Sugar Tile Chapters

Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Concrete, at a very large extent, is where Civil Engineering practice and construction
works around the world depends on. It is composed of cement, aggregates (sand and/or
gravel), water and sometimes admixtures in required proportions. Its workability,
compressive strength, elastic modulus and porosity of high strength concrete are mainly the
reasons of its widely usage. The Portland cement which is its binder ingredient consumes a
considerable amount of energy for about 5GJ and a raw material approximately 1.7 tons,
mainly composed of limestone and clay for just a single ton production of cement only.
Seven percent of world’s carbon dioxide came from Portland cements industry. To
reduce these excessive emissions, attempts have been made to find substitutes for cement to
minimize the environmental impact of the concrete industry. Large quantities of its wastes
have been generated and its disposal is a serious environmental problem, as most final wastes
go to landfills, which not only reduced useful land area but also pollutes the environment.
Sugar is one of the major exporting products of the Philippines. A massive production
of sugar generates a tremendous amount of sugarcane bagasse to be dumped off. Imagine the
amount of sugarcane bagasse to be burnt from the production of sugarcane all over the
country considering, the sugarcane bagasse consists approximately 50% of the sugarcane
quality.
So, we came up to the idea of using Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as a partial
replacement to cement for innovative purposes because of its own pozzolanic properties. It
has proven to improve quality and strength while economizing the use of cement and
reducing the cost of construction materials as well such as mortar and concrete payers.
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Pavement Blocks and tiles mainly used Portland cement as their important gradient.
The current cement production rate of the world is approximately 1.2 billion tons/year. Its
common ingredients and adjustable properties in order to meet the demands of any particular
situation made it popular and even demanded. Among its various properties, the one to be
considered as the most important is its compressive strength. It is also taken as a measure of
its overall quality.
A resistance to failure against a system of loading was a perfect definition of a
pavement tile’s strength. It is measured in different ways depending on a loading pattern but
the most considered one is its compressive strength test which this paper includes.
Compressive strengths are the resistance of the structure to crashing. The
compressive strength of cement pavement tiles mainly depends on the type, quality and
quantity of cement, the type, the size, shape, strength and grading of aggregated, the water
cement ratio, the degree of workability and compaction, the type, quality and age of curing.
The importance of this research is to help reduce the cost and usage of cement while
reducing the volume of solid agricultural wastes that will be dumped off. So, this will
economize the use of Portland Cement in structure construction.
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Nowadays, researches all over the world are focusing on various ways of utilizing
either industrial or agricultural wastes as a source of raw materials for the construction
industry. These research goals would not only limit to economical utilization but also to help
create a sustainable and pollution free environment.
Sugarcane is an important food crop for tropics and subtropics. It is one of the major
crops grown in over 110 countries and can produce over 1500 million tons totally. It is the
major raw material used for sugar production. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is the waste
produced after juice extraction from sugarcane. It is obtained as by product of control burning
of sugarcane bagasse. SCBA constitutes an environmental nuisance as they form refuse heaps
in areas they are disposed. In the past, SCB was burnt as a means of solid waste disposal.
However, with the increasing cost of the natural gas, electricity and fuel, and with the
calorific properties of these wastes, bagasse has been used as the principal fuel in
cogeneration plants to produce electric power (Aigbodion et al., 2010).
Sugarcane Production in the Philippines

(In Million Metric Tons)
30
25
20
15
10
0
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
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Chart No. 1: Sugarcane Production in the Philippines
In 2018, the production volume of sugarcane in the Philippines was around 24.7
million metric tons. In the same year, the production value of sugarcane in the country
amounted to approximately 40.8 billion Philippine pesos.
423,333 Hectares Total Area

Eastern Visayas
Panay
Luzon
Mindanao
Negros Island
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Sugarcane Area
Chart No. 2: The Distribution of Sugarcane Farms by Island, Crop Year 2013- 2014
Only in the Philippines that Sugarcane Industry contributes no less than P70 Billion
to our economy annually. Out of the total land area of about 30 million hectares, sugarcane is
planted to about 423, 333 hectares in the Philippines, with about 62,000 farmers. There are
29 operating raw mills with combined crushing capacity of 185,000 metric ton cane per day.
Distribution of production by region
SOCC- Other Regions

