
5. The figure below is the sectional view of a part of the skull showing a sense organ:

 
(i) Name the sense organ.
Solution:-
Ear.
(ii) What are the parts labeled ‘m’, ‘i’ and ‘s’? What do these parts constitute collectively?
Solution:-
The part ‘m’ represents malleus.
The part ‘i’ represents incus.
The part ‘s’ represents stapes.
These are collectively called as ear ossicles.

(iii) What do you call the part shown in the form of a spiral? What is its function?
Solution:-
The part is shown in the form of the cochlea.
The vibrating movements of the fluid stimulate the hair-like processes of the sensory cells of the
cochlea and the impulse are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve.

(iv) Name the part labeled ‘tm’. What is its function?

Solution:-
The part named ‘tm’ is Tympanic membrane. It vibrates and then sets the ear ossicles into
vibration in the process of hearing.
6. Given below is a diagram of a part of the human ear. Study the same and answer the
questions that follow:

(i) Give the collective biological term for Malleus, Incus and Stapes.
Solution:-
Ear ossicles are the collective biological term for Malleus, Incus and Stapes.
(ii) Name the parts labeled A, B and C in the diagram.
Solution:-
The part ‘A’ represents Cochlea.
The part ‘B’ represents Semicircular canals.
The part ‘C’ represents Ear ossicles.
(iii) State the functions of the parts labeled ‘A’ and ‘B’.
Solution:-
The function of Cochlea (A) is vibrating movements of the fluid stimulate the hair-like processes
of the sensory cells of the cochlea and the impulse is transmitted to the brain via the auditory
nerve.

The function of Semicircular canals is canal is widened to form an ampulla which contains
sensory cells for dynamic balance.

(iv) Name the audio receptor region present in the part labeled ‘A’.
Solution:-
The organ of Corti is the audio receptor region present in the part labeled ‘A’.
7. Draw a labelled diagram of the inner ear. Name the part of the inner ear that is
responsible for static balance in human beings.
Solution:-

Utriculus and Sacculus are responsible for maintaining static balance in human beings.
8. Have a look at the posture of this girl who is reading a book and answer the questions
which follow:
(a) Name the problem she is facing.
Solution:-
The problem she is facing is Myopia.
(b) What are the two conditions shown in sections A and B of the eye as applicable to
her?
Solution:-
Section ‘A’ is applicable to Normal eye and section ‘B’ is applicable to Myopia.
(c) What kind of reading glasses does she need?
Solution:-
She required looking for glasses with the concave lens.

Endocrine System
C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE
1. Mention which of the statements are true (T) and which are false (F). Give
reason in support of your answer.
(a) Adrenaline is often described as an emergency hormone. (T/F)
Solution:-
True
Adrenaline is a hormone, which prepares the body to meet any emergency situation, for
“fight” i.e. to face danger or for “flight”, to run away from it.
(b) There are two kinds of diabetes (mild and severe) related with two different
hormones. (T/F)
Solution:-
False
There are two different kinds of diabetes – diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus
which are related to two different hormones ADH and insulin respectively.
(c) Simple goitre can be prevented by using iodised salt in food. (T/F)
Solution:-
True
Simple goitre is due to an insufficient quantity of iodine in food. This can be prevented
by use of iodised salt in food because iodine is the active ingredient in the production of
thyroxine.
(d) Pituitary is popularly called the master gland. (T/F)
Solution:-
True.
Pituitary is popularly called as the master gland because it seems to control practically
all other endocrine glands.
(e) Hormones “obey” the commands like “enough, slow down” or “too little,
speed up”. (T/F)
Solution:-
True
The body has a mechanism to maintain a normal state. Whenever there is a change in
this state there are “messages” through the body systems to “increase” if there is a fall
below the normal, or to “decrease” if there is a rise above the normal.
(f) Gigantism and dwarfism in humans basically depend on the quality and
quantity of the food eaten during early growing age. (T/F)
Solution:-
False
Gigantism and dwarfism are caused due to oversecretion and under secretion of growth
hormones from pituitary respectively in childhood.
2. How do endocrine glands differ from other glands?
Solution:-
Endocrine glands are also called ductless glands because their secretions are poured
directly into the blood and not through any special duct.
Other glands are called duct glands or exocrine glands where secretions are carried
through ducts.
3. Mention any two differences between a hormone and an enzyme.
Solution:-

Hormone Enzyme

1. Hormones are the chemical messenger that 1. Enzymes are the catalyst, which
provide signals to the cell for performing the enhance the biochemical reactions.
particular function.

