COMPUTATIONAL FLUID

DYNAMICS (MKM411)
Prof. M. Sharifpur
mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za

Feb. 23rd
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
University of Pretoria
2023
 Engineering
Problem

Mathematics Review
Finding; Continuum Mechanics
- Governing (Differential) Equations
Fluid Mechanics
- Initial & Boundary Conditions Heat Transfer

-Analytical Solution
-Numerical Solution (Programing)
- Using a Software
Therefore, we must find the Governing Differential Equations,
After that, Simplifying the Governing Differential Equations
regarding the physics of the problem
and also choosing right Initial & Boundary Conditions
 Mathematics Review
How many Derivatives do we have?
Partial Derivative  U 
 
 t 
Material Derivative
Lagrangian Derivative  DU 
 =?
Eulerian Derivative  Dt   DU   dU 
or  = 
 Dt   dt 
Substantial Derivative  dU 
 =?
 dt 
Total Derivative
Particle Derivative
3
What are the differences between them?
 Mathematics Review
−3
T ( x , y, z , t ) = ax + bxy + cy + xyz + t
2 2

dT T
=? =?
dx x
dT = ?
dT
=? T
=?
dt t

4
In Partial Derivative;
All independent variables will be assumed
to be constant except the one which we are
taking the Derivative partially respect to it
−3
T ( x, y, t ) = ax + bxy + cy + t
2 2

T T
=? = 2ax + by
x x
T T
=? = bx − 3cy − 4
y
y
T T
=? =0
z z
T ( x, y, t ) = ax + bxy + cy + t
2 3 2

T T
=? = 2t
t t

y z
= =0, x y z
x x = = =0
y x t t t
= =0 ,
z z t t t
z x = = =0
=
y y
= 0. x y z
 Mathematics Review
T(x , y ,z , t) = ax + bxy + cy + xyz + t
2 3 2

T T T T
dT = ? dT = dx + dy + dz + dt
x y z t

dT dT T dx T dy T dz T
=? = + + +
dt dt x dt y dt z dt t
Can we simplify it?
vx vy vz
dT dT T T dy T dz T dt
=? = + + +
dx dx x y dx z dx t dx

1/vx
 Mathematics Review
U(x , y ,z , t) = ax + bxy + cy + xyz + t
2 3 2

dU dU U dx U dy U dz U
=? = + + +
dt dt x dt y dt z dt t
Is there any other ways to find dU ?
dt dU d
Another Way to find is to apply
dt dt as an operator;
dU dx dx dy 2 dy dx dy dz
= 2ax + (by + bx ) + 3cy + ( yz + xz + xy ) + 2t
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
After Rearranging
dU dx dy dz
= (2ax + by + yz) + (bx + 3cy + xz) + xy + 2t
2

dt dt dt dt
U U U U
= 2ax + by + yz = bx + 3cy 2 + xz = xy = 2t
x y z t
dU U dx U dy U dz U
= + + + Partial Derivative 8
dt x dt y dt z dt t Derivative
Mathematics Review

 U   U   U 
dU =   dx +   dy +   dz
 x  y , z  y  x , z  z  x , y

U ( x, y, z ) = ax + bxy + cy + xyz
2 3

9
Question;

When this equality is valid?

dT T
=
dx x
Whenever we only have one variable (1D + Steady)
T ( x) = 2ax + bx + c
2

T dT T
dT = dx =
x dx x
dT T
= = 4ax + b
dx x
  ( x, y , z , t )

d  dx  dy  dz 
= + + +
dt x dt y dt z dt t

If you forget the equation, you can use:

 ( x, y , z , t )

   
d ( x , y , z , t ) = dx + dy + dz + dt
x y z t

d  dx  dy  dz 
= + + +
dt x dt y dt z dt t
Any questions?
 Test yourself-1
Time: 3 Minutes
DP
Find Dt = ?