SKSARGEN 9%
3%
CALABARZON
8%
Central Visayas
9%
Western
Visayas
59%
Northern
Mindanao
13%
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Chart No. 3: SUGARCANE: Distribution of Production by Region, 2015
Western Visayas was consistently the top producer of sugarcane. In 2015, it produced
13.42 million metric tons representing 58.5 percent of the national sugarcane production
(Chart No. 3). Other top producers were Northern Mindanao, Central Visayas,
CALABARZON and SOCCSKSARGEN with combined output of 7.43 million metric tons,
with 217.76 thousand hectares or 51.7 percent. However, since April to June 2019, production
of sugarcane registered an abrupt decrease of 59.6% from the 4.64 million metric tons a year
ago to its current level of 2.61 million metric tons.
Geographically, there are 7 sugar mills in Luzon, 4 in Mindanao, and the rest are
located in the Visayas region, which produces about 65% of the country’s sugar output.
Western Visayas shared the largest area harvested of sugarcane in the country. Muscovado
production areas are scattered all over the country ranging from 2,000-5,000 hectares of
plantation wherein the biggest production areas are in Antique, Philippines.
Sugarcane bagasse ash has a various usage, but it was in the year 1998 when
Hernandez et al. found that as a byproduct of sugar milling, sugarcane straw ash showed good
pozzolanic activity which was comparable to rice husk ash. Since then, SCBA has been
widely studied as a pozzolanic material.
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Figure No. 1: Figure No. 2:
SCBA after passing from Sieve 300µm. SCBA retained materials on Sieve300µm.
The disposal of the Sugarcane Bagasse is already causing various environmental
problems at a vast coverage. On the other hand, as the generation progresses more and more,
construction activities in the country boosted as well. It creates shortage in most concrete
making materials especially cement, resulting to the increase of its price.
Redesigned, re-innovated, the potential use of sugarcane bagasse ash as partial
replacement material to cement in making pavement tiles is the main purpose of this study.
The researchers will examine the potential strength of the pozzolanic properties of SCBA, as
it undergoes tests and compare it to the common parameters or control of the structure using
only pure cement itself.
In this study, bagasse sample was collected from the towns Laua-an, Patnoñgon and
Sibalom, Antique and then ground until the particles can pass through the no. 50 sieve size.
Ordinary Portland cement was replaced by ground bagasse ash from 5% to 15% replacement
and was investigated. The compressive strength of different pavement tiles with bagasse ash
addition were also investigated and compared to the compressive strength of a concrete with
0% sugarcane bagasse ash content.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
At recent times, using cement in making pavement blocks and tiles will greatly
affect/s the environment especially when pollution occurs. So, with the partial replacement of
sugarcane bagasse ash to cement material will help reduce the problem. Imagine if every
construction of this type of structures will be using agricultural wastes as SCBA, the request
for cement use will eventually decrease.
As we all know, the greater the amount of cement being used in construction, the
greater the carbon dioxide it releases which is the main cause of global problems such as
global warming, greenhouse effects and environmental pollutions. Moreover, using this
method for construction of pavement blocks and tiles will surely decrease the amount of
sugarcane bagasse waste from year to year. In addition, using SCBA in cementitious material
is profoundly significant in view of waste management, environmental protection, cost
reduction and natural resource conservation.
Since Philippines is a progressing country, it is not impossible that one day, these
adaptations will change the perceptions of the construction industry towards redesigning an
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innovated construction method based in a current situation while looking for a progressive
future.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The general objective of this study is to produce and investigate the association,
effectiveness and difference between the strength of pavement tiles having SCBA with
varying amounts as replacements to cement materials and the strength of mixture having pure
cement itself.
The specific objectives of the study include:
1. To gather and prepare SCBA of different amount to be mixed with the cement and
aggregates for pavement tiles production.
2. To produce pavement tiles samples from different mixtures and SCBA ratio varying
from:
a.) 0% SCBA, 100% concrete
b.) 5% SCBA, 95% concrete
c.) 10% SCBA, 90% concrete
d.) 15% SCBA, 85% concrete
3. To test and measure the compressive strength of different pavement tiles produced.
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4. To analyze the association and difference of compressive strength each sample
possesses.
5. To compare the property requirements of the samples whether it is acceptable or not, and
if it follows the Standards of Pavement tiles.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study would be significant and would give contribution to various sectors and
stakeholders.
1. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
Through this study, the agency will have the assurance that the product conforms to the
National Standards and therefore endorse the product to the local and global market.
2. Sugarcane Industry
The result of this study will boost the sugarcane industry. Thus, allowing individuals and
economic sectors to actively engage in the production of pavement tiles using the wastages of
sugarcanes after sugar extraction process. Moreover, it will also enable to optimize the use of
sugarcane from juice extraction until to its bagasse instead of throwing it regardless.
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3. Province of Antique
The findings of the study will encourage the government officials to allocate more budget
for the enhancement of the production of the pavement tiles using SCBA and provide
financial assistance to sugarcane farmers to produce sugarcane bagasse ash.
4. Sugarcane Farmers
The findings of this study will give the sugarcane farmers the motivation to venture on
sugarcane farming and engage in innovating construction methods with the idea of using its
bagasse ash in making not only pavement blocks and tiles but also other forms of structures
which is an alternative partial replacement to cement materials. They will also be encouraged
to plant more sugarcanes and will be more aware of its prominence in the construction
industry of the province and the region as well.
5. Faculty Researchers
Results of this study can be a cited as authentication with the findings of future
researchers which will be conducted by other faculty-scholars who will study about SCBA
being used in construction. Moreover, this will become a basis to have further investigations
on other significant variables affecting the quality of pavement tiles.
6. General Public
This study will inform the public about sugarcane bagasse ash being used as a partial
replacement to cement material and become interested in buying the products. Also, this study
will let them know that the innovating construction methods does not only improve the
quality of the existing product but also helps in the mitigation of environmental problems like
pollution.
7. Future Researchers
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This study will serve as a basis for similar researches of using SCBA not only to
pavement tiles but also to other structures and its relations with other significant variables.
Also, this may serve as a source of literature and device for them to investigate the different
aspects of the problem not considered by the present investigation.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Knowledge Design Paver Tiles

