COLOURS TO REMEMBER

1. Copper metal shiny reddish pink solid

+2 (𝑎, )
Cu 𝑞. blue e-g. 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑜4 (𝑎𝑞. )
CuSo4. 5H2 0 blue crystal
Hydrated copper sulphate
𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 (𝐴𝑛ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑒) white crystal
𝐶𝑢𝑂 black solid (insolble in water)
𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑂3 green solid (insoluble in water)
𝐶𝑢2 𝑂 brick red solid (insoluble in water)
2. 𝑍𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 Shiny grey solid
• Compounds of Zinc are colourless although it is a transition metal
• Its water soluble compounds forms colourless aqueous sol. E-g. 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2 , 𝑍𝑛 (𝑁𝑂3 )2
𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑜4 etc
3. Iron metal shiny black or silvery black solid

𝐹𝑒+2 )aq.) green e.g. 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙2

𝐹𝑒+3 (aq.) red brown e.g. 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3

4. KMnO4 (potassium permanganate) purple

It is an oxidizing agent, when any reducing agent is added then it is decolourized
5. 𝐾2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 (𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒) orange
𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛.
6. 𝐴𝑔𝑐𝑙 → insoluble salt, forms as a white ppt. in sol
𝐴𝑔 𝐵𝑟 → 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡, 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙
𝐴𝑔 𝐼 Insoluble salt, forms as a yellow ppt in sol.
7. 𝑃𝑏𝑐𝑙2 → insoluble salt, forms as a white ppt in sol
[𝑃𝑏𝐶𝑙2 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]
𝑃𝑏𝐵𝑟2 → insoluble salt, forms as a off white ppt in sol
𝑃𝑏𝐼2 insoluble salt, forms as a yellow ppt in sol
8. 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 insoluble salt, forms as a white ppt in sol
9. 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 (𝑒. 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3, 𝐾2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑒𝑡𝑐) &
(𝑁𝐻4 )2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑, 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑞. 𝑠𝑜𝑙.

10 𝐹2 pale yellow gas, 𝐶𝑙2 greenish yellow gas

𝐵𝑟2 red brown volatile liquid, I2 shiny black solid

𝐴𝑡2 dark black solid

11. 𝑁𝑂2 𝑔𝑎𝑠 brown gas, soluble in water

12. 𝑁𝐻3 𝑔𝑎𝑠 pungent smelling gas, soluble in water forms colourless solution.

13. 𝐶𝑂2 colourless gas, slightly soluble in water

 14. 𝐾𝐼 (𝑎𝑞) colourless aq. sol, it is a reducing agent when any oxidising agent

is added it turns dark brown.

15. 𝐼2 shiny black solid, I2 (𝑎𝑞. ) dark brown sol.

𝐼2 (𝑔) voilet vapours

16. Methyl orange indicator red in acid and yellow in base.

17. Phenolphthlein indicator colourless in acid and pink in base.

∆
18. 𝑃𝑏𝐶𝑜3 → PbO + CO2

White solid Yellow Solid

19. 𝑂𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 (𝑁𝑎2 𝑂, 𝐾2 𝑂 𝑒𝑡𝑐) white solid soluble in water

20. 𝑂𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 (𝑚𝑔𝑜, 𝐶𝑎𝑂) white solid partially soluble in water
Topics about Which Questions are Frequently Asked in CIE (O-Level) in Paper -2

1. Atomic structure

2. Bonding i .e. draw dot and cross formula.

3. Mole and stoichiometry.

4. Electrolysis

5. Energy profile diagram about exothermic and endothermic reaction.

6. Experiment about rate of reaction.

7. Atmospheric pollutants.

8. Fractional distillation of petroleum

9. Haber process.

10. Contact process

11. Extraction of iron.

12. Fermentation

13. Periodic table.

14. Cracking process.

15. Structure of diamond, graphite, Sillica.

16. Structure of polymers with use.

17. Advantages and disadvantages of plastics.

18. Periodic table → group I, group VII, transition metals.

19. Catalysts of various reactions.

20. Chemical properties of alkane and alkene.

 TYPES OF IONIC EQUATIONS

Students of O-Level should know the following types of Ionic equations:-

1. For every acid –base reaction:

𝐻+ + 𝑂𝐻 − 𝐻2 𝑂
aq. aq. (l)
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 ∶ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑞. 𝑁𝐻3 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠:

+
𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻 + 𝑁𝐻4
𝑎𝑞. 𝑎𝑞. 𝑎𝑞.

2. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦. 𝑒. 𝑔.

𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑜3 𝐴𝑔𝑐𝑙 + 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑜3

𝑎𝑞. 𝑎𝑞. (𝑠) 𝑎𝑞.

𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞. 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒

+ −
Ag + Cl 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙
aq. aq. (s)

3. For Displacement/Redox reaction:

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦.

𝐶𝑎 + 2 𝐻 𝐶𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2
(𝑠) 𝑎𝑞. 𝑎𝑞. (𝑔)

𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐. 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶

𝑜 + +2 𝐻2
Ca + 2H Ca + (g)
(s) aq. aq.

4. For carbonate and acid reaction:

𝑒. 𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2

𝐼𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

−2 +
+ 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
𝐶𝑂 3 2𝐻
 Sentences Which Gains No Marks
Due to Incorrect Word or Letter
−
1. Solid NaCl does not conduct electricity because it has 𝒏𝒐 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒆 but is motten form it
conduct as free moving −𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
Correct : No free Ion

2. Atoms of elements which have same proton but different no of nevtrons is called isotope.
Correct: Element
3. Given eq. Is
𝐶𝐻4 + 202 𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 ∆𝐻 = − 𝑣𝑐
Define in terms bond breaking and making that this reaction is exothermic?
Ans : The reaction in which heat is given out is called exothermic reaction.
Correct: more heat is released in making bonds (𝐶𝑂2 & 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠) and less heat is
absorbed in breaking bonds (𝐶𝐻4 & 𝑂2) therefore exothermic.

4. Given eq. is
𝐶𝑎 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑥 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 −𝑒?
Ans : In this reaction both oxidation and reduction occurs simultaneously.
Correct: Ca is oxidised due to loss of 2− +
𝑒 and HCl is reduced because 𝐻 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒
−
𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝐶𝑙

5. Why Mgo has high m.p. and b.p.

Ans : There are strong intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules.
Correct: There are strong electrostatic attraction between 𝑀𝑔+2 ion and 𝑂−2 ions.

6. Why graphite Anodes are replaced at internals in electrolysis of molten 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 ?

Ans : It reacts with 𝑂2 gas to form 𝐶𝑂2
Correct:
𝑂2 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝐶𝑂2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒,
𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙.

7. Write two chemical properties of Transition metals?

Ans : Used as catalyst
• High m.p. & b.p.

Correct: (i) Show variable oxidation state.

(ii) form coloured compound.

8. Given Eq. 2 𝑁𝑎 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻2

What would you see during reaction?
Ans : bubbles of 𝐻2 gas seen 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
Correct: (i) Sodium floats.
(ii) fire ball is seen on the surface of water.
(iii) An explosive reaction occur