P( x, y, z , t ) = ax + bx −3 y −2 + cy −1t + hxy 2 z −3 + t 2 + 7
The solution
−3 −2 −1 2 −3
P( x, y, z , t ) = ax + bx y + cy t + hxy z + t + 7 2

dP DPP P dx
P P dy
P P dzP P
dP== =dx + +dy + +dz + +dt
dt Dtx x dt
y y dtz z dtt t
P P
= a − 3bx − 4 y − 2 + hy 2 z −3 = −2bx −3 y −3 − cy −2t + 2hxyz−3
x y
PP 2 −24 P
== −−33hxy z = cy −1 + 2t
zz t

DP
DP dx dy dz
= (a − 3bx −4 y −−22 ++ hy
hy22zz−−33))vx ++ (−2bx −3 y −3 − cy
cy−−22tt ++22hxyz
hxyz−−33)) v y + ((−−33hxy
hxy22zz−−44))vz + cy −1 + 2t
Dt
Dt dt dt dt
 Example : P ( x, y, z , t ) = ax 2 + cx −2 y −2 + dy 3 + kx −2 yz 3t + t 3 + 7

DP P dx P dy P dz P
= + + +
Dt x dt y dt z dt t
P P
= 2ax − 2cx −3 y − 2 − 2kx −3 yz 3t = −2cx − 2 y −3 + 3dy 2 + kx − 2 z 3t
x y

P P
= 3kx − 2 yz 2t = kx − 2 yz 3 + 3t 2
z t
DP −3 − 2 −3 3 dx − 2 −3 − 2 3 dy
= (2ax − 2cx y − 2kx yz t ) + (−2cx y + 3dy + kx z t )
2

Dt dt dt
2 dz
+ (3kx yz t ) + kx −2 yz 3 + 3t 2
−2

dt
We know
dT T
=
dx x

Whenever we only have one variable (steady 1D)

T ( x) = 2ax + bx + c
2

T dT T
dT = dx =
x dx x
dT T
= = 4ax + b
dx x
 Question;
T ( x, y , z )
T T
if = 2x +1  ( x ) dx = ?
x

T
Is it T =  ( ) dx = x 2 + x + C NO
x

T
 x
( ) dx = T ( x , y , z ) = x 2
+ x + F ( y, z ) 
For example:
T
T ( x, y, z ) = x + x + y + z + yz + 5
2
= 2x +1
x
 Three different notation
in Cartesian coordinate
Position Velocity components Unit vectors

1) x1 , x2 , x3 v1 , v2 , v3 e1 , e2 , e3

2) x , y , z vx , v y , vz ex , e y , ez

3) x, y, z u , v, w i, j , k

We usually use 3 or 2 in fluid flow

and heat transfer (as well as CFD)
 ρ(x , y ,z , t)
D d  dx  dy  dz 
= = + + +
Dt dt x dt y dt z dt t
D d    
= = + vx + vy + vz
Dt dt t x y z
D 
= + v.
Dt t
  
v = vx i + v y j + vz w
     
 = i+ j+ w
x y z
  ()   ()   () 
() = i+ j+ k Del operator
x y z (vector)
     
 = i+ j+ k
x y z

     
. = ( i + j + k ). div
x y z (vector)
  
v ( x, y , z , t ) = v x i + v y j + v z k

vx v y vz
.v = ? .v = + + (scalar)
x y z
 Boundary and Initial
Conditions
𝜕2𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛
ሶ 3
+ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + + = 𝑐 (𝜕𝑇/𝜕𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 𝑘
 Boundary and Initial
1) BC=1, I=1 Conditions
3) BC=2, I=0 A)
4) BC=2, I=1
𝜕2𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛
ሶ
5) BC=3, I=0 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + + = 𝑐 (𝜕𝑇/𝜕𝑡) 3
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 𝑘
6) BC=3, I=1
7) BC=4, I=0
8) BC=4, I=1
9) BC=5, I=0
10) BC=5, I=1
11) BC=6, I=0
12) BC=6, I=1
21
 Is there any rules for the number of
Boundary and Initial Conditions which
we must looking for?
𝜕2𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛
ሶ 3
+ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + + = 𝑐 (𝜕𝑇/𝜕𝑡) Not Power
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 𝑘


In each directions, the number of required BC is equal to the highest order of the