Requirements Construct
Cement and Testing
Aggregate Ratio Previsions
NSCP 2015
B. Hardware
Requirement
Cement
Aggregate
Water
Sugarcane Bagasse
Ash(SCBA)
C. Material
Requirement
Molding
Shovel
Concrete Mixing
Tubs
Sieve
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
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In this quantitative experimental study, laboratory test determined the compressive
strength of the pavement tiles containing sugarcane bagasse ash as a replacement material to
Portland cement with different rates varying from 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. Ordinary Portland
cement was used for all samples and mixtures.
After the varying curing span of 7, 14 and 21 days, a 250mm x 250mm x 60mm
pavement tile specimen size must undergo a compressive test.
The project will be about the paver tiles which will be mainly used for pedestrians
and cyclists, it might be used also in parks, gardens, estate walkways, and more. However,
this product might not be used in places where heavy machinery is commonly used such as
roads, highways and parking lots.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
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To fully understand the terms used in this study, the following are defined operationally:
“Sugar Cane Bagasse (SCB)” - refers to a solid residue that remains after sugarcane, a C4
plant, has been crushed and the juice removed. In an ideal sugar mill the maximum amount of
sucrose would be extracted during the milling process with little left in the sugarcane bagasse.
https://www.celignis.com/feedstock.php?value=13
It is to be burned into ash which will be used as partial replacement in cement.
https://www.123rf.com/photo_108910449_sugarcane-bagasse-close-up-of-bagasse-is-the-fibrous-material-left-over-
from-the-sugarcane-extractio.html
Figure No. 3: Sugarcane Bagasse
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“Cement”- refers to a general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the
binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/cement-building-material
Cement will be used in this project as a binder which will be partially replaced by
sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA).
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTeNbt5rkTTKYKm-
_0Nh85kjipOcpC97WD9HXZJTeenljShf6N4
Figure No. 4: Cement
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“Aggregate”- in building and construction, material used for mixing with cement, bitumen,
lime, gypsum, or other adhesive to form concrete or mortar.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/aggregate
It will be sieve in a ¼ in. mesh and mixed in the concrete mixture to add volume.
https://gharpedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/0302030005-01-Size-of-Aggregate-1024x372.jpg
Figure No. 5: Aggregates
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“Water"- is a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and
existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. It is one of the most plentiful and essential
of compounds. A tasteless and odorless liquid at room temperature, it has the important
ability to dissolve many other substances.
https://www.britannica.com/science/water
It will be mixed to the concrete mixture.
https://www.britannica.com/science/water
Figure No. 6: Water
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
This chapter presents the readings on literature and studies relevant to the
investigation conducted in this study. It includes the following topics: Sugarcane bagasse,
Cement, and Concrete.
READINGS ON LITERATURE
Many sugarcane farmers dispose their sugarcane bagasse in landfills, which not only
reduces useful land area but also pollutes the environment. However, some farmers resort in
using their wastes in mushroom farms and most of the time they use these as fuel to their
mills in order to produce sugar.
Evidence suggests that farmers who burnt sugarcane bagasse as fuels they also
preserved the environment from contamination. Sugarcane bagasse create byproduct (ash)
when burnt in control environment, it can be used as partial replacement of cement. Typically,
from processing 100 tons of sugarcane in a factory, 30–34 tons of bagasse is obtained of
which 22–24 tons is used in processing and 8–10 tons is saved and approximately 2% of
which is ash (Solomon, 2011; Yadav & Solomon, 2006), gathering sugarcane in Western
Visayas alone can accumulate 425,057.14 tons of sugarcane bagasse and 8,501.14 tons of ash
can be acquired from the month of April until June 2019 according to the Philippine Statistic
Authority website.
The use of different cement replacing materials has become a common practice in the
construction industry. Most of these cement replacement materials are byproducts of different
industries and agricultural wastes. Blast furnace slag, silica fume, fly ash and rice husk can be
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cited as an example. Sugarcane bagasse ash has also been found to have such pozzolanic
property.
Bagasse is a cellulose fiber remaining after the extraction of the sugar-bearing juice
from sugarcane. It is one of the biomass sources and valuable byproducts in sugar milling that
often uses bagasse as a primary fuel source to supply all the needs of energy to move the
plants. The bagasse ash is about 2-10% of the bagasse and contains unburned matter, silica
and alumina.
Bagasse ash has been a problem to the environment due to its disposal. The most
significant pollutant emitted from the boilers being a particulate matter, caused by the
turbulent movement of combustion gases with respect to the burning bagasse and resulting
ash. Sometimes some auxiliary fuels typically fuel, or natural gas may be used during startup
of the boiler or when the moisture content of the bagasse is too high to support combustion, in
such cases the emissions of SO2 and NOX will increase.
Moreover, it was tested to have pozzolans property has siliceous and aluminous
materials which alone possess little or no cementitious value, but which will, in finely divided
form in the presence of moisture, react chemically with calcium hydroxide at ordinary
temperature to form compounds possessing cementitious properties. It acts as a pozzolanic
material when added to cement because of its silica (SiO2) content which reacts with free
lime released during the hydration of the cement and forms additional calcium silicate hydrate
(CSH) as a new hydration product. This additional CSH improves the mechanical strength of
the cement mortar and concrete.
The silica content of the ash depends on the type of soil and harvesting. It is also
found that it depends on the burning temperature of the bagasse. High temperature helps
eliminate impurities in bagasse ash as well. In addition to this it was found that the holding
time in the furnace has also some effect on the content of the silica. A research conducted on
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the burning of sugarcane bagasse at 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 oC for 3, 5, 6 and 8 hours
respectively, identified the suitable burning and residence time to be 600 Degrees for 5 hours.
The higher temperatures will give higher amount of silica content, but the resulting silica is in
crystalline form which is not in active state.
1.0 CEMENT
Cement is a fine grey powder which hardens when reacted to water and forms a rigid
structure which clutches together the aggregates and serves as a glue and determines its
strength to concrete. It was discovered by the Romans, who experimentally mixed volcanic
ash and the lime creating a cement mortar which was useful in constructing notable structures
such as the Colosseum. Naik T. et al stated that in 2000, the widespread cement clinker
production was about 1.6 billion tons. Water and aggregates being mixed, the output concrete
has noted to be the second to water as the most used element on Earth. The economic
