In order to achieve the sustainability and longevity that all infrastructure researchers and civil engineers

long for there are some factors and variables to be bore in mind:

The location and the properties of the soil, Urban congestion is a hurdle emerging in Metropolitan Areas
-such as Great Cairo-, and for the vast majority of people, an enigma that puts them nowhere but in
quandary, however, the Nile Delta’s soil is clayey and water absorbent, so it’s hard to correctly predict
the load put on the tunnel so it would be reasonable to maximize the tunnel’s structure resistance
without interfering with the other construction requirements.

As it’s previously mentioned the tunnel is constructed beneath the Earth’s surface, and combined with
the water absorbent nature of the Delta’s clay, precautions sould be taken regarding the type of
material used, whither chemically, as tunnel’s cannot be made out of limestone (CaCo3) because it
corrodes overtime effected by the salinity of water, weakening the tunnel’s structure and threating the
safety of pedestrians, or regarding its mechanical strength, The young’s modulus of HDPE, the chosen
construction material ranges from 200 to a 1000 MPa, the variation results from different temperature,
proving the superiority of its elasticity, chemical composition , and resistance to deformation even with
the geothermal heat taken into consideration.

Young’s modulus (E)= (Stress (σ))/(Strain (ε) ), where:

Stress (σ) = (force exerted “load” )/(Area of surface)

Strain (ε) = ΔL/L, one should take notice of ΔL being the deflection of the tunnel.