कुरआन र सुन्नतमा आधारित सरल आस्था

n]vs
8f= cxdb lag cAb'/{xdfg cn sfhL

s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf
cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
cg'jfbs
p:dfg ugL ldofF
;+zf]ws
cxdb x';]g
अत्यन्तै करुणमयी,
परम दयालु
अल्लाहको नामबाट
सुरु गर्दछु ।
‫ح املكتب التعاوين للدعوة واإلرشاد و توعية الجاليات بالربوة‪1439 ،‬هـ‬
‫فهرسة مكتبة امللك فهد الوطنية أثناء النرش‬
‫مركز أصول العاملي‬
‫العقيدة امليرسة من الكتاب والسنة ‪ -‬نيبايل‪ / .‬مركز أصول العاملي ‪-.‬‬
‫الرياض‪1439 ،‬هـ‬
‫‪ ١٩٢‬ص‪ 23 x 16 ،‬سم‬
‫ردمك‪978-603-8229-71-2 :‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬العقيدة اإلسالمية أ‪ .‬العنوان‬
‫‪1439/ ٥٧٣3‬‬ ‫ديوي ‪240‬‬
‫رقم االيداع ‪١٤٣٩/٥٧٣3 :‬‬
‫ردمك‪978-603-8229-71-2 :‬‬
ljifo ;"rL
qm=;+= ljifo k]h g+=
1 7
e"ldsf
2 11
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
3 13
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
4 49
kml/Ztfdfly cf:yf
5 57
u|Gydfly cf:yf
6 63
O{zb"tdfly cf:yf
7 67
cflv/t cyf{t k/nf]sdfly cf:yf
8 73
efUodf cf:yf
9 77
O{zu|Gy s'/cfg
10 81
O{dfgsf] jf:tljstf
11 87
Odfdt tyf hdfct
12 89
;xfaf
13 93
cf}lnof
14 95
O:nfdL gLltlgodsf] d"n cfwf/
15 97
csLbfnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] s]xL s'/fx?
16 99
wd{ / dfu{
e"ldsf
;Dk"0f{ k|z+;fsf dflns pg} cNnfx x'g\ . pg}sf] xfdL k|z+;f u5f}}{F, pg};Fu
dbt dfU5f}F, pg};Fu Ifdfofrgf u5f}{F, xfd|f] s'r]i6f tyf xfd|f s'sd{x?af6
pg}sf] z/0f lnG5f}F . h;nfO{ cNnfxn] dfu{bz{g u5{g\ p;nfO{ s;}n] kye|i6
ug{ ;Sb}g . h;nfO{ pgn] kye|i6 ul/lbG5g\ s;}n] p;nfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{
;Sb}g .
d ujfxL lbG5' ls Ps cNnfx afx]s sf]xL ;To k"Ho 5}g . sf]xL klg
pgsf] ;femL 5}g . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M pg} x'g\ h;n] pDdLx¿aLr Ps /;"n
:jo+ pgLx¿dWo]af6 g} k7fP h;n] pgLx¿nfO{ cfotx¿ kf7 u/]/ ;'gfpF5g\Ù
pgLx¿nfO{ z'l4s/0f u5{g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ lstfa tyf tTjblz{tfsf] lzIff lbG5g\ .
hals o;cl3 pgLx¿ k|:6 kye|i6tfdf lyP . -;"/x h'dc ' x M @_
d ujfxL lbG5' ls df]xDdb ;= cNnfxsf pkf;s Pj+ O{Zb"t x'gx' G' 5 . cNnfxsf]
egfO 5 M lg:;Gb]x cNnfxn] cf:yfjfgx¿dfly 7"nf] pksf/ u/]Ù ha pgLx¿dfem
pgLx¿dWo]af6} Pp6f o:tf] /;"n ‑O{zb"t_ k7fP hf] pgLx¿nfO{ cNnfxsf cfot
‑Znf]s_ x¿ k9]/Þ ;'gfpF5gÙ pgLx¿nfO{ z'4 kf5{g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ O{z–u|Gy Pj+
tTjblz{tfsf] lzIff lbG5g\ . oyfy{df ltgLx¿ o;cl3 :ki6 kye|i6tfdf lyP .
-;"/x cfn] Od/fg M !^$_
cNnfxn] dfgjnfO{ c+wsf/af6 pHofnf]tkm{ Nofpg / s'dfu{af6 ;'dfu{tkm{
dfu{blz{t ug{ cfˆgf] O{Zb"t df]xDdb ;=nfO{ dfu{bz{g tyf ;To dfu{ lbP/ k7fP .
lsgeg] cNnfxsf] dfu{bz{gaf6 g} dfgjsf] dgnfO{ zflGt ldNg] u5{, dfgj dg
k|km'Nn x'G5 . cNnfxsf] dfu{bz{g eg]sf] nfesf/L 1fg xf], Tof] g} ;Todfu{ xf] /
;To sd{ klg ToxL xf] . oL b'O{6f cfwf/df g} dfgjsf] :jR5 hLjg :yflkt x'g
;S5 .
cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] u|Gy s'/cfgnfO{ dfgjsf lglDt cfjZos kg{] s'/fx? h:t}
cf:yf, pkf;gf, dfgjsf cfk;L dfldnfx?, cfr/0f nufot ;a} s'/fx?sf nflu
k"0f{?kdf hdfgL agfOlbPsf 5g\ .
7
cNnfxsf ;+bi] 6fn] To;sf] /fd|f] JofVof klg ul/lbg' ePsf] 5 . O{Zb"tn]
eGg'eof] M ;'g, dnfO{ lstfa lbOPsf] 5 / To;sf] ;fydf Tolt g} c? s'/fx? klg
lbOPsf] 5 . -ca" bfpmb_
O:nfdL cf:yf O:nfd wd{sf] cfwf/ xf] . O:nfdL zlQmsf] /x:o klg oxL xf] .
k"0f{ wd{df cf:yfsf] k|bz{g klg x'G5 . o;sf s]xL ljz]iftfx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
!, Ps]Zj/jfb M pkf;gfsf] xsbf/ Ps cNnfxnfO{ dfq dfGg' / cg'z/0fsf]
kfq O{Zb"tnfO{ dfq dfGg' .
@, O:nfdL cf:yf c6n 5 .
#, O:nfdL cf:yf k|s[lt cg'?k 5 .
$, O:nfdL cf:yf dfgj ljj]s cg'?k 5 .
%, O:nfdL cf:yfsf] cfk;df cGt/;DaGw 5 .
^, O:nfdL cf:yf dWodfuL{ cf:yf xf] .
O:nfdL cf:yfsf] kmfObfx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

!, Ps kfngxf/sf] dfq elQm / dfgj tyf ;[li6k"hfaf6 d'lQm .
@, Ps O{zb"tsf] cg'z/0f / cGo labct tyf v'/fkmftL s'/fx?af6 d'lQm .
#, cNnfx;Fu ;DaGw agfP/ cfTdzflGtsf] k|flKt .
$, v'/fkmft tyf bf]wf/kgaf6 d'lQm .
%, cfWoflTds tyf zf/Ll/s cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ .
d'l:nd lj4fgx?n] O:nfdL cf:yfsf] dxTjnfO{ a'em], o;sf] tflnddf cfˆgf]]
d]xgt vr{ u/] . o; ljifodf snd klg rnfP / o;sf] lj:t[t JofVof klg u/] .
;fy} o; ljifodf kye|i6 labctLx?sf] dgu9Gt] s'/fx?sf] hjfkm klg lbP .
O:nfdL cf:yf g t w]/} nfdf] 5 g w]/} 5f]6f] . O:nfdL cf:yf k|i6 x'g'sf ;fy}
;/n klg 5 . To;sf/0f x/]s d'l:nd o;af6 nfeflGjt x'g ;S5g\ / ;nkmsf]
8
e"ldsf
cf:yfsf] lgrf]8df klg k'Ug ;S5g\ . To;}n] d}n] o; k':tssf] gfd s'/cfg /
;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n csLbf gfdfs/0f u/]sf] 5' .
cNnfxn] o; z'esfo{nfO{ s]jn cfˆgf]] k|;Ggtf k|flKtsf] dfWod agfpg\ /
kf7sju{sf nflu nfebfos agfpg\ .
8f= cxdb lag cAb'/{xdfg cn\ sfhL

s'lNnot' cZz/Lct jn\ lb/f;ft cn O:nfdLof
csLbf zf:q ljefu
cn\ sl;d o'lgel;{6L
9
O:nfdL cf:yfsf] cfwf/ eg]sf] cNnfxdfly cf:yf /fVg', pgsf kml/Ztfx?dfly
cf:yf /fVg', pgsf u|Gyx?dfly cf:yf /fVg', pgsf b"tx?dfly cf:yf /fVg',
k|nf]sdfly cf:yf /fVg' / /fd|f] tyf g/fd|f] efUodfly cf:yf /fVg' xf] . t;y{
cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5M a? ;Tsd{ of] xf] ls dflg;x¿ cNnfx, cflvÞ/tsf] lbg, kmÞl/
Ztfx¿, O{z–u|Gy tyf gaL ‑;Gb]i6f_ x¿dfly cf:yfjfg xf]pmg\ . -;"/x as/x M !&&_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M logLx¿ ;a} cNnfx, pgsf kÞml/Ztfx¿, pgsf
u|Gyx¿ Pj+ pgsf /;"n ‑O{zb"t_ x¿dfly cf:yfjfg eP . -;"/x as/fx M @*%_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M x] O{dfgjfnfx¿ xf] Û cNnfxdfly, pgsf
/;"ndfly, pgn] cfˆgf /;"n -d'xÞDdb ;=_ dfly cjt/0f u/]sf] u|Gydfly /
o;eGbf k"j{ cjt/0f u/]sf] u|Gydfly O{dfg Nofpm / h;n] cNnfx, pgsf
kmÞl/Ztf, pgsf lstfa, pgsf /;"nx¿ / cflv/tsf] lbgsf] OGsf/ u¥of] pm
kye|i6tfdf w]/} k/ k'Uof] . -;"/x lg;f M !#^_
Ps csf{] 7fFpdf elgPsf] 5 M xfdLn] k|To]s j:t' Pp6f lgwf{l/t ¿kdf ;[li6
u/]sf 5f}+ . -;"/x sd/ M $(_
O{zb"t df]xDdb ;=;F+u kml/Ztf lha|Onn] O{dfg cyf{t cf:yfsf] af/]df k|Zg
ubf{ pxfFn] hjfkmdf eGg'ePsf] lyof] M ltdLn] cNnfx, pgsf kml/Ztfx?, pgsf
u|Gyx?, pgsf b"tx?, k|nf]s / /fd|f] tyf g/fd|f] efUodfly cf:yf /fv . -xbL;
;+u|x M d'l:nd_
11
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
cNnfxsf] cl:tTjdf cf:yf M
cNnfxdfly cf:yf eg]sf] cNnfxsf] cl:tTj 5 egL b[9 ljZjf; ug'{ xf] .
cNnfx g} ;Dk"0f{ j:t'sf] kfngstf{ x'g\ . pkf;gfsf] c;n xsbf/ klg pgL dfq
5g\ . pgL x/]s lsl;dsf u'0fx?af6 k"0f{ / bf]ifaf6 kljq 5g\ .
cNnfxdfly cf:yfdf /fVbf rf/ j6f s'/fx? x'g' k5{ .
klxnf] M cNnfxsf] cl:tTj ;j{;To xf] . O{zu|Gy s'/cfgdf elgPsf] 5 M

of] o; sf/0fn] ls cNnfx g} lgtfGt ;To x'g\ / pgnfO{ 5f]8L ltgLx¿n] h'g
lrhnfO{ k'sf5{g\ Tof] c;To xf] . /, lgZro g} cNnfx ;jf]{Rr tyf dxfg\ 5g\ .
-;"/x xh M^@_
cNnfxsf] cl:tTjdf z+sf ug'{ klg ldYof Pj+ OGsf/ xf] . O{Zu|Gy s'/cfgdf
elgPsf] 5 M ltgLx¿sf /;"nx¿n] eg]– æs] ltdLx¿nfO{ cfsfzx¿ tyf wtL{sf
;[li6stf{ cNnfxsf] af/]df ;Gb]x 5 < pgL t ltdLx¿nfO{ ltd|f kfkx¿nfO{ Ifdf
ug{ / Pp6f lgwf{l/t ;do;Dd cj;/ k|bfg ug{ af]nfpFb5
} g\ .Æ -;"/x Oa|fxLd M !)_
cNnfxsf] cl:tTjnfO{ gsfg'{ c+xsf/Lkg, cTofrf/ / s'km| xf] . O{Zu|Gy s'/cfgdf
elgPsf] 5 M d";fn] eg]– æltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 ls oL :ki6 lgzfgLx¿ s]jn cfsfzx¿
tyf wtL{sf /an] ‑ltd|f_] rdTsf/sf¿kdf cjt/0f u/]sf 5g\ / d]/f] ljrf/df, x]
lkm/cf}g Û ltdL ljgfz ePsf JolQm xf} .Æ -;"/x O;|f M!)@_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M lkÞm/cfÞ}gn] eGof]– æ;Dk"0f{ hut\sf /a sf] x'g\

t <Æ d";fn] eg]– æh'g cfsfzx¿, k[YjL / b'a}aLr /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ lrhx¿sf /a
‑kfngstf{_ x'g,\ olb ltdLx¿ ljZjf; u5f}{ eg] .Æ lkÞm/cÞfg} n] cfˆgf ef/bf/x¿nfO{
eGof]– æs] ltdLx¿ ;'lg/x]sf 5}gf} <Æ d";fn] eg]– æltdLx¿sf kfngstf{ /
ltd|f k"j{hx¿sf kfngstf{ ÛÆ lkÞm/cÞf}gn] eGof]– æltdLx¿sf /;"n ‑Ozb"t_ hf]
ltdLx¿tk{m k7fOPsf] 5 Tof] t jf:tjdf pGdfbL /x]5 .Æ d";fn] eg]– æhf] k"j{,
13
klZrd / tL b'a}aLr /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ lrhsf dflns x'g\, olb ltdLx¿sf] a'l4 5
eg] .Æ lkÞm/cfÞ}gn] eGof]– æolb ltdLn] dafx]s cGo s;}nfO{ pkf:o agfof} eg] d
ltdLnfO{ lgZro g} aGbL agfpg]5' .Æ -;"/x z'c/f @#—@(_
cNnfxsf] cl:tTjnfO{ bzf{pg] s]xL k|df0fx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
cfbdsf] ;Gtfg dfgjsf] hGd g};lu{s :jefjdf x'g' . O{zu|Gy s'/cfgdf elgPsf]
5 M ctM ‑x] gaL Û_ Psfu| eO{ o; wd{tk{m pGd'v xf]pmÙ To; k|sl[ tdfly sfod xf]pm
h;df cNnfxn] dflg;x¿sf] ;[li6 u/]sf 5g\ . cNnfxn] agfPsf] ;+/rgfdf s'g} k]m/
abn x'g ;Sb}g . of] laNs'n ;Lwf / 7Ls wd{ xf] . t/ clwsf+z dflg;x¿ hfGb}gg\ .
-;"/x ?d M #)_
O{Zb"t df]xDdb ;=n] eGg'ePsf] 5 M s'g} klg aRrf cfˆgf] :jefjdf hGdG5
t/ p;sf] afpn] p;nfO{ ox"bL agfp5 s;}n] p;nfO{ O;fO{ agfp5 eg] s;}n]
p;nfO{ cUgLk"hs agfp5 . -xbL; ;+u|x a'vf/L_
Ps csf]{ xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M s'g} klg aRrf hf] hGdG5 pm cfˆgf]]
:jefjdf cg';f/ hGdG5 .
Ps csf]{ xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M s'g} klg aRrf h;sf] hGd x'G5 pm cfˆgf]]
;d'bfo adf]lhd hGdG5 . oxfF;Dd ls p;n] p;sf] ;d'bfosf] af/]df af]N5 . Ps
csf]{ xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M s'g} klg aRrf k|s[ltdf hGdG5 oxfF;Dd ls p;n]
To;sf] af/]df af]N5 .
x/]s k|f0fL cfˆgf]] c;nL :jefjdf hLljt /xG5 h;n] cfkm"leq cNnfxsf]
cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsf/]sf] x'G5 . t/ :jefjnfO{ v/fa ug{] s'/fx?n] To;df k|efj
kfb{5g\ . O{zb"t df]xDdb ;=n] eGg'ePsf] 5 M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M d}n] d]/f
;Dk"0f{ eSthgx?nfO{ Psfu|xL agfP/ k}bf u/] . t/ z}tfg pgLx?df cfpF5 /
pgLx?nfO{ wd{af6 kye|i6 ul/lbG5 . -xbL; ;+u|x d'l:nd_
slxn]sfxL+ :jefjdf z+sf tyf of}g rfxgfsf] kbf{ kb{5 t/ Tof] klg b'v
/ ;+s6sf] 38Ldf cfˆgf]] c;nL ?kdf b]vf k5{ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
14
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
clg ha logLx¿ 8'Ëfdf ;jf/ x'G5g\ ta cf:yfnfO{ cNnfxs}nflu ljlzi6 u/L

pgnfO{ g} k'sfb{5g\ . ha pgn] ltgLx¿nfO{ arfP/ hdLg;Dd k'¥ofOlbG5g\ ta
tTsfn} ltgLx¿ lzs{ ug{ yfN5g\= . -;"/x cGsa't M ^%_
:jefj z+sf tyf of}ghGo s'/faf6 :jR5 tyf kljq x'G5 . o;n] s] s'/f
k|i6 kf5{ eg] ;[li6sf] nflu >i6fsf] x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . >i6f lagf ;+of]un] s'g}
s'/f pTkGg x'g' c;Dej s'/f xf] . cgl:tTjn] s'g} cl:tTjnfO{ hGd lbg klg ;Sb}g .
To;sf/0f s'g} >i6f x'g' h?/L 5 / Tof] >i6f cNnfx xf] .
Ps hgf ;xfaL h'a/} lag d'tOd O{zb"t df]xDdb ;=sxfF ab/sf] o'4df s}b
ul/Psf s}bLx?nfO{ hl/dfgf lt/]/ 5'6fpg egL cfpFbf Tolt a]nf pgL sflkm/
g} lyP . pgn] O{zb"t df]xDdb ;=nfO{ s'/cfgsf] ;"/x t"/ kf7 u/]sf] ;'g] . ha
O{zb"tn] Tof] ;"/x kf7 ub{} hfg'eof] / lgDg Znf]sdf k'Ug' eof] M s] To;nfO{
cb[Zo jf:tljstfsf] 1fg 5 ls pm -To;nfO{_ b]Vb}5 . s] To;nfO{ cjut u/fOPsf]
5}g h'g d";fsf] u|Gydf 5 / Oa|fxLdsf] u|Gydf klg h;n] k"0f{¿kdf cfb]zsf]
kfngf u/] . -;"/x t"/ M#%—#&_
;xfaLn] eG5g\ M Tof] Znf]s ;'g]/ d]/f] lbn p8\5 ls h:tf] eof] . -xbL;
;+u|x a'vf/L_ pgsf] dgdf O{dfg k|j]z u/]sf] Tof] g} klxnf] 38L lyof] .
Dffgj a'l4n] klg of] s'/f :ki6 ?kdf k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . Ps hgf c1fg
sfnsf c/aL k|jrs s}; lag ;fobf Oofbn] eGof] M pF6sf] kfOnfn] pF6 uPsf]
s'/f hgfpF5, s'g} s'/fsf] kfOnfx?n] s'g} j:t' lxF8]sf] s'/f atfpF5 . pRr cfsfz
tyf ljzfn wtL{n] s] o;sf] >i6f 5 eGg] s'/f k|i6 kfb{}g / < cNnfxsf] egfO
5 M xfdL rfF8} g} ltgLx¿nfO{ ‑hut\sf_ lIflthdf / ltgLx¿ :jo+leq klg
cfˆgf lgzfgLx¿ b]vfpg]5f}+ oxfF;Dd ls of] s'Þ/cfg lgtfGt ;To xf] eGg] s'/f
ltgLx¿;dIf :ki6 x'g]5 . -;"/x km':;]nt M %#_
o;sf k|df0f :j?k ljleGg s'/fx? 5g\ h:t}M O{Zb"tx?sf] lgzfgLx?, wfld{s
JolQm cyjf jnLx?sf] rdTsf/ tyf b'cf ug{]x?sf] b'cfsf] :jLsf/f]lQm cflb .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M clg pgn] cfˆgf kfngstf{nfO{ k'sf/]– æd bafOPFÙ ctM
15
logLx¿l;t abnf n]pm .Æ clg xfdLn] d';nwf/] jiff{sf]lglDt cfsfzsf åf/

vf]lnlbof}+ /, k[YjLdf d"nx¿ k'm6fof}+ . clg Tof] sfd k'/f ug{ kfgL hDdf eof]
h;sf] km};nf eO;s]sf] lyof] . /, g"xÞnfO{ xfdLn] tVtf tyf sfF6Låf/f lgld{t
-8'Fuf_ df ;jf/ u/fof}+ . h'g -8'Ëf_ xfd|f] cfFvf;fd'Gg] rln/x]sf] lyof] . of] abnf
lyof] To;sf] nflu h;nfO{ OGsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . -;"/x cn\ sd/ M !)—!$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M clg xfdLn] d";fnfO{ jXo -cfb]z_ u¥of}+–
æcfˆgf] nÝL gbLdf lxsf{pm .Æ clg gbL kmf6\of] / To;sf] k|To]s c+z 7"nf]
kxf8 h:tf] x'g k'Uof] . /, xfdLn] bf];|f] ;d"xnfO{ ToxfF k'¥ofO lbof}+ . clg xfdLn]
d";f / pgL;Fu /x]sf ;a}nfO{ arfof}+ . /, c¿ ;a}nfO{ gbLdf r'n'{Dd 8'afof}+ .
lg:;Gb]x o;df 7"nf] lgzfgL /x]sf] 5 . t/ ltgLx¿dWo] clwsf+z O{dfg Nofpg]
jfnf 5}gg\ . -;"/x z'c/f M^#—^&_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M pgL O;/fO{nsf ;Gtfgx¿sf lglDt O{zb"t
x'g]5g\ . ‑O{zb"t eP/ O;/fO{nsf ;Gtfgx¿sxfF cfPkl5 pgn] eg]_ – æd
ltdLx¿;dIf ltd|f kfngstf{sf] tk{maf6 Pp6f rdTsf/ lnP/ cfPsf] 5' . d
ltdLx¿;dIf df6f]af6 r/f h:tf] Pp6f cfs[lt agfP/ To;df k'mSg]5' clg
Tof] cNnfxsf] cf1fn] r/f eOxfNg]5 . /, d cNnfxsf] cf1fn] cGwf Pj+ s'i7
/f]uLx¿nfO{ lg/f]uL t'Nofpg]5' clg cNnfxs} cg'1fn] d[tx¿nfO{ hLljt kfg{]5' /,
d ltdLx¿nfO{ atfpg]5' h'g ltdLx¿ vfG5f} clg h'g ltdLx¿ cfˆgf 3/x¿df
hf]ufP/ /fV5f} . olb ltdLx¿ cf:yfjfg xf} eg] lgZro g} o;df ltdLx¿sf
lglDt lgzfgL 5 . -;"/x cfn] Od/fg M $(_
Tof] pbfx/0f xfd|f O{zb"t df]xDdb ;=sf] nflu klg aofg ul/of] . cg; lag
dflns åf/f j0f{g ul/Psf] 5, pgL eG5g\ M z'qmaf/sf] lbg Ps hgf JolQm dl:hb]
gajLsf] Gofo ug{] 7fpFsf] 9f]sfaf6 k|jz] u¥of] O{zb"t h'dfsf] v'Taf lbO/xg' ePsf]
lyof] . p;n] v8f eP/ O{zb"t;Fu eGof] , x] O{zb"t M hgfj/x? dl//x]sf 5g\,
af6f]3f6f] aGb ePsf 5g\ . cNnfx;Fu jiff{sf] nflu k|fy{gf ul/lbg' . O{zb"tn]
cfˆgf]] b'j} xft p7fP/ b'cf ub{} eGg'eof] M x] cNnfx jiff{ jiff{pm xfdLnfO{ jiff{
b]pm, xfd|f] nflu jiff{ jiff{pm . cg; eG5g\ M cNnfxsf] s;d, cfsfzdf st} klg
16
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
afbn lyPg, ;'nc kxf8aLr s'g} 3/ klg lyPg . Tolt a]n} kxf8sf] k5fl8af6
afbn cfof] clg rf/}lt/ km}lnP/ / jif{g yfNof] . cg; eG5g\ M cNnfxsf] s;d
To;kl5 xfdLn] Ps xKtf;Dd 3fd klg b]v]gf}+ . bf];|f] z'qmaf/ Ps csf{] JolQm
dl:hbdf To;} 9f]sfaf6 k|j]z u¥of] . O{zb"tn] v'Taf lbO/xg' ePsf] lyof] . p;n]
v8f eP/ eGof] M x] O{zb"t, a9L jiff{sf sf/0f hgfj/ db{} 5g\ . af6fx? klg aGb
5g\ . cNnfx;Fu jiff{ /f]lsgsf] nflu b'cf ul/lbg' . O{zb"tn] b'j} xft p7fP/ b'cf
ug'{eof] M x] cNnfx xfd|f] If]qdf hxfF kfgLsf] cfjZostf 5 ToxfF jiff{ jiff{pm /
xfdLdfly g jiff{pm . x] cNnfx, kxf8 tyf vf]nfgfnf / v]tdf kfgL jiff{pm . Tof]
b'cfkl5 jiff{ /f]lsof] . xfdL dl:hbaf6 aflx/ lg:sbf jiff{ aGb eO;s]sf] lyof]
/ 3fd klg nflu;s]sf] lyof] . -xbL; ;+u|x a'vf/L / d'l:nd_
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M -s] tL ;fe]mbf/x¿ pQd 5g\_ jf pgL ‑pQd 5g\_

h;n] Jofs'nsf] ;'Gb5g\ ha p;n] pgnfO{ k'sfb{5 < /, h;n] p;sf] ;Í6
lgjf/0f u5{g\ clg h;n] ltdLx¿nfO{ wtL{df pQ/flwsf/L agfpF5g\ < ‑;f]r_ s]
cNnfxsf;fy sf]xL cGo k"Ho klg 5g\ t < a? ltdLx¿ sd} ljrf/ u5f{} . -;"/x
gdn M ^@_
O{zb"tx?sf] lgzfgL, k|fy{gf ug{]x?sf] k'sf/sf] ;'GjfO, b'lvx?sf] dbt

nufot dx;'; ug{ ;lsg] ljleGg k|df0fx?n] k|fy{gf ;'Gg]jfnf, O{Zb"tnfO{ lgzfgL
k7fpg] jfnf, b'lvsf] dbt ug{]jfnf sf]xL 5 eGg] s'/f k|i6 a'lemG5 . O{Zfu|Gydf
o;sf k|df0fx? .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M s] ltgLx¿ sÞ'/cfgdfly ;f]rljrf/ ub}{gg\ < olb of]

cNnfxafx]s cGo s;}sf] tk{maf6 cfPsf] eP ltgLx¿n] o;df w]/} lj/f]wfef;x¿
kfpg] lyP . -;"/x lg;f M *@_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M x] dfgjhflt Û ltdLx¿;dIf ltd|f
kfngstf{sf] tk{maf6 :ki6 k|df0f cfO;s]sf] 5 / xfdLn] ltdLx¿tkm{ :ki6
k|sfz cjtl/t ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . -;"/x lg;f M !&$_
17
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M x] dfgj xf] Û ltdLx¿;dIf ltd|f

kfngstf{sf]tk{maf6 pkb]z, Åbodf ePsf /f]usf] pkrf/ / dfGg]x¿sfnflu
dfu{bz{g tyf bof cfOk'u]sf] 5 . -;"/x o"g'; M %&_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M s] pgLx¿sf nflu of] kof{Kt 5}g ls
xfdLn] ltdLdfly o:tf] u|Gy cjtl/t u/]sf 5f}+ h'g ltgLx¿;dIf k9]/ ;'gfOG5 <
lgZro g} To;df cf:yf /fVg]x¿sfnflu bof / pkb]z 5g\ . -;"/x cGsa't M %!_
O{Zu|Gy s'/cfg, ;xL cf:yf, :jR5 lgod, pRr cfr/0fn] oL ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx?
cNnfxaf6 ;+rflnt eO/x]sf] s'/f hgfpFb5 . oL s'/fx? cNnfxsf] l;jfo c?
s'g} k|f0fLaf6 ;+rflnt x'g ;Sb}g . To;} sf/0fn] cfbdsf ;Gtfgn] cNnfxsf]
cl:tTjnfO{ gsfg{ ;Sb}gg\ . s]xL gfl:tsx?n] dfq o;nfO{ gsf/]sf 5g\ .
cNnfxsf] cl:tTjnfO{ gsfg{] s]xL gfl:ts hdfct lgDg lnlvt 5g\ M
bxl/of M bxl/ofx?n] ;+;f/sf] cl:tTj / of] cljgfzL 5 eGg] s'/f dfGb5g\
. logLx? clxn]sf gfl:ts x'g\ . bxl/ofsf] wf/0ffnfO{ cNnfxn] o;/L aofg u/]sf
5g\ M /, logLx¿ eG5g\– æhLjg s]jn oxL ;f+;fl/s hLjg xf] hxfF xfdL hLpg]
/ dg]{ u5f}{+ . /, ;dorqmn] dfq xfdLnfO{ dfb{5 . logLx¿nfO{ o;sf] 1fg 5}g .
logLx¿ s]jn c8\sn u5{g\ . -;"/x hfl;of M @$_
pgLx?sf] wf/0ff 5 M ;+;f/ cfkm} rln/x]sf] 5, ;bfaf6 5 / ;bf /xg] 5 .
pgLx? eG5g\ M dflg;n] hLjgdf cfˆgf]] k]6 eg{] xf] clg p;nfO{ wtL{n] vfG5 .
o;/L xfdL dfgjnfO{ hdfgfn] g} gfz ug{]5 . pgLx?n] k|f0fLnfO{ >i6f ljgfsf]
;[li6 agfP . cNnfxn] pgLx?sf] wf/0ffnfO{ gsfb{} eg]sf 5g\ M pgLx?nfO{ To;
af/] s]xL 1fg 5}g . g t pgLx?;Fu a'l4 5, g t s'g} k|df0f 5, g t s'g} r]tgf
5, g t s'g} :jefj 5 . pgLx?sf] s'/f t s]jn Pp6f e|d Pj+ c;To s'/f xf] .
k|s[ltjfbL M pgLx? eG5g\, ;+;f/ t s]jn k|fs[lts 36gf xf] . cyf{t af]6
la?jf, hgfj/ Pj+ e'uj{ / To;sf ljljw ljz]iftfx?n] el/Psf] :j?k xf] . To;df
x'g] xnrn P+j k|lqmof cfkm}df lglxt 5 . s'/cfgdf pgLx?sf] wf/0ffnfO{ v08g
ub{} elgPsf] 5 M s] logLx¿sf] ;[li6 ljgf cfwf/ g} ePsf] < jf logLx¿ cfk}+m
;|i6f x'g\ < -;"/x t"/ M#%_
18
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
k|s[ltdf g} cljisf/ cfwfl/t x'G5 h'g k"0f{tof cr]tg x'G5 . Tof] t alx/f],
nf6f] / cGwf] x'G5 . To;df s'g} klg r]tgf x'Fb}g . To; sf/0f To;n] s;/L
k|f0fLnfO{ hLljt ug{ ;S5 < s;/L ;'Gg ;S5 , s;/L b]Vg ;S5 < s;/L af]Ng
;S5 < s;/L r]tgzLn aGg ;S5 < s;/L b'v / cfzfsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;S5 <
cr]tg j:t'n] p;nfO{ s]xL lbg ;Sb}g .
K;f]l/cl6sM pgLx? eG5g\, ;+;f/ t s]jn ;+of]uaf6 ag]sf] xf] . cyf{t s0f tyf
tTjx? hDdf eP/ ag]sf] xf] . ;+;f/ ;+of]un] hflx/L hLjgdf b]lvPsf] xf] . ljleGg
lsl;dsf k|f0fLx? s'g} of]hgf ljgf g} ag]sf x'g\ . o; lsl;dsf] bfjL g} o;sf]
wf/0ffnfO{ t'xfg kof{Kt 5 . t;y{ ;[li6sf] oyfy{tf Pj+ o;sf] zfGbf/ Joj:yfkg /
lgoldt ?kdf ;+rflnt x'g] s'/f / ;Gt'lnt jfo'n] ;+of]usf] bfjLnfO{ sf6 ub{5 .
cNnfxn] o:tf] wf/0ffsf] v08g ub{} eg]sf 5g\ M of] cNnfxsf] ;[li6 xf] h;n] k|To]s
lrhnfO{ ;'b[9 t'NofPsf 5g\ . -;"/x gdn M**_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf eg]sf 5g\ M cNnfx g} x'g\ h;n] ;[li6u/] ;ftj6f cfsfzx¿
/ Tolt g} k[YjL klg . logLx¿aLr cfb]z cjt/0f x'G5g\ tfls ltdLx¿ hfg ls
cNnfx x/]s s'/fsf] ;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ cNnfxn] k|To]s lrhnfO{ cfˆgf] 1fgsf] kl/lwdf
lnPsf 5g\ . -;"/x tnfs M!@_
sDo'lgi6 M pgLx? sfn{ dfS;sf cg'ofoLx? x'g\ . pgLx? eG5g\ M O{Zj/
5}g . hLjg Pp6f ef}lts j:t' xf] . pgLx?n] cfˆgf] /fi6«x?nfO{ o:tf] unt
wf/0ffsf] cfwf/df ;f]ljot ;+3sf] gfdn] :yflkt u/]sf lyP . t/ 5f]6f] ;dodf
g} pgLx?sf] o:tf] wf/0ff unt l;4 eof] / pgLx? ljleGg /fHodf lj3l6t eP .
Oltxf;sf rlr{t JolQmx? M
lkm/cf}g M p;n] O{Zj/sf] g} OGsf/ u/]sf] lyof] . p;sf] wf/0ffnfO{ O+lst ub{}
s'/cfgn] eg]sf] 5 M hutsf] s'g} kfngxf/ 5}g . -;"/x z'c/f M@#_
To;kl5 p;n] cfkm"nfO{ g} O{Zj/sf] bfjL u¥of] . To;nfO{ klg s'/cfgn]

o;/L aofg u/]sf] 5 M d g} ;j{>]i7 kfngxf/ x'F . -;"/x gflhoft M@$_
19
To;kl5 k"0f{ b[9tfsf ;fy cfkm"nfO{ g} k"Ho 7fGof] . To;sf] klg s'/cfgn]
o;/L lrq/0f u/]sf] 5 M d afx]s ltdLx?sf] sf]xL cGo O{Zj/ 5 eGg] dnfO{
nfUb}g . -;"/x s;; M #*_ lkm/cf}gn] O{zb"t d";fnfO{ klg wDsL lbb} eGof] .
To;sf] lrq0f cNnfxn] o;/L u/]sf 5g\ M dnfO{ afx]s c? s;}nfO{ O{Zj/ dfGof}
eg] d ltdLnfO{ h]n xfN5' . -;"/x z'c/f M@(_
gd?bM pm klg Pshgf rlr{t JolQm lyof] . p;n] cNnfxsf] af/]df