development of a country correlates to the usage of cement as a foundation for a new
infrastructures, buildings and factories which led to developments. This results to the increase
in manufacture of cement in different developing countries.
1.1.0 Types of Cement
There are various types of cement which depends on their own structure, manufacture
method (grinding, burning, etc.) and varying proportion of alternating compounds. Portland
cement, the most commonly used is divided into different types. Portland Pozzolana cement,
another cement type containing pozzolanic properties and materials with various amounts.
1.1.1 Ordinary Portland cement
Ordinary Portland Cement is one of the most commonly used type of cement. It can be
used for mortars & plasters, for structural concrete like walls, floors, bridges, tunnels and
many more. For masonry works like pavements, foundations, retaining walls, dams and
footings are its further uses. When it is to combine together with sand and lime, it serves as
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mortar for laid stones and bricks while to form a concrete, it is combined with coarse and fine
aggregate, and water.
1.2.0 Physical properties of cement
1.2.1 Fineness
There are so many cement properties affected by its fineness. The released heat and
the hydration rate are those which mainly affected. These cement properties also affect
different ones like normal consistency, setting time, strength and so on. The fineness can be
determined through specific surface area method and particle size distribution. The specific
surface area is the surface area summation of the particles in a kilogram of cement. Mostly, it
is a general practice for describing fineness through specific surface area. Although
measuring particle size distribution of cement is possible, it still lacks on what to contribute
and still have no agreement what can give a best curve for cement grading. Because of this,
and the other factors, they preferred specific surface area over particle distribution size.
1.2.2 Consistency of cement paste
Water content affects the different properties of the concrete. Its physical requirement
properties like setting and soundness depends mainly on the water content of the said paste.
So, the necessity to study and define the water content is a must at which to do these tests.
The required water content in achieving normal consistency by using Vicat plunger
(ASTM C 187) is stated by the penetration of 10 ± 1 mm and is expressed as a weight
percentage of the dry cement ranging from 26% to 33%. Sensitivity to temperature and
compaction of cement into the mold is the main caution of this test. It doesn’t correlate to
cement quality and only measures cement paste plasticity.
1.2.3 Setting time
Cementitious mixtures of plastic consistency converted into a set material losing its
deformability and can crumble under great external force effect is called Setting. Stiffening
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the paste increases the apparent adhesiveness of the material without losing its plastic
properties. The initial and final setting time are its two types. The first one specifies the time
where the paste starts to stiffen considerable and molding aren’t available anymore while the
latter one tells the time wherein the paste hardened to the extent of ability to sustain some
loads. These two are also used for quality control like those of normal consistency.
2.0 CONCRETE
Modern construction mainly uses the material which forms as a modern construction
system’ basis called concrete. Concrete directly or indirectly affects different activities such
as buildings where we live and we work, the roads we use, and the dams where we get water
supply and energy. Its versatility to be formed in different shapes and arrangement is its main
ability. The concrete is composed of course or fine aggregates combined with a cement or
binder together and fill up the voids formed within. It solidifies and hardens when the
constituents have missed with the water because of a chemical reaction called hydration. In it,
a stone like material is made through bindings all of them together.
The concrete’s main composition is made up of cement, aggregates and the water.
Various additives may also be added to the composition depending on the need of the
situation. The cement as a binding medium, aggregates which consists up to 70% to 80% of a
concrete are bounded together plus the different admixtures to improve those properties in the
concrete possess. It is also necessary to select from various constituents and combine them in
such a way that it develops and improve a concrete property suitable for the particular
purpose. Mostly, it depends upon the quality and the economy of the concrete required.
2.1.0 Advantages of Concrete
There are different advantages and benefits that the concrete has, compare to other
materials such as steel and timber. It possesses a high compressive strength but low in tensile
strength. Other than that, concrete is naturally a fire resistant. It is able to reduce fire up to
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60% less. The presence of concrete wall and partitions not only divides buildings into
compartments, but also limits the property damage if ever fire occurs. Additionally, concrete
has an achievable mixture and can resists freezing and wear so that there is a greater chance to
have a longer life expectancy.
2.2.0 Properties of Concrete
2.2.1 Durability
Durability or also known as a long-life service. Gambler presented in 2006, the most
durability problems in concrete can be refer from the change of volume in the concrete even
though concrete was a durable material that require the normal environment (ML Gambler,
2006). Typically, it has a high-water cement ratio while degree of hydration is low.
Normally, the water cement ratio is high while degree of hydration is low. When the
durability is increased by using Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as the replacement in
material this will reduce permeability, chloride ion penetration, sulphate attack and heat
evolution. According to B.K.Baguant and G.T.G. Mohamadbhai. 1990, when compare with
basalt sand concrete, the initial surface absorption characteristics of bagasse ash does not give
any character to low durability. (Asma Abd Elhameed Hussein, Nasir Shafiq and Muhd
Fadhil Nuruddin,).
Based on Franco Massazza, the ordinary Portland cement have a greater rate of
hardening because of its pozzolanic main properties which also gives them a higher resistance
against chemical attacks.
2.2.2 Workability
Workability measures how easy it is to place or install a finish concrete material in a
given place. The water content of the mixture, the proportions, the aggregate types, the time,
the temperature and the characteristics of cement as admixtures greatly affects workability.
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Among these, the water content is the most affecting factor of this cement property. The
increase in water amount increases the workability as well but decreases the strength which
results to segregation. Considering the amount of aggregate in the mixture, their proportions
and shape as well as texture also affects the workability of the concrete. Keeping the constant
amount of cement and the water, increases the aggregate amount and reduces workability.
Permeability is the ability of the concrete to transmit fluids through it. It both applies
to gasses and liquids. Permeability plays a great role in durability of the concrete since
controlling the amount of moistures’ entry which might contain destructive components and
also controls the movement of water while heating and freezing, its main purpose. Durability
also refers to the resistance to weathering actions, chemical attacks, abrasions and any ways
of deteriorations.
Measuring permeability falls into 3 categories. The movement of water through
concrete is where the two of them involves in while the other one involves in electric charge
