Human Anatomy, Physiology and Patophysiology

Human Anatomy, Physiology and
Patophysiology
Didik Setiawan, Ph.D., Apt
https://www.slideshare.net/dryuktisharma/chapter-1-introduction-to-anatomy-and-physiology
https://www.slideshare.net/muhammadaurangzeb/lecture-1-pathophysiology
Fakultas Farmasi UMP Fakultas Farmasi UMP Fakultas Farmasi UMP Fakultas Farmasi UMP
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Course Description
• 3 credits
• Lecturer : Didik Setiawan,
Dina Ratna Juwita,
Irsalina Nurul Putri
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Objectives
• What is the difference between anatomy, physiology, and Patophysiology

• Anatomy and physiology
– What are the different level of organization?
– What is homeostasis?
– What are the components of a feedback mechanism?
• Patophysiology
– Discuss the basic concept of disease and its development
– Discuss five component of the disease process (pr
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Anatomy, Physiology, and Patophysiology
• Ana: separate; tomy: process of cutting

Anatomy • The science of body structure and the relationship among them
• Physio: nature; Logy: the study of

Physiology • The science of body function (how the body part works).
• Pathos: feeling or suffering; physio: nature; logy: the study of

Patophysiology •
•
The disordered physiological process associated with injury or disease
The functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury
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Level of Organization
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Level of Structural Organization
Atom Molekul Sel Jaringan Organ Sistem organ
Digestive,
C, H, O, N, P DNA, Glucose, Sel otot, Epitel, Heart, Liver,
Protein Sel Syaraf, Connect, Stomach,
Muscular, Skin, Bones,
Sel Epitel Nervous Lung,
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Atom Organization (Chemical Element)
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Molecule Organization
• Ionic Bonds
Chemical Bonds • Covalent Bonds
• Hydrogen Bonds
Chemical • Anabolism
Reaction • Catabolism
Compounds • Organic (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, DNA, RNA, and ATP)

(Senyawa) • Inorganic (Water, acid, base compounds)
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Fatty Acid
Glucose DNA
ATP
Amino Acid RNA
The Cellular Level of Organization
You Have To Understand:
The Name
The Function
Cellular
Biology
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Cell Junction
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Question
• What is the function of cell junction??
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Type of Tissue and their origin
Epithelial Tissue Muscullar Tissue

• Melapisi permukaan tubuh (luar • Menghasilkan tekanan fisik
& dalam) untuk menggerakkan tubuh
• Membentuk kelenjar • Menghasilkan panas
Connective Tissue Nervous Tissue

• Melindungi dan menyokong • Mendeteksi perubahan kondisi
tubuh dan organ di dalam dan luar tubuh dan
• Menghubungkan antara organ meresponnya sebagai potensial
tubuh aksiyang mengaktifkan kontraksi
• Menimpan energi otot dan sekresi kelenjar
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Kelenjar Epitel
Simple Epithelium Stratified Epithelium

• S Squamous E • S Squamous E
• S Cuboidal E • S Cuboidal E
• S Columnar E • S Columnar E
• Pseudostratified Columnar E • Transitional Columnar E
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Connective Tissue
Jaringan Ikat Embrionik Jaringan ikat dewasa
mesenchyme Jar. Ikat longgar
Mucous connective tissue Jar. Ikat padat
Cartilage
Jar. Tulang
Jar. Ikat Cair
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Muscular Tissue
Terdiri atas sel yang memanjang yang disebut serat otot (myocytes) yang
dapat menggunakan untuk menghasilkan tenaga
Berfungsi untuk menghasilkan gerakan tubuh, menjaga postur tubuh dan

menghasilkan panas.
Dibagi menjadi otot polos, otot lurik (skelet) dan otot jantung
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Muscular Tissue
Skeletal Muscle Tissue

• Striated, voluntary
• Attach to the bones and skeleton
Cardiac Muscle Tissue

cia l! !!
• Striated, involuntary
S p e
Smooth Muscle Tissue
• No striated, involuntary
• Located in the walls of hollow internal structure
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Nerve Cell and Tissue
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The Organ
http://shanghaiist.com/attachme
nts/shanghailaine/chart_organs.j
pg
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Organ System
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Circulatory Systems Integumentary Systems
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Skeletal Systems Muscular Systems
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Endocrine Systems
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Digestive Systems Urinary Systems
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Immunity Systems
• Not Studied at
human anatomy
and physiology
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Respiratory Systems
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Reproduction Systems
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Homeostasis
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Homeostasis
• A condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment

• It is a dynamic condition meant to keep body functions in the narrow
range compatible with maintaining life
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Homeostasis
• Body fluids are defined as dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved

chemicals inside or outside of the cell.
• The component of bydy fluid
– Intracellular Fluid (ICF) is the fluid within cells
– Extracellular Fluid (ECF) is the fluid outside cells
– Interstitial fluid is ECF between cells and tissues
• Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids is important.
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Some important body fluids
Cerebrospinal Aqueous
Blood Plasma Lymph Synovial fluid
fluid (CSF) humor
• is the ECF • is the ECF • is the ECF in • is the ECF in • is the ECF in
within blood within the brain and joints. eyes.
vessels. lymphatic spinal cord.
vessels.
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• Cellular function depends on the regulation of the composition of the
interstitial fluid.
– Composition of interstitial fluid changes as substances move between plasma and
the interstitial fluid.
– Movement back and forth across capillary walls provides nutrients (glucose,
oxygen, ions) to tissue cells and removes waste (carbon dioxide).
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Homeostasis
• Control of homeostasis is constantly being challenged by:

– Physical insults such as intense heat or lack of oxygen
– Changes in the internal environment such as a drop in blood glucose due to lack of
food
– Physiological stress such as demands of work or school
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Feedback System
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Feedback System
• Cycle of events:
– Body is monitored and re- monitored.
– Each monitored variable is termed a controlled condition.
• Three basic components:
– Receptor
– Control center
– Effector
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Feedback System
• Stimulus produces change in variable 

• Receptor detects change 
• Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center 
• Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector 
• Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and
returns variable to homeostatic level.
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Feedback System
• Negative Feedback systems:

– Reverses a change in a controlled condition
– Regulation of blood pressure
• Positive Feedback systems:
– Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions
– Normal child birth
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Pathophysiology
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Disease
• The term disease literally means “without ease” (uneasiness), when

something is wrong with bodily function.
• The term disease broadly refers to any condition that impairs the normal
functioning of the body.
• Diseases are associated with dysfunction of the body's normal
homeostatic processes.
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Natural History of Disease
• The natural history of disease is the course a disease takes place in an

individual from its pathological onset to its eventual resolution through
complete recovery, disability or death in the absence of intervention.
• It has four stages
– stage of susceptibility
– stage of subclinical disease
– stage of clinical disease
– stage of recovery, disability or death
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Natural History of the disease
Usual time of
Diagnosis
Exposure Pathologic Onset of

Changes Symptoms
Stage of Stage of Subclinical Stage of Clinical Stage of Recovery,

Susceptibility Disease Disease Disability or Death
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Prevalence
• In a statistical population is defined as the total number of cases of the

risk factor in the population at a given time, or the total number of cases
in the population, divided by the number of individuals in the population.
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Etiology
• Etiology, is the study of causation or origination.

• The word is derived from the Greek, aitiologia, "giving a reason for“
• Used in medical and philosophical theories, where it is used to refer to the
study of why things occur, or even the reasons behind the way that things
act.
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Clinical Manifestation
• Clinical manifestations are the observable symptoms by which a disease

may be diagnosed.
• It is how a disorder 'manifests' itself to an observer.
– E.g. jaundice, cyanosis, clubbing, redness
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Clinical Outcome
• The consequence of disease or end of the disease is known as outcome

which may any of the following form
– Complete recovery
– Recovery with disability
– Death
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References
Tortora, G.J., Derrickson, B.H., Ganong, W.F., Review Of Guyton, Arthur C., Texbook Of Sobotta, Johannes, Sobotta
2009, Principles of Anatomy Medical Physiologi, 14th Ed, Medical Physiologi, 7th Ed, Atlas Anatomi Manusia, Ed.20,
and Physiology, 12th edition, Appleton & Lange, San Saunders Co. EGC, Indonesia
Bergen, Wiley Fransisco
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Thank You
Didik Setiawan
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Human Anatomy, Physiology and

• What is the difference between anatomy, physiology, and Patophysiology

• Ana: separate; tomy: process of cutting

• Physio: nature; Logy: the study of

• Pathos: feeling or suffering; physio: nature; logy: the study of

Atom Molekul Sel Jaringan Organ Sistem organ

Compounds • Organic (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, DNA, RNA, and ATP)

You Have To Understand:

• What is the function of cell junction??

Epithelial Tissue Muscullar Tissue

Connective Tissue Nervous Tissue

Simple Epithelium Stratified Epithelium

mesenchyme Jar. Ikat longgar

Mucous connective tissue Jar. Ikat padat

Jar. Ikat Cair

Berfungsi untuk menghasilkan gerakan tubuh, menjaga postur tubuh dan

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

• A condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment

• Body fluids are defined as dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved

• Control of homeostasis is constantly being challenged by:

• Stimulus produces change in variable 

• Negative Feedback systems:

• The term disease literally means “without ease” (uneasiness), when

• The natural history of disease is the course a disease takes place in an

Exposure Pathologic Onset of

Stage of Stage of Subclinical Stage of Clinical Stage of Recovery,

• In a statistical population is defined as the total number of cases of the

• Etiology, is the study of causation or origination.

• Clinical manifestations are the observable symptoms by which a disease

• The consequence of disease or end of the disease is known as outcome

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