2. Hormones are carried by the blood to different 2. Enzymes act at the place where

part of the body for giving signals to the cell. they are formed.
4. Do you agree with the statement- “All hormones are chemical signals”?
Yes/No. Justify your answer.
Solution:-
Yes, I agree with the statement- “All hormones are chemical signals”.
Some hormones are peptides (proteins such as insulin) which are water-soluble, some
are amines (derived from amino acids such as adrenaline) again water-soluble and
some are steroids (derived from cholesterol such as testosterone) which are lipid-
soluble.
5. Why is iodine as a nutrient, important to our body?
Solution:-
Use of iodised salt (containing iodine) in food is recommended because iodine is the
active ingredient in the production of thyroxine. Thyroxine hormone is a very essential
hormone for our body. In case of its abnormal secretions, a person may suffer certain
severe disorders. So, iodine as a nutrient is important to our body.
6. If you stand to make your maiden speech before a large audience, your mouth
dries up and heart rate increases. What brings about these changes?
Solution:-
If you stand to make your maiden speech before a large audience, your mouth dries up
and heart rate increases because, Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline. Adrenaline is a
hormone, which prepares the body to meet any emergency situation, for “fight” i.e. to
face danger or for “flight”, to run away from it. Extra energy and strength are provided to
the body in that situation. The extra hormone is released into the blood at the time of
emotional stress. When excited or angry, our adrenals produce a lot of adrenaline. The
gland itself is stimulated by the nerve endings of the autonomic nervous system.
7. If one adrenal gland is removed, the other one gets enlarged to some extent.
How do you explain this change?
Solution:-
If one adrenal gland is removed, the other one gets enlarged to some extent because to
meet the requirement of secretion of hormones that are required by our body for correct
functioning.
8. Name the two kinds of diabetes? Mention their symptoms and the causes.
Solution:-
The two kinds of diabetes are diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.
Diabetes mellitus caused due to insufficient secretion of insulin. The symptoms are high
concentration of sugar in the blood, excretes a great deal of urine loaded with sugar, the
person feels thirsty and loses weight.
Diabetes insipidus caused due to no sugar in the urine. The symptoms are Urination is
frequent and copious, Loss of water from the body due to frequent urination.
9. People living in the low Himalayan hilly regions often suffer from goitre. What
could be the possible reason for it?
Solution:-
People living in the low Himalayan hilly regions often suffer from goitre, it is the
enlargement of the thyroid and is visible as a swelling in the neck. This is due to an
insufficient quantity of iodine in food. This condition is common in the people living in
hilly regions where iodine is deficient in the soil and hence in the food grown there.
10. Given below is a table designed to give the names of the glands, the
hormones produced, their chief functions, the effects of oversecretion and
undersecretion in respect of thyroid, pituitary and pancreas. Fill up the blanks 1-
13.

S.No. Source Hormone Chief function Effect of over Effect of under

Gland cells produced secretion secretion

1. (1) ………… Thyroxin (2) ………….. (3) …………… (4) ………………

2. Beta cells of (5) ……….. Promotes glucose (6) …………… (7) ……………….

Islets of utilization by the
Langerhans body cells

3. (8) …………… Growth (9) ……………. (10) …………. Dwarfism

hormone

4. (11) …………. Vasopressin Increases (12)  …………… (13) ……………

reabsorption of
water from kidney
tubules
Solution:-

S.No. Source Hormone Chief function Effect of over Effect of under

Gland cells produced secretion secretion

1. (1) Thyroid Thyroxin (2) Regulates basal (3) Exophthalmic (4) Simple goitre,
metabolism goitre cretinism in children
and myxoedema in
adults.

