COMPUTATIONAL FLUID

DYNAMICS (MKM411)
Presented by: Prof. M. Sharifpur
mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za

Feb. 21st
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
University of Pretoria
 General Information
Study Guide → ClickUP
Consultation by booking an appointment
mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za

Calculation of Semester Mark:

Semester test 1 30%
Semester test 2 60%
Class tests 10%
HW 0%
• Semester Project
(ANSYS-FLUENT, STAR CCM+) → CV

The project mark will not be involved in the

semester or final mark, but ECSA outcome.

Achieving 50% of the assessment matrix for ECSA

exit level outcome 5 is one of the requirements in
order to pass the course. Take a look at the study
guide for the details
Assessment matrix for ECSA exit level outcome 5
Description Reference
Able to apply boundary condition to Semester Test 1
an engineering problem (15%) (15 %)
Able to list and apply the various Semester Test 2
steps in a computational fluid (15 %)
dynamics simulation
Able to analysis, solve and post Semester Project
processing an engineering problem (70%)
using a commercial computational
fluid dynamics (CFD) package
Mark≥ 50
Prescribed text books
• An introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics:
The Finite Volume Method,
Versteeg, H.K. and Malalasekera, W., 2007
(Finite Volume Method-FVM)

• Heat and Mass Transfer: fundamentals &

applications (SI Unit),
Ҫengel, Yunus A.;Ghajar, Afshin J.
(Finite Difference Method-FDM)
 Lecture and module structure
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)
A short Mathematics Review
Conservation laws, Initial and Boundary Conditions
MKM321, MTV310
Finite Difference Method (FDM)
Finite Volume Method (FVM)
CFD Software Training
(ANSYS-FLUENT, and STAR CCM+)
This course is designed for 4th year students!
Any questions about the course?
Wind tunnel testing
Simulation
Why use CFD?

⚫ Why use CFD?

– Analysis and Design
⚫ Simulation-based design instead of “build & test”
– More cost effectively and more rapidly than with
experiments
– CFD solution provides high-fidelity database for
interrogation of flow field
⚫ Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are
difficult to be measured by experiments
– Scale simulations (e.g., full-scale ships, airplanes)
– Hazards (e.g., explosions, radiation, pollution)
– Physics (e.g., weather prediction, planetary boundary
layer, stellar evolution)
– Knowledge and exploration of flow physics 10
 Where is CFD used? (Aerospace)
• Where is CFD used?

–Aerospace
– Appliances
– Automotive
– Biomedical
– Chemical Processing
– HVAC&R
– Hydraulics
– Marine
– Oil & Gas
– Power Generation
– Sports 11
Where is CFD used? (Appliances)
• Where is CFD used?
– Aerospace

– Appliances
– Automotive
– Biomedical
– Chemical Processing
– HVAC&R
– Hydraulics
– Marine
– Oil & Gas
– Power Generation Surface-heat-flux plots of the No-Frost
refrigerator and freezer compartments helped
– Sports
BOSCH-SIEMENS engineers to optimize the
location of air inlets.

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Where is CFD used? (Automotive)
• Where is CFD used?
– Aerospace
– Appliances

– Automotive
– Biomedical
– Chemical Processing
– HVAC&R
– Hydraulics External Aerodynamics Undercarriage
Aerodynamics
– Marine
– Oil & Gas
– Power Generation
– Sports

Interior Ventilation
Engine Cooling 13
Where is CFD used? (Chemical Processing)
• Where is CFD used?
– Aerospace
– Appliances
– Automotive
– Biomedical

– Chemical Processing
– HVAC&R Polymerization reactor vessel - prediction
of flow separation and residence time
– Hydraulics effects.

– Marine
– Oil & Gas
– Power Generation
– Sports
Twin-screw extruder
modeling

Shear rate distribution in twin-

screw extruder simulation 14
 Where is CFD used? (HVAC)
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)

• Where is CFD used?

– Aerospace
– Appliances
– Automotive
– Biomedical
Particle traces of copier VOC emissions
– Chemical Processing colored by concentration level fall
Streamlines for workstation behind the copier and then circulate

– HVAC ventilation through the room before exiting the

exhaust.

– Hydraulics
– Marine
– Oil & Gas
– Power Generation
– Sports
Flow pathlines colored by
Mean age of air contours indicate pressure quantify head loss
location of fresh supply air in ductwork 15
Where is CFD used? (Hydraulics)
• Where is CFD used?
– Aerospace
– Appliances
– Automotive
– Biomedical
– Chemical Processing
– HVAC&R

– Hydraulics
– Marine
– Oil & Gas
– Power Generation
– Sports

16
Where is CFD used? (Biomedical)
• Where is CFD used?
– Aerospace
– Appliances
– Automotive

– Biomedical
– Chemical Processing
– HVAC&R
– Hydraulics Medtronic Blood Pump

– Marine
– Oil & Gas
– Power Generation
– Sports
Temperature and natural
convection currents in the eye
following laser heating.