movements.
Concrete is one of the widely used materials in the world next to water, it is not free
of any negative impacts especially in the environment. Origins varies where environmental
problems relate.
Globally, over 10 billion tons of concrete are generated and produced each year. Such
amount requires huge quantity of natural resources for aggregate and cement production.
Furthermore, the estimated one ton of Portland cement released about one ton of carbon
dioxide. Each of the elements of concrete released a certain amount of CO2 as shown in the
Chart No. 4.
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Chart No. 4: Carbon Dioxide Emission
“The figure shows the Carbon dioxide emissions by process step in a cubic yard of
concrete for mixtures with the lowest (20 MPa [3,000 psi] ready mixed concrete) and highest
(50 MPa [7,500 psi] precast concrete) levels of embodied energy.”
Concrete structures’ demolition and disposal constitute another environmental
problem. Moreover, construction wreckage contributes a large amount to solid waste disposal
problem.
Lastly, the required water in every construction are massive and particularly a
problem in those regions of the earth which lacks from abundance of the fresh water. Over 1
trillion gallons of water are what the concrete industry uses each year worldwide and even
excludes water usage from wash and curing. These mainly pinpoints that concrete industry
has damaged its own system due to its success. Nevertheless, as you notice, most
environmental problems associated in the concrete derived from the cement in has. It has that
the final product of as concrete is an environment friendly material itself. This guides us to
develop innovations and study on what composes concrete to mitigate problems like Portland
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cement. If we will be able to reduce the usage of Portland cement in our concrete structures,
we might be able to reduce as well the environmental impacts that the concrete industry has
brought in.
RELATED STUDIES
Jayminkumar A. Patel, Dr. D. B. Raijiwala, Experimental Study on Use of Sugar
Cane Bagasse Ash in Concrete by Partially Replacement with Cement, 2015. The
experimental result shows that 5% of sugarcane bagasse ash increases the strength of concrete
in its compressive strength. Therefore, with the use of sugar cane bagasse ash in partially
replacement of cement in concrete, can increase the strength of concrete with less
consumption of a cement.
Hernandez et al, Characteristics and Applications of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash Waste
in Cementitious Materials, 2018. The positive effects of bagasse ash on concrete performance
have been studied and showed to improve the mechanical properties of concrete at a certain
replacement levels, decrease hydration heat, improve concrete durability and intensify the
interface between cementitious matrix and the aggregate. This study proved the attainability
of using SCBA in cementitious materials and demonstrated the potential engineering value of
SCBA.
Rafael Alavéz-Ramírez et al, the use of sugarcane bagasse ash and lime to improve
the durability and mechanical properties of compacted soil blocks, 2012. This study analyzed
the use of lime and sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) as chemical stabilizers in compacted soil
blocks. The blocks were tested for flexure and compression in a dry and a saturated state. The
results indicate that blocks manufactured with 10% of lime in combination with 10% of
SCBA showed better performance than those containing only lime. Nevertheless, the addition
of lime improved the strength of the blocks when compared with blocks fabricated with plain
soil. It was also concluded that the combination of SCBA and lime as a replacement for
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cement in the stabilization of compacted soil blocks seemed to be a promising alternative
when considering issues of energy consumption and pollution.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The following methodology has been employed to achieve the objectives of the
research:
Collected works review, which includes concrete, bagasse ash as cement replacing
material and some performance tests on the hardened concrete.
Material used for the research
Cement – Ordinary Portland Cement were used with a ratio of 1:0, 19:1, 9:1, 17:3 (Cement:
SCBA).
Aggregate – a ¼ in. mesh will be used with a size 6.35mm and below.
Water – water in nearby houses in the municipality of Sibalom were utilized for the mixing
and curing of concrete pavement tiles.
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash – it was collected from the towns of Laua-an, Patnoñgon and
Sibalom, Antique. SCBA was obtained after passing through 300μm standard sieve used for
experimental study.
Mold – a 250mm x 250mm x 70mm wood mold was used.
Procedures:
1. Prepare all materials in creating project,
2. Create a 250mm x 250mm x 60mm mold,
3. Burn the sugarcane bagasse into ash and sieve it in a No. 50 mesh,
4. Mix the SCBA with the cement in a specified proportion,
5. Add aggregates, add water, and mix the materials,
27
Sibalom, Antique
6. Pour the mixture into the mold and wait until dry,
7. Cure the specimens in each specified time. The product is ready.
Tools and Equipment’s
1. Hammer 6. Wood Glue
2. Chisel 7. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
3. Nails 8. Tape Measure
4. Wood Saw 9. Wood (latex moldings)
5. Ruler
Casting of specimen
For the experimental analysis, 24 concrete specimens were casted (refer Table No.
1). The size of each specimen was taken as 250mm x 250mm x 60mm in shape. Concrete
mixtures were prepared as per grades given in the Table No. 1, then, concrete pavement tiles
were kept for the curing purpose, for the period of 7, 14 and 21 days. Afterward, cement is
replaced by SCBA as per percentage given and same shall be cured for the mentioned period.
For each grade of concrete, the pair of pavement tiles were casted to check the average
results. After the completion of the required curing period every specimen will be checked for
the compressive strength in the compressive strength machine.
Table No. 1: Quantity of Specimens
Mix Proportions
% of SCBA
Cement: Sand: Gravel (1:2:4)
0 2x3=6
5 2x3=6
10 2x3=6
15 2x3=6
Total Specimens: 24
28
Sibalom, Antique
Assessment of the test results in which the outcomes were shown in graphical method
and interpretation and discussion were made on the research results. And finally, formulation
of conclusion and recommendations will be based on the results obtained.
Product Design
Figure No. 7: Product Design
29
Sibalom, Antique
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Having to conduct a study must have required a series of tests or any activity to
assess the relativity, effectivity or even the suitability of the subjects prior to its proposed
purpose. Leaving a study with no required assessment and investigations to illustrate results
would remain just as a hypothesis.
In this Chapter, the process of the experiment, the analysis and the discussion of the
experimental test results are presented and evaluated primarily to determine the Sugarcane
Bagasse Ash’s suitability as a partial replacing material to cement in a varying percentage.
PREPARATION OF QUANTITY OF MATERIALS
In the preparation of SCBA, the total weight of approximately 8 kg SCB was
collected and incinerated in an open field yielding only less than a kilogram of SCBA. The
particle size distribution of a coarse and fine aggregates used was determined by the method
of sieving and only those which remains in a quarter inch-sized sieve were used.
The amount of water used is based on the amount of cement to be used in a single
sample, specifically 70% water to cement ratio. With a single sample having a volume of
0.0007 m3 and taking the standard Class A mixture for the sample, accumulates to the
amounts shown in the table below.
30
Sibalom, Antique
Table No. 2: Sample’s Specimen Quality