2. Beta cells of (5) Growth Promotes glucose (6) Hypoglycemia (7) Diabetes mellitus
Islets of hormone utilization by the
Langerhans body cells

3. (8) Anterior Growth (9) Promotes (10) Gigantism Dwarfism

pituitary hormone growth of the
 whole body

4. (11) Posterior Vasopressin Increases (12)  More (13) Diabetes insipidus

pituitary reabsorption of concentrated and less
water from kidney amount of urine
tubules
11. Complete the following table by filling in the blanks numbered 1 to 7.

Gland Hormone secreted Effect on body

(1) ……………….. (2) ……………. Regulates basal metabolism

Pancreas (“beta” cells) (3) ……………. Controls blood sugar

(4) ……………. (5) ……………. Increases heart beat

(6) ……………. Thyroid stimulating hormone (7) ……………..

Solution:-

Gland Hormone secreted Effect on body

(1) Thyroid (2) Thyroxin Regulates basal metabolism

Pancreas (“beta” cells) (3) Insulin Controls blood sugar

(4) Adrenal gland (5) Adrenaline Increases heartbeat

(6) Anterior pituitary Thyroid-stimulating hormone (7) Stimulates thyroxin secretion

12. Complete the following table by filling in the blank spaces numbered 1 to 8.

Gland Secretions Effect on body

(1)……………. Oestrogen (2) ………………

Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans (3) ……………… (4) ………………

(5) ……………. (6) ……………… Protruding eyes

(7) ……………. (8) ……………… Gigantism

Solution:-

Gland Secretions Effect on body

(1) Ovary Oestrogen (2) development of secondary sexual

characteristics
 Alpha cells of islets of (3) Glucagon (4) Raises blood level
Langerhans

(5) Thyroid (6) Hypersecretion of thyroxin Protruding eyes

(7) Anterior pituitary (8) Hypersecretion of growth Gigantism

hormone
D. LONG ANSWER TYPE
1. Compare the hormonal response with the nervous response with respect to
their speed, transmission and the general nature of changes brought about.
Solution:-

Hormonal response Nervous response

1. Hormonal response is 1. The nervous response is immediate/Rapid

usually slow

2. Transmitted chemically 2. Transmitted electro chemically through the nerve

through the blood. fibres and chemically across synapses.

3. Affects different organs. 3. Affects only the particular muscles or the gland.

4. Effect is short term or long- 4. Effect only short-lived.

lasting
2. Mention three important differences between the action of hormones and that
of nerves in the regulatory mechanism of our body.
Solution:-

Action of Hormones Action of Nerves

1. Hormones can bring about specific chemical 1. Nerves do not influence chemical changes
changes and regulates metabolism. and cannot regulate metabolism.

2. Affects different organs (wide spread in 2. Affects only the particular muscles or the
body) gland (local)

3. Hormones cannot be modified by learning 3. Nerves can be modified to some extent by

from previous experience. learning from previous experience.
E. STRUCTURED/APPLICATION/SKILL TYPE
1. Study the diagram given below and then answer the questions that follow:
(a). Name the cells of the pancreas that produce (1) glucagon (2) insulin.
Solution:-
The pancreas that produces glucagon is alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans.
The pancreas that produces insulin is beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
(b). State the main function of (1) glucagon and (2) insulin.
Solution:-
The main function of insulin is checking the rise of sugar level in blood.
The main function of glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to
glucose, thus it raises sugar level in the blood.
c. Why is the pancreas referred to as an exo-endocrine gland?
Solution:-
The pancreas referred to as an exo-endocrine gland because, it has a special group of
hormone-secreting cells called islets of Langerhans, which are scattered in the entire
gland. The islet cells produce three hormones insulin, glucagon and somatostatin from
delta cells respectively. Thus behaves like an endocrine gland. It also behaves as an
exocrine gland by secreting enzymes which are carried through ducts and help in
digestion.
d. Why is insulin not given orally but is injected into the body?
Solution:-
Insulin is not given orally but is injected into the body because insulin is chemically
protein in nature and thus it gets digested by protein digestive enzymes.
e. What is the technical term for the cells of the pancreas that produce endocrine
hormones?
Solution:-
Islets of Langerhans is the technical term for the cells of the pancreas that produce
endocrine hormones.
f. Where in the body is the pancreas located?
Solution:-
The pancreas is located in the abdomen behind the stomach.
2. Given below is a portion from the human body showing some important
structure in ventral (front) view.

(a) Where is this portion located in the body?