O{zb"t;Fu emu8f u¥of] . cNnfxn] To;sf] lrq0f klg o;/L u/]sf 5g\ M ha
Oa|fxLdn] eg]– æd]/f kfngstf{ tL x'g\ h;n] hLjg tyf d[To' lbG5g\ .Æ ta
p;n] eGof]– æd klg hLjg tyf d[To' lbG5' .Æ Oa|fxLdn] eg]– æcNnfxn]
;"o{nfO{ k"j{af6 pbo u/fpF5g\Ù ltdLn] klZrdaf6 pbo u/fP/ b]vfpm .Æ clg
Tof] sflkmÞ/ cfZro{ rlst eof] . /, cNnfxn] cTofrf/L ;d'bfonfO{ dfu{bz{g
lb+b}gg\ . -;"/x as/fx M@%*_
pgLx? ;a} cfˆgf]] c;n :jefj ljk/Lt uP . cfˆg} :jefjnfO{ OGsf/ u/] .
cNnfxn] pgLx?sf] o; s'ljrf/nfO{ o;/L aofg u/]sf 5g\ M /, ltgLx¿n] cTofrf/
tyf cxÍf/n] ubf{ tL rdTsf/x¿nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/] hals ltgLx¿sf cfTdf
ltgLx¿k|lt ljZj:t lyP . ctM x]/, s:tf] eof] ljWj+;sf/Lx¿sf] kl/0ffd . -;"/x
gdn M!$_
pgLx?sf] o; ;+;f/df g t s'g} :yfg /xof] g pgLx? cljgfzL aGg ;s] .
cNnfxsf] ?a"ljotdf cf:yf
?a"ljotdfly cf:yf eg]sf] of] ljZjf; ug'{ ls Ps cNnfx g} k|e" x'g\ pgL
g} >i6f x'g\, dflns klg pgL g} x'g\ / lgb{]zs klg pgL g} x'g\ . /a sf] cy{ g}
;/bf/, dflns, ;+rfns eGg] x'G5 . t;y{ pg}n] k'/f hutsf] ;+rfng ul//x]sf
5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M lkmÞ/cfÞ}gn] ;f]Wof] æx] d";f Û ltdL b'a}sf kfngstf{ sf]
x'g\ < pgn] eg]– æh;n] k|To]s lrhnfO{ To;sf] cfs[lt k|bfg u/] / To;nfO{ dfu{
b]vfP ltgL g} xfd|f kfngstf{ x'g\ . -;"/x tfxf M$(—%)_
20
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
;[li6 M cNnfx g} ;Dk"0f{ j:t'sf >i6f x'g\ . pgL afx]s x/]s j:t' ;[li6 xf] .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfx ;Dk"0f{ lrhx¿sf ;[li6stf{ x'g\ / pgL x/]s j:t'sf
;+/Ifs x'g\ . -;"/x h'd/ M^@_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 /, pgn] k|To]s lrh ;[li6 u/] / To;nfO{
/fd|f];Fu lgwf{l/t u/] . -;"/x km'/sfg M@_
s'g} klg ;[li6 ePsf] j:t'nfO{ pgL afx]s c?;Fu hf]l8of] eg] Tof] s]jn
;fk]IfL ;[li6 x'G5 . ;fk]IfL ;[li6 eg]sf] s'g} j:t'sf] u7g ug'{ , hf]8g' ;Dkfbg
ug'{ tyf cg'dfg ug'{ cflb xf] . o;sf] cy{ cgl:tTjaf6 cl:tTjdf Nofpg' eGg]
x'Fb}g .
:jfldTj M cNnfx g} :jfdL x'g\, pgL afx]s ;a} pgsf eQm x'g\ . cNnfxsf]
egfO 5 M cfsfzx¿ Pj+ k[YjLdf cNnfxs} zf;g /x]sf]5 / cNnfx ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf]
;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ . -;"/x cfn] Od/fg M!*(_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M k|fy{gf u/– æx] cNnfx Û /fHosf :jfdL Û ltdL
h;nfO{ rfxG5f} /fHo k|bfg ub{5f} Pjd\ h;af6 rfxG5f} /fHo vf]:b5f} -;"/x
cfn] Od/fg M@^_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M g pgsf] ;Qfdf sf]xL ;fe]mbf/ g} 5 / g
b'a{ntfsf sf/0f pgsf sf]xL ;xof]uL 5 . -;"/x O;|f M!!!_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M cNnfx g} ltdLx¿sf kfngstf{ x'g\ / ;fd|fHo
pgs} xf] . /, cNnfx afx]s ltdLx¿n] h;nfO{ k'sf5f}{ ltgLx¿ Pp6f vh"/sf]
aLpmsf] af]qmf;d]tsf] dflns xf]Ogg\ . -;"/x kmflt/ M!#_
pgL afx]s s;}nfO{ dflns elgof] eg] Tof] s]jn ;fk]IfL x'G5 cyf{t s]xL
;dosf] nflu jf s]xL If0fsf] nflu dfq x'G5 . h:t} cNnfxn] d";f cn}= sf]
gft]bf/dWo]sf] Pp6f df]ldg -cf:yfjfg_ sf] egfOnfO{ pb\3[t ub}{ eg]sf 5g\ M
x] d]/f hfltaGw'x¿ xf] Û cfh ltdLx¿sf] zf;g 5, / kf] ltdLx¿ wtL{df /jfkm
b]vfO/x]sf 5f} . olb xfdLdfly cNnfxsf] oftgf cfof]eg] To;nfO{ kG5fpg
21
xfd|f] dbt s;n] ug]{5 < -;"/x uflkm/ M@( _ k"0f{ :jfdL s]jn Ps cNnfx
5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cGttM wtL{ tyf wtL{af;Lx¿sf pQ/flwsf/L xfdL
g} x'g]5f}+ / ;a} xfdLtk{m g} kmsf{Og]5g\ . -;"/x do{d M $)_
lgb{]zs M cNnfx g} lgb{]zs x"g\ . pgL afx]s ;a} lgb{]zg kfngf ug{]x?
x'g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M elgb]pm ;Dk"0f{ cfb]z cNnfx s} 5 . -;"/x cfn]
Od/fg M!%$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ;'g pg}sf] ;[li6 5 / pg}sf] cfb]z rN5 .

;f/f hutsf kfngxf/ a/stjfnf 5g\ . -;"/x cf/fkm M %$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M dfldnfx?sf] km};nf eO;s]sf] 5 / dfldnfx?

cNnfxtkm{ g} nlug] 5 . -;"/x as/fx M @!)_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ltdLnfO{ o; dfldnfdf s'g} clVtof/ 5}g

.-;"/x cfn] Od/fg M !@*_
pgL dfq lgb{]zs x'g\ . pgL afx]s s;}nfO{ lgb{]zs dflgof] eg] Tof] s]jn
Pp6f ;fk]IfL lgb{]zs x'G5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M clg, ef/bf/x¿n] lkmÞ/cÞf}gs}
cfb]zsf] kfngf u/] hals lkmÞ/cÞf}gsf] cfb]z ;Totfdf cfwfl/t lyPg . -;"/x
x"b M(&_ Tof] Pp6f ;fk]IfL lgb{]zg dfq xf] p;n] rfx] t nfu' ug{ ;S5 g rfx]
To;nfO{ ab/ ug{ ;S5 .
cNnfxsf] lgb{z
] g b'O{ lsl;dsf] x'G5, Pp6f sf}gL / csf{] z/O{ . sf}gL lgb{z ] g
eg]sf] clgjfo{ ?kdf nfu' x'g] lgb{z
] g xf] . Tof] cNnfxsf] rfxgf h:tf] xf] . cNnfxn]
df]xDdb ;n= nfO{ cfˆgf] af/]df eGg nufPsf 5g\ M pgsf] cfb]z o:tf] 5, ha
pgn] s'g} s'/f ug{ rfxG5g\ clg eG5g\, xf]pm Tof] eOxfN5 . -;"/x o"g'; M*@_
z/O{ lgb{]zg eg]sf] kl/If0fsf] nflu jf P]lR5s lgb{]zg xf] . Tof] nfu' klg
x'g ;S5 gx'g klg ;S5 . t/ ;Dk"0f{ lgb{]zg cNnfxsf] rfxgfdf cfwfl/t 5g\ .
22
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M ltdLx¿dWo] ;Lwf dfu{df lx+8\g rfxg]x¿sfnflu . ltdLn]

rfx]/ s]xL x'g] 5}g ha;Dd ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf kfngstf{ cNnfxsf] rfxgf gxf];\ .
-;"/x tSjL/ M @*,@(_
?a"ljotdf ;[li6stf{, :jfdL / lgb{]zs h:tf tLg j6f s'/f ;ldlnt 5g\ .
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg', hLljt ug'{ , dfg'{, kfgL jiff{pg', af]6 lj?jf
pdfg'{, xfjf rnfpg', 8'+uf rnfpg', /ftnfO{ lbgdf / lbgnfO{ /ftdf abNg', ue{jtL
agfpg', ue{ :vng agfpg', /f]u lbg' , /f]u lgsf] kfg'{, OHht lbg' / ckdfg ug'{
cflb pg}sf] lgb{]zg af6 x'G5 . cNNffxsf] ?a"ljotdfly o:tf] cf:yf x'g' dfgj
:jefjdf cfwfl/t 5 . dfgj ljj]sn] :jLsfb{5 . a|Dxf08df o;sf] cg'e'lt ug{
;lsG5 . of] s'/f O{zu|Gydf klg pNn]v 5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cfsfz tyf
wtL{sf] ;[li6df, /ft Pj+ lbgsf] Pskl5 csf]{sf] cfjt–hfjtdf, dflg;x¿sfnflu
nfebfos ;fdu|Lx¿ lnP/ ;d'b|df lxF8\g] 8'ª\ufx¿df, cfsfzaf6 cNnfxn]
a;f{Psf kfgLdf h;af6 pgn] d'bf{ e"ldnfO{ hLljt kf5{g\ clg wtL{df w]/}
k|sf/sf hLj–hGt' km}nfpF5g\ tyf xfjfsf] axglqmofdf / cfsfz Pj+ k[YjLaLr
lgoGq0fdf /flvPsf afbndf lgZro g} a'l4dfgx¿sf nflu lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ .
-;"/x as/fx M!^$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ltdLn] g} /ftnfO{ lbgdf tyf lbgnfO{ /ftdf

k|lji6 ub{5f} . /, ltdL lghL{jxaf6 ;hLj Pj+ ;hLjaf6 lghL{j lgsfNb5f} clg
ltdL h;nfO{ rfxG5f} cgluGtL wg–;DkQL k|bfg ub{5f} . -;"/x cfn] Od/fg M@&_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M cNnfxn] g} cGgsf bfgf tyf vh'/sf] u]8fnfO{

c+s'l/t kf5{g\ . pg}n] lghL{jaf6 ;hLjnfO{ tyf ;hLjaf6 lghL{jnfO{ lgsfN5g\ .
oL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ug]{ cNnfx xF'bf x'Fb} stf axls+b}5f} < pgL laxfgL NofpF5g\ .
pgn] g} /ftnfO{ lj>fdsf] ;do agfP / pgn] g} ;"o{ tyf rGb|dfnfO{ uGtLsf]
dfWod agfP . oL ;a} pg} zlQmzfnL tyf ;j{1n] lgwf{l/t u/]sf ljwLx¿ x'g\ . /,
pg} x'g\ h;n] ltdLx¿sf nflu tf/fx¿nfO{ yn tyf hnsf cGwsf/x¿df dfu{
kQf nufpg] ;fwg agfP . /, 1fgLx¿sf nflu xfdLn] lgzfgLx¿af/] k|:6;Fu
23
aofg ul/lbPsf 5f}+ . /, pg} x'g\ h;n] ltdLx¿nfO{ Pp6} Hofgaf6 ;[li6 u/] clg
;a}sfnflu Pp6f a:g] 7fpF / Pp6f ;'lDkg] 7fpF 5 . /, xfdLn] ljj]szLnsf
nflu lgzfgLx¿af/] k|:6;Fu aofg u/]sf 5f}+ . /, pg} x'g\ h;n] cfsfzaf6 kfgL
a;f{P . To;kl5 xfdLn] To;af6 w]/} lsl;dsf ag:klt pAhfof}+ . clg, xfdLn]
To;af6 xl/of 3fF;kft tyf ?v–lj?jfx¿ pAhfof}+ h;af6 e'mKkfsf e'mKkf
bfgfx¿ k}bf ePÙ To:t} vh'/sf ufefx¿af6 e'ml08Psf e'mKkfsf e'mKkf vh'/ .
clg c+u'/, h}t"g tyf cgf/sf] au}+rf agfof}+ h;sf kmnx¿ s]xL Ps csf{;Fu
ldNbfh'Nbf / s]xL leGg leGg klg 5g\ . ;a}sf kmn x]/ ha tL kmN5g\ / ha tL
kfS5g\ . lg:;Gb]x o;df cf:yfjfgx¿sfnflu lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ . -;"/x cGcfdM
(%—((_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M cNnfx tL x'g\ h;n] lagf s'g} :tDe cfsfzx¿nfO{
h:tf] ltdL b]Vb}5f}, dfly p7fP / k]ml/ cfˆgf] /fhl;+xf;gdf la/fhdfg eP . /,
pgn] ;"o{ tyf rGb|dfnfO{ Pp6f lgoldt ;]jfdf v6fP . k|To]s lrh Ps lgwf{l/t
;dosf]nflu sfo{/t 5 . cNnfxn] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgn]
cfotx¿nfO{ :ki6 kf/]]/ atfpg] u5{g\ tfls ltdLx¿ cfˆgf kfngstf{;Fusf]
e]6df ljZjf; u/ . /, pg} x'g\ h;n] wtL{nfO{ lj:t[t kf/] / To;df kxf8 Pj+
gbLx¿ ;[hgf u/] . pg}n] ;a} lsl;dsf kmnsf hf]8f agfP . pgn] g} lbgnfO{
/ftn] 5f]Kb5g\ . lg:;Gb]x lrGtg dgg ug]{x¿sfnflu oL ;a}df lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ .
/, wtL{df Ps csf{l;t ldn]sf ljleGg k|sf/sf e"–efux¿ 5g\Ù c+u'/sf au}+rf,
v]tLafnL / vh'/sf a[Ifx¿ 5g\ h;dWo] s;}sf] Pp6f dfq xf+uf 5 / s;}sf w]/}
xfFufx¿ 5g\ . oL ;a}nfO{ ;dfg kfgLn] l;+rfO ul/G5 t/ xfdL s]xL kmnnfO{ w]/}
:jflbi6 agfOlbG5f}+ / s]xLnfO{ sd :jflbi6 . lg:;Gb]x o;df ljj]sn] sfd lng]
JolQmx¿sfnflu lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ . -;"/x /cb M@—$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M pgn] g} cfsfzx¿ tyf wtL{nfO{ ;Tosf] cfwf/df
;[li6 u/] . pgL logLx¿n] ug{] lzs{eGbf pRr -kljq_ 5g\ . pgn] dfgjnfO{ jLo{åf/f
;[hgf u/] t/ pm v'Nnd v'Nnf emu8fn' aGg k'Uof] . /, hgfj/x¿nfO{ klg pgn] g}
;[li6 u/] h;af6 ltdLx¿ Gofgf] j:q tyf cGo kmfObf p7fpF5f} / tLdWo] s]xLnfO{
24
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
vfg] klg u5f} { . /, ltgdf ltdLx¿sf]nflu ;f}Gbo{ /x]sf] 5, ha laxfg To;nfO{

r/fpg n}hfG5f} / ha To;nfO{ ;fFem k/]kl5 lnP/ cfpF5f} . /, ltgLx¿n]
ltdLx¿sf ef/L af]s]/ o:tf] :yfgx¿;Dd k'¥ofpF5g\ hxfF;Dd ltdLx¿ sl7g
kl/>d lagf k'¥ofpg ;Sg] lyPgf} . lg:;Gb]x ltdLx¿sf kfngstf{ clt :g]xzLn
Pj+ k/d bofn' 5g\ . clg, pgn] g} 3f]8f, vRr/ tyf uwfx¿ ;[li6 u/] tfls
ltdLx¿ To;df ;jf/L u/ / oL ltd|f] hLjgsf] zf]ef klg ag"g \ . /, cNnfx o:tf
j:t'x¿sf] ;[li6 u5{g\ h;af/] ltdLx¿nfO{ yfxf g} 5}g . l;wf dfu{ t cNnfx;Fu
5 hals sltko 6]9f dfu{x¿ klg 5g\ / cNnfxn] rfx]sf] eP ltdLx¿ ;a}
nfO{ ;Tdfu{ b]vfpg] lyP . pg} x'g\ h;n] ltd|fnflu cfsfzaf6 kfgL a;f{P h'g
ltdLx¿ lkpg] u5f}{ / To;n] ubf{ pd|s ] f ag:kltx¿df cfˆgf kz'x¿ r/fpF5f} .
To;} kfgLåf/f pgn] ltdLx¿sfnflu v]tL, h}tg" , vh"/, c+u/" / w]/} k|sf/sf kmnx¿
pTkGg u5{g \ . lg:;Gb]x o;df ;f]rljrf/ ug]{ JolQmx¿sfnflu lgzfgL /x]sf] 5 .
/, pgn] g} /ft / lbg, ;" o { / rGb| d fnfO{ ltdLx¿sf] ;] j fdf v6fPsf
5g\ . pgs} cfb] z af6 tf/fx¿ klg ;] j fdf vl6Psf 5g\ . lg:;Gb] x
o;df ljj]slznx¿sf nflu lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ . /, pgn] hdLgdf gfgf yl/sf h]
hlt ;[li6 u/]sf5g\, lg:;Gb]x To;df klg lzIff u|x0f ug]x{ ¿sf nflu 7"nf] lgzfgL
5 . clg, pg}n] ;d'bn | fO{ ltdLx¿sf] cwLgdf u/] tfls ltdLx¿ To;af6 tfhf
df;' vfpm / To;af6 uxgf lgsfn h;nfO{ ltdLx¿ nufpg] u5f}{ . /, 8'Ëfx¿nfO{
kfgL lrb}{ To;af6 cl3 a9]sf] ltdL b]V5f} . oL ;a}sf] p2]Zo of] xf] ls ltdLx¿
cfˆgf kfngstf{sf] cg'u|x vf]hLsf]nflu k|oTg u/ / pgLk|lt s[t1 ag . clg,
pgn] k[YjLdf kxf8x¿nfO{ uf8] tfls ltdLx¿;d]t gn8 / gbL tyf dfu{x¿ agfP
tfls ltdLx¿ af6f] kfpg ;s . clg, pgn] -dfu{ atfpg]_ c¿ lrGxx¿ /fv] . /,
dflg;x¿ tf/fx¿åf/f klg dfu{ kQf nufpg] u5{g \ . clg s] h;n] ;[li6 u5{g\ pgL
;[li6 ug{ g;Sg]h:tf x'g ;S5g\ < s] ltdLx¿ pkb]z u|x0f ub}g{ f} <
clg, ltdLx¿n] cNnfxsf j/bfgx¿nfO{ u0fgf ug{ rfx] klg ug{ ;Sb}gf} .
lg:;Gb]x cNnfx clt IfdfzLn Pj+ k/d bofn' 5g\ . -;"/x gxn M#—!*_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M hf] lkmbf]{ifsf pQ/flwsf/L x'g]5g\ hxfF pgLx¿
;bf /xg]5g\ . lg:;Gb]x xfdLn] dg'ionfO{ df6f]sf] ;f/ -lgrf]8_ af6 ;[li6 u¥of}+ .
25
k]ml/ To;nfO{ jLo{sf] yf]kf:j¿k Pp6f ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fVof}+ . clg jLo{nfO{
l9Ssf] /ut agfof}+ / To; l9Ssf] /utnfO{ df;'sf] 8Nnf] agfof}+ clg df;'sf] 8Nnf]
nfO{ x•L agfof}+ . /, xfdLn] To; x•Ldf df;' r9fof}+ . k]ml/ gofF 9fFrfdf dfgjsf]
;[li6 u¥of}+ . ctM a/sto'Qm 5g\ cNnfx hf] ;jf]{Qd ;[li6stf{ x'g\ . To;kl5
ltdLx¿ cjZo dg'{ kg]{5 . k'gM dxfk|nosf] lbg ltdLx¿ p7fOg]5f} . xfdLn]
ltdLx¿dfly ;ftj6f cfsfzx¿ ;[hgf u/]sf 5f}+ / xfdL ;[li6af6 cgle1 5}gf}+ .
/, cfsfzaf6 xfdLn] 7Ls kl/df0fdf kfgL j;f{of}+ / To;nfO{ wtL{df c8\ofof}+ . /,
xfdL To;nfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ klg ;Ifd 5f}+ . k]ml/ To;af6 xfdLn] vh"/ tyf c+u'/
sf au}+rfx¿ pdf¥of}+ . To;df ltdLx¿sflglDt w]/} :jflbi6 kmn ;[hgf u¥of}+
clg To;}af6 ltdLx¿ vfG5f} . /, t"/] ;}gf ‑gfds kxf8_ df pd|g] Tof] ‑h}t'g_
j[IfnfO{ klg ‑xfdLn] g} pdf¥of}+_ h;n] vfg]x¿sfnflu t]n / t/sf/L lbG5g\ .
/, hgfj/x¿df klg ltdLx¿sfnflu 7"nf] lzIff /x]sf] 5 . ltgsf k]6df /x]sf
kbfy{af6 lkpg] b"w k|bfg u5f}{+ / ltgdf ltdLx¿sfnflu cGo w]/} kmfObfx¿ 5g\ .
/, ltgLx¿dWo] s]xLnfO{ -ltdL_ vfG5f} klg . /, ltgdfly tyf 8'Fufx¿dfly ;jf/
u/fOG5f} . -;"/x d'd]g"gM!!—@@_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M s] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g ls cNnfxn] g} afbnnfO{
rnfpF5g\, clg ltgLx¿nfO{ cfk;df hf]8\5g tyf ltgLx¿nfO{ txdfly tx u/L
/fV5g\ / To;s} aLraf6 ltdLn] kfgL k/]sf] b]V5f} < /, pgL cfsfzdf /x]sf]
-cl;gfsf]_ kxf8af6 cl;gf a;f{pF5g\ . ‑cNnfxn]_ h;nfO{ rfxG5g\ To;åf/f
xflg k'¥ofpF5g\ / h;nfO{ rfxG5g\ arfpF5g\ . To;sf] lah'nLsf] rdsn] b]Vg]
zlQm g} n}hfnfh:tf] x'G5 . /ft tyf lbgnfO{ cNnfx g} kl/jt{g ul//xG5g\ .
b[li6jfg JolQmx¿sfnflu o;df lgZro g} 7"nf] lzIff /x]sf] 5 . /, x/]s lx+88'n
ug]{ k|f0fLnfO{ cNnfxn] kfgLaf6 ;[li6 u/]sf x'g\ . ltgLx¿dWo] s'g} cfˆgf] k]6n]
l3;|G5g\, s'g} b'O{ v'§fn] lxF8\5g\ / s'g} rflxF rf/ v'§fn] . cNnfx h] rfxG5g\ ToxL
;[li6 u5{g\ . lg:;Gb]x cNnfx k|To]s sfo{sf] ;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ . -;"/x g"/M$#—$%_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M s] ltdLn] b]v]gf}+ ltd|f kfngstf{n] s;/L
5fofF k}mnfpF5g\ < olb pgn] rfx]sf] eP To; 5fofFnfO{ l:y/ g} /fVg] lyP .
k]ml/ xfdLn] ;"o{nfO{ To; 5fofFsf] nflu lgb]{zs agfof}+ . k]ml/ xfdLn] To;
26
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
5fofFnfO{ lj:tf/} cfk"mlt/ ;d]6\5f}+ . /, pg} x'g\ h;n] ltdLx¿sfnflu /

ftnfO{ kbf{, lgb|fnfO{ lj>fd / lbgnfO{ hfUg] ;do agfP . /, pg} x'g\ h;n]
cfˆgf] s[kf ‑jiff{_ eGbf cl3 xfjfnfO{ z'e–;'rgf:j¿k k7fpF5g\ . /, xfdL g}
cfsfzaf6 kljq kfgL a;f{pF5f}+ . tfls To;åf/f d[t e"ldnfO{ hLljt kf/f}+ /
xfdLn] ;[li6 u/]sf w]/}h;f] rf}kfof tyf dflg;x¿nfO{ ToxL kfgL lknfpF5f}+ . /,
xfdLn] o;nfO{ ljleGg tl/sfn] aofg u¥of}+ tfls ltgLx¿n] pkb]z u|x0f u¿g\
t/ clwsf+z dflg;x¿ s[t£gtfdf g} cl8u /x] . olb xfdLn] rfx] s f] eP
k|To]s gu/df Ps hgf ;r]ts k7fpg] lyof}+ . ctM sflkmÞ/x¿sf] s'/f gdfg
/ o; sÞ'/cfgåf/f ltgLx¿lj?4 7"nf] ;+3if{ u/ . /, ltg} x'g\ h;n] b'O{j6f
;d'b|nfO{ ldnfPÙ Pp6f ld7f]–:jflbnf] 5 / csf]{ rflxF g'lgnf] tyf 6/f{] . clg,
pgn] b'j}sf aLrdf Pp6f cb[Zo kbf{ / Pp6f k[ys kfg]{ cj/f]w v8f ul/lbP .
/, pg} x'g\ h;n] kfgLaf6 dflg;nfO{ ;[li6 u/] tyf To; dfgjnfO{ j+zfjnL
Pj+ ;;'/fnL gft]bf/jfnf agfP . /, ltd|f kfngstf{ ;fdYo{jfg 5g\ . -;"/x
km'/sfgM $%–%$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ctM ;fFem / laxfg cNnfxsf] dlxdfufg
u/ / cfsfzx¿ / wtL{df ;f/f k|z+;f pg}sf] nflu 5 . t];|f] kx/ / h'x/
‑ck/fGx_ df klg . pgL d[taf6 hLljtnfO{ lgsfNb5g\ / hLljtaf6 d[tnfO{ .
clg, pgL e"ldnfO{ To;sf] d[To'kZrft\ k'gM hLljt kfb{5g\ . /, o;/L g}
ltdLx¿ klg lgsflng]5f} . /, cNnfxsf lgzfgLx¿dWo] of] klg /x]sf] 5 ls
pgn] ltdLx¿nfO{ df6f]af6 ;[li6 u/] clg ltdL dfgj eP/ k}mln+b}5f} . /,
pgsf lgzfgLx¿dWo] of] klg /x]sf] 5 ls pgn] ltdLx¿sfnflu ltdLx¿s}
;xhfltaf6 ltdLx¿sf hf]8L agfP tfls ltdLx¿ ltgLx¿af6 ;Gt'li6 k|fKt
u/ . / ltdLx¿aLr pgn] k|]d tyf bof pTkGg u/] . lg:;Gb]x o;df ;f]rljrf/
ug]{ dflg;x¿sfnflu lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ . /, cNnfxs} lgzfgLx¿dWo]sf] cfsfzx¿
tyf wtL{sf] ;[li6 xf] / ltdLx¿sf efiffx¿ Pj+ j0f{x¿sf] leGgtf . lgZro g}
o;df 1fgLx¿sfnflu w]/} lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ . pgsf lgzfgLx¿dWo] xf] ltdLx¿sf]
/ft / lbgsf] ;'tfO / hLljsf vf]Hg] sfo{ klg . lgZro g} o;df Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg]
x¿sfnflu lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ . clg, pgn] ltdLx¿nfO{ lah'nL b]vfpF5g\ h;n]
27
eo Pj+ cfzf b'j} pTkGg u5{ / cfsfzaf6 kfgL j;f{pF5g\ clg To;åf/f d"bf{
e"ldnfO{ hLljt kfb{5g\ . lg:;Gb]x o;df a'l4hLljx¿sfnflu lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ .
/, pgsf lgzfgLx¿dWo] cfsfz tyf wtL{ pgs} cfb]zdf sfod /xg' klg xf] .
k]ml/ ha pgn] ltdLx¿nfO{ wtL{af6 lg:sg Pp6f cfjfh lbg]5g\ ta ltdLx¿
cs:dft\ lg:sg]5f} . /, cfsfzx¿ tyf wtL{sf ;Dk"0f{ lrhx¿ cNnfxs}nflu
x'g\ . /, oL ;a} pgsf cf1fsf/L x'g\ . pg} x'g\ h;n] ;[li6sf] cf/De u5{g\ clg
pg}n] To;sf] k'g/fj[lQ ug]{5g\ . /, of] pgsf]nflu emg\ ;/n 5 . cfsfzx¿
tyf wtL{df pg}sf] u'0f ;jf]{Rr /x]sf] 5 / pgL k|e'TjzfnL Pj+ tTjbzL{ 5g\ .
-;"/x ?dM!&—@&_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M/x\dfg\ -cNnfx_ n], s'Þ/cfgsf] lzIff lbPÙ
dflg;nfO{ ;[li6 u/] . p;nfO{ af]Ng l;sfP . ;"o{ tyf rGb|df Pp6f lgwf{l/t
lx;fan] rln/x]sf 5g\ . /, tf/f tyf ?v b'j} ;Hbfdf 5g\ . /, pg}n] cfsfznfO{
dfly p7fP / t/fh' :yflkt ul/lbP . tfls tf}ndf ltdLx¿ ;Ldf]Nn+3g gu/ . /
Gofosf ;fy 7Ls–7Ls tf}ng] u/ clg tf}ndf sdL gu/ . /, pgn] k|f0fLx¿sfnflu
k[YjL agfP=. h;df x/]s k|sf/sf :jflbnf kmn 5g\Ù vh"/sf ?v 5g\ h;sf kmn
cfj/0fx¿df a]l/Psf 5g\ . e"; o'Qm cGgx¿ / ;'ulGwt k"mn . x] lhGg / dg'ioÛ
ltdL b'j} cfˆgf kfngstf{sf s'g s'g j/bfgnfO{ em"7\nfpF5f} < dg'ionfO{ pgn]
;'s]sf] / ;8]sf] df6f]af6 ;[li6 u/] / lhGgnfO{ cfuf]sf] Hjfnfaf6 ;[li6 u/] . x]
lhGg / dg'io Û ltdL b'j} cfˆgf kfngstf{sf s'g s'g j/bfgnfO{ em"7\nfpF5f}<
b'j} k"j{ / b'j} klZrdsf dflns pg} x'g\ . x] lhGg / dg'io Û ltdL b'j} cfˆgf
kfngstf{sf s'g s'g j/bfgnfO{ em"7\nfpF5f} < pgn] b'O{j6f ;d'b| aufP h'g
k/:k/ ldN5g\ . tL b'j}aLr Pp6f kvf{n /x]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ tL b'O{ Ps cfk;df
k|j]z ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . x] lhGg / dg'io Û ltdL b'j} cfˆgf kfngstf{sf s'g s'g
j/bfgnfO{ em"7\nfpF5f} < ltgLx¿ b'j}af6 df]tL tyf d'ufx¿ lg:sg] u5{g\ . x]
lhGg / dg'io Û ltdL b'j} cfˆgf kfngstf{sf s'g s'g j/bfgnfO{ em"7\nfpF5f}< /,
cNnfxs} ‑lgoGq0fdf_ 5g\ ;d'b|df kxf8e}+m plePsf cUnf hxfhx¿ . x] lhGg
/ dg'io Û ltdL b'j} cfˆgf kfngstf{sf s'g s'g j/bfgnfO{ em"7\nfpF5f} < -;"/x
/xdfg M !—@%_
28
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M s] xfdLn] g} agfPgf}+ wtL{nfO{ la5\of}gf /

kj{tx¿nfO{ -k[YjLsf] nflu_ r's'n < / xfdLn] ltdLx¿nfO{ hf]8f–hf]8f ;[li6
u¥of}+ . /, ltdLx¿sf] lgb|fnfO{ cf/fdbfoL agfof}+ . /, /ftnfO{ xfdLn] kbf{ agfof}+ .
/, lbgnfO{ xfdLn] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;do agfof}+ . /, ltdLx¿dfly ;ftj6f ;'b[9Þ
cfsfzx¿ agfof}+ . /, xfdLn] cToGt} Hof]ltd{o / pi0f bLks ;[li6 u¥of}+ . /,
;3g afbnx¿af6 xfdLn] clj/n kfgL j;f{of}+ . tfls pdf/f}+ To;åf/f cGg Pj+
jg:klt==/ ;3g au}+rfx¿ . -;"/x gaf M^—!^_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ltdLx¿nfO{ ;[li6 ug{‘ sl7g 5 ls cfsfznfO{<
cNnfxn] g} To;nfO{ agfP . pgn] To;sf] 5fgfnfO{ dfly p7fP / To;nfO{
;dtn agfP . pg}n] To;sf] /ftnfO{ cGwsf/do agfP / To;sf] lbgnfO{
k|sfZdo agfP . /, To;kl5 wtL{nfO{ cf]5\ofP . pg}n] o;af6 kfgL / afnLgfnL
pdf/] . /, o;dfly kj{tx¿nfO{ :yflkt u/] . ltdL / ltd|f kz'x¿sf] hLljsfsf]
nflu -u/]_ . -;"/x gflhoft M@&—##_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M dflg;n] cfˆgf] vfB kbfy{tk{m x]/f];\ .
lg:;Gb]x xfdLn] g} k|z:t kfgL j;f{of}+ / e"ldnfO{ /fd|/L lr¥of}+ . clg To;df
pAhfof}+ cGg–afnL / c+u'/ Pj+ ;fukft / h}t'g Pj+ vh"/ / 3gf au}+rfx¿ /
kmnx¿ Pj+ 3fF;kft . ltdL / ltd|f kz'x¿sf] hLljsfsf nflu . -;"/x ca;M
@$—#@_
cfbdsf ;f/f ;Gtfgn] cNnfxsf] ?a"ljotnfO{ :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . h:t} cNnfx
g} ;[li6 ug{]jfnf x'g\, cNnfxn] g} :jfdL x'g\ / cNnfx g} ;+rfns x'g\ eGg] s'/f
dfg]sf 5g\ . c/asf jx'b]jjfbLx?n] klg of] s'/f :jLsf/]sf lyP . h:t} pgLx?sf]
:jLsf/f]lQmnfO{ cNnfxn] o;/L aofg u/]sf 5g\ . eg– æolb ltdLx¿ hfgsf/L
/fV5f} eg], k[YjL tyf To;df /x]sf lrhx¿ s;sf x'g\ <Æ ltgLx¿n] eGg]5g\–
æcNnfxsf .Æ eg– æclg ltdLx¿ pkb]z lsg u|x0f ub}{gf} t <Æ eg– æ;ft
cfsfz tyf dxfg\ l;+xf;gsf :jfdL sf] x'g\ t <Æ t'?Gt} eGg]5g\– æcNnfx ÛÆ
eg– æclg ltdLx¿ lsg 8/fpFb}gf} t <Æ eg– æolb ltdLx¿ hfgsf/L /fV5f}
eg], ;Dk"0f{ lrhx¿sf] clVtof/ s;sf] xftdf 5 / pgL sf] x'g\ h;n] z/0f
29
lbG5g\ t/ pgsf] bfFhf]df s;}n] z/0f lbg ;Sb}g <ÆltgLx¿n] eGg]5g\– æcNnfx

