REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA

UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS LLANOS CENTRALES “ROMULO GALLEGOS”

NUCLEO VALLE DE LA PASCUA
AREA CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD
PROGRAMA DE MEDICINA
1ER AÑO SECCIÓN 6
ASIGNATURA: INGLES INSTRUMENTA
BACHILLERES:

TRANSLATION 20%

A. - TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING TEXT INTO SPANISH. 2 POINTS

INTRODUCTION TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating

system in the body. It is the center of all mental activity including thought, learning, and
memory. Together with the endocrine system, the nervous system is responsible for
regulating and maintaining homeostasis. Through its receptors, the nervous system keeps us
in touch with our environment, both external and internal.

Like other systems in the body, the nervous system is composed of organs,
principally the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia. These, in turn, consist of various
tissues, including nerve, blood, and connective tissue. Together these carry out the complex
activities of the nervous system.

The various activities of the nervous system can be grouped together as three
general, overlapping functions:

- SENSORY

- INTEGRATIVE

- MOTOR
 Millions of sensory receptors detect changes, called stimuli, which occur inside and
outside the body. They monitor such things as temperature, light and sound from the
external environment. Inside the body, the internal environment, receptors detect variations
in pressure, PH, Carbon dioxide concentration, and the levels of various electrolytes. All of
this gathered information is called sensory input.

Sensory input is converted into electrical signals called nerve impulses that are
transmitted to the brain. There the signals are brought together to create sensations, to
produce thoughts, or to add to memory; Decisions are made each moment based on the
sensory input.

This is integration Based on the sensory input and integration, the nervous system
responds by sending signals to muscles, causing them to contract, or to glands, causing
them to produce secretions. Muscles and glands are called effectors because they cause an
effect in response to directions from the nervous system. This is the motor output or motor
function.

INTRODUCCIÓN AL SISTEMA NERVIOSO.

El sistema nervioso es el mayor controlador, regulador y sistema de comunicación

en el cuerpo. Es el centro de toda la actividad mental incluyendo el pensamiento,
aprendizaje y memoria. Junto con el sistema endocrino, el sistema nervioso es responsable
de regular y mantener la homeostasis. Mediante sus receptores, el sistema nervioso nos
mantiene en contacto con nuestro entorno tanto interno como externo.

Como otros sistemas en el cuerpo, el sistema nervioso está compuesto por órganos,
principalmente el cerebro, la médula espinal, nervios y ganglio. Este en cambio consiste en
varios tejidos, incluyendo nervios, sangre y tejido conectivo. Juntos llevan a cabo las
complejas actividades del sistema nervioso.

Las diferentes actividades del sistema nervioso pueden ser agrupadas en tres
funciones generales superpuestas:

- Sensorial

- Integrativa.
 - Motriz.

Millones de receptores sensoriales detectan cambios llamados estímulos, los cuales

ocurren dentro y fuera del cuerpo. Ellos monitorean cosas como temperatura, luz y sonido
del medio exterior. Dentro del cuerpo, el medio interior los receptores detectan variaciones
en presión, PH, concentración de dióxido de carbono y la concentración de varios
electrolitos. Toda esta información recogida es llamada entrada sensorial.

La entrada sensorial es convertida en señales eléctricas llamadas impulsos nerviosos

que son transmitidos al cerebro. Allí las señales se juntan para crear sensaciones, para
producir pensamientos o para agregarlos a la memoria; las decisiones son hechas cada
momento basadas en las entradas sensoriales.

Esta es la integración basada en la entrada sensorial y la integración, el sistema

nervioso responde enviando señales a los músculos causando que se contraigan, o a las
glándulas ocasionando que produzcan secreciones. Lo músculos y glándulas son llamados
efectores porque ellos provocan un efecto en respuesta a las órdenes del sistema nervioso.
Este es el motor de salida o función motriz.

B. - WRITE IN YOUR OWN WORDS WHAT YOU UNDERSTOOD FROM THE

TEXT. ( ENGLISH) 4 POINTS

The nervous system is the main regulator and communicator within the human
body, taking care of mental functions such as thinking, learning and memory. It works
together with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis and connects us with our
internal and external environment through its receptors. It is made up of organs such as the
brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia, and is made up of various tissues such as nerves,
blood, and connective tissue.

The nervous system has three overlapping general functions: sensory, integrative,
and motor. Millions of sensory receptors detect both internal and external changes or
stimuli, such as temperature, light, sound, pressure, PH, carbon dioxide concentration, and
electrolytes. These stimuli are called sensory input. Sensory input is transformed into
electrical signals, called nerve impulses, which are transmitted to the brain. In the brain,
these signals are processed to create sensations, thoughts, or stored in memory. Decisions
are constantly made based on sensory inputs, which is called integration.

Based on sensory input and integration, the nervous system responds by sending
signals to the muscles or glands, causing muscle contractions or the production of
secretions. Muscles and glands are known as effectors, since they generate an effect in
response to instructions from the nervous system. This process is called motor function.

C. - EXTRACT FROM THE TEXT 20 COGNATES. 0.1 PTOS EACH ONE = 2

POINTS

COGNATES (COGNADOS) ARE WORDS IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES

THAT HAVE SIMILAR SPELLING AND MEANING. FALSE COGNATES (FALSOS
COGNADOS, FALSOS AMIGOS) ARE WORDS IN TWO LANGUAGES THAT ARE
PERCEIVED AS SIMILAR BUT HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGS.

EXAMPLES: NATIONAL- NACIONAL (COGNATES)

CARPET- ALFOMBRA (FALSE COGNATES) NO SIGNIFICA

COGNATES.

1. Millions: millones

2. Nervous: nervio.

3. System: sistema.

4. Mental: mental.

5. Organs: órganos.

6. Receptor: receptor.

7. External: externo.

8. Internal: interno.

9. Homeostasis: homeostasis.

10. Sitinuli: estímulo.

 11. Electrolytes: electrolitos.

12. Electrical: eléctrica.

13. Memory: memoria.

14. Desicions: decisiones.

15. Glands. Glándulas.

16. Signals: señales.

17. Impulses: impulsos.

18. Temperature: temperatura.

19. Moment: momento.

20. Muscle: músculo.

D- EXTRACT FROM THE TEXT: 0.1 PTOS EACH ONE= 2 POINTS

 5 VERBS IN PRESENT CONTINUOUS:

o Controlling.
o Communicatting.
o Including.
o Causing.
o Sending.
 5 VERBS IN PAST SIMPLE:
o Composed.
o Called.
o Converted.
o Based.
o Grouped.
 5 VERBS IN PRESENT SIMPLE:
o Keep.
o Consist.
o Carry out.
o Detect.
o Occur.

 5 SENTENCES IN PRESENT SIMPLE OR PAST SIMPLE:

o The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory and communicatting system
in the body.
o It is the center of all mental activity.
o The nervous system is composed of organs.
o Millions of sensory receptors detect changes.
o The nervous system keeps us in touch with our environment.