Solution:-
This portion is located in the neck region above the sternum.

(b) Name the structures numbered 1-3.

Solution:-
Structure 1 represents Larynx
Structure 2 represents Thyroid gland
Structure 3 represents Trachea
(c) State one main function of each of the structures named above.
Solution:-
Larynx – The larynx commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the top of the neck
involved in breathing, producing sound and protecting the trachea against food
aspiration. The larynx houses the vocal folds and manipulates pitch and volume, which
is essential for phonation.
Thyroid gland – The thyroid gland is a vital hormone gland: It plays a major role in the
metabolism, growth and development of the human body. It helps to regulate
many body functions by constantly releasing a steady amount of thyroid hormones into
the bloodstream.
Trachea – The vital function of providing airflow to and from the lungs for respiration

(d) Is there any duct to carry the secretions from the structure numbered 2? If so,
give its name.
Solution:-
No, the thyroid gland has no duct as it is a ductless gland. It pours its secretion directly
into the bloodstream.
3. Given below is an outline diagram of human body showing position of certain
organs.

(a) Name the parts numbered 1 to 4.

Solution:-
Part 1 represents pituitary gland.

Part 2 represents thyroid gland.

Part 3 represents pancreas.
Part 4 represents adrenal glands.

(b) What is common to all these parts in regard to the nature of their functions?
Solution:-
The common to all these parts in regard to the nature of their function is all the glands
are endocrine glands. They pour their secretions directly into the bloodstream.

(c) Name the nutrient element which is essential for the normal working of part 2.
Solution:-
The nutrient element which is essential for the normal working of part 2 thyroid gland is
iodine.
4. Given below are two diagrams (one is correct, the other one is somewhat
incorrect) showing the transport of a hormone from its source gland/cell to the
target organ/cell.
(a) Which one has the error- A or B?
Solution:-
By observing the figure we can say that figure A has the error.
(b) What is the error?
Solution:-
By observing the figure we can say that in figure B hormones secreted by the endocrine
gland is carried to all parts as they may have one or more target sites at a time which is
correct. But in figure A hormones secreted by the endocrine gland is moving in a single
direction towards the target cell.

Reproductive System
C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE
1. (a) State whether the following statements are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F):
(b) Rewrite any two of the wrong statements by correcting only one word either at the
beginning or at the end of the sentence.
(i) Fertilisation occurs in the vagina. (T/F)
Solution:-
(a) False
(b) Fertilisation occurs at the end of the fallopian tube.

(ii) Uterus is also known as birth canal. (T/F)

Solution:-
(a) False
(b) Cervix, vagina, and vulva form the birth canal.
(iii) Nutrition and oxygen diffuse from the mother’s blood into the foetus’s blood through amnion.
(T/F)
Solution:-
(a) False

(b) Nutrition and oxygen diffuse from the mother’s blood into the foetus’s blood through the placenta.

(iv) Gestation period in humans is about 380 days. (T/F)

Solution:-
(a) False

(b) Gestation period in humans is about 280 days.