ÛÆ elgb]pm– æk]ml/ ltdLx¿ sxfFaf6 hfb"kLl8t x'G5f} t <Æ-;"/x d'd]g"g M*$—*(_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M /, ltdLn] ltgLx¿nfO{ cfsfzx¿ tyf k[YjL
s;n] ;[li6 u¥of] eg]/ ;f]Wof} eg] ltgLx¿n] cjZo g} eGg]5g\– ælogLx¿nfO{
k|e'TjzfnL, ;j{1 ‑cNnfx_ n] ;[li6 u/] . -;"/x h'V?km M(_
cNnfxsf] o; ljz]iftfdf klg ljleGg hdfctx? kye|i6tfsf lzsf/
ag]sf 5g\ .
cUgLk"hsx? M pgLx? eG5g\ M o; ;+;f/sf O{Zj/ b'O6f 5g\ . Pp6f

k|sfzsf] O{Zj/ 5 h;n] /fd|f] s'/f ;[li6 u5{ eg] csf{] cGwsf/sf] O{Zj/ 5 h;n]
g/fd|f] s'/f ;[li6 u5{ . pgLx?n] k|sfznfO{ cGwsf/eGbf /fd|f] dfGb5g\ .
O;fO{ M pgLx?sf] ljrf/df Ps cNnfx tLg tTjn] ag]sf] 5 afa', 5f]/f /

kljq cfTdf . t/ pgLx?n] hutsf tLg j6f kfngstf{ 5g\ egL k|dfl0ft ug{
eg] ;s]sf 5}gg\ / hutsf kfngstf{ Ps cNnfxnfO{ g} dfg]sf 5g\ .
c/asf jx'b]jjfbL M pgLx?n] cfˆgf] d"lt{x?nfO{ gfkmf tyf gf]S;fgsf sf/s

7fGby] ;fy} cfˆgf] efUo tL/sf] dfWodaf6 hfGg] sf]l;; uy{] .
sb/Lof M pgLx?sf] egfO cg';f/ dfgj cfkm}n] sfd ;[hgf ub{5 To;df
cNnfxsf] s'g} OR5f /xFb}g . oL ;a} vfn] kye|i6tfx?sf] k|fs[lts ts{x?af6 sf6
ePsf] 5 . dfgj ljj]s, r]tgf tyf cNnfxsf] sfg'gn] cNnfx cfˆgf]] ;[li6, /fh
/ lgb{]zgdf PSn} 5g\ eGg] s'/f k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfxn] g s;}nfO{ k'q agfPsf 5g\ g pgsf;fy

cGo sf]xL k"Ho g} /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ePsf] eP, k|To]s k"Ho cfˆgf] ;[li6nfO{ lnP/
cnlUug] lyP / ltgLx¿ Ps csf{dfly hfOnfUg] lyP . cNnfx tL s'/fx¿af6
kljq 5g\ h'g ltgLx¿ j0f{g ug]{ u5{g\ . -;"/x d'd]g"g M(!_
30
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
O{Zj/sf] cl:tTj 5 eGg] s'/f ;To 5 . t;y{ >i6f klg pm g} x'g' h?/L 5 .
p;n] h] rfxG5 Tof] p;n] u5{ . olb p;sf] sf]xL ;fem]bf/ x'GYof] eg] p;n]
klg t s]xL ;[li6 uYof{] xf]nf . olb o:t} xf] eg] ToxfF b'O{j6f s'/f x'g' h?/L 5 .
O{Zj/ Psafx]s cg]s ePsf] eP lsg t x/]s O{Zj/ cfˆgf] ;[li6nfO{ lnP/ hfGy]
jf cfˆgf] zf;gnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbGy] . t/ ;+;f/sf] lgodn] oL s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/
u5{ . ls pgLx? b'a}aLr k|lt:kwf{ Pj+ d'sfanf rNYof] . pgLx?dWo] Psn] z/L/
nfO{ x/st ug{] cfb]z lbGYof] eg] csf{]n] l:y/ x/g] cfb]z lbGYof] . Pp6fn] s'g}
j:t'nfO{ hLjg k|bfg ug{ rfxGYof] eg] csf{]n] d[To' rfxGYof] . o;/L b'a}n] Ps
;fy cfˆgf] rfxgf k'/f ug{] cj:yf /xFb}g / cfˆgf]] p2]Zodf ;kmn x'g ;Sb}gg\ .
cNnfx Psdfq k"Ho 5g\ egL cf:yf /fVg'
k"Ho eg]sf] Tof] x:tL xf] h;sf] k"hf ul/G5 . k"hf k"0f{ cfb/ tyf dfofn]
k|]l/t eO{ ul/g' k5{ . o:tf] cfb/ Ps ;To O{Zj/nfO{ afx]s s;}nfO{ lbg' x'Fb}g .
o;} ljZjf;sf ;fy z'4 O{dfg k|fKt x'G5 . h;dfly cf:yf /flvPsf] x'G5 p;nfO{
klg dxfg dfGg ;lsG5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M æcNnfxafx]s sf]xL k"Ho 5}gg\Æ
eGg] s'/fsf] ;fIfL :jo+ cNnfx, kmÞl/Ztfx¿ Pj+ 1fgLx¿ lbG5g\ . pgL lg;fkm
sfodstf{ x'g\ . pgLafx]s sf]xL k"Ho 5}g . pgL k|e'TjzfnL Pj+ tTjbzL{ 5g\ .
-;"/x cfn] Od/fg M !*_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ltdLx¿sf O{Zj/ Pp6} 5g\ . pgLafx]s sf]xL
pkf:o 5}g . pgL cToGt s?0ffdo / k/d bofn' 5g\ . -;"/x as/fx M !^#_
cNnfxn] ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fL rfx] Tof] dfgj xf];\ jf bfgj cfˆgf]] elQmsf] nflu
;[li6 u/]sf x'g\ . 1ft /xf];\ pgnfO{ s;}sf] pkf;gfsf] cfjZostf kb{}g .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M /, d}n] lhGg tyf dfgjnfO{ s]jn cfˆgf] pkf;gfsf]nflu
;[li6 u/]sf] x'F . d ltgLx¿af6 s'g} hLljsf rfxFlbgÙ g of] rfxG5' ls ltgLx¿n]
dnfO{ v'jfpmg\ . -;"/x hfl/oft M %^,%&_
cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] ;Dk"0f{ b"tx?nfO{ o;} cf:yf af/] dfgjnfO{ atfpg /
dfgjn] cNnfxsf] pkf;gf u?g\ / s;}nfO{ O{Zj/sf] ;fem]bf/ gagfpg\ egL
31
cfxjfg ug{ ;+;f/df k7fP . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M xfdLn] k|To]s ;d'bfodf /;"n
k7fof}+ . s]jn cNnfxsf] pkf;gf u/ / …tfu"ÞtÚ ‑x/]s lsl;dsf] cj1fsf/L_ b]lv
6f9f /xg] u/ . -;"/x gxn M #^_
tL b"tx?n] dfgj ;d'bfonfO{ h] s'/f eg] cNnfxn] pgLx?sf] egfOnfO{
o;/L lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ M æx] d]/f] ;d'bfo Û cNnfxsf] elQm u/ . pgLafx]s
ltdLx¿sf] cGo sf]xL pkf:o 5}g . -;"/x cf/fkm M %(_
o:tf] b[9 ljZjf;sf] ;f/ s] xf] eg] ;Dk"0f{ vfnsf] pkf;gf s]jn cNnfxsf]
nflu dfq x'g' k5{ / s;}nfO{ pgsf] ;fem]bf/ agfpg' x'Fb}g . h;n] ;fem]bf/
agfpF5 pm d'lZ/s tyf sflkm/ x'G5 .
cfWoflTds pkf;gf M dfofF x'g' M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M /, s]xL dflg;x¿ o:tf
5g\ hf] cNnfxsf afx]s c¿nfO{ pgsf] ;dsIfL 7x¥ofpF5g\ / ltgLx¿l;t o;/L
k|]d u5{g\ h;/L cNnfxl;t dfq ug'{ kg]{ xf] hals cf:yfjfgx¿ cNnfxl;tsf]
k|]ddf clt b[9 x'G5g\ . -;"/x as/fx M!^%_
eo x'g' M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M Tof] z}tfg xf] h;n] cfˆgf ldqx¿nfO{
t;f{pF5 . ctM olb ltdLx¿ cf:yfjfg xf} eg] ltgLx¿;Fu g8/fpmÙ s]jn d;Fu
8/fpm . -;"/x cfn] Od/fg M !&%_
cfzf ug'{ M cNnfxn] d'xDdb ;Nn= nfO{ eGg' ePsf] 5M elgb]pm– æd

ltdLx¿h:t} Ps dg'io dfq x'F . dtk{m k|sfzgf cfpF5 ls ltdLx¿ ;a}sf k"Ho
Ps dfq 5g\ . ctM hf] sf]xL cfˆgf /al;t e]6sf] cfzf /fVb5 p;n] ;Tsd{ ug'{k5{
/ cfˆgf /asf] pkf;gfdf s;}nfO{ ;fe]mbf/ agfpg' x'Fb}g . -;"/x sxkm M!!)_
oL tLg j6f s'/fx? cfWoflTds pkf;gfsf] ;f/ xf] . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
ltgLx¿ h;nfO{ k'sf5{g\ pgLx¿ :jo+ cfˆgf kfngstf{sf] lgs6tf k|flKtsfnflu
dfWod vf]Hb}5g\ ls pgLx¿dWo] s;n] clws lgs6tf k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . clg,
pgLx¿ cfˆgf kfngstf{sf] bofsf] cfzfdf /xG5g\ / pgsf] oftgf;Fu 8/fpF5g\ .
-;"/x O;|f M %&_
32
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
pkf;gfdf pk/f]Qm tLgj6f s'/fdWo] s'g}nfO{ klg 5'6fpg' x'Fb}g . h;n]

s]jn 8/sf sf/0f pkf;gf u¥of] pm 8/kf]s xf] . h;n] s]jn cfzfsf sf/0f
pkf;gf u¥of] pm s]jn cfzfjfbL xf] . h;n] s]jn dfofsf sf/0f pkf;gf
u¥of] pm s]jn Joljrf/L xf] . h;n] pk/f]Qm tLg j6} s'/fsf] cfwf/df pkf;gf
u¥of] Tof] g} jf:tljs P]s]Zj/jfbL xf] .
cfTdfsf] z'4tf g} c;n z'4tf xf] . xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M ;'g, z/L/df Pp6f
df;'sf] 6'qmf 5 . Tof] 7Ls 5 eg] k'/f z/L/ 7Ls /xG5 olb Tof] ljlu|of] eg] k'/f
z/L/ lju|G5 . Tof] xf] x[bo .
df}lvs pkf;gfx? Mb'cf M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M dl:hbx¿ cNnfxsf x'g\ .

ctM cNnfxsf];fy c¿ s;}nfO{ gk'sf/ . -;"/x lhg M!*_
z/0f dfUg' M cNnfxn] ;a}nfO{ eGg] cfb]z lbPsf 5g\ M d dfgjsf cNnfxsf]
z/0f lnG5' -;"/x gf; M !_
dbt dfUg' M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M ha ltdLn] cfˆgf]] kfngstf{;Fu dbt

dfU5f} p;n] ltdLnfO{ dbt ug{] 5 . -;"/x cGkmfn M (_
lhls/ ug'{ M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M x] cf:yfjfg xf] cNnfxnfO{ cToflws ofb
u/ . -;"/x cxhfa M$!_
s'/cfg kf7 ug'{ M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M ltdLlt/ jxL -k|sfzgf_ ul/Psf]
k':tssf] kf7 u/ . -;"/x cGsa't M$%_
/fd|f] s'/f ug'{ M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M kljq zAbx¿ pg}tk{m r9\5g\ -;"/x
kmflt/ M!)_
Zff/Ll/s pkf;gf M o; cGt{ut lgDg pkf;gfx? kb{5g\ .

33
gdfh k9\g' / aln lbg' M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M elgb]pm , d]/f] gdfh, d]/f]
jlnbfg, d]/f] lhGbuL, d]/f] d[To' ;a} hutsf kfngxf/ cNnfxsf nflu x'g\ . -;"/x
cGcfd M !^@_
csf{] 7fpFdf cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M cfˆgf]] kfngxf/sf] nflu gdfh k9 /

aln b]pm . -;"/x sf};/ M@_
af6f]af6 s'g} b'vbflo s'/f x6fpg' M xbL;df elgPsf] 5 O{dfg sf] ;a}eGbf
tNnf] bhf{ eg]sf] af6f]sf] sfF8f x6fpg' xf] .
cfly{s pkf;gf M o; cGtu{t hsft, ;bsf , bfg cflb kb{5g\ . cNnfxn]

eg]sf 5g\ M ;b\sÞf ‑bfgsf]if_ t s]jn bl/b|x¿, cefj u|:tx¿ / ;b\sÞfsf]
Joj:yfkgdf lgo'Qm JolQmx¿sfnflu xf] / tL JolQmx¿sfnflu h;sf Åbox¿nfO{
hf]8\g' clei6 xf];\Ù ‑;fy} of] bfgsf]if_ bf;x¿sf] d'lQm, C0fLx¿ ‑sf] C0f e'QmfgL_
sf nflu, cNnfxsf] dfu{ ‑df vr{ ug{_ df / klysx¿sflglDt xf] . of] cNnfxsf]
tk{maf6 clgjfo{ cfb]z xf] . /, cNnfx ;j{1 Pj+ tTj1 5g\ . -;"/x tf}af M^)_
csf{] 7fpFdf cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M /, s]xL ufpFn]x¿ o:tf klg 5g\ hf]
cNnfx tyf cflvÞ/t ‑k/nf]s_ dfly cf:yf /fV5g\ / cfˆgf] vr{nfO{ cNnfxsf]
lgs6tf k|flKt tyf /;"nsf] cfzLjf{b k|flKtsf] ;fwg agfpF5g\ . x]/, Tof] lgZro
g} pgLx¿sfnflu lgs6tf k|flKtsf] ;fwg xf] . cNnfxn] pgLx¿nfO{ cjZo g}
cfˆgf] cg'sDkf cGtu{t lng]5g\ . lg:;Gb]x cNnfx clt IfdfzLn tyf k/d
bofn' 5g\ . -;"/x tf}af M((_
vfgf v'jfpg' M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M /, cfk"mn] dg k/fPsf] vfgf cefju|:t,

cgfy / aGbLx¿nfO{ v'jfpF5g\ .
/, -ltgLx¿nfO{ eG5g\_ æxfdL ltdLx¿nfO{ s]jn cNnfxsf]nflu v'jfpFb}5f}+ .
xfdL ltdLx¿af6 g s'g} abnf rfxG5f+} g k|Zf+;f g} . -;"/x OG;fg M*,(_
cNnfx g} k"Ho x'g\ egL cf:yf /fVg'sf ;fy ;fy} cNnfx g} dflns tyf of]
34
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
hgfsf/ x'g\ egL cf:yf /fVg' klg h?/L 5 . pgnfO{ pkf;gfdf Ps dfGg' h?/L
5 . cNnfxn] s'/cfgdf ax'b]jjfbLx?nfO{ oxL s'/f ;DemfPsf 5g\ .
x] dfgj Û cfˆgf] To; …/aÚ sf] pkf;gf u/ h;n] ltdL / ltdLeGbf cl3sf
dflg;x¿sf] ;[li6 u/] cfzf 5 ls ltdLx¿ -g/saf6_ aRg ;Sg]5f} . ‑pg} x'g\_
h;n] ltd|f]nflu wtL{nfO{ la5\of}gf / cfsfznfO{ 5fgf agfP / cfsfzaf6 kfgL
a;f{P clg To;af6 ltdLx¿sf] e/0f– kf]if0fsf nflu kmnkm"nx¿ pTkGg u/] .
ctM hfgL–hfgL ‑s;}nfO{_ cNnfxsf] ;dsIfL gagfpm . -;"/x as/fx M@!,@@_
elgb]pm– æltdLx¿nfO{ cfsfz tyf k[YjLaf6 s;n] hLljsf k|bfg u5{ <

sfg tyf cfFvfx¿dfly s;sf] clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 < s;n] lghL{jaf6 ;hLj tyf
;hLjaf6 lghL{jnfO{ ;[hgf u5{ / s;n] ;+;f/sf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng u5{ <Æ
ltgLx¿n] t'¿Gt} eGg]5g\– æcNnfx ÛÆ clg ;f]w– æTo;f] eP ltdLx¿ lsg
8/fpFb}gf} <Æ pg} cNnfx ltdLx¿sf jf:tljs kfngstf{ x'g\ . clg ;Tokl5
kye|i6tfafx]s c¿ s] g} afFsL /xG5 / < clg Û ltdLx¿nfO{ stf nluFb}5 .
-;"/x o"g'; M #!,#@_
‑x] ;Gb]i6f Û_ elgb]pm– æ;Dk"0f{ k|z; + fx¿ cNnfxs}nflu x'g\ / pgsf tL
eQmx¿dfly ;nfd tyf zflGt xf];\ h;nfO{ pgn] rog u/]sf 5g\ .Æ ‑ltgLx¿nfO{
;f]w Û_ s] cNnfx pQd 5g\ jf tL pkf:ox¿ h;nfO{ ltgLx¿ pgsf ;fe]mbf/
agfpF5g\ < -eg t_, cfsfzx¿ / w/tLnfO{ s;n] ;[li6 uof]{ clg s;n] cfsfzaf6
kfgL jiff{of], km]/L To;af6 x/fe/f au}rf ;[li6 uof]{ < au}rfsf oL j[Ifx? pdfg'{
ltd|f] nflu ;Dej lyPg . s] cNnfxsf] ;fydf sf]xL c? k|e' -k"Ho_ 5 < xf]Og a?
ltgLx? g} ;To dfu{af6 6fl9+b5 } g\ . s;n] w/tLnfO{ l:y/ u/]/ a:g] 7fpF agfof] /
To;sf] aLrdf gx/x? aufof] clg ltgsf] nflu kxf8x? ;[li6 uof]{ / s;n] b'O{
;d'Gb|x?sf] aLrdf tuf/f] -cj/f]ws_ agfof] < s] cNnfxsf] ;fydf c? sf]xL k"Ho
klg 5 < a? ltgLx?dWo] w]/n } ] a'em\bg} g\ . s;n] Jofs"nsf] u'xf/ -k'sf/_ ;'Gb5, ha
To;n] p;nfO{ u'xf5{ / Joyf x6fOlbG5 / ltdLnfO{ w/tLdf zf;s agfpF5 < s]
cNnfxsf] ;fydf c? sf]xL k"HogLo 5 < -xf]Og_ a? ltgLx?n] cToGt} sd lzIff /
35
pkb]z xfl;n u5{g\ . s;n] ltdLnfO{ h+un / ;d'Gb|sf] cFWof/f]df af6f] b]vfpF5 /
cfˆgf] s[kf -jiff{_ cjt/0f u/fpg'eGbf klxn] z'e–;"rgf :j?k k7fpF5 < clg s]
cNnfxsf] ;fydf c? sf]xL k"hgLo klg 5, h;nfO{ logLx?n] ;fem]bf/ agfpF5g\ <
cNnfx t cToGt} pRr / dxfg 5g\ . sf] xf] h;n] klxnf] k6s k|f0fLx?nfO{ ;[li6
ub{5, clg p;nfO{ k'gM kmsf{pg] 5 / sf] xf] h;n] ltdLnfO{ cfsfz / w/tLaf6
hLljsf k|bfg ub}5 { < t s] cNnfxsf] ;fydf c? sf]xL klg k"Ho 5 < elgb]pm, olb
ltdLx? ;fFrf] 5f} eg] k|df0f k|:t't u/ . -;"/x gdn M %(—^$_
To;}u/L jx'bj] jfbLx?n] cNnfxsf] :jfldTj tyf u'0fdf h'g ;fem]bf/ agfPsf
5g\ To;nfO{ klg cNnfxn] ghfoh eg]sf 5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M s] ltgLx¿n]
o:tfnfO{ ;fe]mbf/ agfpF5g\ hf] s'g} klg j:t' ;[li6 ub}g{ g\ a? ltgLx¿ :jo+ ;[li6
ul/Psf 5g\ < /, g ltgLx¿sf] d2t ug]{ ;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ g :jo+nfO{ g} ;xof]u ug{
;S5g\ . /, olb ltdLn] ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Lwf dfu{tk{m af]nfof} eg] ltgLx¿n] ltd|f] s'/f
dfGg] 5}gg\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ ‑;Tdfu{tk{m_ af]nfpg' jf r'k nfu]/ a:g' ‑b'j_} ltd|fn ] flu
;dfg 5 . ltdLx¿ cNnfxafx]s h'g lrhx¿nfO{ k'sf5f}{ ltgLx¿ klg ltdLx¿
h:t} bf;x¿ x'g \ . ltdLx¿n] ltgLx¿nfO{ af]nfpm, olb ltdLx¿ ;Rrf xf} eg]
ltgLx¿n] ltdLx¿sf] k'sf/ ;'Gg' k5{ . s] ltgLx¿sf To:tf v'§f 5g\ h;åf/f
ltgLx¿ lxF88'n ug{ ;s"g\ jf xftx¿ 5g\ h;åf/f ltgLx¿ ;dfTg ;s"g\ jf
cfFvfx¿ 5g\ h;åf/f ltgLx¿ b]Vg ;s"g\ jf sfgx¿ 5g\ h;åf/f ltgLx¿n] ;'Gg
;s"g \ < elgb]pm– -olb 5g\ eg]_ æaf]nfpm cfˆgf ;fe]mbf/x¿nfO{Ù clg d]/f] lj?4
pkfo u/Ù clg dnfO{ clnslt klg cj;/ gb]pm .Æ d]/f ;+/Ifs–ldq t cNnfx
x'g\ h;n] u|Gy cjtl/t u/] / pgL g} ;TsdL{x¿nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5g\ . /,
cNnfxafx]s h;nfO{ ltdLx¿ af]nfpg] u5f}{ ltgLx¿n] g t ltdLx¿nfO{ dbt ug{
;Sb5g\ g :jo+nfO{ ;xfotf . /, olb ltdLn] ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Tdfu{tk{m af]nfpF5f}
eg] ltgLx¿n] ;'Gg] 5}gg\ . /, ltdLn] ltgLx¿nfO{ cfk"mtk{m x]l//x]sf b]V5f} t/
ltgLx¿sf] b[li6 g} x'bF g} . ‑x] d'xDÞ db_ dfkm ug]{ gLlt ckgfpmÙ k'0o sd{ ug]{ cfb]z
b]pm / c1fgLx¿l;t gcNem . -;"/x cf/fkm !(!—!(*_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M t/, ltgLx¿n] cNnfxafx]s cGo o:tf
pkf:ox¿ agfPsf 5g\ hf] s]xL klg ;[li6 ug{ ;Sb}gg\ a? ;[li6 ul/G5g\ /
36
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
h;n] :jo+s}nflu g 3f6fsf] g nfes} ;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ clg h;nfO{ g d[To'sf] g

hLjgsf] / g k"gh{Gdsf] ;fdYo{ 5 . -;"/x km'/sfg M#_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M elgb]pm– æcNnfxafx]s ltdLn] 7fg]sf
pkf:ox¿nfO{ af]nfpm . pgLx¿ cfsfzx¿ tyf wtL{df Pp6f s0f a/fa/sf]
lrhdfly klg s'g} clwsf/ /fVb}gg\Ù / g oL b'jd} f pgsf] s'g} ;fe]mbf/L /x]sf] 5 /
g ltgLx¿dWo] sf]xL cNnfxsf] ;xof]uL g} 5g\ . cNnfxsxfF l;kmfl/z p;}sf] nflu
nfebfos x'g5] h;sf] nflu pgn] cg'dlt lbg]5g\ . oxfF;Dd ls ha ltgLx¿sf
Åboaf6 8/ lgsflng]5 ta ltgLx¿n] ;f]Wg]5g\– æltdLx¿sf kfngstf{n] s]
eg] <Æ pgLx¿ eGg]5g\– ælgtfGt ;ToÆ . / pgL ;jf]R{ r Pj+ dxfg 5g\ . -;"/x
;af M@@,@#_
cNnfxsf] pkf;gfdf s;}nfO{ zl/s cyf{t ;fem]bf/ agfpg] s'/fn] lgDg
s'/fx?nfO{ O+lst ub{5 .
lzs{ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cTofrf/ M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M lg;Gb]x ;fe]mbf/ 7x/fpg'
7"nf] cTofrf/ xf] .Æ -;"/x n'sdfg M!#_
lzs{ dxfkfk M O{Zb"tn] tLg k6s eGg'eof] M s] d ltdLx?nfO{ ;a}eGbf
7"nf] cleof]usf] af/]df gatfpF < ;fyLx?n] eg], lans'n eGg';\ O{Zb"t . pxfFn]
eGg'eof] M ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cleof]u eg]sf] cNnfxsf] ;fem]bf/L agfpg' xf] . -;xL
a'vf/L / d'l:nd_ O{Zb"t;Fu ;f]lwof] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kfk s] xf] < pxfFn] hjfkmdf
eGg'eof] M s;}nfO{ cNnfxsf] ;fem]bf/ agfpg' hals ltdLnfO{ cNnfxn] ;[li6
u/]sf] x'g\ .
lzs{ k|s[ltsf] lj/f]w tyf kye|i6tfdf lnKt M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M h;n]
cNnfxsf] ;fe]mbf/ agfpF5 dfgf}+ pm cfsfzaf6 v:of] . ca p;nfO{ ls t
k+IfLn] p7fP/ n}hfg]5 ls t xfjfn] p8fP/ s'g} b'u{d :yfgdf ôfFlslbg]5 .
-;"/x xh M#!_
cNnfxn] lzs{ Pp6f dxf kfk ePsf] sf/0f To;sf] b08sf nflu ;+;fl/s
b08 / k/nf]sLo b08sf] lgod klg agfPsf 5g\ .
37
lzs{ cIfDo kfk M cNnfxn] cfk"ml;t s;}nfO{ ;fe]mbf/ agfpg] kfk ‑lzs{_
nfO{ sbflk Ifdf ug]]{ 5}gg\ t/ o;afx]ssf cGo kfk h;sf] nflu rfxg]5g\ Ifdf
ug{]5g\ . -;"/x lg;f M$*_
lzs{ ;a} k'0osf] gfzs M ‑x] gaL Û_ ltdLtk{m / ltdLeGbf klxn]sf ‑gaLx¿_
tk{m oxL jXo ul/Psf] lyof] ls olb ltdLn] ;fe]mbf/ 7x/ u¥of} eg] ltd|f] sd{
v]/ hfg]5 / ltdL cjZo g} 3f6f a]xf]g{]x¿dWo] x'g]5f} . -;"/x h'd/M^%_
lzs{ :ju{ k|j]zdf afws M h;n] s;}nfO{ cNnfxsf] ;fe]mbf/ 7x/fof] p;sf]
nflu cNnfxn] :ju{ lgif]w u/] . p;sf] lgjf; g/s x'g]5 / o:tf cTofrf/Lx¿sf
sf]xL ;xof]uL x'g] 5}gg\ . -;"/x dfobf M&@_
lzs{ hg wgsf] ckx]ngfsf] sf/s M clg k|ltli7t dlxgfx¿ ;dfKt ePkl5
d'lZ/sx¿nfO{ hxfFsxLF kfpF5f} xTof u/Ù lu/ˆtf/ u/Ù 3]/ / x/]s 5fkf dfg]{
7fpFdf ltgLx¿sf] tfsdf a; . t/ olb ltgLx¿n] k|folZrt u5{g\Ù gdfhÞ sfod
u5{g\Ù hÞsft r'Stf u5{g\ eg] ltgLx¿sf] af6f] 5f]l8b]pm . lgZro g} cNnfx clt
IfdfzLn Pj+ k/d bofn' 5g\ . -;"/x tf}af M%_
O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M dnfO{ x''s'd ePsf] 5 d tL dfG5]x?;Fu nl8/x'F h;n]
Ps cNnfxsf] ujfxL lbb}g . h;n] of] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf5{ p;sf] hg wgsf] /Iff
x'G5 / afsL lx;fa cNnfxsf] xftdf x'g]5 . -a'vf/L / d'l:nd_
o; ljifo af/] w]/} lu/f]xx? kye|i6 ePsf 5g\ .
d"lt{k"hs M pgLx? d"lt{x?sf k"hf/L x'g\ . pgLx?n] dfgj, bfgj, kml/Ztf,

hgfj/, tf/f, ?v nufot ljleGg j:t'x?nfO{ cfˆgf] k"Ho agfPsf 5g\ .
sa/ k" h f/L M pgLx?n] sa/nfO{ k" h f u5{ g \ , e] l 6 r9fpF 5 g\ , sa/df

/x] s fx?;F u dgsfdgfsf] k' / f ug{ ] cf:yfsf ;fy k| f y{ g f ub{ 5 g\ .
hfb'u/ M pgLx?n] bfgjsf] k"hf ub{5g\ .