Spinal Catheter 17
 Where is CFD used? (Marine)
• Where is CFD used?
– Aerospace
– Appliances
– Automotive
– Biomedical
– Chemical Processing
– HVAC&R
– Hydraulics

– Marine
– Oil & Gas
– Power Generation
– Sports

18
 Where is CFD used? (Oil & Gas)
• Where is CFD used?
– Aerospace
– Appliances
– Automotive
– Biomedical Volume fraction of gas

– Chemical Processing
– HVAC&R
– Hydraulics Flow vectors and pressure Volume fraction of oil
distribution on an offshore oil rig
– Marine

–Oil & Gas Volume fraction of water

– Power Generation Analysis of multiphase
– Sports separator

Flow of lubricating
mud over drill bit 19
Where is CFD used? (Power Generation)
• Where is CFD used?
– Aerospace
– Appliances
– Automotive
– Biomedical
– Chemical Processing
– HVAC&R
Flow around cooling Flow in a
– Hydraulics towers burner
– Marine
– Oil & Gas

– Power Generation
– Sports

Path-ines from the inlet

Flow pattern through a water colored by temperature
turbine. during standard 20
operating conditions
 Where is CFD used? (Sports)
• Where is CFD used?
– Aerospace
– Appliances
– Automotive
– Biomedical
– Chemical Processing
– HVAC&R
– Hydraulics
– Marine
– Oil & Gas
– Power Generation

– Sports

21
⚫ CFD codes typically designed for representation
of specific flow phenomenon

Fluid Mechanics

Inviscid Viscous

Laminar Turbulence

Internal External
Compressible Incompressible (airfoil, ship)
(pipe,valve)
(air, acoustic) (water)

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If we formulate a fact we can predict for different conditions

Predictions
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32
Even in two-phase flow we can assume Continuous
Media, but by applying a conversion factor
Energy equation in a two-phase flow system
     1   
 k k  uk + k .k + u  +
t

t 
k
 2 

   k  k


k

(u k
 1
+ k
2

.k

+u t
k ) =

(
  k  k

+ .  k
t
k ) 
− qk


− q +  k qk +
t
k


 k k

bk

.k
  1
+ Ek + Wk + u ki +  ki . ki ( )
 −

m 
k

 2 
 1
(
u k + 2  k . k )

 m k
 
However, this is one of 32 coupled equations
which we must solve them together.
 Computers and Humans
"Computers are incredibly fast,
accurate, and stupid;
humans are incredibly slow,
inaccurate and brilliant;
together they are powerful
beyond imagination."

1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for photoelectric effect. In 1999 Einstein

was named Time magazine's "Person of the Century", and a poll of
prominent physicists named him the greatest physicist of all time.
When do we use computer to solve an Engineering problem?
Simple Problem
Engineering Analytical Solution
Solution
Problem
First order linear differential equation
t is a variable

Exact Analytical Solution;

Example;
When do we use computer to solve an Engineering problem?

Complex 1- Approximate Solution

Problem
Engineering
Problem 2-Numerical Solution Solution
 For example; Transient Heat conduction (3D)
  T    T    T  T
 k  + 
 k 
 +  k +
 gen

e = c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
One-dimensional transient heat conduction (and no heat generation)
 2T 1 T
=
x 2
 t
After changing the variables to

  
non-dimensional form 2

=
(T ( x, t ) − Ti ) =
(T − Ti ) X 2

x
X=
L
General Solution for   
2
=
X 2


4sin n
 = e cos ( n X )
− n2

n =1 2n + sin ( 2n )

A set of solution

hLc
Bi =
k
 Complex Approximate Solution
Engineering OR Problem
Problem Numerical Solution Solution

What about Three-dimensional transient heat conduction with heat

generation
  T    T    T  T
k  +  k  +  k  + egen = c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
 Programing (writing a code)

Numerical Solution

Using a Software

Wrong Info
Wrong Output CFD!
OR

Wrong Initial & BC

The important issue is:

The problem The answer
Did you solve the right problem?
 Engineering
Problems

Finding;
- Governing (Differential) Equations
- Initial & Boundary Conditions

-Analytical Solution
-Numerical Solution (Programing)
- Using a Software
Therefore, we must find the Differential Equations regarding
the problem and also Initial & Boundary Conditions
 Engineering
Problem

Mathematics Review
Finding; Continuum Mechanics
- Governing (Differential) Equations
Fluid Mechanics
- Initial & Boundary Conditions Heat Transfer

-Analytical Solution
-Numerical Solution (Programing)
- Using a Software
Therefore, we must find the Governing Differential Equations,
After that, Simplifying the Governing Differential Equations
regarding the physics of the problem
and also choosing right Initial & Boundary Conditions
 Mathematics Review
How many Derivatives do we have?
Partial Derivative  U 
 
 t 
Material Derivative
Lagrangian Derivative  DU 
 =?
Eulerian Derivative  Dt   DU   dU 
or  = 
 Dt   dt 
Substantial Derivative  dU 
 =?
 dt 
Total Derivative
Particle Derivative
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What are the differences between them?