2. Complete the following table by writing the name of the structure or the function of the
given structure:
Structure Function
1. Corpus luteum 1. ……………………
2. …………………….. 2. Produces male gametes in mass.
3. Placental disc 3. ……………………
4. …………………….. 4. Increases the force in uterine contractions
5. Umbilical cord 5. ……………………
6. Fallopian tube 6. ……………………
Solution:-
Structure Function
1. Corpus luteum 1. Secretes progesterone and other hormones to prepare the
uterine wall for the receival of the embryo.
2. Testes 2. Produces male gametes in mass.
3. Placental disc 3. Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the embryo
4. Oxytocin 4. Increases the force in uterine contractions
5. Umbilical cord 5. Connects placenta with the foetus
6. Fallopian tube 6. The site of fertilization for the sperm and ovum
3. Given below are the names of certain stages/substances related to reproduction and found
in human body. Answer the questions related to them,
(a) Foetus
(i) Where is it contained?
Solution:-
Foetus is contained in the uterus.
(ii) How does it differ from embryo?
Solution:-
In the foetus, limbs have appeared and resembled the humans, unlike the embryo which is a
growing or dividing zygote.
(b) Hyaluronidase
(i) Is it an enzyme or simply a protein?
Solution:-
It is an enzyme.
(ii) What is its function?
Solution:-
The acrosome at the top of the head of the sperm secretes an enzyme which facilitates entry of the
sperm into the egg by dissolving the wall of the ovum.
(c) Morula
(i) What is this stage?
Solution:-
It is the stage in the development of human embryo which consists of a spherical mass of cells.
(ii) Name the stage which comes next to it.
Solution:-
A blastocyst is the stage which comes next to Morula.
(d) Amniotic fluid
(i) Where is it found?
Solution:-
Amniotic fluid is found between amnion and embryo.
(ii) What are its functions?
Solution:-
The function of amniotic fluid are,
1. Protects the embryo from physical damage by jerks or mechanical shocks.
2. Keeps an even pressure all around the embryo.
3. Allows the foetus some restricted movement.
(e) Placenta
(i) What are the two sources that form placenta?
Solution:-
The placenta is formed of two sets of minute finger-like projections, the villi. One set of villi are given
out by the uterine wall and the other set by an extension (allantois) from the embryo.
(ii) Name any two main substances which pass from foetus to mother through placenta.
Solution:-
Oxygen and amino acids are two main substances which pass from foetus to mother through
placenta.
(iii) Name any two hormones it produces.
Solution:-
Progesterone and oestrogen
(f) Implantation
(i) The development stage that undergoes this process.
Solution:-
Blastocyst
(ii) The approximate time after fertilization, when it occurs.
Solution:-
It occurs in about 5-7 days after ovulation.
4. What is semen?
Solution:-
Semen is the mixture of sperms and secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate, Cowper’s and
urethral glands.
5. Describe the functions of the following:
(a) Inguinal canal
Solution:-
The inguinal canal originally is the one which allows the descent of testes along with their ducts,
blood vessels, nerves etc.
(b) Prostate gland
Solution:-
A bilobed structure which surrounds the urethra close to its origin from the bladder. It pours an
alkaline secretion into the semen as it passes through the urethra.
(c) Testis
Solution:-
Testis is a male reproductive organ. The two testis are oval organs which are contained in a thin-
walled sac of skin called scrotum. Testes produce sperms which are the male gametes.
(d) Ovary
Solution:-
Ovary is a female reproductive organ. It produces ova i.e. female gametes.
(e) Oviduct
Solution:-
The two oviducts also called Fallopian tubes are about 12 cm long. Near the corresponding ovary,
each oviduct has a funnel-shaped opening called the oviducal funnel. Oviduct carries the released
ovum from the ovary to the uterus.
6. What are the secondary sexual characters in the human male and female respectively?
Solution:-
The secondary sexual characters in the male are,
(i) Distribution of hair on body and face (beard and moustaches)
(ii) Stronger muscular built.
(iii) Deep voice
The secondary sexual characters in the female are,
(i) Breasts
(ii) Large hips
7. What are the accessory reproductive organs?
Solution:-
The accessory reproductive parts include all those structures, ducts and glands which help in the
transfer and meeting of two kinds of sex cells leading to fertilization and growth and development of
egg up to the birth of the baby.
8. Differentiate between the primary and accessory reproductive organs.
Solution:-

Primary Reproductive System Accessory Reproductive System

1. The primary reproductive parts include the 1. The accessory reproductive parts include all those
gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) structures, ducts and glands which help in the transfer and
which produce the sex cells. meeting of two kinds of sex cells leading to fertilization

2. The primary reproductive organs do not 2. The accessory reproductive organs help to growth and
help in the development of baby. development of egg up to the birth of the baby.
9. What is hymen?
Solution:-
The hymen is a thin membrane which partially covers the opening of the vagina in young females.
10. Define the following terms:
(a) Hernia
Solution:-
Sometimes, due to pressure in the abdomen, the intestine bulges into the scrotum through the
inguinal canal
(b) Ovulation
Solution:-
Ovulation is the rupture of the follicle releasing the egg. The released egg is picked up by fimbrae of
oviducal funnel of the oviduct.
(c) Puberty
Solution:-
Puberty is the period during which the immature reproductive system of boys and boys and girls
mature and becomes capable of reproducing.
11. List any two changes each in human male and female, which occur during puberty.
Solution:-
Changes in a human male,
(i) Development of Beard and moustache
(ii) Voice becomes deeper
Changes in human female,
(i) Enlargement of breasts
(ii) Development of high pitched voice
12. Differentiate between the following pairs of terms:
(a) Menarche and menopause
Solution:-