38
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
cNnfxsf] pkf;gfdf lzs{ u/fpg] 7"nf sf/0f / To;af6 aRg] s'/fx? af/]
O{Zb"tn] ;r]t ug'{ePsf] 5 .
c;n JolQmx?sf] cTolws ;Ddfgaf6 ;r]t M OZb"tsf] egfO 5 M cTolws

;Ddfgaf6 xf]lzof/ xf]pm, ltdLx?eGbf klxnfsf dflg;x?nfO{ cTolws ;Ddfg
ug{] k|rngn] gfz u/]sf] lyof] . O;fO{x?n] d/odsf] 5f]/f O;fnfO{ cTolws
dfGotf lbP/ h'g 7fpFdf /fv]sf 5g\ Tof] 7fpFdf dnfO{ g/fv . d cNnfxsf]
pkf;s x'F t;y{ dnfO{ s]jn cNnfxsf] pkf;s tyf pgsf] b"t dfg . -a'vf/L_
c;n JolQmx?sf] cToflws ;Ddfg ug'{df pgLx?nfO{ jl;nf -dfWod_

agfpg' klg xf] . jl;nf w]/} lsl;dsf x'G5g\ M
lzsL{ jl;nf M o;n] O:nfdaf6 lgisfl;t ub{5 . h:t} cNnfxafx]s c?;F+u

gfkmf / gf]S;fg af/] k|fy{gf ug'{ .
labctL jl;nf M of] lzs{;Dd t k'Ub}g t/ cNnfxn] o:tf] jl;nf agfpg]

cfb]z lbPsf] 5}g . h:t} c;n JolQmnfO{ jl;nf agfP/ cNnfx;Fu dfUg' .
hfoh jl;nf M hfoh jl;nf eg]sf] cNnfxdfly cf:yf p;sf] cf1fkfngfnfO{

jl;nf agfpg' jf cNnfxsf] gfd lnP/ k|fy{gf ug'{ jf cNnfxsf] u'0ffTds gfdaf6
b'cf ug'{ jf cfk"mn] u/]sf] /fd|f] sfdnfO{ bzf{P/ k|fy{gf ug'{ jf s'g} sfdsf] nflu
s'g} lhpFbf] c;n JolQm;+u b'cf ug{ eGg' cflb xf] .
pd/ /lh=sf] syg 5 M x] cNnfx xfdL xfd|f] ;+b]i6fnfO{ jl;nf agfpF5fF} xfdLnfO{
kfgL jiff{pm. x] cNnfx xfdL xfd|f ;+b]i6fsf sfsfnfO{ jl;nf agfpF5f}F xfdLnfO{ kfgL
jiff{pm . -a'vf/L_
o;df cAaf; /lh=sf] b'cfnfO{ jl;nf agfOPsf] 5 . Tof] klg O{Zb"tsf] gftf
ePsf]n] :jo+nfO{ xf]Og . d[To' ePsf] s'g} c;n JolQmnfO{ jl;nf agfpg' hfoh
ePsf] eP, pgLx?n] O{Zb"tsf] d[To'kl5 klg pxfFnfO{ jl;nf agfpFy] .
39
sa/af6 x'g] ljsf/af6 ;r]tgf M
sa/nfO{ dl:hb agfpg' M cfOzf /lh=dfkm{t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5, pgL elG5g\M

ha O{Zb"tnfO{ d[To'sf] l38l38f nfUof] jxfFn] cfˆgf]] cg'xf/df k6s k6s n'uf
xfNg' x'GYof] . s]xL cf/fd xF'bf asf{] cg'xf/a6 x6fpg' x'GYof] . o;} 56kl6sf]
cj:yfdf jxfFn] eGg'eof] M ox"bL / O;fO{dfly cNnfxsf] lgGbf xf];\ . lsgeg]
pgLx?n] cfˆgf]] gaLsf] sa/nfO{ dl:hb agfPsf 5g\ . o:tf] sfd gug{ egL
cfˆgf]] ;d'bfonfO{ ;r]t ug'{ x'GYof] . olb o;sf] 8/ gePsf] eP jxFfsf]
sa/nfO{ klg v'Nnf /flvGYof] . dfG5]n] jxfFsf] sa/nfO{ klg dl:hb agfp5g\
ls eGg] 8/ 5 .
;'g, ltdLx?eGbf klxnfsf dflg;x?n] cfˆgf]] gaL tyf c;n dflg;sf

sa/nfO{ dl:hb agfPsf lyP . ltdLx?n] sa/nfO{ dl:hb gagfpm . d
ltdLx?nfO{ To;af6 lgif]w ub{5' . -d'l:nd_
sa/df dl:hb agfpg' eg]sf] Tof] 7fpFnfO{ 9f]Ug] 7fpF agfpg' xf] . dl:hb
eg]sf] g} ;Hbf ul/g] 7fpF xf] .
sa/df ejg agfpg' M To;nfO{ 7"nf] agfpg' jf To;nfO{ knf:6/ ug'{ .

xh/t x}ofh c;bL dfkm{t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 pgL eG5g\ dnfO{ cnL /lh=n] eg],
;'g d ltdLnfO{ Tof] s'/faf6 ;r]t ug{ rfxG5' h'g s'/faf6 O{Zb"tn] dnfO{ ;r]
t ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ltdLn] x/]s d'lt{nfO{ d]6fpm / x/]s sa/nfO{ a/fa/ u/ .
hfla/ /lh=dfkm{t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 M O{Zb"tn] sa/df knf:6/ ug{, To;df

a:g / oxfF ejg agfpg lgif]w ug'{ ePsf] 5 . -d'l:nd_
gLot u/L To;tkm{ ofqf ug'{ M O{Zb"tsf] egfO 5 M tLg j6f dl:hb afx]s
c? s'g} 7fpFdf gLot u/]/ ofqf gu/ . dl:hb] x/d, dl:hb] gajL / dl:hb] cS;f .
-a'vf/L, d'l:nd_
40
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
ax'b]jjfbL / cxn] lstfa h:tf] gaGg ;r]tgf M o; cGt{ut pgLx?sf]

cf:yf, k"hf / pgLx?sf] rf8kj{ cflb s'/fx?df pgLx?n] h:tf] ug'{ x'Fb}g .
O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M ax'bj] jfbLx?sf] ljk/Lt sfd u/ . pxfn] eGg'eof] M

cUgLk"hsx?sf] ljk/Lt sfd u/ . pxfn] eGg'eof] M ox"bLx?sf] ljk/Lt sfd u/ .
-ca"bfpmb_
kmf]6f] lvRg'af6 ;r]tgf M cfO{zf /lh= dfkm{t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 pDd] ;ndfn]
O{Zb"t;+u pgn] xAzfdf b]vs ] f] slg;fsf] af/]df lhls/ ul/g\ . To;df ag]sf
kmf]6f]x?sf] af/]df klg elgg\ . pxfn] eGg'eof] M ltgLx? o:tf] ;d'bfo x'g\ olb
pgLx?df s'g} c;n u'?sf] d[To eof] eg] pgLx?n] p;sf] lrxfgdf dl:hb agfpg]
u5{g\ clg To;df p;sf] kmf]6f] klg agfpF5g\ . pgLx? cNnfxsf] gh/df clt
g/fd|f k|f0fL x'g\ .
lzs{ emNsg] zAbx? gaf]Ng ;r]tgf M h:t} cNnfxafx]s c?sf] sd;

vfg' . xbL;df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 M h;n] cNnfx afx]s c?sf] s;d vfG5 p;n]
s'k|m u¥of] jf lzs{ u¥of] .
cNnfxsf] rfxgfdf c?nfO{ klg ;femL gdfGg ;r]tgf M h:t}– hf] cNnfxn]
/ tkfOFn] rfxg'eof] eg] eGg' . O{Zb"tn] eGg'ePsf] 5 M s] ltdLx?n] dnfO{
cNnfxsf] a/fa/ 7fg]sf 5f} < ltdLx?n] eg M Ps cNnfxn] h] rfx] . -g];fO{_
xfdLdf of] of] tf/fn] ubf{ jiff{ eof] eg]/ geGg ;r]tgf M xbL;df elgPsf]
5 M h;n] of] of] tf/fn] ubf{ xfdLdf jiff{ eof] eG5 p;n] d]/f] OGsf/ u¥of] /
tf/fx?dfly cf:yf /fVof] . o;}df cGo s'/fx?nfO{ klg bfFlhg] 5 .
lzs{;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfd gug{ ;r]tgf M s'g} s'/fdf nfe x'G5 egL xft
tyf 3fF6Ldf wfuf nufpg' jf afWg' . o; l;nl;nfdf pd/ lag x';}g dfkm{t
Pp6f xbL; j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 M O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M O{Zb"tn] Ps hgfnfO{ p;sf]
xftdf kx]nf] afnf nufPsf] b]Vg'eof] / jxfFn] eGg'eof] M lwSsf/ 5 ltdLnfO{,
41
of] s] xf]< of] t ?l9jfbLsf s'/fx? xf] . o;nfO{ lgsfn, o;n] ltdLnfO{ z+sf
afx]s c? s]xL lbg ;Sb}g . olb dg{ nfUbf ltdLn] of] nufof} eg] o;n] ltdLnfO{
slxNo} nfe ug{ ;Sb}g . -cxdb, OAg] dfhf_
hGq tyf tfljh gnufpg ;r]tgf M xbL; 5, h;n] tfljh nufpF5 cNnfxn]
Tof] k'/f ul/lbb}gg\ . -xflsd_
tfljh tyf hGqdGq / df]xgL dGq ug'{ lzs{ xf] M xbL; 5, lg;+b]x hGq
dGq tyf tfljh / df]xgL dGq lzs{ xf] . -ca" bfpmb _
lzs{ ul/g] 7fpFdf hgfj/ jw ug'{ M xbL; 5, M Ps hgf n] a'jfgfx eGg]
7fpFdf efsn r9fpFg egL Pp6f pmF6 aln ug{] af/] O{Zb"t;Fu ;f]Wof] . jxfFn]
eGg'eof] M s] ToxfF c1fgsfndf d"lt{x? lyP < pgn] eg] lyPgg\, s] ToxfF
pgLx?n] s'g} kj{ dgfpFy] < pgLx?n] eg] dgfpy]gg\ . To;f] eP cfˆgf]] gh/
-efsn_ k'/f u/ . -ca" bfpmb_
r/faf6 nlR5g -z'e_ jf cnlR5g -cz'e_ sf] ;+s]t ug'{ M r/faf6 nlR5g
/ cnlR5gsf] ;+s]t ug'{ lzs{ xf] . -ca" bfpmb, OAg] dfhf_
pk/f]Qm ;Dk"0f{ s'/fsf] ;f/ s] xf] eg] h'g s'/fnfO{ s'g} s'/fsf] sf/s
agfOPsf] 5}g To;nfO{ sf/0f agfP/ gfkmf jf gf]S;fgsf] sf/0f 7fGg' jf dfGg'
lzs{ xf] .
cNnfxsf] gfd tyf u'0ffTds gfddfly cf:yf

of] ljZjf; ug'{ ls cNnfxsf ;jf]Q{ d gfd tyf pRr ljz]iftfx? 5g\ . cNnfxn]
cfˆgf]] u|Gydf h;/L cfˆgf]] af/]df hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g\ To;/L g} pgnfO{ dfGg' jf
O{Zb"tn] cfˆgf]] pkb]zdf cNnfx af/] h] s'/f eGg'ePsf] 5 To;/L g} cNnfxnfO{ dfGg'
kb{5 . ;fy} cNnfxnfO{ s;};Fu gbfFhL jf cNnfxsf] gfd tyf ljz]iftfsf]
s'g} s}lkmot gatfO dfGg' kb{5 . cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] af/]df h'g s'/f gsf/]sf 5g\ jf
cNnfxsf b"tn] gsfg'{ ePsf] 5 To;nfO{ gsfg'{ . h:t} cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfdf bf]if
nufpg' jf k|f0fLx?;Fu+ bfHg' cflb . cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfdf s'g} x]/km]/ ug'{ klg xFb' g} .
42
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfxsf /fd|f gfdx¿ 5g\ / pgnfO{ pgs} gfdaf6 k'sfg]{ u/
clg tL JolQmx¿nfO{ 5f]l8b]pm hf] pgsf gfdx¿k|lt b'i6tf b]vfpF5g\ . ltgLx¿n] ug]{
u/]sf sfo{sf] ;hfo ltgLx¿n] rfF8} g} kfpg]5g\ . -;"/x cf/fkm M !*)_
cNnfxsf] gfd tyf u'0ffTds gfdnfO{ ;flat ug{ dfgj ljj]sn] dfq k'Ub}g .
cNnfxn] cfkm"nfO{ h'g ljz]iftfaf6 ljlzi6 u/]sf 5g\ jf OZb"tn] ljlzi6 u/]sf 5g\
Tof] afx]s c? s'/faf6 cNnfxnfO{ ljlzi6 ug'{ hfoh 5}g . s'/cfg / xbL;eGbf
cufl8 hfg hfoh 5}g . cNnfx / cNnfxsf /;"nn] h'g ljz]iftf af/] atfPsf
5}gg\ tL s'/fx?af6 df}g a:g' g} j]z 5 . cyf{t To; af/] r'k a:g' kb{5 .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M clg, 1fg gePsf] s'/fsf] kl5 gnfu lsgeg] sfg, cfFvf
/ Åbol;t ;f]lwg]5 . -;"/x O;|f M #^_
cNnfxsf gfdx? cfˆgf]] zAb tyf cy{df ;'Gb/d Pj+ z'ed 5g\ . cNnfxsf
ljz]iftfx? k"0f{ 5g\ . To;df s'g} lsl;dsf] sdL 5}g . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
cfsfzx¿ tyf wtL{df pg}sf] u'0f ;jf]{Rr /x]sf] 5 / pgL k|eT' jzfnL Pj+
tTjbzL{ 5g\ . -;"/x ?d M @&_
cNnfxsf gfd tyf ljz]iftfx? ;To x'g\ . To;nfO{ OGsf/ ug'{ jf To;nfO{
s;};F+u bfFHg' jf h'g cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] nflu eg]sf] 5}g To:tf gfdx?n] cNnfxnfO{
k'sfg'{ hfoh 5}g . h:t}M nft, pHhf, dgft cflb .
To;} gfdnfO{ k'sf/]/ b'cf ug'{ kb{5 . b'cf g} pkf;gf xf] . cNnfxsf]
u'0ffTds gfd hKg' / To;sf] cy{nfO{ hfGg' plrt x'G5 . tL gfdsf] k|efjaf/]
;f]r ljrf/ ug'{ klg k5{ . tL gfdx?sf] p2]ZonfO{ xfdLn] cfˆgf]] Jojxf/df
ptfg'{ klg h?/L x'G5 .
cNnfxsf u'0ffTds gfdsf] lsl;dx? M

cl:tTjnfO{ hgfpFg] ljz]iftf M of] ljz]iftf eg]sf] cNnfxsf] cl:tTjnfO{
bzf{pg] ljz]iftf xf] . h:t}M hLjg, sfg, cfFvf, 1fg, zlQm, O/fbf, tTjbzL{tf
cflb .
43
sfo{k/s ljz]iftf M oL ljz]iftfx?n] cNnfxsf] rfxgf tyf tTjbzL{tfnfO{

bzf{pF5 . h:t}M cNnfxn] h] rfx], h:tf] rfx] cfˆgf] tTjbzL{tfsf cfwf/df
u5{g\ . h:t}M lj/fhdfg x'g', cjt/0f x'g', bof ug'{, qmf]w x'g', k|;Gg x'g', xfF:g',
cfpg', cflb .
cNnfxsf s]xL ljz]iftfx?nfO{ cl:tTjk/s / sfo{k/s b'j} zfdLn ePsf]

ljz]iftf elgPsf] 5, h:t} s'/f ug'{ .
cNnfxsf] dxfgtfnfO{ bzf{pg] ljz]iftf M o;sf tLg j6f lsl;d 5g\ .
pn'pn\ sb/ M cNnfx tcfnf cfˆgf]] x/]s ljz]iftfdf pRr Pj+ pQd 5g\ .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfxsf nflu ;jf{]Rr u'0f 5g\ . -;"/x gxn M^)_
pn'pn\ sx/ M cyf{t cNnfx tcfnfsf nflu OHht, zlQm / ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLdf
k|e"TjzfnL h:tf ljz]iftf 5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M pgL -cNnfx_ cfˆgf
eStx?dfly k|e'TjzfnL 5g\ Pj+ tTjbzL{ / ;j{1fgL 5g\ . -;"/x cGcfd M !*_
pn'pn\ cHhft M cyf{t cNnfx tcfnf :jod\ cfkm} cfsfzdfly lj/fhdfg

5g\ cyjf cz{df lj/fhdfg 5g\ . Toxf cfˆgf] k|f0fLdWo] sf]xL 5}g . g t cfˆgf]]
k|f0fLdf cfˆgf]] s'g} c+z 5 . cNnfx kljq 5 .
To;}u/L xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M O{Zb"tn] Ps hgf dlxnf;Fu ;f]Wg'eof]

cNnfx sxf 5 < pgn] hjfkmdf elgg\ cfsfzdf, km]l/ O{Zb"tn] ;f]Wg'eof], d
sf] xF' < pgn] elgg\, cNnfxsf] b"t . To;kl5 O{zb"tn] eGg'eof], dnfO{ ljZjf;
eof] ltdL df]ldg dlxnf xf} . s'/cfg, ;'Ggt tyf dfgj ljj]s / k|s[ltn] klg
oL ljz]iftfx?nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ ;xof]u ub{5g\ . o;sf ts{x? t cuGo 5g\ .
lj/fhdfg x'g' M cNnfxsf] egfO M clg cfˆgf] l;+xf;gdf lj/fhdfg eP

-;"/x cf/fkm M %$_ s'/cfgdf oxL s'/f & 7fpFdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
44
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
cNnfx wtL{ / cfsfz ;[li6 u/]kl5 cfˆgf]] zfg tyf dfg dof{bf /
:jfledfgsf ;fy cz{df lj/fhdfg eP . lj/fhdfg x'g'sf] xfnt k|f0fLsf] h:tf]
5}g . lj/fhdfg x'g' Jojxfl/s ljz]iftf xf] .
s'/f ug'{ M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M x] ;Gb]i6f Û elgb]pm– æolb d]/f /asf

jf0fLx¿ n]Vg ;d'b| g} d;L ag] klg d]/f /asf jf0fLx¿ ;lsg'eGbf cl3 g} Tof]
;dfKt x'g]5 . oBlk xfdL To;sf] ;xof]usfnflu c¿ ;d'b| lsg gNofpF . -;"/x
sxkm M !)(_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M d";f;Fu cNnfxn] :ki6¿kdf s'/f u/]sf lyP .
-;"/x lg;f M !^$_
clg, ha d";f xfd|f] lglZrt ;dodf pkl:yt eP / pgsf kfngstf{n]
pgL;Fu s'/fsfgL u/] -;"/x cf/fkm M!$#_ .
cNnfxn] s'/f ;'lgg] u/L x/km tyf :j/sf ;fy s'/f u5{g\ t/ Tof] s'/f
k|f0fLx?sf] h:tf] xF'b}g . pgn] ha rfxG5g\ ta s'/f u5{g\ h] rfxG5g\ Tof] s'/f
u5{g\ ,h:tf] rfxG5g\ To:t} s'/f u5{g\ .
cNnfxsf oL ;Dk"0f{ ljz]iftfx? ;To x'g\ egL dfGg' h?/L x'G5 . To;df x]/km]/
gu/L jf s;};u+F gbfFlh tL ljz]iftfx?nfO{ dfGg' kb{5 . h;n] oL ljz]iftfx?df km/s
dt /fV5 pm cNnfxsf] ljz]iftf af/] kye|i6 ePsf] dflgg] 5 .
cNnfxsf] ljz]iftf af/] kye|i6 ePsf ;d"xx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

cxn' td\l;n M Tof] ;d"x xf] h;n] cNnfxsf] ljz]iftf ;flat ug{ ;LdfeGbf
cufl8 a9]/ cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ dfgj;F+u hf]8] . pgLx?n] of] t O{Zu|Gyaf6
k|dfl0ft 5 egL ts{ klg u/]sf 5g\ . lsgeg] cNnfxn] dfgj;F+u afrf lng]
a]nfdf dfgj;F+u s'/f u/]sf] lyof] . To;sf] hjfkm o;/L lbOPsf] 5 M klxnf]
s'/f t cNnfxnfO{ s;};F+u bfHg' jf c? h:tf] 5 egL dfGg' lgif]w ul/OPsf] 5 .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfx h:tf] s'g] j:t' 5}g . -;"/x z'/f M!!_
45
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M . ctM hfgL–hfgL ‑s;}nfO{_ cNnfxsf]

;dsIfL gagfpm . -;"/x as/fxM@@_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M clg, sf]xL pgsf] ;dsIf klg 5}g . -;"/x
OVnf; M$_
bf];|f] s'/f M ;f/w/0f lbdfun] klg cNnfx tcfnf sdhf]/ dfgj h:tf] x'g
;Sb}g eGg] s'/f :jLsf/]sf] x'G5 . pgsf] c:tLTjnfO{ dfgjsf] c:tLTj h:tf]
dfGg' / pgsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ dfgjsf] h:tf] dfGg' xF'b}g .
cxn'n\ tftLn M logLx?n] cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ g} OGsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .

pgLx?n] eg]sf 5g\, olb cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ dfGg] xf] eg] Tof] dfgj;Fu+ bfFh]
;/x x'G5 . pgLx?n] cNnfxnfO{ ljgf ljz]iftf cNnfxsf] cl:tTjnfO{ dfq dfg]sf
5g\ . To;}u/L hxdLx?n] klg cNnfxsf] gfd / ljz]iftfnfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
d'cth]nfn] cNnfxsf] gfdnfO{ dfg]sf] 5 t/ ljz]iftfnfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
cxn' tfljn M pgLx?n] eg]sf 5g\ s]xL ljz]iftfx? h:t} sfo{k/s ljz]iftf
jf ;"rgfk/s ljz]iftfn] cNnfxsf] jf:tljs ljz]iftnfO{ hgfpFb}g . pgLx?n]
To;sf] cGo cy{ nufpg] u5{g\ . o; af/] pgLx?;F+u s'g} 7f]; k|df0f klg 5}g .
pgLx?sf] hjfkm o;/L lbOPsf] 5 M cNnfx cfˆgf]] af/]df ;j{1ftf 5g\ .

O{zb"t cfˆgf]] kfngstf{ af/] dfgjdf ;a}eGbf 1ftf x'g'x'G5 . t;y{ s'g} klg
JolQmn] cNnfx / cNnfxsf] /;"neGbf a9L s;/L hfGg ;S5 < t;y{ pgLx?sf]
s'/f s]jn kye|i6tfdf cfwfl/t 5 .
cNnfxn] s'/f u5{ eGg] s'/f ;To xf] . t;y{ To;sf] cGo cy{ nufpg' ljgf
k|df0f ;xL xf]Og . jf:tljs cy{nfO{ cGo cy{ nufpg ;xL xf]Og .
cNnfxsf] /;"nn] ToxL s'/f ;d'bfonfO{ atfpg' eof] h'g pxfFdfly cjt/0f
ePsf] lyof] . cNnfxsf b"tn] o; dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf cyf{t s'g} s'/fsf] jf:tljs
46
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
cy{ nufpg] jf cjf:tljs cy{ nufpg] af/] nfk/jfxL t kSs} klg ug'{ ePg
h'g d'2f cjf:tljs cy{ nufpg]x?n] p7fPsf 5g\ .
cxn] thxLn M pgLx?sf] ljZjf; cg';f/ cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] af/]df h'g s'/f
atfPsf 5g\ jf O{Zb"tn] cNnfxsf] af/]df h'g s'/f atfpg' ePsf] 5 To;sf]
jf:tljs cy{ hfGg ;lsb}g . To;sf] cy{ cNnfxn] afx]s s;}n] hfGg ;Sb}g .
ToxfF;Dd k'Ug] s;};F+u s'g} dfWod klg 5}g .
pgLx?sf] hjfkm o;/L lbOPsf] 5 M pgLx?n] cNnfxnfO{ ;j{1ftf g} dfg]gg\ .

g t cfˆgf]] ljj]sn] To;nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s] g 1fgsf] cfwf/df g} .
cNnfxn] s'/cfg c/aL efiffdf cjt/0f u/] . clg cfˆgf] pkf;snfO{ s'/cfg
k9\g To;sf] cy{ a'em\g cfb]z lbP . o;n] cNnfxsf] cfb]z tyf cNnfxn] lbPsf]
1fgnfO{ cy{sf ;fy a'emg' k5{ eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft ub{5 . t/ cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] af/]df
atfPsf] s'/fx?sf] cj:yf, ;TotYo af/] cNnfxnfO{ dfq 1fg 5 .
pgLx?sf] s'/fn] klxnfsf pndfx? c1fgL lyP eGg] s'/f emNsfpF5 .

pgLx?sf] egfO cg';f/ klxnfsf pndfx? cgk9 lyP / pgLx?n] s'/cfgnfO{
cfˆgf] rfxgf cg';f/ a'e\mby] . hals of] s'/f unt xf] .
47
kml/Ztfdfly cf:yf
of] b[9 ljZjf; ug'{ ls cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] elQmsf] nflu o:tf] k|f0fL ;[li6 u/]sf
5g\ h;nfO{ cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] pkf;gfsf] nflu ljlzi6 u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?sf] jf;
cfsfzdf 5 ;fy} pgLx?df cNnfxsf] cfb]znfO{ dfGg] / nfu' ug{] k"0f{ Ifdtf klg 5 .
kml/Ztfx? af/] lgDg s'/fx? gdfgL kml/Ztfdfly O{dfg k"0f{ dflgb}g .
kml/Ztfx? clt a'h|'u, cNnfxsf] lgs6 / cNnfx ;dIf

em's]sf 5g\M kml/Ztfx? clt a'h|'u 5g\, pgLx? cNnfxlgs6 5g\, cfˆgf]
kfngstf{ ;dIf em's]sf x'G5g\ M
pgLx?df cNnfxsf] s'g} ljz]iftf xF'b}g . ox"bL / O;fO{x?sf] egfOnfO{

pb3[t ub}{ cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M /, ltgLx¿ eG5g\– æs?0ffdo ‑cNnfx_ n] k'q
u|x0f u/]sf 5g\ .Æ ‑xf]Og_ pgL kljq 5g\ . kml/Ztfx¿ t cNnfxsf k|ltli7t
eQm x'g\ . ltgLx¿ s'/fdf pgLeGbf cufl8 hfFb}gg\ / pgLx¿ pgs} cfb]zsf]
kfngf u5{g\ . cNnfx ltgLx¿sf cl3 tyf kl5sf ;Dk"0f{ dfldnfsf] 1fg /
fVb5g\ / tL kml/Ztfx¿ s;}sf] l;kmfl/z ug]{ 5}gg\ tL JolQmx¿afx]s h;af6
cNnfx k|;Gg x'G5g\ . /, pgLx¿ pgsf] eoaf6 ql;t /xG5g\ . -;"/x clDaof M
@^—@*_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ltgLx¿ cfk"mdfly /x]sf /al;t 8/fpF5g\ /
ltgLx¿nfO{ h] cfb]z lbOG5 ToxL sfd ug]{u5{g\ . -;"/x gxn M%)_
x] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û arfpm :jo+nfO{ / cfˆgf kl/jf/nfO{ g/ssf] cfuf]af6

h;sf] O{Gwg dfgj Pj+ 9'Ëf x'g]5g\ h;dfly s7f]/, k|an kÞml/Ztfx¿ lgo'Qm 5g\Ù
hf] slxNo} cNnfxsf] cfb]zsf] cjx]ngf ub}{gg\ / h] cfb]z pgLx¿nfO{ lbOG5
To;sf] kfngf u5{g\ . -;"/x txl/d M ^_
hf] cfb/0fLo tyf st{Jolgi7 /x]sf] 5 . -;"/x ca; M !^_
49
:d/0f u/ To; ‑dxfk|nosf]_ lbgnfO{ ha sflkÞm/x¿nfO{ Pslqt u/]/ cNnfxn]

kÞml/Ztfx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg]5g\– æs] logLx¿n] ltdLx¿sf] elQm ug]{ uy] <Æ kÞml/Ztfx¿n]
eGg]5g\– æltdL kljq 5f} Û xfd|f] ;+/Ifs–ldq s]jn ltdL xf} g ls logLx¿Ù a?
logLx¿n] lhGgsf] elQm ug]{ uy]{ / logLx¿dWo] clwsf+z pgLx¿dfly g} cf:yf
/fVby] . -;"/x ;af M$)—$!_
pgLx?n] eg] ltdL kljq 5f} . xfdL;Fu ltdLn] lbPsf] 1fg afx]s s'g} 1fg
5}g . lg;Gb]x ltdL ;j{1 tyf tTjbzL{ 5f} . -;"/x as/fx M#@_
kml/:tfx?nfO{ pTs[i6 gfd lbOPsf] 5M xfdLnfO{ pgLx?dWo] h;sf]

gfd atfOPsf] 5 To;nfO{ xfdLn] dfGg' k5{ h;sf] gfd atfOPsf] 5}g pgLx?dfly
klg cf:yf /fVg' k5{ . h;sf] gfd atfOPsf] 5 pgLx?dWo] s]xL lgDg 5g\M
lha|On, ldsfOn, O;|fkmLn, dns'n df}t, dflns, l/hjfg, d'lGs/ gsL/ .
pk/f]Qm kml/Ztfx?sf] gfd s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf pNn]v 5 .
kml/Ztfx?sf] ;[li6 k|sfzaf6 ePsf] xf]M kml/Ztfx?nfO{ k|sfzaf6
;[li6 ul/Psf] xf] . pgLx?sf] zf/Ll/s agfj6df kv]6f klg 5g\ / pgLx/sf]
agfj6 7"nf] 5 . pgLx? ljleGg lsl;dsf 5g\ .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M ;Dk"0f{ k|z+;f cfsfzx¿ tyf k[YjLsf ;[li6stf{ /
b'O{–b'O{, tLg–tLg Pj+ rf/–rf/ kv]6f ePsf kÞml/Ztfx¿nfO{ ;Gb]zjfxs agfpg]
cNnfxsf nflu x'g\ . cNnfx cfˆgf] ;[li6df h] rfxG5g\ j[l4 u5{g\ . lg:;Gb]x
cNnfx x/]s sfo{sf] ;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ . -;"/x kmflt/ M !_
xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M kml/Ztfx? k|sfzaf6 ;[li6 ul/Psf x'g\ . -d'l:nd_ Ps
csf{] xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M O{Zb"tn] kml/Ztf lha|OnnfO{ b]Vg'eof] pgsf] ^ ;o
kv]6fx? lyP . x/]s kv]6fn] lIfltIfnfO{ 9fs]sf] lyof] .
xbL;df j0f{g ePsf] 5 M O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M dnfO{ cz{nfO{ p7fPsf
kml/Ztfx?dWo] Pp6f kml/Ztfsf] af/]df s]xL eGg cg'dlt lbOPsf] 5 .
pgsf] sfg b]lv sfw;Ddsf] b'/L ;ft ;o jif{ hlt 5 . -ca"bfpb _
50
kml/Ztfdfly cf:yf
pgLx? k|ToIf k|f0fLx? x'g\, ck|ToIf zlQm xf]Ogg\ . pgLx?sf] ;+Vof cTolws
5 . pgLx?nfO{ cNnfxn] afx]s s;}n] u0fgf ug{ ;Sb}g . Ps csf{] xbL;df 5 M
O{Zb"t df]xDdb ;= nfO{ ;ftf+} cfsfzdf /x]sf] a}t'n dfd'/df nluof] . pxfFn] ToxfF
x/]s lbg ;Q/ xhf/ kml/Ztfx?n] gdfh k9]sf] b]Vg'eof] . Ps rf]6L ToxfF uPsf
kml/Ztfx?sf] bf];|f] k6s kfn} cfpb}g lyof] . -a'vf/L_
kml/:tfx? cNnfxsf] k|z+;f u5{g\ M cNnfxn] pgLx?df cfˆgf]] u'gufg

ufpg], cfˆgf]] cfb]z dfGg] / cfˆgf]] cfb]z nfu' ug{] zlQm lbPsf 5g\ .
cNnfxsf] egfO M /, ‑kÞml/Ztfx¿ eG5g\_– xfdLdWo] k|To]ssf]lglDt lgwf{l/t

