AIR TANAH

- GROUNDWATER -

Asep Sapei (2019) 1

WATER

Asep Sapei (2019) 2

 GROUNDWATER

➢ Is water contained by an saturated groundwater bearing

formation and which will flow to wells, springs or other points of
recovery

➢ Often superior in quality to surface water, generally less

expensive to develop for use and usually provide a more certain
supply

Asep Sapei (2019) 3

 GROUNDWATER BEARING FORMATION

❑ Aquifer
Geological formation that contain sufficient permeable materials
which permits storage as well as movement of water (exp: sand,
gravel)

❑ Aquiclude
Geological formation of relatively impermeable material which
permits storage but it is not capable of transmitting water in
sufficient quantities (exp: clay)

Asep Sapei (2019) 4

❑ Aquifuge
Geological formation of relatively impermeable material which
neither contain nor transmit water (exp: solid rock)

❑ Aquitard
Geological formation that has poor permeability but through
which seepage is possible (exp: sandy clay)

Asep Sapei (2019) 5

 TYPE OF AQUIFER

❑ Confined aquifer
is aquifer which is located
between two less permeable
layers, and usually under
pressure artesian

❑ Unconfined aquifer
is aquifer which is not overlain
by an aquiclude. The top of the
saturated zone water
table or phreatic surface

❑ Perched aquifer
❑ Leaky aquifer

Asep Sapei (2019) 6

ISTILAH

❑ Piezometric surface:
Tinggi tekanan hidrostatik air di dalam aquifer

❑ Water-Table (Muka Air Tanah/MAT):

Permukaan bagian atas dari zone jenuh pada tekanan atmosfir,
biasa disebut juga sebagai permukaan phreatic

❑ Groundwater Basin (Cekungan Air Tanah/CAT):

Suatu unit fisiografik yang terdiri dari satu atau lebih aquifer
yang saling berhubungan

❑ Recharge Area: DTA

Suatu wilayah (region) yang meresapkan air ke dalam suatu
CAT

Asep Sapei (2019) 7

 GROUNDWATER FLOW

❑ Darcy’s law:

Q : discharge, K : coefficient of permeability, A: cross area,

h/l : hydraulic gradient

Asep Sapei (2019) 8

❑ Transmissivity, T
Discharge through thickness of the aquifer per unit wide per unit
head gradient

T=KY

Y : tebal aquifer

Asep Sapei (2019) 9

Asep Sapei (2019) 10
Contoh

Suatu areal seluas 120 ha, muka airtanah (m.a.t) turun sebesar 5 m. Jika
porositas 28%, Sr = 9%. Tentukan Sy aquifer tersebut dan perubahan
simpanan (storage) aquifer

Jawaban: n = Sy + Sr
0.28 = Sy + 0.09 Sy = 0.19

Perubahan storage groundwater = areal aquifer x penurunan m.a.t. x Sy

= 120 x 5 x 0.19 = 114 ha.m
= 114 x 104 m3

Asep Sapei (2019) 11

PUMPING TEST

❑ For determine aquifer karakteristik (T or Y or K)

❑ Equilibrium analysis

Asumption:
▪Homogenous and infinite aquifer
▪Initial water table: horizontal
▪Well penetrates aquifer completely
▪ For flow to occur to the well there must be a gradient toward the
well cone of depression
▪Flow toward the well through a cylindrical surface at radius x must
equal the discharge of the well

Asep Sapei (2019) 12

 dy
q = 2xyK
dx
2  xy : the area of the cylinder,
dy/dx : the slope of the water table

Asep Sapei (2019) 13

Integrating with respect to x from r1 to r2 and y from h1 to h2 :
K ( h1 2 − h2 2 )
q=
r1
ln( )
r2
h : the height of water table above the base of aquifer at distance r from
the pump well

derived by Dupuit and modified by Thiem

2KY (h1 − h2 )
For confined aquifer in which Y is constant, then q =
ln( r1 )
r2

Since we have assumed the drawdown Z to be small compared

with the saturated thickness, so: r
q ln( 1 )
r2
T=
2 ( Z 2 − Z 1 )

Asep Sapei (2019) 14

Example:

A well in an unconfined aquifer is pumped at a rate of 25 l/s. The

thickness of the aquifer is 15 m and the elevation of the phreatic
surface is 12.5 m above the underlying aquiclude at an observation
well 20 m away from the well and 14.6 above at a well 50 m away.
What is the value of K for this aquifer?