Menarche Menopause

Menarche is the onset of menstruation in a young Menopause is the permanent stoppage of menstruation
female at about the age of 13 years. in females at about the age of 45 years.
(b) Cowper’s gland and prostate gland
Solution:-

Cowper’s gland Prostate gland

Cowper’s gland opens into the urethra in
human males and its secretion serves as a
lubricant
(c) Hymen and clitoris
Solution:-
A bilobed structure which surrounds the urethra close to its origin
from the bladder. It pours an alkaline secretion into the semen as it
passes through the urethra.

Hymen Clitoris

The opening of the vagina in young females is The uppermost angle of the vulva in front of the
partially closed by a membrane called the hymen. urethral opening is located a small erectile clitoris.
(d) Uterus and vagina
Solution:-

Uterus Vagina

The uterus is a hallow pear-shaped muscular organ situated The vagina is a muscular tube starting from the
in the cavity between the urinary bladder and the rectum. lower end of the uterus upto the outside.
(e) Efferent duct and sperm duct
Solution:-

Efferent duct Sperm duct

 Efferent duct join a small tubular knot, the The epididymis is continued by the side of the testis up to
epididymis fitting like a cap on the upper pole of its back from where a distinct tube sperm duct (vas
the testis. deferens) arises.
D. LONG ANSWER TYPE
1. Differentiate between:
(a) Semen and sperm
Solution:-

Semen Sperm

Semen is the mixture of sperms and secretions from seminal vesicles, Sperm is the male gamete
prostate, Cowper’s and urethral glands. produced by the testes.
(b) Implantation and pregnancy
Solution:-

Implantation Pregnancy

The fixing of the blastocyst to the wall of the The state of carrying the unborn young
uterus/endometrium is termed implantation. one inside the body.
(c) Follicle and corpus luteum
Solution:-

Follicle Corpus luteum

Follicle is a fluid-filled sac that contains an
immature egg, or oocyte During ovulation, a
mature egg is released from a follicle.
(d) Amnion and allantois
Solution:-
Uterus lining thickness further and after the release of the
ovum, the emptied follicle in the ovary turns into a hormone
producing tissue called corpus luteum.

Amnion Allantois

Amnion is a sac which develops The placenta is formed of two sets of minute finger-like projections,
around the embryo even before the the villi. One set of villi are given out by the uterine wall and the
formation of the allantois. other set by an extension from the embryo.
(e) Prostate gland and Cowper’s gland (the nature of secretion)
Solution:-

Prostate gland Cowper’s gland

It pours an alkaline secretion into the semen as it passes Cowper’s gland opens into the urethra in human
through the urethra. It neutralizes acid in the female’s males and its secretion serves as a lubricant.
vagina.
(f) Identical twins and fraternal twins
Solution:-