:yfg /x]sf] 5 . /, xfdL kªlQma4 plePsf 5f}+ . /, -cNnfxsf]_ dlxdfufg
ul//xG5f}+ . -;"/x ;fˆkmft M !^$,!^^_
k]ml/ klg logLx¿ 3d08 u5{g\ eg] hfg'g\ ls hf] ltd|f kfngstf{sxfF 5g\
ltgLx¿ /ft lbg pgsf] dlxdf ufg ul//x]sf 5g\ / slxNo} ylst x'Fb}gg\ . -;"/x
km':;]nt M #*_
kml/:tfx? k/f]Ifsf k|f0fL x'g\ M pgLx?nfO{ o; ;+;f/df dfgjn] vf]Hg

jf e]6\g ;Sb}gg\ t/ h;nfO{ cNnfxn] Tof] zlQm k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ p;n] ;S5
. h:t} O{Zb"tx?n] hLa|OnnfO{ pgsf] c;nL ?kdf b]Vg'eof] . kml/Ztfx? cfl/
vtdf eg] k|ToIf b]lvg] 5g\ . . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M h'g lbg ltgLx¿n] kmÞl/
Ztfx¿nfO{ b]Vg]5g\ Tof] lbg ck/fwLx¿sf nflu z'e;"rgfsf] lbg x'g] 5}g /
eGg]5g\– æ-:ju{af6_ jl~rt eof}+ .Æ -;"/x km'/sfg M @@_
‑cyf{t\_ ;w}+ /xg] o:tf au}+rfx¿ h;df pgLx¿ :jo+ k|j]z ug]{5g\ /
ltgsf k"j{h, kTgL / ;Gtfgx¿dWo] ;TsdL{x¿ klg k|j]z ug]{5g\ . /, kÞml/Ztfx¿
k|To]s 9f]sfaf6 ltgLx¿;dIf cfpg]5g\ . -;"/x /cbM @#_
cNnfxn] pgLx?nfO{ dfgj ?k wf/0f ug{] zlQm klg lbPsf 5g\ . cNnfxsf]
egfO 5 M clg pgn] pgL lt/ af6 kbf{ ul/ xflng\ -To; a]nf_ xfdLn] pgL
51
-d/od_ lt/ cfˆgf] kml/:tf k7fof}F, clg pm pgL ;dIf 7Ls dlg; alg xfNof]
-;"/x do{d M !&_
To;t} csf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M Oa|fxLdsxfF xfd|f kmÞl/Ztfx¿

z'e;"rgf lnP/ cfP . pgLx¿n] ;nfd eg] . Oa|fxLdn] klg ;nfd eg] /
s]xL If0fd} e'6]sf] afR5f] k]z u/] . k/Gt' ha pgn] pgLx¿sf xft To;tk{m
a9]sf] b]v]gg\, pgLx¿nfO{ ckl/lrt 7fgL pgn] dgdf 8/ dx;"; u/] .
pgLx¿n] eg]– æg8/fpm, xfdLx¿ n"tsf ;d'bfotk{m k7fOPsf 5f}+ .Æ -;"/x
x"b M^(,&)_
To;t} csf]{ 7fpFdf 5 M clg, ha xfd|f kmÞl/Ztfx¿ n"tsxfF k'u] ta pgL clt
lrlGtt eP / ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGwdf cfk"mnfO{ c;dy{ kfP . /, eg]– æcfhsf] lbg
clt sl7g /x]sf] 5 .Æ /, pgsf ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ xtf/ ub}{ pgLtk{m cfP .
pgLx¿ klxn]b]lv g} cZnLn sfo{df lnKt lyP . n"tn] eg]– æx] d]/f hfltaGw'x¿
xf] Û oL x'g\ d]/f -;d'bfosf_ 5f]/Lx¿ hf] ltdLx¿sf nflu a9L kljq 5g\ . /,
cNnfxl;t 8/fpm . clg d]/f kfx'gfsf] ;DaGwdf dnfO{ ckdflgt gu/ . s]
ltdLx¿dWo] sf]xL ;Hhg 5}g < -;"/x x'b M &&,&*_
pgLx? dfgj ?kdf cjt/0f ePsf lyP . h:t} hLa|On Ps ;]tf] sk8f
nufP/ sfnf] skfnsf ;fy dfG5] h:tf] eP/ cfPsf lyP . pgL slxn] blxof
sNaL eGg] Ps hgf ;xfaLsf] ?kdf cfpFy] .
kml/:tfx?nfO{ ljleGg sfdsf] jlsn agfOPsf] 5M pgLx?

cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 sfddf vl6Psf 5g\ . pgxLx?dWo] sf]xL cNnfxsf] u'0fufg
ufpg dfq vl6Psf 5g\ . pgLx?dWo] s]xLsf] sfd o; k|sf/ 5 M
O{Zjf0fL cjt/0f ug{] sfd M of] sfd kml/ztf hLa|Onsf] xf] . cNnfxsf]
egfO 5 M elgb]pm– æTo;nfO{ t kljqfTdf ‑lha|O{n_ n] 7Ls d]/f /asf] tkm{af6
qmdzM cjt/0f u/]sf 5g\ tfls df]ldgx¿nfO{ ;'b[9tf k|bfg u¿g\ . /, of]
d'l:ndx¿sf nflu dfu{bz{g Pj+ z'e–;"rgf xf] .Æ -;"/x gxn M !)@_
52
kml/Ztfdfly cf:yf
/, lg:;Gb]x of] ‑s'Þ/cfg_ ;Dk"0f{ hut\sf kfngstf{sf] tk{maf6 cjt/0f

ul/Psf] xf] . o;nfO{ O{dfgbf/ kÞml/Ztf ‑lha|O{n_ n] lnP/ cjtl/t ePsf x'g\ .
ltd|f] Åbodfly tfls ltdL dflg;x¿nfO{ ;r]t ug]{x¿dWo] xf]pm . -;"/x z'c/f M
!(@—!($_
kfgL jiff{pg] sfd M of] sfd ldsfOnsf] xf] . h:t} xbL;df j0f{g ePsf] 5M
ox'bLx?n] O{Zb"t;F+u eg]sf lyP, olb tkfOFn] kml/Ztf ldsfOnnfO{ kfgL jiff{pg
eGg' ePsf] eP x'GYof] .
;"/ km'Sg] sfd M of] sfd kml/Ztf O;|fkmLnsf] xf] . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
clg, ;"/ k'mlsg]5 ta cfsfzx¿ tyf k[YjLsf ;a} k|f0fLx¿ d/]/ 9Ng]5g\ tL
afx]s h;nfO{ cNnfx rfxG5g\ . k]ml/ csf]{ ;"/ k'mlsg]5 clg ;a} :j:km"t{ ¿kdf
x]b{} v8f x'g]5g\ . -;"/x h'd/ M ^*_
pk/f]Qm tLg hgf kml/Ztf hLa|On, ldsfOn / O;|fkmLn cGo kml/Ztfx?sf]
;/bf/ x'g\ . lsgeg] eg] pgLx?sf] lhDd]jf/L hLjg;F+u ;DalGwt 5 . lha|Onsf]
lhDd]jf/L dfgj cfTdf;+Fu 5, ldsfOnsf] lhDd]jf/L af]6 lj?jfsf] hLjg;F+u
;DalGwt 5 / O;|flkmnsf] lhDd]jf/L ;bf hLjg;F+u ;DalGw 5 . pgLx?dWo]
hLa|On pRr sf]6Ldf 5g\ .
dfgjsf] ;+/If0f ug{] sfd M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M k|To]s JolQmsf] cufl8

/ k5fl8 pgn] lgo'Qm u/]sf lg/LIfsx¿ v6fOPsf 5g\ hf] cNnfxsf] cfb]zn]
p;sf] /]vb]v u5{g\ /, cNnfxn] s'g} ;d'bfosf] cj:yf ta;Dd kl/jt{g ub}{gg\
ha;Dd p;n] :jo+ cfˆgf Jojxf/nfO{ abNb}g . clg, cNnfxn] s'g} ;d'bfodfly
s'g} k|sf]k Nofpg] lg0f{o ubf{ To;nfO{ s;}n] 6fg{ ;Sb}g / g To; ;d'bfosf
nflu cNnfxsf] bfFhf]df s'g} ;xof]uL x'g]5 . -;"/x /cb M !!_
dfgj sd{sf] ;+/If0f ug{] sfd M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M /, ofb /fv b'O{hgf
n]vgbf; To;sf bfofF / afofF a;L x/]s s'/f n]lv/x]sf 5g\ . ‑dflg;n]_ d'vaf6
s'g} zAb lgsfNg klg kfPsf x'Fb}g t/ To;glhs Pp6f lg/LIfs t}gft x'G5 .
-;"/x sfkm M!&,!*_
53
df]ldgx?nfO{ dbt / pgLx?nfO{ O{dfgdf /fVg] sfd M cNnfxsf] egfO

5 M /, :d/0f u/ ha ltd|f kfngstf{n] kÞml/Ztfx¿nfO{ ;ª\s]t ub}{ lyP– æd
ltdLx¿sf] ;fydf 5' / df]ldgx¿nfO{ b[9tf k|bfg u/ . d clxn] sflkmÞ/x¿sf
Åbodf wfs Pj+ qf; pTkGg ug]{5 ' clg ltgLx¿sf] xTof u/ / ltgLx¿sf
hf]gL{x¿df k|xf/ u/ .Æ -;"/x cGkmfn !@_
elgb]pm– æltdLx¿dfly lgo'Qm ul/Psf] d[To'sf] kml/Ztf ‑b"t_ n] g} ltdLx¿sf]
k|f0f lnG5 clg ltdLx¿ cfˆgf kfngstf{tk{m kms{fOg]5f} . -;"/x ;hbf M !!_
clg ha ltdLx¿dWo] s;}sf] d[To' cfOk'U5 ta xfdLn] k7fPsf ‑kmÞl/Ztf_ n]
p;sf] cfTdfnfO{ sAhf u5{g \ . /, pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] sfo{df s'g} l9nf;':tL ub}g{ g\ .
-;"/x cGcfd M^!_
;f]wk'5 ug{] kml/Ztf d'lGs/ / gls/sf] sfd M cg; lag dflns /lh= dfkm{t
j0f{g ul/Psf] 5, O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M ha d'bf{nfO{ sa/df /flvG5 / dnfdLx?
kms{5g\ p;n] pgLx?sf] h'tfsf] v6 v6 cfjfh ;'G5 . clg b'Oj{ 6f kml/Ztf cfP/
p;sf] cufl8 a:5g\ / ;f]W5g\ M of] JolQmsf] af/]df ltd|f] egfO s] 5 < olb pm
df]ldg 5 eg] p;n] pxfF cNnfxsf] /;"n df]xDdb x'g\ egL hjfkm lbG5 . clg
p;+uF elgg] 5, n x]/ ltd|f] 7]sfgf of] gs{ x'g] lyof] t/ cNnfxn] To;nfO{ :ju{df
kl/0ft ul/lbPsf 5g\ . p;n] gs{ / :ju{ ;a} b]Vg]5 . olb pm sflkm/, d'gflkms /
jx'bj] jfbL 5 eg] p;nfO{ ;f]lwg] 5, of] JolQmsf] af/]df ltd|f] egfO s] 5 < p;n]
eGg] 5 dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . dfG5]n] h] eGy] d}n] klg ToxL eGyF] . clg pm;Fu+ elgg]
5 g t ltdLn] hfGof} g t hfGg] sf]l;; g} u¥of} . p;nfO{ kmnfdsf] df/ xflgg]
5 h;n] ubf{ pm lrNnfpg] 5, h;sf] :j/ dfgj / bfgjn] afx]s ;a}n] ;'Gg] 5 .
ue{df /x]sf] e'|0fsf] dfldnf af/] kml/Ztf M e|'0fdf cfTdf xfNg, p;sf]
/f]hL n]Vg, p;sf] ;dofjwL n]Vg, p;sf] sfd / pm /fd|f] x'G5 jf g/fd|f] Tof]
n]Vg] lhDdf pgsf] x'G5 . Ps xbL;df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 h;nfO{ cAb'Nnfx
lag d;pmbn] j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ . O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M ltd|f] hGdsf] cf/De
ltd|f] cfdfsf] k]6df ul/bf rfln; lbg;Dd jLo{sf] cj:yfdf x'G5 To;kl5
/utsf] 6'qmf aG5 To;kl5 df;'sf] 6'qmfdf /xG5 . To;kl5 cNnfxn] Pp6f
54
kml/Ztfdfly cf:yf
kml/Ztf k7fpF5g\ . p;nfO{ cNnfxn] rf/j6f s'/f n]Vg] cfb]z lbG5g\ M

pm;Fu elgg] 5M p;sf] sfd n]v, p;sf] /f]hL n]v, p;sf] hLjg n]v / pm
c;n jf v/fj x'g] af/] n]v . To;kl5 p;df cfTdf xflnG5 .
gs{sf] rf}lsbf/L ug{] kml/Ztf M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M /, xfdLn] g/ssf]

sfo{stf kmÞl/Ztfx¿nfO{ dfq agfPsf 5f}+ -;"/x d'bl:;/ M #!_
/, ltgLx¿n] lrRofP/ eGg]5g\– æx] dflns Û ltd|f kfngstf{n] xfdLnfO{

;dfKt g} ul/lbpmg\ .Æ pgn] hjfkm lbg]5g\– æltdLx¿ t ;bf o;}df /xg'k5{ .
-;"/x h'V?km M&&_
x] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û arfpm :jo+nfO{ / cfˆgf kl/jf/nfO{ g/ssf] cfuf]af6
h;sf] O{Gwg dfgj Pj+ 9'Ëf x'g]5g\ h;dfly s7f]/, k|an kÞml/Ztfx¿ lgo'Qm 5g\Ù
hf] slxNo} cNnfxsf] cfb]zsf] cjx]ngf ub}{gg\ / h] cfb]z pgLx¿nfO{ lbOG5
To;sf] kfngf u5{g\ . -;"/x txl/d M ^_
df]ldgx?sf] nflu Ifdfofrgf ug{] kml/Ztfx? M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
cz{ -l;+xf;g_ p7fPsf / To; jl/kl/sf kÞml/Ztfx¿ cfˆgf kfngstf{sf]

k|z;+ fsf ;fy dlxdfufg u5{g\ / pgLdfly O{dfg /fV5g\ clg cf:yfjfgx¿sfnflu
Ifdf ofrgf u5{g–\ æx] xfd|f kfngstf{ Û ltdLn] cfˆgf bof / 1fgåf/f k|To]s
lrhnfO{ 3]/s] f 5f} . ctM k|folZrt ug]{ tyf ltd|f] dfu{sf] cg';/0f ug]x{ ¿nfO{ Ifdf
u/ / pgLx¿nfO{ g/ssf] oftgfaf6 arfpm . x] xfd|f kfngstf{ Û pgLx¿nfO{
lr/:yfoL :ju{df k|jz ] u/fpm / pgLx¿sf k"jh { x¿, :qLx¿ / ;Gtfgx¿dWo]
;TsdL{x¿nfO{ klg . lg:;Gb]x ltdL k|eT' jzfnL Pj+ tTjbzL{ 5f} . /, pgLx¿nfO{
cfˆgf] k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft /fv . /, jf:tjdf To; lbg b'i6tfaf6 ltdLn] h;nfO{
;'/lIft /fVof}, p;dfly ‑7"nf]_ bof u¥of} . /, oxL g} 7"nf] ;kmntf xf] .Æ-;"/x uflkm/M
&,*,(_
jf:tjdf h'g JolQmx¿n] eg]– æxfd|f kfngstf{ cNnfx x'g\Æ clg To;}df
sfod /x] pgLx¿sfnflu kÞml/Ztfx¿ of] eGb} cjtl/t x'g]5g\– æltdLx¿
55
g8/fpmÙ b'MvL klg gxf]pm a? To; :ju{df /dfpm h;sf] jfrf ltdLx¿l;t
ul/GYof] .Æ -;"/x km':;]nt M #)_
‑cyf{ t \ _ ;w} + /xg] o:tf au} + r fx¿ h;df pgLx¿ :jo+ k| j ] z ug] { 5 g\
/ ltgsf k" j { h , kTgL / ;Gtfgx¿dWo] ;TsdL{ x ¿ klg k| j ] z ug] { 5 g\ . /,
kÞml/Ztfx¿ k|To]s 9f]sfaf6 ltgLx¿;dIf cfpg]5g\ . -/, eGg]5g\_ ltdLx¿n]
u/]sf] w}o{sf] sf/0f ltdLx¿dfly zflGt xf];\ . clg, slt pTs[i6 5 Tof]
cflvÞ/tsf] 3/ Û -;"/x /cb M@#,@$_
56
u|Gydfly cf:yf
o; s'/fsf] cf:yf ls cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] /;'nx?dfly u|Gy cjt/0f u/] h'g
;To 5g\ / To;df dfgjsf] nflu dfu{bz{g 5 . pgLx?sf] nflu s[kf tyf cg'u|x
5 . pgLx?sf] nflu pkb]z 5 . To;df x/]s s'/fnfO{ k|i6 ul/Psf] 5 .
cNnfxsf] lstfadf cf:yf /fVg] s'/fn] lgDg s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 M
s'/cfg cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 cjt/0f ePsf] xf] M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M ‑x]
d'xÞDdb Û_ pgn] ltdLdfly lans'n ;Tosf;fy of] u|Gy cjt/0f u/]] h;n]
cfk"meGbf klxn]sf u|Gyx¿sf] k'li6 ub{5 / cNnfxn] tf}/ft tyf OGhLn klg
cjt/0f u/] . -;"/x cfn] Od/fg M #_
s'/cfg cNnfxsf zAbx? x'g\ . s'g} kml/Ztfsf] jf /;'nsf] zAb xf]Og .
;Dk"0f{ u|Gydf cf:yf /fVg' M h'g u|Gyx? Gffdsf ;fy xfdLnfO{ atfOPsf]
5 To;df gfdsf ;fy O{dfg /fVg' / h'g u|Gysf] gfd atfOPsf] 5}g To;df klg
O{dfg /fVg' kb{5 . tLdWo] rf/j6f u|Gy k|d'v 5g\ .
tf}/ft M of] O{Zb"t d";fdfly cjt/0f ul/Psf] u|Gy xf] M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
cNnfxn] eg]– æx] d";f Û d}n] ltdLnfO{ cfˆgf] ;Gb]z lbP/ tyf ltdL;Fu s'/f u/]/
;Dk"0f{ dflg;x¿ dWo]af6 5fg]sf] 5' clg h'g d}n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5' To;nfO{ ;dft /
dk|lt s[t1 ag .Æ /, xfdLn] pgsfnflu n]Vg]–kf6Lx¿df x/]s k|sf/sf pkb]z tyf
tk;Ln n]Vof}+ ‑/ eGof}_+ – æoL cfb]zx¿nfO{ b[9tfk"js
{ ;Dxfn / cfˆgf] hfltnfO{
To;sf] pQd cfzosf] kfngf ug]{ cfb]z b]pm . d rfF8} g} ltdLnfO{ cj1fsf/Lx¿sf]
:yfg b]vfpg]5 ' .Æ -;"/x cf/fkm M !$$,!$%_
OlGhn M of] u|Gy O{Zb"t O{;fdfly cjt/0f ul/Psf] u|Gy xf] . cNnfxsf] egfO{
5 M pgnfO{ xfdLn] OGhLn k|bfg u¥of}+ h;df dfu{bz{g tyf lbJoHof]lt lyof] .
clg, To;df klg tf}/ftdf h]hlt lyP To;sf] k'li6stf{ / O{zeo /fVg]x¿sf
nflu dfu{bz{g Pj+ pkb]z lyof] . -;"/x dfobf M$^_
57
s'/cfg M of] u|Gy O{Zb"t df]xDdb ;=dfly cjt/0f ul/Psf] u|Gy xf]] .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M x] ;Gb]i6f Û xfdLn] ltdLdfly ;Tosf;fy u|Gy cjt/0f
u¥of}+ h;n] klxn]sf u|Gyx¿sf] k'li6 ub{5 / hf] ltgsf] ;+/Ifs klg xf] . -;"/x
dfobf M$*_
cToGt} a/sto'Qm 5g\ pgL h;n] cfˆgf eQmdfly kÞm'sf{g ‑s;f}6L_ cjt/0f
u/] tfls pgL ;Dk"0f{ dfgjsfnflu ;r]ts xf]pmg\ . -;"/x km'/sfg M!_
ha'/ M of] u|Gy bfpbdfly cjt/0f ul/Psf] u|Gy xf] . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
xfdLn] bfpbnfO{ ha'/ k|bfg u¥of}F . -;"/x O;|f M %% _
lg:;Gb]x oL s'/fx¿ k|frLg u|Gyx¿df klg 5g\ . Oa|fxLd / d";fsf

u|Gyx¿df . -;"/x cfnf M!*,!(_
s'/cfgdf s'g} x]/km]/ ePsf] 5|}gM cNnfxn] O;|fO{nsf] af/]df va/
lbPsf 5g\ pgLx?n] cfˆgf] b"tx?dfly cjt/0f ePsf] u|Gysf] zAbdf / cy{df
x]/km]/ u/]sf 5g\ M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M ltgLx¿n] zAbx¿nfO{ ltgsf] :yfgaf6
x6fpFb5g\ . -;"/x dfobf M!#_
ltgLx¿ zAbx¿nfO{ ltgsf :yfg lglZrt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ltgsf] :yfgaf6

x6fOlbG5g\ . ;"/x dfobf M$!_
ltgLx¿dWo] Pp6f ;d"x o:tf dflg;x¿sf] klg 5 hf] O{zu|Gy k9\bf cfˆgf
lha|fx¿nfO{ n6k6fP/ k9\5g\ tfls To;nfO{ ltdLx¿n] u|Gysf] c+z 7fg hals
Tof] u|Gysf] c+z eg] xf]Og / ltgLx¿ of] cNnfxsf] tk{maf6 xf] eG5g\ hals Tof]
cNnfxsf] tk{maf6 xf]Og / ‑o;/L_ ltgLx¿ hfgL hfgL cNnfxn] eg]sf] eg]/ e'm7f]
s'/f af]N5g\ . -;"/x cfn] Od/fg M&*_
t/ s'/cfgsf] ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L eg] :jod\ cNnfxn] lnPsf 5g\ . s'/cfgdf

elgPsf] 5 M xfdLn] g} lhs/ cyf{t s'/cfg cjt/0f u/]sf xf}F / xfdLn] g} o;sf]
;+/If0f u5f{F} . -lxh| M(_
58
u|Gydfly cf:yf
Pscsf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M h'g JolQmx¿n] s'/Þ cfgsf] cfudgkZrft\

To;nfO{ OGsf/ u/] ‑ltgLx¿ klg xfdLaf6 n'ss
] f 5}gg\_ . lg:;Gb]x of] dxfg\ u|Gy
xf] . c;To o; glhs cfpg} ;Sb}g g ;fd'Gg]af6 g o;sf] kl5lNt/af6 g} . of] t
tTjbzL{ Pj+ k|z;
+ gLo cNnfxsf] tk{maf6 cjt/0f ePsf] xf] . -km':;]nt M $!—$@_
Jff:tjdf cxn] lstfafsf u|Gyx?df pNn]v ePsf syf tyf va/x? h;nfO{
O;|fO{lnoft elgG5, Tof] tLg j6f s'/faf6 vfnL 5}g .
!, s]xL s'/fx? s'/cfgsf] s'/fx?af6 ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5g\ . xfdLn] To;nfO{ ;To
dfG5f} / To;sf] ;Totfsf] ;fIfL klg xfd|f] u|Gy 5 . h:t} g"xsf] hdfgfdf cfPsf]
cfFwL, Oa|fxLd, o";'km, d";fsf] j0f{g, lkm/fcf}g 8'a]sf] / O{;fsf rdTsf/sf] j0f{g
cflb .
@, s]xL s'/fx? s'/cfgsf] ljk/Lt 5g\ . xfdLn] To;nfO{ c;To dfG5fF} .
lsgeg] tL s'/fx? pgLx? :jodn] u9]sf x'g\ cfˆgf]] xftn] n]v]sf x'g\ . h:t}M
n't cn}xL ;nfdn] /S;L vfPsf] eGg] af/] unt s'/f, cfˆgf]] 5f]/L;+u b'/frf/
u/]sf] eGg] em'6f] s'/fx? cflb . To:t} pgLx?n] O;fnfO{ cNnfxsf] 5f]/f dfGg]
h:tf s'/fx? unt x'g\ . cNnfx o:tf s'/fx?af6 kljq 5g\ / dxfg 5g\ .
#, s]xL s'/fx? o:tf 5g\ h'g s'/cfgsf] s'/faf6 ldNbf]h'Nbf] klg 5}gg\ /
s'/cfgsf] ljk/Lt klg 5}gg\ . To:tf s'/fx?nfO{ xfdLn] em'6f] klg dfg]sf 5}gfF} /
;fFrf] klg dfGb}gf}F . cNnfxsf ;+b]i6f df]xDdb ;=n] eGg'eof] M olb cxn] lstfan]
s'g} s'/f u9] eg] To;nfO{ ;To gdfg / c;To klg gdfg . pgLx?nfO{ eg .
xfdLn] t cNnfxdfly pgsf] u|Gydfly, pgsf /;"ndfly cf:yf /fv]sf 5fF} . olb
tL s'/fx? ;To 5g\ eg] em'6f] geg olb tL s'/fx? em'6f 5g\ eg] To;nfO{ ;To
g7fg . -cxdb_
cNnfxsf ;Gb]i6fn] eGg'eof] M O;|fO{nsf] af/]df s'/f u/ To;df s'g} cfklQ
5}g .
s'/cfgsf] cfb]znfO{ zl/ct dfGg' M cNnfxn] s'/cfgnfO{ cl3Nnf
;Dk"0f{ u|Gydfly k|e"Tj lbPsf 5g\ . To;sf/0f s'/cfgsf] cfb]z ljk/Lt
59
cGo s'g} cfb]z dfGg' hfoh 5}g . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M x] ;Gb]i6f Û xfdLn]
ltdLdfly ;Tosf;fy u|Gy cjt/0f u¥of}+ h;n] klxn]sf u|Gyx¿sf] k'li6
ub{5 / hf] ltgsf] ;+/Ifs klg xf] . ctM ltdLx¿n] ltgLx¿;Fu cNnfxåf/f
cjtl/t sfg"g cg';f/ km};nf u/ . /, h'g ;To ltdL;dIf cfPsf] 5 To;af6
ljd'v eP/ ltgLx¿sf] rfxgfx¿sf] kl5 gnfu . xfdLn] ltdLx¿ ;a}sfnflu
Pp6f wd{–ljwfg Pj+ sfo{k|0ffnL to u/]sf 5f}+ . olb cNnfxn] rfx]sf] eP
ltdLx¿ ;a}nfO{ Pp6} ;d'bfo agfpg ;Sy] t/ cNnfxn]] ltdLx¿nfO{ k|bfg
u/]sf lrhx¿df ltdLx¿sf] k/LIff lng rfx] . ctM ;Tsd{df Ps csf{eGbf
cufl8 a9\g] k|of; u/ . cGttM ltdLx¿ ;a} cNnfxtk{m g} kms{g]5f} clg
pgn] ltdLx¿nfO{ atfpg]5g\ h;df ltdLx¿n] dte]b ug{] u5f{} . /, To;}n]
logLx¿aLr To; sfg"g cg';f/ km};nf u/ h'g cNnfxn] cjt/0f u/]sf 5g\ .
/, logLx¿sf] rfxgfsf] k5fl8 ghfpm . ltdLnfO{ cNnfxn] cjt/0f u/]sf s]xL
cfb]zx¿af6 logLx¿n] ljd'v kfnf{g\ eg]/ ;r]t xf]pm . /, olb ltgLx¿ ljd'v
x'G5g\ eg] cNnfxn] g} ltgLx¿nfO{ ltgsf s]xL kfkx¿sf] ;hfoF lbg rfxG5g\
eGg] s'/f Åbo+ud u/ . /, lg:;Gb]x oL dflg;x¿dWo] clwsf+z cj1fsf/L x'g\ .
s] logLx¿ c1fgtfsf] km};nf rfxG5g\ < /, ljZjf;Lx¿sf lglDt cNnfxeGbf
plrt GofofwLz c¿ sf] x'g ;S5 / < -;"/x dfobf M $*–%)_
s'/cfgsf] ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx?df cf:yf /fVg' M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M of]
t ltdLx¿ xf} hf] ltgLx¿k|lt k|]d k|s6 u5f}{ clkt' ltgLx¿n] ltdLx¿nfO{
¿rfpFb}gg hals ltdLx¿ ;a} O{z–u|Gydfly cf:yf /fVb5f} . /, ltgLx¿
ltdLx¿nfO{ e]6\bf eG5g\– æxfdL ljZjf; u5f{}+ .Æ t/ cnu x'Fbf ltdLx¿k|ltsf]
qmf]wn] cf}+nf rkfpF5g\ . elgb]pm—æltdLx¿ cfˆgf] qmf]wdf cfkm}+ d/ .Æ lg:;Gb]x
cNnfx Åbodf n's]sf] e]bnfO{ klg hfGb5g\ . -cfn] Od/fg M!!(_
s'/cfgnfO{ n'sfpg', To;df x]/km]/ ug'{ / To;df ljjfb ug'{

x/fd 5M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M /, :d/0f u/, cNnfxn] u|Gyjfxs ‑cXn] lstfa_
x¿l;t jrg lnP ls ltdLx¿n] o;nfO{ dflg;x¿dfem :ki6¿kdf aofg
ug]{5f} / n'sfpg] 5}gf} . t/ ltgLx¿n] To;nfO{ lk7o"Fk5fl8 ôfFs] clg t'R5
60
u|Gydfly cf:yf
nfesf nflu To;nfO{ a]r] . slt g/fd|f] /x]5 ltgLx¿n] ug{] of] sf/f]af/ Û -;"/x
cfn] Od/fgM !*&_ Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M oL tL dflg;x¿ x'g\ h;n]
;Tdfu{nfO{ 5f]8]/ kye|i6tf / IfdfnfO{ 5f]8]/ oftgf df]n]sf 5g\ . oL dflg;x¿n]
cfuf]df hNg] s:tf] b':;fx; u5{g\ t Û o;sf] sf/0f of] xf] ls cNnfxn] o;
u|GynfO{ ;Tosf ;fy cjt/0f u/] t/ o; u|Gysf] af/]df dte]b ug]{x¿ o;sf]
lj/f]wdf ‑;Totfb]lv_ w]/} 6f9f k'lu;s] . -;"/x as/fx M!&$,!&^_
61
O{zb"tdfly cf:yf
o; s'/fdfly cf:yf /fVg' ls cNnfxn] dfgjdWo] s]xL JolQmx?nfO{ r'Gg'eof]
/ pgLx?dfly O{Zjf0fL cjt/0f ug'e { of] ;fy} pgLx?nfO{ z'e;"rs tyf ;r]ts
agfP/ k7fpg'eof] . pgLx?n] cNnfxsf] ;+bz ] ;Dk"0f{ dfgj;dIf cNnfxsf] pkf;gf
ug{ egL k'¥ofP . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfx g} kmÞl/Ztfx¿ tyf dflg;x¿ dWo]af6
;Gb]zjfxs 5fGg] u5{g \ . lg:;Gb]x cNnfx ;j{>f]tf / ;j{bi| 6f 5g\ . -;"/x xh M &%_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ltdLeGbf klxn] s]jn k'?ifx¿nfO{ xfdLn]
/;"nsf] ¿kdf k7fof}+ h;dfly xfdLn] k|sfzgf ‑jXo_ ug]{ uYof}{+ . clg ltdLx¿nfO{
yfxf 5}g eg] u|Gyjfxsx¿nfO{ ;f]w . -;"/x gxn M$#_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M xfdLn] k|To]s ;d'bfodf /;"n k7fof}+ . s]jn
cNnfxsf] pkf;gf u/ / …tfu"ÞtÚ ‑x/]s lsl;dsf c;To k"Ho_ b]lv 6f9f /xg]
u/ . -;"/x gxn M #^_
O{Zb"tdfly cf:yfdf lgDg s'/fx? ;fldn 5g\ M