For example, in x direction; T
2
2 BC in x direction we need
x 2
Therefore, we need 5 BC at all (2 in x, 2 in y and 1 in z directions)

For Initial Condition, the highest order of the
t 1 IC we need
1) BC=1, I=1 Boundary and Initial
3) BC=2, I=0 Conditions
4) BC=2, I=1 A)
𝜕2𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛
ሶ
5) BC=3, I=0 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + + = 𝑐 (𝜕𝑇/𝜕𝑡) 3
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 𝑘
6) BC=3, I=1
7) BC=4, I=0 B)
8) BC=4, I=1   T  T T
k +c +d + egen = 0
9) BC=5, I=0 x  x  y z
10) BC=5, I=1 k = Const .
11) BC=6, I=1 T 2
T T
k 2 +c +d + egen = 0
12) BC=6, I=1 x y z
23
 Boundary and Initial Conditions
1) BC=1, I=1 (Mathematically we call them Conditions)
3) BC=2, I=0
4) BC=2, I=1 T2
T T egen T
+a +b + =c
5) BC=3, I=0 x 2
x y k t
6) BC=3, I=1
  T  T  T 
2 2

7) BC=4, I=0 k  + c 2 + d  + egen = 0

x  x  y  z 
8) BC=4, I=1 k = Const .
9) BC=5, I=0
T T  T 
2 2 2

10) BC=5, I=1 k 2 + c 2 + d  + egen = 0

x y  z 
11) BC=6, I=0
12) BC=6, I=1 24
Why? (let me offer an example)

If we are working on one-D heat conduction in steady state

and without heat generation, what will be our DE?
The General Equation for heat conduction;
  T    T    T  T
k  +  k  +  k  + egen = c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
 2T  2T  2T T
k ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) + egen = c
x y z t
one-D (x-direction) ,in steady state ,and no heat generation;

 2T d 2T T ( x) = C1 x + C2
=0 =0
x 2
dx 2
d 2T
2
=0
dx

T ( x) = C1 x + C2
BC 1) ➔
BC 2) ➔

BC 1)  C2 = 150
80
80 T ( x) = − x + 150
BC 2)  C1 = − L
L
d 2T
Therefore, you can see, when the order of the differential equation is 2 ( 2
),
dx
we need to find two constants (C1 and C2), and then we need two conditions for solving it.
Boundary and Initial Conditions
Mechanically
 T  T egen 1 T
2 2
+ 2 + = B=4, I=1
x 2
y k  t
h, T

h, T

Insulated 2
3
1 27
 Boundary and Initial Conditions
 T T egen
2
+ + =0 BC=3, I=0
x 2
y k
 T T T
2
egen 1 T
+ + +T + = BC=4, I=1
x 2
y z k  t
 T  T  T egen 1 T
2 2 2
+ 2 + 2 + = BC=6, I=1
x 2
y z k  t
 2T  2T
=a 2 BC=2, I=2
x 2
t 28
 Test yourself-2
Allowance Time 3 minutes
For solving following partial differential equation
analytically, How many Initial and Boundary
Conditions do we need? Specify how many at all ,
and how many in each direction?
If the last digit of your Student number is an
odd number use A , else use B
T  T  T 1 T T
2 2 2
egen
A) c 2 + b   +d +T + − =a 2
x  z  y k  t y
2
 T   2T T egen 1 T  2T
B) a   +c 2 +d +T + − =b 2
 y  x z k  t z
 Initial and Boundary Conditions:
T  T  T 1 T T
2 2 2
egen
A) c 2 + b   +d +T + − =a 2
x  z  y k  t y
Initial Condition: 1
Boundary Conditions:
x- direction: 2
y- direction: 2 BC = 5 at all
z- direction: 1
We must look for 5 BC & 1 IC
 Initial and Boundary Conditions:
2
 T  T
2
T e 1 T T
2

 +c 2 +d +T + − =b 2
gen
B) a 
 y  x z k  t z
Initial Condition: 1
Boundary Conditions:
x- direction: 2
y- direction: 1 BC = 5 at all
z- direction: 2
We must look for 5 BC & 1 IC
 Engineering
Problem