Specimen Curing Bagasse Cement Sand Gravel Water
No. (Days) (%) (mm3) (%) (mm3) (mm3) (mm3) (mL)
1 7 0 0 100 0.252 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
2 7 0 0 100 0.252 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
3 7 5 0.0126 95 0.239 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
4 7 5 0.0126 95 0.239 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
5 7 10 0.0252 90 0.227 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
6 7 10 0.0252 90 0.227 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
7 7 15 0.0378 85 0.214 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
8 7 15 0.0378 85 0.214 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
9 14 0 0 100 0.252 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
10 14 0 0 100 0.252 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
11 14 5 0.0126 95 0.239 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
12 14 5 0.0126 95 0.239 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
13 14 10 0.0252 90 0.227 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
14 14 10 0.0252 90 0.227 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
15 14 15 0.0378 85 0.214 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
16 14 15 0.0378 85 0.214 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
17 21 0 0 100 0.252 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
18 21 0 0 100 0.252 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
19 21 5 0.0126 95 0.239 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
20 21 5 0.0126 95 0.239 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
21 21 10 0.0252 90 0.227 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
22 21 10 0.0252 90 0.227 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
23 21 15 0.0378 85 0.214 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
24 21 15 0.0378 85 0.214 361474.65 722949.3 353.5
31
Sibalom, Antique
EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS
Figure No. 8: Casting of Specimen
This experimental process comprises of the different set of concrete mixes with a
different quantity of SCBA for the compressive strength that will be able to investigate
further throughout the enactment.
The main goal of this part is to determine how fit a sugarcane bagasse ash is, if were
used as a replacing material to cement through tests to be taken in a testing machine. The
samples submitted to the testing centers were those which quantifies a varying SCBA amount
of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% which cured in varying amount of time as well of 7, 14 and 21
days. They came in double number for the sole purpose of taking the average results of the
two samples.
32
Sibalom, Antique
TEST RESULTS AND THE LABORATORY EXPERIMENT DISCUSSION
In this part, the discussion covers the results produced after running through the
testing machine. The compressive strength of OPC-SCBA samples was tested and analyzed.
The detailed results of the laboratory tests in Metric System of Units are given in the table
below.
Table No. 3: Average Compressive Strength of OPC: SCBA Samples (Metric Units)
Average Compressive Strength