O{Zb"tx?n] lbPsf] ;+b]z cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 cfPsf] xf] M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
/, ltgLx¿;dIf s'g} cfot cfpFbf ltgLx¿ eG5g\– æxfdL sbflk O{dfg NofpFb}gf}+
ha;Dd xfdLnfO{ klg To:t} lrh k|bfg ul/+b}g h:tf] cNnfxsf /;"nx¿nfO{ k|bfg
ul/Psf] lyof] .Æ cNnfxn] s;nfO{ cfˆgf] ;Gb]i6f agfpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf pgL
:jo+ /fd|/L hfGb5g\ . lg:;Gb]x ck/fwLx¿n] ltgsf if8\oGqn] ubf{ cNnfxsxfF
ckdfg Pj+ s7f]/ oftgf ef]Ug' kg{] 5 . -;"/x cGcfd M !@$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M /, logLx¿n] eg]– æof] s'Þ/cfg oL b'O{ 7"nf
gu/x¿ dWo]sf s'g} dxfg\ JolQmdfly lsg cjtl/t ul/Pg <Æs] logLx¿ ltd|f
kfngstf{sf] bofnfO{ afF8kmfF8 u5{g\ < xfdLn] ;f+;fl/s hLjgdf logLx¿aLr
logsf hLljsfnfO{ afFl8lbPsf 5f}+ / PsnfO{ csf{dfly >]i7tf k|bfg u/]sf5f}+ tfls
ltgLx¿n] Ps csf{af6 ;]jf k|fKt u¿g\ . /, ltd|f kfngstf{sf] bof logLx¿n]
hDdf ul//x]sf ‑wg–;DklQ_ eGbf pQd /x]sf] 5 . -;"/x h'v|'km M #!,#@_
63
O{Zb"tTj cEof; jf ;+3if{ u/]/ kfOg] s'/f xf]Og . h:t} s]xL ;"kmLx?sf]
wf/0ff 5 . To;}u/L kljq zlQmsf] ;+u7gaf6 klg aGg] xf]Og . h:t} s]xL kye|i6
bfz{lgsx?n] eg]sf 5g\ . Tof] t cNnfxsf] s[kf dfq xf] h;nfO{ rfxG5g\ k|bfg
u5{g\ .
cNnfxsf ;Dk"0f{ ;Gb]i6fx?dfly cf:yf /fVg' k5{ M s]xL ;+b]i6fx?

h;sf] gfd xfdLnfO{ atfOPsf] 5 s'/cfgdf pNn]v 5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M clg,
xfdLn] Oa|fxLdnfO{ O:xfsÞ tyf ofc\Þs"Þa k|bfg u¥of}+ . ;j}sf] kyk|bz{g u¥of}+ /
g"xÞnfO{ klg xfdLn] o;eGbf cl3 dfu{bz{g u/]sf lyof}+ tyf pgsf ;Gtfgx¿dWo]
xfdLn] bfpmb, ;'n}dfg, P]o\o"a, o";'kmÞ, d";f Pj+ xf¿gnfO{ klg . o;/L g} xfdL
;'sdL{x¿nfO{ k|ltbfg k|bfg u5f}{+ . hÞsl/of, oXÞof, O{Þ;f tyf ONof;nfO{ klg
‑;Tdfu{ b]vfof}+_ . oL ;a} ;TsdL{x¿dWo] lyP . O:dfO{Þn, cn–o;cÞ, o"g'; /
n"tÞnfO{ klg ‑;Tdfu{ b]vfof}+_ . ;a}nfO{ xfdLn] ;+;f/af;Lx¿dfly k|wfgtf k|bfg
u¥of}+ . -;"/x cGcfd M *$–*^_
pgLx? ;a}dfly cf:yf /fVg' h?/L 5 . lsgeg] pgLx? ;a}sf] cfXjfg Pp6}
lyof] . cNnfxsf] egfO 5M cNnfxn] ltdLx¿sfnflu ToxL wd{ lgwf{l/t u/]sf
5g\ h;sf] cfb]z pgn] g"xÞnfO{ lbPsf lyP . clg, h;sf] k|sfzgf ‑x] d'xÞDdbÛ_
xfdLn] ltdLtk{m u/]sf 5f}+ / h;sf] cfb]z xfdLn] Oa|fxLd, d";f tyf O{Þ;fnfO{
lbPsf lyof}+ ls wd{nfO{ :yflkt u/ / o;df dte]b gu/ . -;"/x z'/f M!#_
pgLx?dWo] Ps hgfnfO{ OGsf/ ug'{ ;a}nfO{ OGsf/ u/] ;/x x'g]5 . cNnfxsf]
egfO 5 M g"xsf ;d'bfon] O{Zb"tx?nfO{ em'6f 7fg] . -;"/x z'c/f M!)%_
g"x klxnf] ;+b]i6f x'g\ . cNnfxsf ;+b]i6fx? af/] e]befj ug'{ hfoh 5}g . To;}
u/L s;}dfly cf:yf /fVg] s;}dfly g/fVg] of] klg hfoh 5}g . cNnfxsf] egfO
5 M lg:;Gb]x tL dflg;x¿ hf] cNnfx Pj+ pgsf /;"nx¿nfO{ OGsf/ ub{5g\ /
cNnfx Pj+ pgsf /;"nx¿aLr lje]b v8f ug{ rfxG5g\ / eGb5g\– æxfdL s'g}
/;"ndfly O{dfg /fVb5f}+ / s;}nfO{ OGsf/ ub{5f}+Æ, ltgLx¿ b'j}sf] aLraf6 s'g}
lgsf; lgsfNg rfxG5g\Ù ltgLx¿ jf:tjdf kSsf sflkmÞ/ x'g\ / sflkÞm/x¿sfnflu
64
O{zb"tdfly cf:yf
xfdLn] ckdfghgs oftgf tof/ kf/]sf 5f}+ . hf] cNnfx Pj+ pgsf /;"nx¿dfly
O{dfg Nofpg]5g\ / pgLx¿aLr lje]b v8f ub{}gg\ ltgLx¿nfO{ ltgsf] k|ltbfg
cNnfxn] l5§} k|bfg ug]{5g\ . /, cNnfx clt IfdfzLn, k/d bofn' 5g\ . -;"/x
lg;f M !%)–!%@_
cNnfxsf ;+bi] 6fx?nfO{ ;To dfGg' / pgLx?n] lbPsf] ;+bz ] nfO{

:jLsfg'{ M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M x] dg'iox¿ xf] Û ltd|f kfngstf{sf]tk{maf6 ;Tosf
;fy O{zb"t ltdLx¿;dIf cfO;s]sf 5g\ . ctM ltdLx¿ O{dfg Nofpm . of] ltd|n} flu
pQd x'g5] / ltdLx¿ cgf:yf k|bz{g u5f}{ eg] -hflg/fv_ cfsfzx¿ Pj+ wtL{df h]
hlt 5g\ ;a} cNnfxsf x'g\ / cNnfx ;j{1 Pj+ tTjbzL{ 5g\ . -;"/x lg;f M !&)_
cl3Nnf ;+b]i6fx? af/] ;xL s'/fnfO{ dfGg' h?/L 5 M h'g s'/fx?

s'/cfg / xbL;df j0f{g ePsf 5g\ To;nfO{ dfGg' clgjfo{ 5 / To;nfO{ ;To
dfGg' klg h?/L 5 .
;+b]i6fx?sf] cf1fkfngf ug'{ M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M /, xfdLn] x/]s

/;"n ‑O{zb"t_ nfO{ cNnfxsf] cfb]zadf]lhd pgsf] cf1fkfng ul/of];\ eGg]
p2]Zon] dfq k7fPsf 5f}+ . -;"/x lg;f M^$_
x/]s ;d'bfonfO{ p;sf] ;+b]i6fsf] s'/f dfGg' clgjfo{ 5 . clGtd ;+b]i6f

df]xDdb ;= x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf] ;+b]zn] cl3Nnf ;a} ;+b]znfO{ /2 u/]sf] 5 . t;y{
pxfFsf] ;+b]zaf/] hfgsf/L kfPsf] x/]s JolQmn] To;sf] cf1fkfngf h?/L 5 .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M hf] pDdL ;Gb]i6f ‑d'xÞDdb_ sf] cg';/0f u5{g\Ù h;nfO{
pgLx¿ cfk"m;Fu /x]sf] tf}/ft tyf OGhLndf pNn]v ePsf] kfpF5g\Ù h;n]
ltgLx¿nfO{ ;'sd{sf] cfb]z lbG5g\ / s'sd{af6 /f]S5g\ / kljq j:t'x¿nfO{
ltgLx¿sf nflu j}w tyf ckljq j:t'x¿nfO{ cj}w u5{g\ clg ltgLx¿dfly
nflbPsf] af]emnfO{ emf5{g\Ù To; aGwgnfO{ vf]N5g\ h;df ltgLx¿ hsl8Psf
lyP . ctM h'g dflg;x¿n] pgLdfly cf:yf NofP / ltgsf] ;dy{g tyf d2t
65
u/] / pgLdfly cjt/0f ePsf] k|sfzsf] cg';/0f u/], ltgLx¿ g} ;kmntf k|fKt
ug]{x¿ x'g\ .Æ x] d'xDdb Û elgb]pm– æx] dg'io xf] Û d ltdLx¿ ;a}tk{m To;
cNnfxåf/f k7fOPsf] /;"n ‑b"t_ x'F h;sfnflu cfsfzx¿ tyf wtL{sf] zf;g
/x]sf] 5 . pgLafx]s sf]xL ;To k"Ho 5}g . pgL g} hLjg k|bfg u5{g\ / d[To'
lbG5g\ . ctM cNnfx tyf pgsf] To; pDdL /;"n ‑b"t_ dfly O{dfg Nofpm hf]
cNnfx tyf pgsf jf0fLx¿dfly O{dfg /fV5g\ / pgs} cg';/0f u/ h;n] ubf{
ltdLx¿n] dfu{bz{g k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5f} .Æ -;"/x cf/fkm M !%&,!%*_
O{Zb"tx?nfO{ cfb/ OHht tyf dfof ug'{M cNnfxsf] egfO 5M xf]Og,
ltd|f kfngstf{sf] s;d Û ha;Dd ltgLx¿n] cfk;L e}+m–emu8fdf ltdLnfO{
GofofwLz agfpFb}gg\ / ltdLn] u/]sf] k}m;nfk|lt cfˆgf] dgdf låljwf/lxt l:ylt
kfpFb}gg\ tyf k"0f{¿kn] ;dk{0f ub}{gg\ ta;Dd ltgLx¿ cf:yfjfg x'g ;Sb}gg\ .
-;"/x dfobf M%%,%^_
x] ;Gb]i6f xf] Û elgb]pm– æolb ltd|f lktf, ;Gtfg, bfh'efO, bDkQL, gft]bf/,
ltdLx¿n] cfh{g u/]sf ;DklQ, Tof] Jofkf/ h;df dGbL x'gaf6 8/fpF5f} clg
ltdLx¿n] dg k/fPsf 3/x¿ ‑oL ;a}_ cNnfx, pgsf /;"n / pgsf] dfu{df o'4
ug'{ ‑oL ;a}_ eGbf a9L dg k5{ eg] cNnfxn] cfˆgf] lg0f{o k7fpGh]n kv{ .Æ /,
cNnfxn] cj1fsf/L dflg;x¿nfO{ ;Tdfu{ b]vfpFb}gg\ . -;"/x tf}af M @$_
cNnfx Pj+ pgsf kml/Ztfx¿ gaLdfly …bof tyf zflGt ‑b¿b_ k7fpF5g\ .
ctM x] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û ltdLx¿ klg pgLdfly …b¿bÚ tyf ;nfd k7fpg] u/ .
-;"/x cxhfa M %^_
;+b]i6f df]xDdb ;=sf] egfO 5 M ltdLx? O{dfgjfnf aGg ;Sb}gf} ha;Dd
dnfO{ ltdLx? cfˆgf]] a'af tyf 5f]/f / ;Dk"0f{ dfgjeGbf a9L lk|o agfpb}gf} .
-d'Qkms'g cn}x_
66
o; s'/fdf cf:yf ls cNnfxn] cGtdf cfˆgf]] ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLnfO{ pgLx?sf]
lrxfgaf6 lhljt ug{]5 / pgLx?sf] sd{sf] lx;fa lstfa lng]5 / To;sf]
cfwf/df pgLx?nfO{ :juL{o jf gsL{o 3f]lift ug{]5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
/, cTofrf/Lx¿ h'g sfo{ u5{g\ Tof] cNnfx hfGb}gg\ eGg] g7fg . cNnfx
ltgLx¿nfO{ To; lbg;Dd dfq df}sf lbO/x]sf 5g\ h'g lbg cfFvfx¿ Psf]xf]/f]
x]l//xg]5g\ . -;"/x Oa|fxLd M $@_
h'g lbg dxfk|no cfpg]5 To; lbg ltgLx¿ 5'l§g]5g\ . clg h;n]
O{dfg NofPsf / ;Tsd{ u/]sf x'g]5g\ pgLx¿nfO{ :ju{sf] au}Frfdf cfgGb
Pj+ pNnf;sf;fy /flvg]5 . t/ h;n] s'k|mÞ u/]sf x'g]5g\ / xfd|f cfotx¿
tyf cflvÞ/tsf] ;fIffTsf/nfO{ e'm7f] 7x/ u/]sf x'g]5g\ ltgLx¿ oftgfdf
xflh/ u/fOg]5g\ . -;"/x ?d M !$–!^_
cflv/tdf cf:yf /fVbf lgDg s'/fx? dfGg' h?/L 5 .

d[To'kl5 36g] s'/fx?dfly cf:yf /fVg' M h:t} kml/ztfx?nfO{ b]Vg',
lrxfgdf dflg;;F+u ;f]wk'5 x'g', lrxfgdf x'g] b08 jf s[kf, To;}u/L ah{vLo
hLjgdf x'g] s'/fx? cflbdf cf:yf /fVg' . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M olb ltdLn] Tof]
l:ylt x]g{ ;s]sf] eP ‑a]; x'g] lyof]_ ha kmÞl/Ztfx¿ cljZjf;Lx¿sf] d'v tyf
9f8df lxsf{pFb} k|f0f n'5\b5g\ -/ eG5g\–_ ærfv cfuf]sf] oftgf . -cGkmfn M%)_
clg cNnfxn] p;nfO{ ltgLx¿n] u/]sf pkfox¿sf] lgs[i6tfaf6 ;'/lIft /fv]
/ lkÞm/cÞfg} sf dflg;x¿nfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf]kn] 3]¥of] . cfuf]– hxfF ltgLx¿nfO{ laxfgL
/ a]ns ' L k]z ul/G5 . /, h'g lbg dxfk|no x'G5 ‑To; lbg elgg]5_– lkmÞ/cfÞg} sf
dflg;x¿nfO{ s7f]/ oftgfdf xfn ÛÆ -;"/x uflkm/ M $%,$^_
cg; /lh=dfkm{t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M ha d[tsnfO{ lrxfgdf
/flvg] 5 / dnfdLx? kms{g] 5g\ p;n] dnfdLsf] h'tfsf] cfjfh ;'Gg] 5 . pm ePsf]
67
7fpFdf b'Oj{ 6f kml/Ztfx? cfP/ a:g] 5g\ / ;f]Wg] 5g\ . of] JolQm af/] ltdL s] eG5f}<
olb pm df]ldg 5 eg] p;n] eGg] 5 M d ujfxL lbG5' pxfF cNnfxsf] ;+b]i6f tyf
pkf;s x'g' x'G5 . pm;F+u elgg] 5, x]/ ltd|f] 7]ufgf of] gs{ lyof] . t/ cNnfxn]
To;sf] ;6\6f :ju{ k|bfg ul/lbPsf 5g\ . p;n] lrxfgdf g} :ju{ / gs{ ;a}
b]Vg]5 . olb sf]xL d'gflkms jf sflkm/ 5 eg] pm;F+u ;f]lwg] 5 . o; JolQmsf]
af/]df ltdL s] eG5f} < p;n] hjfkmdf eGg] 5, dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . dflg;x?n]
h] eGy] d}n] klg ToxL eGy]F . pm;+Fu elgg] 5, ltdLn] a'em]gf} / hfGg]x?;F+u
klg nfu]gf} . To;kl5 p;nfO{ kmnfdsf] df/ xflgg] 5 . ToxfF pm lrNnfpg] 5 .
p;sf] :j/ dfgj / bfgjafx]s cGo ;a} k|f0fLn] ;'Gg] 5 .
OAg] cAaf; dfkm{t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . O{Zb"t b'O{hgfsf] lrxfgaf6 hfFb} x'g'
x'GYof] . pxfFn] eGg'eof], pgLx?nfO{ b08 lbOb} 5 . pgLx?nfO{ s'g} 7"nf] kfksf
sf/0f b08 lbOb} 5 . Ps hgfnfO{ p;n] lkzfa gwf]Psf] sf/0f b08 lbOb} 5 .
csf{]nfO{ r'SnL ug{] u/]sf]n] b08 lbOb} 5 . To;kl5 pxfFn] xl/of] bfp/f lnP/
To;sf] b'O6f 6'qmf u/L tL b'j}sf] lrxfgdf ufl8lbg'eof] . ;fyLx?n] ;f]w], x]
O{Zb"t tkfOFn] o:tf] lsg ug'{ ePsf] xf] < pxfFn] eGg'eof], ha;Dd of] bfp/f
;'Vb}g pgLx?sf] b08df s]xL sdL eO/fVg] 5 .
dxfk|no 36\g] lgzfgLx? af/] O{dfg x'g' M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfx

g} x'g\ h;n] u|GynfO{ tyf ‑lg;fkmsf]_ …dLhfÞgÚ‑t/fh'_ cjtl/t u/] . /, ltdLnfO{
s] yfxf st} lg0f{osf] 38L glhs cfOk'u]sf] 5 ls < dxfk|nodfly cf:yf g/fVg]
x¿ g} o;sf]nflu xtf/ u5{g\ t/ To;dfly cf:yf /fVg]x¿ To;af6 8/fpF5g\ /
Tof] ;To xf] eg]/ hfGb5g\ . ;'g, h'g dflg;x¿ dxfk|noaf/] ts{–ljts{ u5{g\
ltgLx¿ kye|i6tfdf w]/} 6f9f;Dd k'u]sf 5g\ . -;"/x z'/f M !&,!*_
dxfk|nosf] 7"nf] lgzfgLx?dWo] of] klg xf] h'g O{Zb"tn] atfpg' ePsf]
5 . pxfFsf] egfO 5 M dxfk|no ta;Dd x'g] 5}g ha;Dd ltdLx?n] bz j6f
lgzfgL b]Vb}gf} . pxfFn] tL s'/fx? eGg'eof] M w'jfF, bHhfn, wtL{sf] hgfj/,
klZrdaf6 ;'o{sf] pbo, O{;fsf] cjt/0f, ofh'h dfh'h, tLg 7fFpdf hldg wl;g'M
68
k"j{df, klZrddf / c/a 6fk'df, clGtd lgzfgL odgaf6 cfuf] lg:sg] 5 h;n]
dflg;x?nfO{ dxZ/sf] d}bfgdf n}hfg] 5 . -d'l:nd_
dxfk|no crfgs cfpg] 5 / l56f] cfpg] 5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
ltgLx¿n] dxfk|no slxn] cfpg]5 egL ltdLl;t ;f]W5g\ . elgb]pm– æTo;sf]
1fg t dfq d]/f kfngstf{nfO{ 5Ù To;nfO{ To;sf] ‑lgwf{l/t_ ;dodf pgn]
g} k|s6 ug]{5g\ . cfsfzx¿ tyf wtL{sf nflu of] sl7g ;do x'g]5 / Tof]
ltdLx¿dfly cs:dft\ g} cfpg]5 .Æ ltgLx¿n] o;af/] o;/L ;f]W5g\ dfgf}+
ltdL To;sf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf5f} . elgb]pm– æTo;sf] 1fg dfq cNnfxnfO{ 5 .
t/, clwsf+z dflg;x¿nfO{ yfxf g} 5}g .Æ-;"/x cf/fkm M !*&_
clg, dxfk|no t kne/df jf Tof]eGbf klg l56f] x'g]5 . lg:;Gb]x cNnfx
k|To]s lrhsf] ;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ . -;"/x gxn M &&_
dfgjnfO{ k'ghL{ljt ul/g] s'/fdf cf:yf x'g' k5{ M cNnfxn] pkf;snfO{
lrxfgaf6 k'ghL{ljt ug{] 5 . vfnL v'6\6fsf ;fy} k'/} zl// gf+uf] x'g] 5 . vtgf
ul/Psf] x'g] 5}g . pgLx?;F+u s]xL x'g] 5}g . oL s'/fx? bf];|f] :j/ km's]kl5 3l6t
x'g]5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M /, ;"/ ‑g/l;‹f_ k'mlsg] lalQs} ltgLx¿ lrxfgaf6
cgfof; lg:s]/ cfˆgf kfngstf{tk{m bu'g{ yfNg]5g\ . -;"/x M ofl;g M%!_
O{Zb"tsf] egfO 5 M dflg;x?nfO{ dxfk|nosf] lbg vfnL v'6\6f, gf+uf] z/L/
/ vtgf gul/Psf] cj:yfdf hDdf ul/g]5g\ .
dxfk|nodf cf:yf M dxfk|nosf] x/]s cj:yfx?df cf:yf x'g' k5{ . cNnfxsf]

egfO 5 M Tof] lbg dflg;x? cNnfxsf] ;fd' pleg]5g\ . -;"/x d'tkm\kmLkmLg M ^_
dflg;x? dxfk|nosf] lbg cNnfxsf] ;fd'Gg] nfdf] ;do;Dd v8f /xg] 5g\ .
k'sfg{]jfnfn] pgLx?nfO{ ;'gfpFg] 5 . ;'o{ glhs ul/g] 5 . pgLx? kl;gfdf 8'Ag]
5g\ . xf}h] sf};/df NofOg] 5g\ . t/fh' /flvg] 5 . k'n l;/ft x'g] 5 . To;af6
x/]s JolQmnfO{ lxF8g' kg{] 5 .
69
lx;fa lstfafdf cf:yf M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M pgLx?nfO{ xfdL tkm{ g}

kms{g' 5 / pgLx?sf] lx;fa xfdL;Fu 5 -;"/x uflzof M @%,@^_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M h;sf] kl/0ffd bflxg] xftdf lbOg] 5 p;sf]

lx;fa Psbd} ;/n x'g]5 . -;"/x OlGzsfs M &,*_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M h;n] s0f a/fa/ klg z'esd{ ug{]5 p;n]
To;sf] abnf kfpg] 5 / h;n] s0f a/fa/ klg kfk ug{] 5 p;n] To;sf] abnf
kfpg] 5 . -;"/x lhnhfn M &,*_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M /, dxfk|nosf] lbg xfdL 7Ls–7Ls hf]Vg]

t/fh' /flvlbg]5f}+ . clg s;}dfly clnslt klg cGofo x'g] 5}g . /, Pp6f
/fof]sf] bfgf a/fa/ ‑sd{_ eP klg xfdLn] To;nfO{ Nofpg]5f}+ . /, lx;fa
lngsf nflu xfdL kof{Kt 5f}+ . -;"/x clDaof M $&_
Dff]ldgx?sf] lx;fa M pgLx?sf] lx;fa ls t ;f]em} lbOg] 5 ls t
pgLx?;F+u ;f]wk'5 x'g]5 . h;sf] lx;fa ;f]em} lbOg] 5 Tof] cNnfxsf] tkm{af6
klxnf g} /fd|f] dfG5]df ulgPsf] x'g] 5 . o; af/] xbL;df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 M
O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M cNnfx df]ldg;F+u glhs x'g] 5 / pmdfly cfˆgf]] afh' /fv]/
p;sf] kfk n'sfP/ eGg] 5, s] ltdLn] of] kfk u/]sf] lyof} < of] kfk af/] yfxf 5
. p;n] eGg] 5, xh'/ x] d]/f kfngxf/ . p;n] cfˆgf] kfkx? :jLsfg{] 5 . p;n]
cfkm" ca gf; x'g] s'/f klg 7fGg] 5 . cNnfxn] eGg] 5g\ d}n] ;+;f/df klg of]
kfk uf]Ko /fv]sf] lyPF cfh klg ltd|f] of] kfk dfkm ul/lbg] 5' . To;kl5 p;sf]
;Tsd{sf] k'/:sf/ lbOg] 5 .
clwsf+z df]ldgx?;Fu ;f]wk'5 u/L lx;fa lnOg] 5 . 7"nf kfkx?df

km;]sf df]ldgx? o;df kg{] 5g\ . cNnfxn] rfx] eg] pgLx?sf] kfk a/fa/
cfuf]sf] ;hfo lbg] 5g\ . clg To;kl5 pgLx?sf] 7]ufgf :ju{ x'g]5 . o;
af/] Pp6f xbL; 5 M O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M h;sf] dxfk|nosf] lbg lx;fa x'g]5
pm gfz x'g] 5 . d}n] ;f]w]F, x] O{Zb"t cNnfxn] o;f] eg]sf 5}gg\ / < h;nfO{
70
p;sf] bfofF xftdf kl/0ffd lbOg] 5 p;sf] lx;fa ;lhnf] x'g] 5 . O{Zb"tn]
eGg'eof] M Tof] t h;sf] lx;fa k]z ul/g]5 p;sf] af/]df xf] t/ hf] ;F+u
lx;fa lnOg] 5 p;nfO{ dxfk|nosf] lbg b08 lbOg] 5 . -d'Qkms'g cn}x_
sflkm/x?sf] lx;fa M pgLx?sf] lx;fa lstfa ;Tsd{ / s'd{sf] cfwf/df

x'g] 5}g . lsgeg] pgLx?;F+u s'g} ;Tsd{ g} x'g] 5}g . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M /, xfdL
ltgLx¿n] u/]sf k|To]s sfo{tk{m a9\g]5f}+ clg tL sfo{x¿nfO{ w'nfsf s0fx¿e}+m
5/k:6 agfOlbg]5f}+ . -;"/x km'/sfg M @#_
pgLx?nfO{ t cfˆgf]] sd{ yfxf x'g] 5 / To;nfO{ :jLsfg{] klg 5g\ . xbL;df
5 M sflkm/ / d'gflkmsx?sf] lj?4df kml/Ztf, df]ldgx?, dfgj tyf bfgj ;a}n]
ujfxL lbg]5g\ . pgLx?n] eGg]5g\ , log} x'g\ h;n] cNnfxnfO{ em'6f] 7fg]sf lyP .
;'g, o:t} cTorf/Lx?dfly cNnfxsf] lgGbf 5 .
k|ltkmndf cf:yfM :ju{ ;To xf] / g/s klg ;To xf] egL ljZjf; ug'{
kb{5 . :ju{nfO{ cNnfxn] tL JolQmx?sf] nflu tof/ u/]sf 5g\ h'g JolQmx?
cNnfxsf c;n eQmhg ag] . :ju{df dx;'; ul/g] / b]lvg] ;a} vfnsf cg'ux|
x'g] 5 . To;nfO{ ;+;f/df s'g} cfFvfn] klg b]vs ] f] x'g] 5}g, g s'g} sfgn] ;'gs
] f]
x'g] 5, g dgdf s'g} eo x'g] 5 ToxfF . gs{ eg]sf] cNnfxsf OGsf/Lx?sf] nflu
tof/ kfl/Psf] b08 lbg] 7fpF xf] . ToxfF klg dx;'; ul/g] / b]lvg] b08x? x'g] 5g\.
cNnfxsf] egfOM clg xfdLn] cfˆgf eQmx¿dWo] dg k/fP/ 5fg]sf JolQmx¿nfO{
o; u|Gysf] pQ/flwsf/L agfof} + . pgLx¿dWo] s]xL :jo+dfly cTofrf/ ug]x{ ¿ 5g\,
s]xL dWodfuL{ 5g\ / cGo s]xL cNnfxsf] cg'1faf6 k'0o sd{df cl3 a9\gx] ¿ 5g\ .
of] cNnfxsf] 7"nf] s[kf xf] . ‑o:tf dflg;x¿sf nflu_ ;bf /xg] au}r + fx¿ 5g\
h;df pgLx¿ k|jz ] ug]5{ g\ . ToxfF pgLx¿nfO{ ;'gsf afnfx¿ / df]tL klx/fOg]5
/ ToxfF pgLx¿sf j:qx¿ /]zdsf x'g5 ] g\ . /, pgLx¿n] eGg]5g\– æ;Dk"0f{ k|z; + f
pg} cNnfxsfnflu x'g\ h;n] xfd|f] zf]s lgjf/0f u/] . lg:;Gb]x xfd|f kfngstf{
clt IfdfzLn Pj+ u'0fu|fxL 5g\==. h;n] cfˆgf] cg'sDkfaf6 ;bf /xg] :yfgdf k|j]z
u/fP hxfF xfdLnfO{ g s'g} b'Mv x'g]5 g ysfO g} nfUg]5 .Æ /, h;n] s'kÞ|m u/]sf
71
5g\ ltgLx¿sfnflu g/ssf] cfuf] 5, hxfF g d[To' cfpg]5 h;n] ltgLx¿ d¿g\
g ltgLx¿sf] oftgfnfO{ xn'sf g} ul/g]5 . x/]s s[t£g JolQmnfO{ xfdL o:t} abnf
lbg] u5f} +{ . ltgLx¿ g/sdf lrRofpg]5g\– æx] xfd|f kfngstf{ Û xfdLnfO{ aflx/
lgsfn . ca klxn] u/]sf ‑b'isd{x¿_ ljk/Lt xfdL k'0o sd{ ug]5 { f} + .Æ ‑cNnfxn]
eGg]5g\_ æs] xfdLn] ltdLx¿nfO{ olt cfo' lbPsf lyPgf}+ h;df pkb]z lng rfxg]
n] pkb]z lng ;SYof] < /, ltdLx¿sxfF t ;r]ts klg k'us ] f lyP . ctM ‑oftgfsf]_
:jfb rfv Û cTofrf/Lx¿sf] sf]xL ;xof]uL 5}g .Æ -;"/x kmflt/ M #@,#&_
72
efUodf cf:yf
o; s'/fdf cf:yf ls cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] ;j{;bf 1fgsf] cfwf/df ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLsf]
efUo n]lvlbPsf 5g\ . To;nfO{ pgn] ;'/lIft kf6Ldf n]lvlbPsf 5g\ . cfˆgf]]
rfxgf cg';f/ To;nfO{ hf/L u5{g / cfˆgf]] zlQm cg';f/ /fV5g\ . cNnfxsf]
egfO 5 M xfdLn] k|To]s j:t' Pp6f lgwf{l/t ¿kdf ;[li6 u/]sf 5f}+ . -;"/x sd/M
$(_ pgn] k|To]s lrh ;[li6 u/] / To;nfO{ /fd|f];Fu lgwf{l/t u/] . -;"/x km'/sfg M @_
efUodflysf] cf:yfdf lgDg s'/fx? zfldn 5g\ M
cNnfxsf] 1fgdfly cf:yf x'g' kb{5 M cNnfxsf] 1fg ;bfaf6 5 ;bf
/xg] 5 / x/]s s'/fnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . h:t} cfˆgf] sfo{, k|f0fLsf] efUo, /f]hL/f]6L,
pkf;ssf] ;Tsd{ / s'sd{x? cflb . :jo+sf] af/]df cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M pgnfO{
x/]s s'/fsf] 1fg 5 . -;"/x as/fx M@(_
Ps csf{] egfO 5 M oL ;a} pg} zlQmzfnL tyf ;j{1n] lgwf{l/t u/]sf
ljwLx¿ x'g\ . -;"/x cGcfd M(^_
s;n] cf1fkfngf ug{] 5 / s;n] cj1f ug{] 5 nufot ;a} s'/fsf] pgnfO{
1fg 5 .
cNnfxn] ;'/lIft kf6Ldf efUo n]lvlbPsf] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug'{ M
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M k[YjL jf :jo+ ltdLx¿dfly h] ;Í6 cfpF5 Tof] xfdLn]
cl:tTjdf Nofpg'cl3 g} Pp6f ljz]if k':tsdf clÍt 5 . of] cNnfxsf]nflu
Psbd} ;xh 5 . -;"/x xlbb M @@_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 elgb]pm– æk/f]Ifsf 1ftf d]/f kfnstf{sf] s;dÛ
Tof] ltdLx¿dfly cjZo g} cfpg]5 . cfsfzx¿ tyf wtL{df /x]sf /lQe/ ePsf]
j:t' klg pgLaf6 n'Sg ;Sb}g, g t Tof]eGbf ;fgf] g 7"nf] g} . a? oL ;a} Pp6f
:ki6 vftfdf 5g\ . -;"/x ;af M #_
cAb'Nnfx lag cd/dfkm{t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 M O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M cNnfxn]
;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLsf] efUo wtL{ / cfsfzsf] ;[li6 ug'{eGbf krf; xhf/ jif{ klxnf g}
n]lvlbPsf lyP . pxfFn] eGg'eof] M pgsf] cz{ kfgLdf lyof] . -d'l:nd _
73
pafbx lag ;fldt /lh=n] eGg'eof] M d}n] O{Zb"tn] eg]sf] ;'g]F M cNnfxn]
;a}eGbf klxnf snd ;[li6 u/]/ eg] M n]v . sndn] eGof] d}n] s] n]v'F <
cNnfxn] eg] M dxfk|no;Ddsf x/]s j:t'sf] efUo n]v . -ltld{hL_cNnfxsf]
nfu' ePsf rfxgfx?dfly ljZjf; ug'{ kb{5 M h] cNnfx rfx\of] Tof] eof] . h]
cNnfxn] rfxb}g Tof] x'Fb}g . cNnfxn] h;nfO{ lbG5 Tof] s;}n] /f]Sg ;Sb}g
/ cNnfxn] h;nfO{ /f]S5 s;}n] lbg ;Sb}g . cNnfxsf] km};nf s;}n] 6fNg
;Sb}g / cfˆgf] zf;gdf grfx]sf] s'g} s'/f Tof] xF'b}g . h;nfO{ rfxG5g\ dfu{bz{g
lbG5g\ h;nfO{ rfxG5g\ kye|i6 ul/lbG5g\ . pgsf] tTjblz{tfnfO{ s;}n] hfGg
klg ;Sb}g . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M /, olb cNnfxn] rfx]sf] eP ltgLx¿n] /;"nx¿
kZrft\ :ki6 lgzfgLx¿ k'uk] l5 cfk;df ú8f ug]{ lyPgg\ . k/Gt', ltgLx¿aLr
dte]b eof] clg ltgLx¿dWo] s]xL cf:yfjfg eP eg] s]xLn] s'k|mÞ ‑cgf:yf_
k|bz{g u/] . cNnfxn] rfx]sf] eP ltgLx¿ cfk;df emu8f ug]{ lyPgg\ . t/,
cNnfx h] rfxG5g\ Tof] ub{5g\ . -;"/x as/fx M @%#_
Pscsf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ltdLx¿dWo] ;Lwfdfu{df lx+8\g rfxg]x¿sf
nflu . /, ltdLn] rfx]/ s]xL x'g] 5}g ha;Dd ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf kfngstf{ cNnfxsf]
rfxgf gxf];\ . -;"/x tlSj/ M @*,@(_
;Dk"0f{ hutsf ;[li6sf >i6f cNnfx x'g egL ljZjf; ug'{ M cNnfx g} >i6f
x'g\ . cNnfx afx]s x/]s j:t' ;[li6 x'g\ . x/]s j:t'sf] ljleGg lsl;d To;sf]
ljz]iftf / To;sf] x/st ;a} cNnfxsf] ;[li6 xf] / cNnfx To;sf >i6f x'g\ .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfx ;Dk"0f{ lrhx¿sf ;[li6stf{ x'g\ / pgL x/]s j:t'sf
;+/Ifs x'g\ . -;"/x h'd/ M ^@_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M hals ltdLx¿nfO{ tyf ltdLx¿n] agfpg]
j:t'x¿nfO{ cNnfxn] g} ;[li6 u/]sf x'g\ < -;"/x ;fkm\kmft M (^_
cNnfxsf] rfxgf / bofaLr cGt;{DaGw x'g' h?/L 5}g eGg] s'/fdf
O{dfg M t;y{ p;n] Tof] s'/f rfxG5 h'g p;n] dg k/fpFb}g / Tof] s'/fnfO{ dg
k/fpF5 h'g p;n] rfxFb}g . of] klg p;sf] dxf tTjblz{tf / Ps 7"nf] p2]Zosf]
sf/0f xf] . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
74
efUodf cf:yf
/, olb xfdLn] rfx]sf] eP k|To]s JolQmnfO{ p;sf] ;Tdfu{ k|bfg ug]{ lyof} + . t/,
xfdLtk{maf6 xfdLn] g/snfO{ lhGg / dfgjåf/f eg]5 { f}+ eGg] jrgl;4 eO;s]sf] 5 .
-;"/x ;Hbf M !#_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M olb ltdLx¿ s[t£gtf bzf{p5 F f} eg] cNnfx