Mathematics Review √
Finding; Continuum Mechanics
- Governing (Differential) Equations
Fluid Mechanics
- Initial & Boundary Conditions Heat Transfer

-Analytical Solution
-Numerical Solution (Programing)
- Using a Software
Therefore, we must find the Governing Differential Equations,
After that, Simplifying the Governing Differential Equations
regarding the physics of the problem
and also choosing right Initial & Boundary Conditions
 Continuity equation

Or

conservation of mass equation

An Example for better understanding of the Conservation of Mass
ρ = 1000 kg/ m³

t=0 CV=0.1 m³

Mass Flow rate at the inlet of the pipe= 0 kg/s , Total water inside the CV= 0 kg ,
Mass Flow rate comes into the CV= 0 kg/s , Goes out of the CV = 0 kg/s

t = t1 CV

Mass Flow rate at the inlet of the pipe= 2kg/s , Total water inside the CV= 0 kg ,
Comes into the CV= 0 kg/s , Goes out of the CV = 0 kg/s

t = t2 CV

Mass Flow rate at the inlet of the pipe= 2kg/s , Total water inside the CV= 20kg ,
Comes into the CV= 1 kg/s , Goes out of the CV = 0 kg/s
 ρ = 1000 kg/ m³
t = t2 CV=0.1 m³

Unsteady for the CV

Mass Flow rate at the inlet of the pipe= 2kg/s , Total water inside the CV= 20kg ,
Comes into the CV= 1 kg/s , Goes out of the CV = 0 kg/s

t = t3 CV

Unsteady for the CV

Mass Flow rate at the inlet of the pipe= 2kg/s , Total water inside the CV= 80kg ,
Comes into the CV= 2 kg/s , Goes out of the CV = 1.5 kg/s

t = t4 In to CV= Out from CV

CV Steady
Mass Flow rate at the inlet of the pipe= 2kg/s , Total water inside the CV= 100kg ,
Comes into the CV= 2 kg/s , Goes out of the CV = 2 kg/s
Physical meaning of Steady-State

A
B

All parameters (V, P , T, ...) will be the same for the

same point all the time.
But two different points may have different values
  ( x, y , z , t )

d  dx  dy  dz 
= + + +
dt x dt y dt z dt t

If you forget the equation, you can use:

 ( x, y , z , t )

   
d ( x , y , z , t ) = dx + dy + dz + dt
x y z t

d  dx  dy  dz 
= + + +
dt x dt y dt z dt t
Any questions?
Let’s we get back to the Maths first
ρ(x , y ,z , t)
D d  dx  dy  dz 
= = + + +
Dt dt x dt y dt z dt t
D d    
= = + vx + vy + vz
Dt dt t x y z

  
v = vx i + v y j + vz w
D 
= + v.      
Dt t  = i+ j+ w
x y z
Different forms of Continuity equation (in general)
  ( v x )  ( v y )  ( v z )
+ + + =0
t x y z


Continuity + div( v ) = 0
Equation t

You should recognize the Different forms of Continuity equation

Which of them is the best for different applications (why)
Which of them is the worst for different applications (why)
(the worst means, it is not convenient for different simplifications)

1)  the best
Continuity
Equation 2)
(in general)
3)  the worst
We have two usual conditions (or assumptions)

1) Steady-State 2) Incompressible flow (constant ρ)

0

0
Continuity
Equation
(Steady-State)

 First we need to
expand
In Steady-State condition
  D D
=0 ( = 0) 0 (  0)
t t Dt Dt

0
D d    
= = + vx + vy + vz
Dt dt t x y z

0
D 
= + v.
Dt t
Whenever we have Steady State condition, it means:
 D
=0 But 0
t Dt
D d    
= = + vx + vy + vz
Dt dt t x y z
A simple Example, consider :
 = 2 x + 5 and

v = x yi or u = v x = x 2 y
2

2 0
0
D d    
= = + vx + vy + vz
Dt dt t x y z

D 
= x 2 y (2) = 2 x 2 y  0 But =0
Dt t