Identical twins Fraternal twins

A single fertilized egg may get split and separated Two eggs are released from ovaries at a time and
into two parts during its early stages of cell division. both may get fertilized to produce two individuals.
2. Name and describe very briefly, the stages in the development of human embryo.
Solution:-
(1) Egg (ovum) – Unfertilised stage, released from an ovary
(2) Zygote – Fertilised egg, 1-cell state.
(3) Morula – A spherical mass of cells, resulting from the repeated division of the zygote.
(4) Blastocyst – Hollow sphere of cells with a surrounding single cellular layer (trophoblast) and an
inner cell mass projecting from it centrally. Fixes into the uterine wall.
(5) Embryo – A tiny organism about the size of a large pea, hardly resembles a human being
(6) Advanced embryo – Heart and blood vessels have formed
(7) Foetus – Limbs have appeared. Some resemblance with an ultimate human being.
(8) Infant – Born at the end of nearly 40 weeks.
3. Describe the functions of
(a) Amnion
Solution:-
Amniotic fluid fills the space between the amnion and the embryo.
The functions are,
1. Protects the embryo from physical damage by jerks or mechanical shocks.
2. Keeps an even pressure all around the embryo.
3. Allows the foetus some restricted movement.
(b) Placenta
Solution:-
The functions are,
1. The growing embryo is the living organism. It needs food and oxygen.
2. It excretes nitrogenous wastes and carbon dioxide which need to be continuously removed.
3. Placenta also acts as an endocrine gland.
4. What is the significance of the testes being located in the scrotal sacs outside the
abdomen. Can there be any abnormal situation regarding their location? If so, what is that
and what is the harm caused due to it?
Solution:-
The two testes are oval organs which are contained in a thin-walled sac of skin called the scrotum.
In the embryonic stage, the testes are contained within the abdomen. They descend into the scrotum
shortly before birth, an abnormal condition results when they do not descend and it leads to sterility
i.e., incapable of produce sperms.
Sperms are produced in the testes at a temperature 2oC to 3oC lower than that of the body. This
temperature is regulated in a strange manner through the movements of the scrotum wall.
When it is too hot, the skin of the scrotum loosens so that the testes hang down away from the body.
When it is cold, the skin contracts in a folded manner and draws the testes closer to the body for
warmth.
5. Is it correct to say that the testes produce testosterone? Discuss.
Solution:-
Testosterone is the male reproductive hormone produced by the interstitial cells or the Leydig cells.
Interstitial cells are packing tissues between the coils of the seminiferous tubules. The interstitial
cells also called Leydig cells to produce the male hormone testosterone.
6. Suppose a normal woman has never borne a child. How many mature eggs would she have
produced in her lifetime? Your calculation should be based on two clues:-
(a) Eggs are produced at the rate of 1 egg every 28 days (one menstrual cycle)
(b) A woman’s total reproductive period is 13-45 years.
Solution:-
By considering the above clues,
The total reproductive period = 45 – 13 = 32 years
Then,
Total eggs produced = 32 × 12
= 384 eggs
E. Structured/application/skill type
1. Given below is a diagram of two systems together in the human body.

(a) Name the systems.

Solution:-
Excretory system and Female reproductive system.
(b) Name the parts numbered 1-10.
Solution:-
Part 1 represents kidney
Part 2 represents ureter
Part 3 represents Fallopian tube
Part 4 represents Infundibulum
Part 5 represents Ovary
Part 6 represents Uterus
Part 7 represents Urinary Bladder
Part 8 represents Cervix
Part 9 represents Vagina
Part 10 represents Vulva

(c) Describe the functions of the parts 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Solution:-
The function of part 3 Fallopian tube carries the ovum released from the ovary to the uterus.
The function of part 4 Infundibulum is picked up the released egg by fimbrane of oviducal funnel of
the oviduct.
The function of the part 5 Ovary is producing female gametes.
The function of the part 6 Uterus has two regions, an upper wider portion which receives the two
oviducts and a small lower constricted part, the cervix or neck.
2. The following diagram represents the vertical sectional view of the human female
reproductive system.
(a) Label the parts indicated by the guidelines 1 to 8.
Solution:-
Part 1 represents Fallopian tube
Part 2 represents Infundibulum
Part 3 represents Ureter
Part 4 represents Vagina
Part 5 represents Ovary
Part 6 represents Uterus
Part 7 represents Urinary Bladder
Part 8 represents Urethra
(b) How does the uterus prepare for the reception of zygote?
Solution:-
Oestrogen secreted by the corpus luteum secrets oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates the thickening of
the endometrial wall of the uterus. The uterine wall becomes thickened and is supplied with a lot of
blood to receive the fertilized egg.

(c) What happens to the uterus, if fertilization fails to take place?

Solution:-
If there is no fertilization, the ovum disintegrates and the corpus luteum stops producing
progesterone. As a result, the thickened lining of the uterus restarts shedding on the 28 th day and
losses blood which escapes through the cervix and vagina.
3. Given below is the schematic diagram of the sectional view of the human male
reproductive system.

a. Name the parts numbered 1-11.