ltdLx¿af6 lg:k[x 5g\ / pgL cfˆgf eQmx¿sf nflu s[t£gtf dg k/fpFbg} g\ / olb
ltdLx¿ s[t1 x'G5f} eg] cNnfxn] To;nfO{ ltdLx¿sf nflu dg k/fpg]5g\ . -h'd/ M&_
cNnfxsf] sfg'g / cNnfxn] n]v]sf] efUoaLr s'g} cGt/ 5}g

egL cf:yf /fVg' M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M lgZro g} ltdLx¿sf k|of; ljleGg
k|sf/sf 5g\ . t, h;n] vr{ u¥of] / O{zeo /fVof] / ;b'kb]znfO{ ;To dfGof] .
p;sf nflu xfdL ;xhtf pTkGg ug]{5f}+ . t/ h;n] s~h':ofO{+ / nfkjf{xL u¥of]
/ ;b'kb]znfO{ ldYof 7x/ u¥of] . p;nfO{ xfdL ljs6tftk{m 8f]¥ofpg]5f}+ . -;"/x
n}nM $—!)_
cNnfxsf] sfg'g v'nf u|Gy xf] eg] efUo k/f]Ifdf /flvPsf] s'/f xf] .
t;y{ cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] pkf;sx?sf] efUo n]lvlbPsf 5g\ / To;nfO{ cNnfxn]
pgLx?af6 uf]Ko /fv]sf 5g\ . cNnfxn] /fd|f] sd{ ug{ / g/fd|f] sd{ gug{ cfb]z
lbPsf] 5 t;y{ s'g} klg pkf;ssf] nflu klxnf g} efUo n]lvPsf] 5 egL kfk
u/] klg x'G5 / cf1fkfngf gu/] klg x'G5 eGg] ts{ /xFb}g . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
ax'b]jjfbLx¿n] eGg]5g\– æolb cNnfxn] rfx]sf] eP g xfdLn] ;fe]mbf/ 7x¥ofpg]
lyof}+ g xfd|f k'vf{n] g} / g xfdLn] s'g} lrhnfO{ cj}w 7x¥ofpg] lyof}+ .Æ o;eGbf
k"j{sf dflg;x¿n] klg o;/L g} e'm7f] 7x/ u/]sf lyP . cGttM ltgLx¿n] xfd|f]
oftgfsf] :jfb rfv] . elgb]pm– æs] ltdLx¿;Fu s'g} 1fg 5 < 5 eg] xfdL;dIf
k|:t't u/ . ltdLx¿ t s]jn e|dsf] cg';/0f u5f{} / c8\sn dfq u5f{} .
elgb]pm– æ;To;Dd k'Ug]] lg0ff{os ts{ t cNnfxsxfF 5 . pgn] rfx]df jf:tjdf
g} ltdLx¿ ;a}nfO{ ;Tdfu{df 8f]¥ofpg] lyP .Æ -;"/x cGcfd !$*,!$(_
efUodfly cf:yfsf] ljifodf b'O{j6f ;d"x kye|i6 ePsf 5g\ .

75
!, sb/Lof gkmft M pgLx?n] pkf;sx?sf] sd{x?df dfq ljZjf; u/]sf

5g\ / efUonfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
@, ha/Lof M pgLx?n] x/]s s'/fsf] lhDd]bf/ cNnfxnfO{ g} 7x/fPsf 5g\

eg] dfgjdf s'g} s'/fsf] rfxgf tyf zlQm xF'b}g eGg] s'/fdf cf:yf /fv]sf 5g\ .
76
O{zu|Gy s'/cfg
s' / cfg cNnfxsf] s'/ f cyf{t ;+b]z xf] . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M /, olb
ax' b ] j jfbLx¿dWo] s;}n ] ltd|f ] z/0f dfU5 eg] To;nfO{ z/0f b]p m oxfF;Dd
ls pm cNnfxsf] jf0fL ;'gf];\ . k]ml/ p;nfO{ p;sf] ;'/lIft uGtAodf
k' ¥ ofOb] p m lsgeg] ltgLx¿ c1fgL JolQmx¿ x'g \ . -;"/x tf}afx M ^_
s'/cfg jf:tjdf cNnfxsf] s'/f xf] . To;df /x]sf] zAb klg cNnfxsf] xf] /
cy{ klg . s'/cfg cNnfxsf k|f0fLx?sf] s'/fx? h:tf] x'g ;Sb}g . of] t cNnfxsf]
tkm{af6 cjt/0f ePsf] xf] . cNnfxn] s'/cfgnfO{ lha|Ondfly O{Zfjf0fL u/] clg
O{Zb"t df]xDdb ;=dfly cjt/0f u/] clg df]xDdb ;=n] dfgjnfO{ k9]/ ;'gfP .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M /, o; s'Þ/cfgnfO{ xfdLn] yf]/}–yf]/} u/L cjt/0f u/]sf 5f}+
tfls dflg;x¿nfO{ of] ;dosf] cGt/fndf -k9]/_ ;'gfpm . /, xfdLn] o;nfO{
qmlds ¿kdf cjt/0f u/]sf 5f}+ . -;"/x O;|f M !)^_
dflg;x?n] s' / cfg k9] k l5 To;nfO{ k' : tssf] ?kdf n] V g yfn] ;fy}
To;nfO{ s07 klg u/] . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M elgb] p m– æTo;nfO{ t
kljqfTdf ‑lha| O { n _ n] 7Ls d] / f /asf] tkm{ a f6 qmdzM cjt/0f u/] s f
5g\ tfls df] l dgx¿nfO{ ;' b [ 9 tf k| b fg u¿g\ . / of] d' l :ndx¿sfnflu
dfu{ b z{ g Pj+ z' e –;" r gf xf] .Æ xfdLnfO{ /fd| / L 1ft 5 ls ltgLx¿
-ltd| f ] af/] d f_ eG5g\ – æo; JolQmnfO{ Pp6f dfG5] n ] l;sfpg] u5{ .Æ t/
ltgLx¿sf] ;Í] t h' g JolQmtk{ m /x] s f] 5 p;sf] efiff t u} / –c/aL ‑chdL_
xf] hals of] laz' 4 cÞ / aLdf 5 . -;" / x gxn M !)@, !)#_
o; ljifodf b'O{j6f lu/f]x kye|i6 ePsf 5g\ .
hxdLof P+j d'cth]nf M pgLx?n] cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf
5g\ . ;fy} cNnfxsf] s'/f ug{] ljz]iftfnfO{ klg gsf/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?sf] ;f]rfO
cg';f/ af]Ng' cNnfxsf] ljz]iftf xf]Og . of] cNnfxsf] ljz]iftf geO{ cNnfxsf]
;[li6 xf] h:t} cNnfxsf] pkf;s, cNnfxsf] 3/ cNnfxsf] pF6gL cflb .
77
l;kmfltof, czfo/fx / dft'l/lbofx M pgLx?n] cNnfxsf] s'/f ug{]

ljz]iftfnfO{ t :jLsf/]sf 5g\ t/ To;sf] zAb tyf :j/nfO{ cNnfxsf] ;[li6 eg]
sf 5g\ . cyf{t pgLx?n] cNnfxsf] s'/fnfO{ cy{df ljz]iftf dfg]sf 5g\ t/ zAb
/ :j/nfO{ ljz]iftf dfg]sf 5g}g\ . O{zb"t d";fn] ?vd"lg ;'gs
] f] cNnfxsf] :j/nfO{
cNnfxsf] ;[li6 eg]sf 5g\, cNnfxsf] s'/f dfg]sf 5}gg\ .
cNnfxnfO{ k|ToIf b]Vg' M cNnfx / cflv/tdf cf:yf /fVbf k|nf]ssf] b'O{ 7fpFdf
cNnfxnfO{ k|ToIf b]Vg] s'/fdf klg cf:yf /fVg' kb{5 . Ps lx;fa lstfa lng]
7fpFdf / csf{] :ju{df k|jz
] u/]kl5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M To; lbg s]xL d'xf/x¿
pHHjn x'g5] g\ . cfˆgf /atk{m x]l//x]sf x'g5
] g\ . -;"/x lsofdx M @@, @#_
Pscsf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M pRr cf;gdf a;]/ pgLx¿ cjnf]sg
ul//xg]5g\ . -;"/x d'tkm\kmLkmLg\ M @#_
O{Zb"tn] cNnfxsf] d'xf/nfO{ b]Vg] s'/fsf] JofVof ug'{ePsf] 5 . k"l0f{dfsf]
h"gnfO{ b]v] em} cNnfxnfO{ b]lvg] 5 . O{zb"tsf] egfO 5 M ltdLx?n] cfˆgf]]
kfngstf{nfO{ To;/L g} b]Vg] 5f} h;/L of] rGb|dfnfO{ b}Vb}5f} . cNnfxnfO{ b]Vg]
s'/fdf ltdLx?dfly cTofrf/ ul/g] 5}g . -a'vf/L_
o; ljifodf b'O{ lu/f]x kye|i6 ePsf 5g\ .

hxdLof / d'cth]nfxM pgLx?n] cNnfxnfO{ k|ToIf b]lvg] s'/fnfO{ gsf/]
sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] cNnfxsf] Tof] egfO h;df cNnfxn] O{Zb"t d";fsf] af/]df
ltdLn] dnfO{ b]Vg ;Sb}gf} eg]sf 5g\ To;sf] cfwf/df ts{ u/]sf 5g\ . csf{]
cfotdf elgPsf] 5 cfFvfn] p;nfO{ e]6fpg ;Sb}g . -;"/x cGcfd M !)#_
pgLx?sf] dtsf] v08g ub{} elgPsf] 5 M cNnfxsf] egfO ltdLn] dnfO{ b]Vg
;Sb}gf}+ eGg] s'/fsf] cy{ ;+;fl/s b'lgofFdf b]Vg ;Sb}gf} eg]sf] xf] . Tof] slxn] klg
b]Vg ;Sb}gf} eg]sf] xf]Og . To;}u/L cfFvfn] p;nfO{ e]6fpg ;Sb}g eg]sf] b]Vg
;Sb}g eg]sf] xf]Og . b]Vg t ;lsG5 t/ e]6fpg ;lsb}g . h:t} ;'o{ rGb|dfnfO{
b]Vg ;lsG5 t/ To;sf] tx;Dd k'Ug ;lsb}g .
78
O{zu|Gy s'/cfg
v'/flkmpg M pgLx? cNnfxnfO{ b]Vg] s'/fdf xbeGbf cufl8 a9]sf 5g\ .

pgLx?sf] cg';f/ cNnfxsf lgs6 eQmhgx?n] o;} ;+;f/df klg cNnfxnfO{
b]Vg ;S5g\ . pgLx?n] o;nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ s]xL unt xbL;sf] ;xf/f lnPsf
5g\ . O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M ;'g ltdLx?n] cNnfxnfO{ b]Vb}gf} ha;Dd ltdLx?
db{}gf} . -cxdb_
79
O{dfgsf] jf:tljstf
O{dfg eg]sf] df}lvs 3f]if0ff ug'{sf ;fy} Jojxf/df ptfg'{ xf] . h;nfO{ b'O{
zAbdf O{dfg egfO / u/fOsf] gfd xf] eGg ;lsG5 . leqL dgn] :jLsf/]/ d'vn]
3f]if0ff u/L leqL dg / d'v tyf cGo c+ux?n] Jojxf/df ptfg'{ cyf{t cdn
ug'{ O{dfg cGtu{t kb{5 .
leqL dgsf] 3f]if0ff M cf:yf /fVg', ;To dfGg' / To;nfO{ :jLsfg'{ .
df}lvs 3f]if0ff M d'vn] slndf eGg' / slndfsf] ujfxL lbg' cflb .
dgsf] sd{ M Tof] cdn h'g lgot tyf O/fbfdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . h:t}
dfofF, eo, cfzf / e/f];f cflb .
d'vsf] sd{ M d'vn] ul/g] lhls/, b'cf, s'/cfgsf] kf7 ug'{ cflb .
c+ux?sf] cdn M pkf;gf ubf{ zf/Ll/s c+ux?sf] ;lqmotf x'g' . cNnfxsf]
egfO 5 M jf:tljs df]ldgx¿ tL x'g\ h;sf Åbo cNnfxnfO{ ;lDemg] lalQs}
sfFKg yfN5g\ / pgsf cfotx¿ k9]/ ;'gfpFbf pgLx¿sf] O{dfg emg\ a9\g
yfN5 / pgLx¿ cfˆgf kfngstf{dfly e/f];f /fV5g\ . hf] gdfhÞ sfod u5{g\
/ xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ h]–hlt k|bfg u/]sf 5f}+ To;dWo]af6 vr{ u5{g\ . pgLx¿
g} ;Rrf df]ldgx¿ x'g\ . pgLx¿sf nflu pgsf kfngstf{sxfF pRr bhf{x¿
/x]sf 5g\ clg Ifdfbfg tyf pQd vfBfGg–;fdu|L klg . -;"/x cGkmfn M @—$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M jf:tjdf cf:yfjfg t tL JolQmx¿ x'g\ h;n]

cNnfx tyf pgsf /;"ndfly O{dfg NofP . clg pgLx¿n] s'g} zÍf u/]gg\ /
cfˆgf] hLpHofg tyf wg–;DklQaf6 cNnfxsf] dfu{df lhxfb u/] . pgLx¿ g}
;Rrf x'g\ . -;"/x x'h/ft M !%_
81
O{Zb"tn] eGg'ePsf] 5 M O{dfgsf] ;Q/L jf ;f7L hlt zfvfx? 5g\ To;df

;jf{]Qd cNnfx afx]s sf]xL k"hgLo 5}g egL ujfxL lbg' xf] eg] ;a}eGbf sdt/
O{dfg eg]sf] af6f]af6 s'g} xflgsf/s j:t' x6fpg' xf] . -d'l:nd_
O{dfg zAb dfq k|of]u ubf{ o;sf] cy{ O:nfd eGg] x'G5 . O:nfd / O{dfg
zAb Ps ;fy k|of]u ubf{ O{dfg sf] cy{ leqL cf:yf eGg] x'G5 eg] O:nfd
eg]sf] jfXo cdn eGg] a'lemG5 . x/]s df]ldg d'l:nd x'g ;S5 t/ x/]s
d'l:nd df]ldg x'g ;Sb}g . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M oL ufpFn]x¿ eG5g\ æxfdLn]
O{dfg Nofof}+ .Æ ‑x] d'xÞDdb Û_ elgb]pm– æltdLx¿n] O{dfg NofPsf 5}gf} a? of]
eg ls xfdL cf1fsf/L eof+} . O{dfg clxn] ltdLx¿sf] Åbodf k;]s} 5}g . /,
ltdLx¿ cNnfx tyf pgsf /;"nsf] cf1fkfng u5f}{ eg] cNnfx ltdLx¿sf]
sd{nfO{ sd cfFSg] 5}gg\ . lg:;Gb]x cNnfx clt IfdfzLn tyf k/d bofn'
5g\ .Æ-;"/x x'h'/ft M !$_
O{dfg 36a9 x'G5 M cNnfx af/] 1fg eP, cNnfxsf lgzfgLx? Aff/] ;f]rljrf/
u/] jf cNnfxsf cfotx?df ljrf/ u/] O{dfg a9\5 . To;}u/L z'esfo{ u/], unt
s'/fx? Tofu u/] klg O{dfg a9\5 . cNnfx af/] 1fg geP, cNnfxsf] lgzfgLx?df
;f]r ljrf/ gu/], cNnfxsf] cfb]zsf] Vofn gu/], cNnfxsf] cf1fkngf gu/] ;fy}
g/fd|f] sfd u/] O{dfg 36\5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M pgsf cfotx¿ k9]/ ;'gfpFbf
pgLx¿sf] O{dfg emg\ a9\g yfN5 . -;"/x cGkmfn M@_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M clg h'g JolQmx¿ cf:yfjfg 5g\ ltgLx¿sf
cf:yfnfO{ jf:tjdf clej[l4 u/]sf] 5 / ltgLx¿ k|;Gg 5g\ . -;"/x tf}afx M !@$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M pg} x'g\ h;n] cf:yfjfgx¿sf] Åbodf zflGt
cjtl/t u/] tfls pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] O{dfgdf cem O{dfg yk"g\ -;"/x kmtx M$_
O{dfg sf] ljleGg bhf{x? x'G5g\ M xbL;df elgPsf] 5, OZb"tn] eGg'eof] M
O{dfg sf ;Q/L jf ;f7L zfvfx? 5g\ ltgLx?df ;jf{]Qd O{dfg nf Onfx ONnf
cNnfx eGg' xf] eg] sdt/ O{dfg af6f]af6 s'g} xflgsf/s j:t' x6fpg' xf] .
-d'l:nd_
82
O{dfgsf] jf:tljstf
Dff]ldgsf] klg ljleGg bhf{ x'G5 M O{dfg jfnfx?sf] bhf{ Pscsf{ eGbf 36]
jf a9]sf] x'G5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M clg xfdLn] cfˆgf eQmx¿dWo] dg k/fP/
5fg]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ o; u|Gysf] pQ/flwsf/L agfof}+ . pgLx¿dWo] s]xL :jo+dfly
cTofrf/ ug]{x¿ 5g\, s]xL dWodfuL{ 5g\ / cGo s]xL cNnfxsf] cg'1faf6 k'0o
sd{df cl3 a9\g]x¿ 5g\ . of] cNnfxsf] 7"nf] s[kf xf] . -;"/x kmflt/ M #@_
OZb"tsf] egfO cg';f/ ;a}eGbf /fd|f] df]ldg Tof] xf] h;sf] rl/q /fd|f] 5 .
-ca" bfpmb_
h;n] slndfsf] cy{df ljZjf; u¥of] / To;sf] cf}lrTonfO{ Wofgdf /fVof] eg] pm
O{dfg df /x\of] . h;n] jflha sd{x? u¥of] / kfkx?nfO{ 5f8\of] pm jflha O{dfgdf
/x\of] . h;n] jflha sd{ u¥of], /fd|f] sd{ u¥of] / g/fd|f] sfdx? 5f8\of] eg] p;n]
k"0f{ O{dfg NofPsf] dflgG5 . kfk tyf ;Tsd{sf] cfwf/df O{dfg ;dfKt t xFb' g}
t/ 36\a9 eg] x'G5 . 7"nf] kfk ug{j] fnf df]ldgsf] O{dfg sdhf]/ x'G5 . pm cfˆgf]]
O{dfg hlt 5 Tolt g} :t/sf] df]ldg aG5 . 7"nf] kfksf sf/0f pm kmfl;s aG5 t/
O:nfdaf6 lg:sfzg eg] xFb' g} / cflv/tdf ;bf gs{df klg hNg' kb{g} . p;nfO{
cNnfxn] dfkm ug{ rfxof] eg] dfkm ul/lbG5 / :ju{df k|jz ] lbG5 olb cNnfxn]
p;nfO{ b08 lbg rfxof] eg] p;n] u/]sf] kfk a/fa/ b08 lbG5 / l;kmfl/; ug{]
x?sf] l;kmfl/; jf cNnfxsf] bofsf sf/0f ToxFaf6 lg:sG5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
cNnfxn] cfk"ml;t s;}nfO{ ;fe]mbf/ agfpg] kfk ‑lzs{_ nfO{ sbflk Ifdf ug]{] 5}gg\
t/ o;afx]ssf cGo kfk h;sf] nflu rfxg]5g\ Ifdf ug{5 ] g\ . h;n] cNnfxl;t
‑s;}nfO{_ ;fe]mbf/ agfof] p;n] jf:tjdf Pp6f 7"nf] kfk u¥of] . -;"/x lg;f M$*_
O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M :ju{jf;L :ju{df / gs{jf;L gs{df hfg] 5g\ clg

cNnfxn] eGg] 5 M tL JolQmx?nfO{ gs{af6 lgsfn h;sf] dgdf tf]/Lsf] bfgf
a/fa/ klg O{dfg lyof] . t;y{ pgLx?nfO{ To;af6 lgsflng] 5 . pgLx? c+uf/f]
h:tf] sfnf] eO;s]sf x'g] 5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ gx/df xflng] 5 . -a'vf/L_
pxfFn] eGg'eof] M Tof] JolQm gs{af6 lg:sg] 5 h;n] O{dfgsf] ujfxL lbof]
jf h;sf] dgdf hf}Fsf] bfgf a/fa/ enfO lyof] . Tof] JolQm gs{af6 lg:sg] 5
83
h;sf] dgdf ux'Fsf] bfgf a/fa/ enfO lyof] . Tof] JolQm klg gs{af6 lg:sg] 5
h;sf] dgdf s0f{ a/f/a enfO lyof] . -a'vf/L_
o; ljifodf b'O{ lu/f]x kye|i6 ePsf 5g\ .

joLlbof M pgLx? eG5g\ dxf kfk ug{]x? af/] h'g wDsL 5 Tof] nfu'
x'G5 . pgLx?n] dxfkfkLsf] nflu l;kmfl/;nfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?df
klg b'O{ hdfctsf] cnu–cnu egfO 5 M
vjfl/h M dxfkfkL O{dfg af6 vf/]h x'G5 / sflkm/ x'g k'U5 . pm ;+;f/df
klg sflkm/ /xG5 / cflv/tdf klg gs{df hfg]5 .
d'cth]nf M dxfkfkL O{dfg af6 vf/]h x'G5 t/ sflkm/ eg] xF'b}g . pm ;+;f/
df g t df]ldg g} /xG5 g sflkm/ t/ cflv/tdf eg] gs{df x'g]5 .
joLlbofsf] v08g o;/L ul/Psf] 5 M cNnfxn] O{dfg ;flat u/]sf 5g\ /
dxfkfk ug{]x?df klg O{dfg sf] ljz]iftf afFsL /xg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M olb cf:yfjfgx¿sf b'O{j6f ;d"x cfk;df n8fO u5{g\
eg] ltdLx¿n] pgLx¿aLr ;Demf}tf u/fpm . clg Pp6f ;d"xn] csf]{ 6f]nLdfly
cTofrf/ u5{ eg] ltdLx¿ ;a} cTofrf/L 6f]nLlj¿4 n8fO u/ oxfF;Dd ls
pgLx¿ cNnfxsf] cfb]ztk{m kms{"g\ . / pgLx¿ kms{G5g\ eg] Gofo;+ut ;Demf}tf
u/fpm . lg:;Gb]x cNnfx GofoL]x¿nfO{ dg k/fpF5g\ . cf:yfjfgx¿ Ps csf{sf
bfh'efOx¿ x'g\ . t;y{ cfˆgf b'O{ bfh'efO aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 kf/ . /,
cNnfx;Fu 8/fpm tfls ltdLx¿dfly bof ul/of];\ . -;"/x x'h'/ft M (—!)_
cNnfxn] lzs{ afx]s ;a} kfk dfkm ul/lbg] 5g\ olb cNnfxn] rfx] eg] .
;fy} h;sf] dgdf tf]/Lsf] bfgf a/fa/ klg O{dfg /xG5 cNnfxn] gs{af6 d'Qm
ul/lbg] 5g\ .
d'lh{ofx? eG5g\ M dfgjsf] sd{ O{dfg df ;fldn 5}g . Tof] t O{dfg kl5sf]
s'/f xf] . o:tf] ljrf/ /fVg] cGo s]xL hdfctsf] egfO klg cnu cnu 5 M
84
O{dfgsf] jf:tljstf
hxdLof M O{dfg eg]sf] cfTdfn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] ;Totf xf] . t;y{ kfkn]
o;df s'g} c;/ ub{}g . h;/L s'k|mdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf cf1fkfngfsf] s'g} cy{
tyf nfe xF'b}g .
s/fdLof M O{dfg eg]sf] s]jn df}lvs syg xf] .

d'lh{ofsf] wd{u?' eG5g\ M O{dfg eg]sf] cfTdfn] ;To dfGg' / df}lvs ?kdf 3f]
if0ff ug'{ xf] . t;y{ sd{ O{dfg df ;fldn 5}g . sd{ t s]jn O{dfgsf] kl/0ffd xf] .
pgLx?sf] v08g o;/L ul/Psf] 5 M cNnfxn] sd{nfO{ klg O{dfg sf] ;+1f
lbPsf 5g\ . cNnfxn] tL JolQmsf] af/]df eg]sf 5g\ h;n] sfafnfO{ lsAnf
agfpg'eGbf klxnf a}tn' dlSb;tkm{ kms{/] gdfh k9]sf lyP . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
cNnfxn] ltdLx?sf] O{dfgnfO{ gi6 ug{] 5}gg\ . -;"/x as/fx M!$#_
O{Zb'tn] dxfkfk ug{]x?sf] O{dfg nfO{ gsfg'{ ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] egfO 5M

anfTsf/Ln] O{dfgsf] xfntdf anTsf/ ub{}g . rf]/n] O{dfgsf] xfntdf rf]/L
ub{}g . /S;L vfg]n] O{dfgsf] xfntdf /S;L vfb}g . n'6df/ ug{]n] O{dfgsf]
xfntdf n'6df/ ub}{g . hals dflg;?n] p;nfO{ k|ToIf b]lv/x]sf x'G5g\ .
-a'vf/L_
joLlbof / d'lh{ofsf] b[li6df O{dfg Pp6f cnu} s'/f xf] . ls t O{dfg k"0f{
x'G5 ls x'Fb}g . d'lh{ofsf] b[li6df cfTdfn] :jLsf/]/ df}lvs 3f]if0ffnfO{ dfq O{dfg
dflgPsf] 5 / O{dfg;+u ;Tsd{sf] s'g} ;DaGw /flvPsf] 5}g .
jlobLofsf] b[li6df 7"nf] kfkn] klg O{dfg /xFb}g . p;sf] of] egfO klg
unt xf] .
85
Odfdt tyf hdfct
d'l:nd ;d'bfo Pp6f hdfct xf] . pgLx?sf] sfd ta;Dd ;xL dfu{df x'g
;Sb}g, pgLx?sf] dfldnf ta;dDd ;'wf/ x'g ;Sb}g, pgLx?sf] ;Gb]z ta;Dd
;xL dfGg ;ls+b}g ha;Dd lgDg s'/fx? xF'b}gg\ .
a}ct ug'{ M O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] hf] JolQm a}ct gu/L d¥of] eg] pm c1fg
sfnsf] cj:yfdf d¥of] .
hfoh s'/fdf cu'jfsf] cf1f dfGg' M h:t} xh / h'df tyf O{bsf] gdfh
pgLx?sf] cfb]z cg';f/ k9\g' k5{ rfx] pgLx? k'0osf/L x'g\ jf cj1fsf/L .
pgLx?sf] lglDt z'e lrGts aGg' k5{ . olb cfk;L ljjfb eof] eg] s'/cfg /
;'Ggttkm{ ?h' ug{‘ k5{ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M x] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û cf1fkfng u/
cNnfxsf] / cf1fkfng u/ O{zb"tsf] clg ltdLx¿dWo] bfloTjk|fKt u/]sfx¿sf] .
ltdLx¿ cNnfx Pj+ cflvÞ/tdfly O{dfg /fV5f} eg] ltdLx¿aLr s'g} ljifodf
ljjfb x'Fbf cNNffx Pj+ /;"ntk{m k|]lift u/ . oxL ;xL t/Lsf xf] / o;}sf] kl/0ffd
/fd|f] x'g]5 . -;"/x lg;f M%(_
O{Zb"tsf] egfO 5 M hfoh s'/fdf d'l:ndn] cfˆgf]] cu'jfsf] s'/f dfGg' k5{
rfx] p;nfO{ /fd|f] nfuf];\ rfx] g/fd|f] . olb cu'jfn] ghfoh sfdsf] nflu eGof]
eg] To;sf] cf1f dfGg' xF'b}g . Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 . h;n] cf1f dfg]g
/ ToxL cj:yfdf lsofdtsf] lbg cNnfxsf] ;fd'g] xflh/ eof] eg] p;sf] nflu
s'g} x'Hht x'g] 5}g . -d'l:nd_
hdfctaf6 cnlUug' hfoh 5}g M cu'jfx?n] cTofrf/ u/] klg hdfctaf6
cnu x'g' hfoh 5}g . olb pgLx?n] s'km\/Lof sfdsf] nflu ha/h:tL u/] eg]
To;nfO{ dfGg' hfoh 5}g .
Ps xbL;df pNn]v 5 M O{Zb"tn] xfdLnfO{ af]nfpg'eof] . xfdLn] To;df
a}ct u¥of}F . o; s'/fdf klg xfdLn] a}ct lnof}F ls xfd|f] rfxgf xf];\
87
jf gxf];\, xfd|f] 3f6f xf];\ jf kmfObf xfd|f] xs vf]l;P klg xfdLn] cf1f
kfngf ug'{ h?/L 5 . cfˆgf]] cu'jfx?;Fu ta;Dd emu8f gu/ ha;Dd
p;n] ltdLx?NfO{ s'km/Lof sfd ug{] cfb]z lb+b}g . To;df ltdLx?sf] nflu
cNnfxsxfF Pp6f x'Hht x'g]5 . Ps csf{] xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M ltdLx?n]
dkl5 s]xL o:tf sfdx? b]Vg] 5f} h'g ltdLx?nfO{ g/fd|f] nfUg] 5 . ;fyLx?n]
;f]w] Tof] cj:yfdf xfdLn] s] ug{] t < O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M ltdLx?n] csf{sf]
xs cbf u/ / cfˆgf]] xs cNnfx;Fu dfu . -a'vf/L_
s]xL zt{df dfq hdfctaf6 cnlug' hfoh 5 .
cu'jfx? v'nf ?kdf s'k|mdf nfu] eg] .
pgLx?n] s'k|mLof sfd u/] eg] .
v'nf ?kdf s'k|m u/] eg] .
pgLx?n] s'k|m u/]sf 7f]; k|df0f el6of] eg] .
unt hdfctaf6 cnu eP/ a:g] Ifdtf eof] eg] . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
ltdLn] cfˆgf xftx¿nfO{ /f]s]/ /fvÙ gdfhÞ sfod u/Ù hÞsft b]pm eg]/ cfb]z
lbOPsf dflg;x¿nfO{ b]v]gf} < clg ha ltgLx¿dfly lhxfb clgjfo{ ul/of] ta
s]xL JolQmx¿ h;/L cNnfxl;t 8/fpg' kg{] xf] To;/L g} dflg;x¿l;t 8/fpg
yfn] a? Tof]eGbf klg a9L . -;"/x lg;f M &&_
88
;xfaf
;xfaf tL JolQmx?nfO{ elgG5 h;n] O{dfgsf] xfntdf O{Zb"t;F+u e]6] /
O{dfgsf] xfntdf d/] .
O{Zb"tx?Kfl5 dfgjdf ;a}eGbf pQd JolQmx? eg]sf] ;xfafx? x'g\ . slno'u
klg pgLx?sf] s} o'u xf] . O{Zb"tsf] egfO 5 M dfgjLo o'udf pQd o'u d]/f] o'u
xf] / dfgj ;d'bfodf pQd ;d'bfo d]/f] ;d'bfo xf] .
;xfaf ;a} c;n lyP . lsgeg] pgLx?nfO{ cNnfxn] O{Zb"tsf] ;F+ut k|bfg
u/], pgLx?nfO z'4 u/], pgLx?af6 v';L eP, pgLx?nfO{ dfkm u/], pgLx?df
c;n u'0f el/lbP . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M d'xÞDdb cNnfxsf /;"n x'g\ / pgL;Fu
ePsf ‑;xÞfaL_ x¿ sflkÞm/x¿lj?4 s7f]/ 5g\ t/ cfk;df eg] clt :g]xL 5g\ .
ltdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;w}+ ¿s"c\Þ, ;Hbf / cNnfxsf] j/bfg tyf k|;Ggtfsf] vf]hLdf
Jo:t kfpg]5f} . ;Hbfsf] k|efj pgLx¿sf] d'xf/df wKk an]sf] 5 h;af6 pgLx¿
cnUu} lrlgG5g\ . of] xf] pgLx¿sf] u'0f tf}/ftdf . /, O~hLn df pgLx¿sf]
pbfx/0f o;/L lbOPsf] 5 dfgf} Pp6f v]tL 5 h;n] klxn] cfˆgf] c+s'/ lgsfNof] .
k]ml/ To;nfO{ b[9 t'Nofof] . k]ml/ Tof] df]6f] eof] . k]ml/ cfˆgf] 8fF7dfly ;Lwf v8f
eof] h;n] s[ifsx¿nfO{ k|;Gg t'Nofof]Ù -cf:yfjfg– x¿sf] of] pbfx/0f o;
sf/0fn] lbOof] ls_ o;n] sflkmÞ/x¿nfO{ qmf]lwt t'Nofcf];\ . cNnfxn] pgLx¿dWo]
cf:yfjfg tyf ;TsdL{x¿l;t Ifdfbfgsf] jfrf u/]sf 5g\ . ;"/x kmtx M @(_
d'xflh/x? cG;f/eGbf pQd 5g\ M cNnfxn] s'/cfgdf d'xflh/sf] lhls/
cG;f/sf] eGbf klxnf u/]sf 5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M ‑…kÞm}Ú sf] wg_ tL lgw{g
z/0ffyL{x¿sf] nflu xf] h;nfO{ pgLx¿sf 3/af/ / ;DklQaf6 a]bvn u/L
lgsflnPsf] 5 . pgLx¿ cNnfxsf] j/bfg Pj+ pgsf] k|;Ggtf k|fKt ug]{ r]i6f
u5{g\ . / pgLx¿ cNnfx Pj+ pgsf /;"nnfO{ d2t u5{g\ . logLx¿ g} ;Rrf
JolQmx¿ x'g\ . / ‑ltgLx¿sf nflu_ h;n] o; 3/ ‑dbLgf_ df / O{dfg df
pgLx¿eGbf klxn] cfˆgf] 7fpF agfO;s]sf lyP / cfk"mtk{m knfog ‑lxh/t_
u/L cfpg]x¿nfO{ dfof u5{g\ / h]hlt pgLx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/of] To;k|lt cfˆgf]
89
Åbodf ;+sf]r dx;"; ub}{gg\ . a? :jo+dfly pgLx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5g\ rfx]

