Operationalizing Research

Didik Setiawan, PhD., apt. & Dwi Hartanti, Ph.D., apt.

Faculty of Pharmacy
Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Purwokerto, Indonesia

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 Two phases of research
The thinking phase: Provides direction to the action phase
• Identifying a problem
• Formulating a research question and hypothesis
• Identifying pertinent study variables

The action phase: Creates new knowledge or generate new

• Study methodology
• Analysis
• Dissemination of findings

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 Research Operationalization
• Process of turning abstract concepts into measurable observations.
• Defining how a concept can be measured, observed, or manipulated.
• For systematically collect and evaluate phenomena that can’t be
observed directly

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 Health

Body mass index, cholesterol

levels, blood sugar levels

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 1. Outline the concepts
How Research problem, research questions, hypothesis

to do 2. Select variables to represent each concept

Research variables
it? 3. Select variable indicators
Abstraction

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 Research problem is statement that
questions the interrelationship of
two or more variables
Most research problems have two or more variables

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 Well written research problem statement

Why is this being

What is being studied? Who is being studied?
studied?
• Identify a research • Identify the population • Emphasize the
topic that is to be • Characterizing the relevance or
studied population significance of the
study and its
contribution to the
knowledge

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Examples of well-written research problem statement

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 1. Should express a relationship between
Good two or more variables

research 2. Should be well defined, clear, and free of

any ambiguity
problem 3. Must be ready for empirical investigation

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 1. Should express a relationship between two or more variables

Studying HPV Relationship between social, demographic, &

vaccination rate economic characters and HPV vaccination rate
among inner-city Social, demographic, & economic characters are bla
poor population to bla bla 2. Should be well defined, clear,
help designing new and free of any ambiguity
intervention to Education: the latest one,5 options
improve it HPV vaccination: yes or no 3. Must be ready for empirical
investigation

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 1. Should express a relationship between two or more variables

Studying Relationship of treatment with patient’s

development of jamu diabetic amelioration
into fitofarmaka in
patients with type II Amelioration: Decrease in patient’s blood
DM to enable wider glucose & HbA1c level 2. Should be well defined, clear,
and free of any ambiguity
use of Indonesian
herbal medicine Groups: Glibenclamide, jamu, jamu +
glibenclamide 3. Must be ready for empirical
investigation

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 Research questions are an explicit inquiry
that yields hard facts to help challenge,
examine, analyze, or solve a problem and
produce new research
Research questions are interrogative statements and specifically
indicate what is going to be found out about in a problem area

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 https://www.enago.com/
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 Abstraction is the process of reducing the
information of variables and concepts, the
unimportant ones, to obtain a clear definition
• Involve some loss of detail
• Quantitative: Lower level of abstract (blood pressure, weight)
• Qualitative: Higher level of abstract (love, anger, panic)

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 Indicator is the observable characteristics
of a concept, the low level abstract
• An indicator can be an indicator for several concept
• Example: chest pain can be the indicator of angina,
indigestion, or musculoskeletal injury

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 Kindly refine your research problem
• Add a well-written research question
• And clear hypothesis as well

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