Solution:-
Part 1 represents Seminal vesicles
Part 2 represents Prostate gland
Part 3 represents Bulbo-urethral gland
Part 4 represents Epididymis
Part 5 represents Testis
Part 6 represents Scrotum
Part 7 represents Urinary bladder
Part 8 represents Vas deference
Part 9 represents Erectile tissue
Part 10 represents Penis
Part 11 represents Urethra
b. State the functions of the parts numbered 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and 11.
Solution:-
The function of part 1 Seminal vesicles, they produce the fluid which serves as the transporting
medium for sperms.
The function of part 2 Prostate gland is, it pours an alkaline secretion into the semen as it passes
through the urethra. It neutralizes acid in female’s vagina.
The function of part 3 Bulbo-urethral gland is, these are two small ovoid glands which open into the
urethra just before it enters the penis. The secretion serves as a lubricant.
The function of part 5 Testis is a male reproductive organ. The two testis are oval organs which are
contained in a thin-walled sac of skin called scrotum. Testes produce sperms which are the male
gametes.
The function of part 8 Vas deference is carrying the sperms from the epididymis to the urethra.
The function of part 11 Urethra is, it serves as an outlet for delivering the sperms into the vagina.
4. The diagram below represents two reproductive cells A and B. Study the same and then
answer the questions that follow:

a. Identify the reproductive cells A and B

Solution:-
A is Ovum
B is Sperm
b. Name the specific part of the reproductive system where the above cells are produced.
Solution:-
Ovum is produced in the ovary.
Sperms are produced in the testis.
c. Where in the female reproductive system do these cells unite?
Solution:-
In the fallopian tubes, reproductive system cells unite.
d. Name the main hormone secreted by the (1) ovary (2) testes.
Solution:-
The main hormone secreted by the Ovary is Oestrogen and progesterone.
The main hormone secreted by the Testis is Testosterone.
e. Name an accessory gland found in the male reproductive system and state its secretion.
Solution:-
Accessory glands:
(i) Seminal vesicle – Seminal fluid
(ii) Prostate gland – Alkaline secretion
(iii) Bulbo-urethral gland – Lubricant
5. The diagram given below is that of a developing human foetus in the womb. Study the
same and answer the questions that follow:
(a) Name the parts ‘1’ to ‘5’ indicated by guidelines.
Solution:-
Part 1 represents Umbilical cord
Part 2 represents Placenta
Part 3 represents amnion
Part 4 represents the mouth of the uterus
Part 5 represents the muscular wall of the uterus

(b) What term is given to the period of development of the foetus in the womb?
Solution:-
Gestation

(c) How many days does the foetus take to be fully developed?
Solution:-
280 days

(d) Mention two functions of the parts labelled ‘2’ other than its endocrine functions.
Solution:-
Placenta provides the foetus with oxygen and nutrients. In addition, the placenta also removes
carbon dioxide and waste products of the foetus.

(e) Name (any one) hormone produced by the part labelled ‘2’.
Solution:-
Progesterone
6. Given below is a portion of the diagram to show the diagrammatic highly magnified view of
a single human sperm. Complete the diagram to show its internal structure.

Solution:-

7. The figure given below represents the female reproductive system of a mammal.

(a) Name the parts labeled A-D.

Solution:-
A represents Muscular wall of the uterus,
B represents Oviduct,
C represents Ovary,
D represents Cervix
(b) What will happen if the part B on both sides gets blocked?
Solution:-
If part B will get blocked, ovum released from the ovary will not get fertilized by the sperm and hence
pregnancy will be prevented.
8. Given below is the outline of the male reproductive system. Name the parts labelled 1 to 8
and state their functions. Also name the corresponding structure of part (4) in the female
reproductive system.

Solution:-
(i) Part 1 represents Urinary bladder – It stores the urine.
(ii) Part 2 represents Ureter – it Carries urine from the urinary bladder to the urethra.
(iii) Part 3 represents Bulbo-urethral glands – Secretion serves as a lubricant.
(iv) Part 4 represents Sperm duct/Vas deferens – Allows the transit of sperms from the testicles to
the outside of the body
(v) Part 5 represents Urethra – Carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body.
(vi) Part 6 represents Testis – Production of sperms
(vii) Part 7 represents Scrotum – Protects the testes
(viii) Part 8 represents Epididymis – Stores and allows the maturation of sperms before release.
The corresponding structure of part (4) Sperm duct/Vas deferens in the female reproductive system
is Fallopian tubes.