(Sample Area = 10327.85 mm2)
7 days 14 days 21 days

OPC: SCBA Ratio
Load Strength Load Strength Load Strength

(KN) (N/mm2) (KN) (N/mm2) (KN) (N/mm2)
1:0 130.35 12.62 194.95 18.88 184.9 17.9
19:1 110.55 10.7 196.65 19.04 187.65 18.17
9:1 109.9 10.64 160.45 15.54 183.2 17.74
17:3 83 8.04 138 13.36 157.25 15.23
33
Sibalom, Antique
20.00
18.00
16.00
Compressive Strength (MPa)
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0% SCBA 5% SCBA 10% SCBA 15% SCBA
Specimens
7 Days 14 Days 21 Days
Chart No. 5: Average Compressive Strength of OPC: SCBA Samples (Metric Units)
34
Sibalom, Antique
The compressive strength of OPC-SCBA samples was tested and analyzed. The detailed
results of the laboratory tests in English Unit are given in the table below.
Table No. 4: Average Compressive Strength of OPC: SCBA Samples (English Units)
Average Compressive Strength

(Using 16 in2 Area)
OPC: SCBA 7 days 14 days 21 days

Ratio
Load Strength Load Strength Load Strength

(Pounds) (lb/in2) (Pounds) (lb/in2) (Pounds) (lb/in2)
1:0 29232.42 58757.75 43719.67 87877.44 41465.85 83347.21
19:1 24792.05 49832.53 44100.92 88643.75 42082.57 84586.82
9:1 24646.28 49539.53 35982.67 72325.9 41084.61 82580.9
17:3 18613.66 37413.84 30948.01 62206.14 35265.04 70883.44
100,000.0
90,000.0
80,000.0
70,000.0
60,000.0
Strength in Psi
50,000.0
40,000.0
30,000.0
20,000.0
10,000.0
0.0
0% Bagasse 5% Bagasse 10% Bagasse 15% Bagasse
sPECIMENS
35
7 Days 14 Days 21 Days
Sibalom, Antique
Chart No. 6: Average Compressive Strength of OPC: SCBA Samples (English Units)
As illustrated in the tables above, the pavement tile specimen samples were prepared
for the Ordinary Portland cement blended with the SCBA. It is made for the purpose of
identifying the difference of compressive strengths between samples with a varying
percentage amount of the SCBA as the ordinary Portland cement replacement. The
compressive strength of each of the concrete is determined by testing the cubes in a
compression machine. For each of the mixes the average value of two samples is taken as
their compressive strength.
36
Sibalom, Antique
Figure No. 9: Specimen Testing
As indicated in Average Compressive strength of OPC-SCBA samples Table No.3
and Table No. 4, the samples appeared to have the higher compressive strength value were
the samples with sugarcane bagasse ash at 5% and followed by at 10% replacement all
throughout the curing period of 7, 14 and 21 days. The control’s compressive strength value
remains to be the highest one among the samples tested but only in the first 7 days test period.
37
Sibalom, Antique
With the following days of testing of the samples, the sample’s compressive value
having no SCBA blended at all appeared second compared to the results of at 5% SCBA
replacement which escalated by 0.84% and 1.5% for a testing period of 14 and 21 days
respectively. On the other hand, the results obtained by testing the samples at 10% and 15%
SCBA replacement are slowly diminishing as the curing period extends to 14 and 21 counting
days. The average gradual change quantifies approximately 9.3% and 22% for the 90 and 85
percent OPC in the samples, respectively. This shows that the decrease in the compressive
strength of the pavement tile having cement being replaced by the SCBA is directly
proportional with increase in the bagasse ash content.
The escalated compressive strength value of the samples amounting 5% SCBA
replaced as mentioned in the phrases above, disclosed us the maximum desired strength that
this type of mixture can attain with the curing period limits to only 14 days. Nonetheless, the
said strength of the said amount of SCBA replaced, starts to decrease after the counted days
limit mark. Whereas, with the 10% and 15% SCBA replaced to OPC, the strength’s bar might
not be as elevated as those of 0% to 5% SCBA mixture but just like the how the charts
illustrate the data, the compressive strength of the former seems like keep on increasing as
detailed on the 7, 14, and 21 days laboratory tests results rather than the latter wherein the
strength reduction has been evident as the specimen aged. Therefore, an assumption
articulating “the longer the curing period that the said sample had undergone, the higher the
compressive strength they could attain”, wouldn’t be insufficient.
The strength behavior index had shown a general pattern of increasing for most of the
samples with age. For example, a 15% SCBA replaced sample had an increase in strength
activity index of 4.9 and 2.2 MPa which correspond to 24,792.3 to 8,677.3 psi at 14 to 21
days respectively. The same as with the 10% SCBA replaced acquiring a minor increase of
5.32 and 1.87 MPa or 22,786 to 10,255 psi at the same amount of days as the previous
statement respectively.
38
Sibalom, Antique
Looking clearly to the organized data charts shown in the Chart No. 5 and Chart No.
6, the compressive strengths’ difference of the samples with the 0% SCBA replacement and
those of the samples with 5% and 10% SCBA replaced aren’t really significantly far
quantifying only with the average value of approximately 4.29% to 11.43% cutback. Which
generally speaks about the almost unnoticeable change in the strength when the proposed
SCBA as a replacing material to OPC came into attempt.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Paving a way for the world to advance is what the construction industry ought to exist
for. The need for the innovative ideas arrived at a high demand to ensure that every step taken
ensures the world the progressiveness that every earth aspires. Steps that would guarantee the
next generations we will be leaving the world to in social, environmental and economic
aspects of living.
By the swelling construction activities all over the world, the amount of cement being
used as the most basic materials in the production of concrete could add up to an
unimaginable quantity accumulating problems across the globe. To these, different
approaches were used especially by the developed countries to alleviate these problems of the
cement industry. And the usage of a variety of cement replacing materials have hopefully
lower the production cost, lower the CO 2 emission, lower energy consumption and such,
suggesting a more economical and eco-friendly material.
The probability that the SCBA as a cement replacing material has been identified in
some parts of the world. Whereas, using this kind of material can effectively gave us the
advantages mentioned above.
Environmental advantages
The cement industry let loose approximately one ton of CO 2 for every ton of Portland
Cement. Furthermore, a huge amount of natural resources for aggregate and cement
39
Sibalom, Antique
production are being eaten up for the expend of manufacturing concrete. Therefore, having
SCBA as a partial replacement to cement in creating pavement tiles can significantly reduce
the environmental impact of concrete.
In the aspect of saving materials, using a recycled material like the SCBA will be of
great help. In the list of materials being used to produce concrete, the recovered materials
such as industrial wastes would be disposed if not efficiently utilized leaving only the usual
resource materials being included when it comes to the comparative calculations.
About the carbon dioxide emission, there are numerous types of gasses emitted
during the manufacturing process of cement classifying the CO 2 which possess the greatest
quantity as the most important among the others when it comes to the environmental impacts.
The SCBA usage helps lessen the amount of the CO 2 being emitted to negligible since
grinding is the only process it requires.
As mentioned in A Thesis Submitted by BIRUK HAILU at December 2011 at ADDIS
ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, with
0.94 million tons of bagasse ash production, considering about 5% wastage and 1:0.69 weight
replacements i.e. 1 kg of cement is replaced by 0.69 kg of bagasse ash in order to account for
the high volume of bagasse ash, results in reduction of about 1.3 million tons of CO 2 to the
atmosphere annually.
Economic Advantages
40
Sibalom, Antique
Due to the variability and the unavailability of the necessary data required, the
calculations of the monetary analysis were not evaluated. Nevertheless, its advantages can be
discussed qualitatively with regards to the usage of SCBA as a cement replacing material.
The production of cement is energy intensive and depends on the availability of raw
materials near to the cement manufacturing area. The process is mainly classified into three,
the raw material preparation process, the clinker burning process and the finish grinding
process. Off all this processes, clinker burning is the most energy intensive process,
accounting for about more than 90% of the fuel consumed and about 30% of the electric
power consumption and the rest about 40% of the electric power is consumed by the finish
grinding process and about 30% by the raw material preparation. (The Energy Conservation
Center (ECC), Output of a Seminar on Energy Conservation in Cement Industry, United
Nations Industrial Development Organization, 1994.)
The largest part of the manufacturing cost of the cement industry is the fuel cost with
just a clinker burning process takes more than 90% of the fuel consumption denoting itself as
the most expensive part of the said production. The production cost of SCBA is extremely
lower than that of Portland cement due to the only requirement of the former is transportation
and grinding. Using 5% - 10% cement replacement of SCBA which shows results from this
research as good as pure concrete in compressive strength, can totally reduce the clinker
production cost by 5% or 10% (depending on replacement amount chosen).
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
41
Sibalom, Antique
Philippines was once a famous sugar production country during the Spanish and
American era, which help the country’s economic growth. Each year the production of sugar
in the country is still having its ups and downs, and with its production, there is still a large
amount of the sugarcane bagasse that is not being used by the producers that causes a
significant amount of pollution in the environment. This study, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as
Partial Replacement for Cement, focuses on addressing or minimizing the effects brought by
the pollution of sugarcane bagasse in a community.
By making use of sugarcane bagasse, this study might be able to produce a more
affordable and stylish stepping stone on their homes and pathways, not only it is affordable
but it is also a more ecofriendly and stronger than the usual concrete mix that is commonly
used. Based on the specimen that was created and tested, all of the specimens have passed the
required compressive strength of concrete ranging from 17Mpa to 28Mpa. The specimen with
a 5% SCBA and an optimal curing period of 14 days has a higher strength than the other
specimen that was tested.
This study will be very helpful to people residing in places that is far away from a
road that needs solid ground in order to move from place to place, especially on muddy
grounds that is difficult to traverse.
42