Answer
K ( h1 2 − h2 2 )
q =
r1
ln( )
r2

K (14.6 2 − 12.5 2 )
0.025 = = 195 K
ln( 50 )
20

K = 1.28 10-4 m/s = 11.1 m/day

Asep Sapei (2019) 15

A well in a confined aquifer with a thickness of 15 m produces a
flow of 25 l/s. The height of the phreatic surface is at an
elevation of 114.6 m at an observation well 50 m away and at 112.5
m at an observation well 20 m away. Find K and T for the aquifer
and estimate the height of the phreatic surface at the 0.5 m
diameter well

Answer
2KY ( h1 − h2 )
q=
ln( r1 )
r2
2K (15)(114.6 − 112.5)
0.025 = = 216 K K=1.16 10-4 m/s = 10.0 m/day
ln( 50 )
20

T=KY= 10.0 x 15 = 150 m2/day

At the well 2 (1.16 x10 − 4 )(15)(112.5 − h) h = 102.5 m

0.025 =
ln( 20 )
0.25

Asep Sapei (2019) 16

❑ Non equilibrium analysis

o In general, as elapse time (t) of pumping increases, the drawndown

(s) increases at a decreasing rate

o Theis method (1935)

▪ Take account the effect of time and storage characteristics
of the aquifer
q  e −u q
▪ Zr =  du = W ( u)
4T u u 4T
Zr is drawndown in an observation well at distance r from the
pumped well (ft), q is the flow (ft3/day), T is transmissivity
(ft3/day.ft)

Asep Sapei (2019) 17

 r 2 Sc
u=
4Tt
t is the time since pumping began (days)
Sc is the storage constant of the aquifer (that is the volume of water
removed from a column of aquifer 1 ft2 when the water table or
piezometric surface is lowered 1 ft)

 e −u
 du is as well function of u , = W(u)
u u

Asep Sapei (2019) 18

Asep Sapei (2019) 19
o Solution steps

1. Make W(u) vs u curve (type

curve) on transparence
logarithmic paper. Data from
the table above
2. Make Zr vs r2/t curve (data
curve) on logarithmic paper.
Data from file observation
3. Superimpose chart (1) and chart
(2), determine the match point
4. according to the match point,
determine the values of u, W(u),
Z and r2/t
5. Substitute the value into eq.
2
W ( u) And u =
q r Sc
Zr =
4T 4Tt

Asep Sapei (2019) 20

Example:
A 12 in diameter well is pumped at a uniform rate of 1.5 ft3/s while
observations of drawndown are made in a well 100 ft distant. Values of
t and Z as observed and computed values of r2/t are given below. Find
T and Sc for the aquifer and estimate the drawndown in the
observation well at the end of 30 days of pumping

Asep Sapei (2019) 21

From curve, the match point are :from type curve u = 0.4 and W(u)
= 0.7, and from data curve Z = 3.4 ft and r2/t = 5.3 x 104 ft2/day

Asep Sapei (2019) 22

q in ft3/day = 1.5 x 86400 = 129600

T = (qW(u))/(4Z) = (129600x0.7)/(12.56x3.4)=2124 ft2/day

Sc=(4uT)/(r2/t)=(4x0.4x2124)/(5.3x104)=0.064

After 30 days
u=(r2Sc)/(4Tt)=(10000x0.064)/(4x2124x30)=0.0025
from table W(u)=5.44 so:

Z=(qW(u))/(4T)=(129600x5.44)/(12.57x2124)=26.4 ft

Asep Sapei (2019) 23

 Modified Theis (Yacob)

Since u small, so
2 . 3q t
T = log 2
4Z t1
Z is the change in drawndown between time t1 and t2.
The drawdown Z is ploted on an arithmetic scale against time t on logarithmic
scale.
If Z is taken as the change in drawdown during one log cycle, log(t2/t1)=1.
When Z=0,
2.25Tt 0
Sc =
r2
to is intercept obtained if straight line portion of the curve is extended to
Z =0

Asep Sapei (2019) 24

Example:

A 12 in diameter well is pumped at a uniform rate of 1.5 ft3/s while

observations of drawndown are made in a well 100 ft distant. Values of
t and Z as observed and computed values of r2/t are given below. Find
T and Sc

Asep Sapei (2019) 25

▪ Plot the data. The drawdown Z is ploted on an arithmetic scale and
time t on logarithmic scale

o Draw a straight line

portion of the curve
o Between t=3 hrs and t =
30 hrs, we get Z=11 ft
o So
T=(2.3x129600)/(12.57
x11)=2156 ft2/days
o From the curve, to=2.7
hrs = 0.112 days
o so
Sc=(2.25x2156x0.112)/(
10000)=0.0546

Asep Sapei (2019) 26

INTRUSI AIR LAUT
Masuknya air asin ke formasi air tawar

Penyebab:
1. Tekanan air tawar menurun (pemompaan air tawar yg berlebihan)
2. Penghalang alami antara formasi air asin dan air tawar rusak
3. Pembuangan limbah air (asin)

Asep Sapei (2019) 27

Neraca hidrostatik air tawar dan air asin
(Gybern-Herzberg)

s : densitas air asin

f : densitas air tawar
g : percepatan gravitasi

Asep Sapei (2019) 28

Unconfined coastal aquifer

Jika s = 1.025 g/cm3 dan f = 1.000 g/cm3,

Maka

Asep Sapei (2019) 29

Kondisi Non equilibrium

Asep Sapei (2019) 30

 Bentuk interface

Glover:

Ghyben-Herzberg

Asep Sapei (2019) 31

Contoh

Jawab

Asep Sapei (2019) 32

Asep Sapei (2019) 33
LAND SUBSIDENCE
❑ Penurunan permukaan tanah secara gradual maupun mendadak

❑ Antara lain karena penurunan muka air tanah (pemompaan /

pengeringan)

Jakarta

Asep Sapei (2019) 34

Asep Sapei (2019) 35
Asep Sapei (2019) 36