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Republic of the Philippines

gravel), water and sometimes admixtures in required proportions. Its workability,

its overall quality.

A resistance to failure against a system of loading was a perfect definition of a

Compressive strengths are the resistance of the structure to crashing. The

economize the use of Portland Cement in structure construction.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

create a sustainable and pollution free environment.

cogeneration plants to produce electric power (Aigbodion et al., 2010).

Sugarcane Production in the Philippines

Chart No. 1: Sugarcane Production in the Philippines

amounted to approximately 40.8 billion Philippine pesos.

423,333 Hectares Total Area

Distribution of production by region

SOCC- Other Regions

Chart No. 3: SUGARCANE: Distribution of Production by Region, 2015

ago to its current level of 2.61 million metric tons.

plantation wherein the biggest production areas are in Antique, Philippines.

widely studied as a pozzolanic material.

Figure No. 1: Figure No. 2:

The disposal of the Sugarcane Bagasse is already causing various environmental

making materials especially cement, resulting to the increase of its price.

Redesigned, re-innovated, the potential use of sugarcane bagasse ash as partial

only pure cement itself.

0% sugarcane bagasse ash content.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

for cement use will eventually decrease.

is profoundly significant in view of waste management, environmental protection, cost

reduction and natural resource conservation.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The specific objectives of the study include:

aggregates for pavement tiles production.

a.) 0% SCBA, 100% concrete

b.) 5% SCBA, 95% concrete

c.) 10% SCBA, 90% concrete

d.) 15% SCBA, 85% concrete

4. To analyze the association and difference of compressive strength each sample

if it follows the Standards of Pavement tiles.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

financial assistance to sugarcane farmers to produce sugarcane bagasse ash.

industry of the province and the region as well.

on other significant variables affecting the quality of pavement tiles.

aspects of the problem not considered by the present investigation.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Knowledge Design Paver Tiles

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

In this quantitative experimental study, laboratory test determined the compressive

cement was used for all samples and mixtures.

pavement tile specimen size must undergo a compressive test.

roads, highways and parking lots.

It is to be burned into ash which will be used as partial replacement in cement.

Figure No. 3: Sugarcane Bagasse

“Cement”- refers to a general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the

binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction.

sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA).

Figure No. 4: Cement

“Aggregate”- in building and construction, material used for mixing with cement, bitumen,

lime, gypsum, or other adhesive to form concrete or mortar.

Figure No. 5: Aggregates

“Water"- is a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and

of compounds. A tasteless and odorless liquid at room temperature, it has the important

ability to dissolve many other substances.