:jo+nfO{ To;sf] cfjZostf lsg gxf];\ . jf:tljstf s] 5 eg] h'g JolQmx¿
cfˆgf] Åbosf] s[k0ftfaf6 d'Qm ul/Psf 5g\ pgLx¿ g} ;kmn 5g\ . -;"/x xZ/ M *,(_
Pscsf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M d'xfhL/ -cfk|jf;L_ tyf cG;f/ -;xof]uL_
x¿dWo] klxn] cu|;/tf b]vfpg]x¿ / h;n] To;kl5 lgi7f;fy pgLx¿sf]
cg';/0f u/] cNnfx tL ;a}l;t /fhL eP / ltgLx¿ ‑klg_ cNnfxl;t k|;Gg
eP . /, cNnfxn] pgLx¿sf nflu o:tf au}+rfx¿ tof/ kf/]sf 5g\ h;sf]
tnlt/af6 gbLx¿ alu/x]sf x'g]5g\ / pgLx¿ To;df ;bf;j{bf /xg]5g\ . oxL
7"nf] ;kmntf xf] -;"/x tf}af M !))_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M cNnfxn] bof–b[li6 u/] ;Gb]i6fdfly / tL
d'xflh/ tyf cG;f/x¿dfly h;n] To; ;ª\s6sf] 38Ldf gaLnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf
lyP . hals pgLx¿dWo] Pp6f ;d"xsf] Åbodf s]xL s'l6ntf cfPsf] lyof] . clg
cNnfxn] pgLx¿nfO{ klg dfkm u/] . lgZro g} pgL pgLx¿k|lt s?0ffzLn Pj+
k/d bofn' 5g\ . -;"/x tf}af M !!&_
;'nx x'ba} Lof eGbf klxnf vr{ ug{x] ? ;'nx x'bl} aofkl5 vr{ ug{x] ?eGbf pQd
5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M ltdLx¿ dSsfsf] ljhocl3 vr{ / o'4 ug]x{ ¿;Fu a/fa/
x'g ;Sb}gf} . ltgLx¿ t dSsfsf] ljho kl5 vr{ tyf o'4 ug]x{ ¿eGbf clt pRr
bhf{df 5g\ t/ enfOsf] jfrf t ;a}l;t /x]sf] 5 . / h]hlt ltdLx¿ ul//x]sf 5f} tL
;a}af6 cNnfx cjut 5g\ . -;"/x xbLb M !)_
ab/sf of}4fx? M O{Zb"tn] pd/ /lh=;+Fu xflta lag caL aNtcfsf] af/]df
eGg'eof] M pgL ab/sf] o'4df zl/s ePsf lyP . zfob ltdLnfO{ t yfxf 5}g .
cNnfxnfO{ ab/sf of}4fx? af/] klxnf g} yfxf lyof] . cNnfxn] pgLx?sf] af/]df
elglbP M ltdLx?n] h] rfx] u/ d ltdLx?nfO{ dfkm ul/lbg]5' .
a}ct] l/hjfg M cNnfxsf] egfO 5, lgZro g} cNnfx cf:yfjfgx¿l;t

To; ;do clt k|;Gg eP ha pgLx¿ j[Ifd'lg ltd|f] xftdf …a}c\ÞtÚ ‑zkyu|x0f_
ub{} lyP . /, cNnfx To;af6 cjut lyP hf] pgLx¿sf] dgdf lyof] . /, pgn]
90
cf}lnof
pgLx¿dfly zflGt cjt/0f u/] clg pgLx¿nfO{ lgs6 eljiodf k|fKt x'g] ljho
k|bfg u/] . -;"/x kmtx M !*_
O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M olb cNnfxn] rfx]eg] ?vd'lg a;]/ a}ct ug{] ;xfaLx?dWo]
sf]xL klg gs{df hfg] 5}g] . -d'l:nd_
rf/ vlnkmfx? M O{Zb"tkl5 ;a}eGbf pQd dfgj ca" as/ /lh= bf];|f]
>]0fLdf pd/ lag vQfa /lh= x'g'x'G5 . cln /lh=n] s'kmfsf] ldDa/df r9]/
eGg'eof] M o; pDdtdf ;a}eGbf pQd JolQm O{Zb"tkl5 ca" as/ /lh= / bf];|f]
df pd/ /lh= x'g'x'G5 .
pgLx?kl5 p:dfg /lh=x'g'x'G5 . cAb'Nnfx lag pd/ /lh= eG5g\ M O{Zb"t
hLljt x'Fbf xfdLdf ;a}eGbf pQd sf] xf]nf egL xfdLx?n] 5fg]sf lyof}F . To;df
xfdLn] ca" as/ /lh=, pd/ /lh= / p:dfg /lh=nfO{ 5fGof}F . Tof] s'/f O{Zb"tsxfF
k'Uof] . pxfFn] To; s'/fnfO{ gsfg'{ ePg . ;'lkmofg ;f}/L eG5g\ h;n] cnL /lh=
nfO{ ca" as/ / pd/dfly k|fyldstf lbof] p;n] d'xflh/ tyf cG;f/dfly cfIf]k
nufof] .
:ju{df k|j]zsf nflu z'e;"rgf lbOPsf JolQmx? M pgLx?df rf/ vlnkmf
nufot cAb'/{xdfg lag cf}km, ;cb lag caL aSsf;, ;Ob lag h}b, h'a}/ lag
cf}jfd, ca" pa}bx lag h/f{x / tnxf lag pa}b'Nnfx /lh= 5g\ . pgLx?nfO{
O{Zb"tn] g} :ju{sf] z'e;"rgf lbg'ePsf] lyof] . pgLx? afx]s lanfn, ;flat lag
s};, cAb'Nnfx lag ;nfd /lh=nfO{ klg :ju{sf] z'e;"rgf lbOPsf] 5 .
cxn] a}t cyf{t O{Zb"tsf] kl/jf/ M kfFr vfgbfgsf] nflu ;bsf -bfg_ vfg
x/fd ul/Psf] 5 . tLdWo] cnLsf] kl/jf/, hfkm/sf] kl/jf/, clsnsf] kl/jf/,
cAaf;sf] kl/jf/, ag' xfl/; lag cAb'n d'QnLasf] kl/jf/ x'g\ . O{Zb"tsf] egfO 5M
cNnfxn] O:dfOnsf] ;Gtfgdf lsgfgxnfO{ r'g,] lsgfgdf s'/z } nfO{ / s'/z}df ag'
xflzdnfO{ clg ag' xflzddf dnfO{ r'g] . -d'l:nd_
cxn] a}tdf pxfFsL kljq >LdtLx? ;fldn 5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
91
cNnfxn] ltdLx¿sf ;Dk"0f{ ckljqtf ;dfKt kf/L k"0f{ kljq t'Nofpg rfxG5g\ .
-;"/x cxhfa M ##_
cNnfxn] pgLx?nfO{ O{Zb"tsf] lglDt /f]lhlbP . pgLx?nfO{ O{Zb"tsf] nflu
;+;f/df klg / cflv/tdf klg >LdtL 3f]lift ul/lbP . pgLx?nfO{ ;f/f df]ldgx?sf]
cfdf 3f]lift ul/lbP . dof{bfsf] qmddf pgLx?df k|yd vlbhf x'gx' G' 5 . To;kl5
qmdzM cfOzf, ;f}bf, xkm\;f laGt pd/, pDd] ;ndf, pDd] xlaaf, ;lkmof, h}ga
laGt hxz, hf]j/} Lof, d}dg' f, h}ga laGt v'hd} f /lh= dof{lbt x'g' x'G5 .
;xfafsf] dof{bfsf] cfwf/df pgLx?k|lt cfb/ tyf :g]xsf] efjgf /fVg',
pgLx?sf] nflu b'cf ug'{ ;fy} pgLx?sf] k|z;
+ f ug'{ h?/L 5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5M
cf:yfjfg k'?if tyf dlxnfx¿ Ps csf{sf ;+/Ifs–ldq x'g \ . -;"/x tf}af M &!_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M /, tL JolQmx¿sf nflu klg -…km}Ú sf] wgdf
c+z 5_ hf] pgLx¿eGbf kl5 cfP h;n] k|fy{gf u5{g\–æx] xfd|f kfngstf{ Û xfdL
/ xfd|f tL bfh'efO{nfO{ dfkm ul/b]pmÙ hf] O{dfgdf xfdLeGbf a9L cu|;/ /x] .
-;"/x xz/ M !)_
xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M cG;f/x?;Fu :g]xsf] efjgf /fVg' O{dfg xf] eg]
pgLx?;Fu l/;sf] efjgf /fVg' d'gflkmssf] k|tLs xf] . -a'vf/L_
;xfafk|lt gd| x'g' ;fy} pgLx?k|lt ;befj /fVg' M ;xfafsf] af/]df ckdfghgs
s'/f ug'{ klg x'bF g} / pgLx?sf] af/]df g/fd|f] ;f]r /fVg' klg x'bF g} . ;fy} pgLx?nfO{
ufnL ug{] jf pgLx?sf] lgGbf ug{] h:tf s'/fx? klg ug'{ x'bF g} . cNnfxsf] egfO 5M
O{dfgjfnfx¿k|lt xfd|f Åbodf s'g} lsl;dsf] å]if pTkGg gu/ . x] xfd|f kfngstf{Û
lg:;Gb]x ltdL cToGt sf]dn ÅboL Pj+ k/d bofn' 5f} .Æ -;"/x xz/ M!)_
O{zb"tn] eGg'eof] Md]/f ;fyLx?nfO{ ckzAb geg . Tof] hftsf] s;d h;sf]
xftdf d]/f] Hofg 5 s;}n] px'b kxf8 a/fa/ cNnfxsf] dfu{df vr{ u/] klg
pgLx?n] vr{ u/]sf] Ps dfgf ux'F a/fa/ x'g ;Sb}g . g cfwf dfgf g} x'g ;S5 .
-a'vf/L _
92
cf}lnof
df]ldgx? ;a} cf}lnof x'g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfx df]ldgx?sf] jnL
cyf{t ldq x'g\ . -;"/x as/fx M @%&_
cNnfxn] dfgjnfO{ O{zeosf] cfwf/df ;Ddfg u/]sf 5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO

5 M ltdLx?df pQd Tof] xf] hf] cNnfx;Fu a9L 8/fpF5 . -;"/x x'h'/ft M!#_
h;n] cNnfxsf] eo /fV5 pm cNnfxsf] cf}lnofdWo] x'G5 .
jnL M O{zeo /fVg] x/]s JolQm jnL xf] . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M hflg/fv Û cNnfxsf
ldqx¿ g 8/fpF5g\ g zf]su|:t g} x'G5g\ h;n] O{dfg NofP / O{zk/fo0ftfsf] gLlt
ckgfO/fv] . -;"/x o"g;
' M ^@,^#_
jnLx?sf] :t/ pgLx?sf] O{dfg tyf O{zeosf] cfwf/df km/s x'G5 .

cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M ltdLx?df pQd Tof] xf] hf] cNnfx;Fu a9L 8/fpF5 .
lg:;+b]x cNnfx ;j{1 Pj+ va/ /fVg]jfnf 5g\ . -;"/x x'h'/ft M !#_
rdTsf/ M dfgjsf] ;fdfGo zlQmeGbf pRr sfd h'g cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] cf}lnofdWo]
s;}af6 ;DkGg ul/lbG5g\ . o:tf] rdTsf/x? b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .
!, 1fg, cljisf/, tTjblz{tf, / O{Zj/af6 k|bfg ul/g] ljrf/ .
@, zlQm tyf k|efj
k|frLg sfnsf ;d'bfodf cf}lnofx?n] rdTsf/x? k|fKt u/]sf lyP . o;

;d'bfodf O{zb"tsf ;fyLx? / pgLx?kl5 cfPsf kLF9Lsf s]xL cu|hx?n] klg
rdTsf/ k|fKt u/]sf lyP . dxfk|no;Dd klg o:tf rdTsf/Lx? x'g] 5g\ .
93
O:nfdL gLltlgodsf] d"n cfwf/
d"n cfwf/ M O:nfdL gLlt lgodsf] d"n cfwf/ h;af6f O:nfdL cf:yf,
O:nfdL z/Lct cyf{t lgod / dfldnfx? lnOPsf] 5 tL tLg j6f 5g\ . O{zu|Gy
s'/cfg, O{zb"tsf] pkb]z cyf{t xbL; / s'g} dfldnfdf O:nfdLs ljbx?sf] OHdf
cyf{t ;xdtL . o;df s;}n] klg km/s dt /fVg kfpFb}g .
s'/cfg / O{zb"tsf] pkb]z cyf{t xbL;nfO{ a'em\g] / JofVof ug{] tl/sfM

h;/L O{zb"tsf ;fyL d'xflh/ tyf cG;f/n] pgLx? kl5sf O:nfdL ljbx?n]
h;/L s'/cfg / O{zb"tsf] pkb]z xbL;nfO{ a'em] / To;sf] JofVof u/] To;/L g}
a'em\g' / To;sf] JofVof ug'{ k5{ . h;/L kye|i6 d'l:nd ljbx?n] jf ;"kmLx?n]
s'/cfg / xbL;nfO{ a'em] / To;sf] JofVof u/] To;af6 aRg' klg h?/L 5 .
:jR5 af}l4stf M o:tf] a'l4 tyf ljj]s hf] z+sf tyf dgu9Gt] s'/fx?af6
:jR5 /xG5 ;fy} unt ts{sf] cfwf/df s'/cfg / ;'Ggtsf] lj/f]w ub{}g . s'/cfg
/ ;'Ggt dfgj ljj]seGbf k|yd :t/df /xG5 .
labct M wd{df s'g} gofF s'/f /Rg' jf To;nfO{ k|rngdf Nofpg' labct xf] .
O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M h;n] xfd|f] wd{df s'g} gofF s'/f /R5 Tof] /2 x'g5
] . h;n] xfd|f]
o:tf] cdn ug{] 5 h'g xfd|f] wd{df 5}g Tof] klg /2 x'g5 ] . -a'vf/L_
95
csLbfnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] s]xL s'/fx?
enfOsf] cfb]z lbg' / untaf6 /f]Sg' M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M ltdLx¿dWo]
af6 Pp6f o:tf] ;d"x cjZo x'g'k5{ h;n] enfO{tkm{ af]nfcf];\, ;'sd{sf]
cfb]z b]cf];\ / b'isd{af6 /f]sf];\ . /, o:t} dflg;x¿ ;kmn x'g]5g\ . -;"/x
cfn] Od/fg M!)$_
O{Zb"tsf] egfO 5 M ltdLx?dWo] h;n] unt b]V5, p;n] To;nfO{ cfˆgf]]

xftn] /f]sf];\, To;f] ug{ ;s]g eg] cfˆgf]] af]nLn] /f]sf];\, To;f] klg ug{ g;s]
cfˆgf]] dgdf To;nfO{ g/fd|f] 7fgf];\ . of] ;a}eGbf lgDg :t/sf] O{dfg xf] .
Pstfa4 x'g] rfxgf ug'{ / ljjfb tyf ljdtsf] lj/f]w ug'{ M cNnfxsf]
egfO 5 M /, ;a} ldnL cNnfxsf] 8f]/LnfO{ alnof];Fu ;dft clg ljeflht
gxf]pm . /, cNnfxn] ltdLx¿dfly u/]sf] cg'sDkfnfO{ :d/0f u/ ha ltdLx¿
k/:k/ zq' lyof} . clg pgn] ltdLx¿sf] dg ldnfP t;y{ ltdLx¿ pgsf]
s[kfn] efO–efO eof} . /, ltdLx¿ clUgs'08sf] t6df lyof}Ù clg pgn]
ltdLx¿nfO{ To;af6 arfP . cNnfx o;/L ltd|fnflu cfˆgf lgzfgLx¿
:ki6¿kdf j0f{g u5{g\ tfls ltdLx¿nfO{ ;Tdfu{ k|fKt xf];\ . ltdLx¿dWo]
af6 Pp6f o:tf] ;d"x cjZo x'g'k5{ h;n] enfO{tkm{ af]nfcf];\, ;'sd{sf]
cfb]z b]cf];\ / b'isd{af6 /f]sf];\ . /, o:t} dflg;x¿ ;kmn x'g]5g\ . /,
ltdLx¿ tL JolQmx¿em}+ gxf]pm hf] :ki6 lgb]{zgx¿sf] cfudg– kZrft\
ljeflht eP / dte]bdf clNem/x] . o:tf JolQmx¿sf nflu s7f]/ oftgf
5 . -;"/x cfn] Od/fg M !)#—!)%_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 . cNnfxsf] wd{nfO{ sfod /fv To;df ljjfb

gu/ -;"/x z'/f M!#_
O{zb"tn] eGg'eof] M df]ldgx? Ps cfk;df Pp6f ejg h:t} x'g\ h;sf]

Pp6f O{6fn] csf{] O{6fnfO{ alnof] kf/]sf] x'G5 . -a'vf/L_
97
Ps csf{] xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M df]ldgx? cfk;L dfof, :g]x bof tyf

;befjdf Pp6f z/L/ h:t} x'g\ . olb z/L/sf] s'g} c+udf s'g} b'v eof] eg] ;f/f
z/L/n] hfu]/ tyf tft]/ To;sf] ;fy lbG5 . -d'l:nd_
c;n cfr/0f / ;Tsd{ M o;df w}o{tf, bof, axfb'/L, tTjbzL{, Ifdf ug'{,
em's]sf] x'g', lh2Lkg 5f8\g', dftflktf;Fu ;bJojxf/ ug'{, gft]bf/;Fu /fd|f]
Jojxf/ ug'{, 5/l5d]sLsf] enf] ug'{ , cgfy tyf 6'x'/fdfly bof ug'{ ;fy}
levf/L tyf ul/asf] Vofn /fVg' cflb s'/fx? kb{5g\ .
O{Zb"tsf] egfO{ 5 M dxfk|nosf] lbg t/fh'df s'g} klg ;Tsd{ /fd|f] cfr/0feGbf
a9L jhgL x'g] 5}g . -ca" bfpb_ O{Zb"tsf] egfO 5 M h;n] ;+;f/sf] b'vdf df]ldg
JolQmsf] p4f/ u5{ cflv/tdf cNnfxn] p;sf] b'Mv x6fpg] 5g\, h;n] si6df
k/]sf] dfG5]sf] ;fy lbG5, cNnfxn] ;+;f/ / cflv/tdf p;sf] si6 x6fpg] 5g\.
h;n] s;}sf] bf]if n'sfpF5 nf]s / k|nf]sdf cNnfxn] p;sf kfkx? n'sfOlbg]
5g\ . cNnfx Tof] JolQmsf] ;xof]udf x'G5g\ hf] c? dflg;sf] ;xof]udf x'G5 .
hf] 1fgsf] vf]hLdf lxF85 cNnfxn] p;sf] nflu :ju{sf] af6f] ;/n ul/lbG5g\,
hf] dfG5]x? cNnfxsf] 3/ dl:hbdf a;]/ s'/cfg kf7 u5{g\ clg To;nfO{ a'em\g
cfk;df 5nkmn u5{g\ pgLx?dfly zflGt cfpF5 ;fy} bofn] 9fS5 . kml/Ztfx?n]
pgLx?nfO{ 3]5{g\ . cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] 7fpFdf /x]sfx?;Fu pgLx?sf] rrf{ u5{g\ .
h;sf] k'0o 5}g p;sf] j+zn] s'g} nfe lbg] 5}g .
98
wd{ / dfu{
cNnfxsf] wd{ Pp6} 5 / Tof] O:nfd xf] . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfxsf]
wd{ O:nfd xf] . -;"/x Od/fg M !(_
klxnfb]lv clGtd ;Ddsf ;a} dfgjsf nflu cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 k|bfg ul/Psf]
wd{ O:nfd xf] . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M xfdLn] tf}/ft cjtl/t u/]sf lyof}+ h;df
dfu{bz{g Pj+ Hof]lt lyof] . ;Dk"0f{ ;Gb]i6fx¿ hf] cf1fsf/L lyP . -;"/x dfobf M $$_
;fdfGo ?kdf O:nfdsf] cy{ eg]sf] cNnfxnfO{ Ps dfg]/ pgsf] cufl8

cfTdk{0f ug',{ pgsf] cf1fkfngf ug'{ / s;}nfO{ cNnfxsf] z/Ls -;femL_ gagfpg'
xf] . ljlzi6 ?kdf O:nfd eg]sf] Tof] wd{ xf] h;nfO{ cNnfxn] cfˆgf] O{Zb"t df]xDdb
;=åf/f k7fP . o;df ;xL cf:yf, ;xL gLlt lgod, ;Tsd{, c;n cfr/0f zfldn
5g\ . o; cl3sf ;a} wd{nfO{ cNnfxn] o; wd{af6 SoflG;n ul/lbP . t;y{ ca
of] wd{ afx]s cGo wd{ pgsf] lglDt :jLsfo{ 5}g . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M /, h;n]
O:nfdafx]s cGo s'g} wd{ u|x0f ug{ vf]H5 p;sf] wd{ sbflk :jLsfo{ x'g] 5}g / pm
cflvÞ/t ‑k/nf]s_ df 3f6f a]xf]gx]{ ¿dWo] x'g5
] . -;"/x cfn] Od/fg M *%_
cNnfxn] klxnfsf c;n dfgjnfO{ klg d'l:ndsf] gfdn] gfdfs/0f u/]sf

5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M ltd|f k"j{h Oa|fxLdsf] wd{nfO{ dg k/fPsf 5g\ . pgn]
o;eGbf cl3 ltdLx¿sf] gfd d'l:nd ‑cf1fsf/L_ /fv]sf lyP . -;"/x xh M&*_
t/ dfgjn] Pscfk;df ljjfb u/] . O{zb"tsf] egfO 5 M klxnf O;fO{x?df

&@ lu/f]x ag] ;fy} o; ;d'bofdf &# lu/f]x aGg] 5g\ jf &@ lu/f]x aGg] 5g\ .
pgLx?dWo] Pp6f lu/f]x :ju{df hfg] 5 . Tof] lu/f]x eg]sf] cn hdfct xf] .
-ca" bfpmb_
of] lu/f]x g} ;kmn x'g] 5 . of] lu/f]x eg]sf] cxn] ;'Ggx jn hdfct xf] .
cxn] ;'Ggx jn hdfct eg]sf] Tof] lu/f]x xf] h;n] s'/cfg / xbL;nfO{ ckgfpF5
99
/ labctdf nfUb}g . O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M d]/f] ;d'bfodf Pp6f o:tf] lu/f]x /xg]
5 hf] cNnfxsf] gLltlgoddf rNg]5 . pgLx?nfO{ x]Kg]x? / pgLx?nfO{ gf]S;fg
k'¥ofpg]x?n] pgLx?sf] s]xL ljufg{ ;Sg] 5}gg\ . oxfF;Dd ls dxfk|no cfpg] 5
/ pgLx? To;} cj:yfdf /xg] 5g\ . -a'vf/L_
cNnfx tcfnfn] xfdL ;a}nfO{ ;xL csLbfsf] ;dem b]pmg\ / ;xL csLbf
cg';f/ sd{ ug]{ Ifdtf b]pmg\ . cfdLg==========
100
Vision
Achieve international leadership in consolidating and disseminating Islamic studies.
Mission
Contribute to serving the religion of Islam through qualified cadres, through a moderate
and contemporary approach.
+966 11 8236708 ca-sais@pnu.edu.sa sais_pnu

कुरआन र सुन्नतमा आधारित सरल आस्था

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

कुरआन र सुन्नतमा आधारित सरल आस्था

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

n]vs

8f= cxdb lag cAb'/{xdfg cn sfhL

O:nfdL cf:yfsf] kmfObfx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

8f= cxdb lag cAb'/{xdfg cn\ sfhL

cNnfxdfly cf:yfdf /fVbf rf/ j6f s'/fx? x'g' k5{ .

klxnf] M cNnfxsf] cl:tTj ;j{;To xf] . O{zu|Gy s'/cfgdf elgPsf] 5 M

Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M lkÞm/cfÞ}gn] eGof]– æ;Dk"0f{ hut\sf /a sf] x'g\

clg ha logLx¿ 8'Ëfdf ;jf/ x'G5g\ ta cf:yfnfO{ cNnfxs}nflu ljlzi6 u/L

logLx¿l;t abnf n]pm .Æ clg xfdLn] d';nwf/] jiff{sf]lglDt cfsfzsf åf/

cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M -s] tL ;fe]mbf/x¿ pQd 5g\_ jf pgL ‑pQd 5g\_

O{zb"tx?sf] lgzfgL, k|fy{gf ug{]x?sf] k'sf/sf] ;'GjfO, b'lvx?sf] dbt

cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M s] ltgLx¿ sÞ'/cfgdfly ;f]rljrf/ ub}{gg\ < olb of]

Ps csf{] 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M x] dfgj xf] Û ltdLx¿;dIf ltd|f

Oltxf;sf rlr{t JolQmx? M

To;kl5 p;n] cfkm"nfO{ g} O{Zj/sf] bfjL u¥of] . To;nfO{ klg s'/cfgn]

gd?bM pm klg Pshgf rlr{t JolQm lyof] . p;n] cNnfxsf] af/]df

Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ;'g pg}sf] ;[li6 5 / pg}sf] cfb]z rN5 .

Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M dfldnfx?sf] km};nf eO;s]sf] 5 / dfldnfx?

Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ltdLnfO{ o; dfldnfdf s'g} clVtof/ 5}g

cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M ltdLx¿dWo] ;Lwf dfu{df lx+8\g rfxg]x¿sfnflu . ltdLn]

Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ltdLn] g} /ftnfO{ lbgdf tyf lbgnfO{ /ftdf

Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M cNnfxn] g} cGgsf bfgf tyf vh'/sf] u]8fnfO{

vfg] klg u5f} { . /, ltgdf ltdLx¿sf]nflu ;f}Gbo{ /x]sf] 5, ha laxfg To;nfO{

5fofFnfO{ lj:tf/} cfk"mlt/ ;d]6\5f}+ . /, pg} x'g\ h;n] ltdLx¿sfnflu /

Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M s] xfdLn] g} agfPgf}+ wtL{nfO{ la5\of}gf /

lbG5g\ t/ pgsf] bfFhf]df s;}n] z/0f lbg ;Sb}g <ÆltgLx¿n] eGg]5g\– æcNnfx

cUgLk"hsx? M pgLx? eG5g\ M o; ;+;f/sf O{Zj/ b'O6f 5g\ . Pp6f

O;fO{ M pgLx?sf] ljrf/df Ps cNnfx tLg tTjn] ag]sf] 5 afa', 5f]/f /

c/asf jx'b]jjfbL M pgLx?n] cfˆgf] d"lt{x?nfO{ gfkmf tyf gf]S;fgsf sf/s

cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfxn] g s;}nfO{ k'q agfPsf 5g\ g pgsf;fy

cfzf ug'{ M cNnfxn] d'xDdb ;Nn= nfO{ eGg' ePsf] 5M elgb]pm– æd

pkf;gfdf pk/f]Qm tLgj6f s'/fdWo] s'g}nfO{ klg 5'6fpg' x'Fb}g . h;n]

df}lvs pkf;gfx? Mb'cf M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M dl:hbx¿ cNnfxsf x'g\ .

dbt dfUg' M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M ha ltdLn] cfˆgf]] kfngstf{;Fu dbt

Zff/Ll/s pkf;gf M o; cGt{ut lgDg pkf;gfx? kb{5g\ .

csf{] 7fpFdf cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M cfˆgf]] kfngxf/sf] nflu gdfh k9 /

cfly{s pkf;gf M o; cGtu{t hsft, ;bsf , bfg cflb kb{5g\ . cNnfxn]

vfgf v'jfpg' M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M /, cfk"mn] dg k/fPsf] vfgf cefju|:t,

elgb]pm– æltdLx¿nfO{ cfsfz tyf k[YjLaf6 s;n] hLljsf k|bfg u5{ <

h;n] :jo+s}nflu g 3f6fsf] g nfes} ;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ clg h;nfO{ g d[To'sf] g

o; ljifo af/] w]/} lu/f]xx? kye|i6 ePsf 5g\ .

d"lt{k"hs M pgLx? d"lt{x?sf k"hf/L x'g\ . pgLx?n] dfgj, bfgj, kml/Ztf,

sa/ k" h f/L M pgLx?n] sa/nfO{ k" h f u5{ g \ , e] l 6 r9fpF 5 g\ , sa/df

hfb'u/ M pgLx?n] bfgjsf] k"hf ub{5g\ .

c;n JolQmx?sf] cTolws ;Ddfgaf6 ;r]t M OZb"tsf] egfO 5 M cTolws

c;n JolQmx?sf] cToflws ;Ddfg ug'{df pgLx?nfO{ jl;nf -dfWod_

lzsL{ jl;nf M o;n] O:nfdaf6 lgisfl;t ub{5 . h:t} cNnfxafx]s c?;F+u

labctL jl;nf M of] lzs{;Dd t k'Ub}g t/ cNnfxn] o:tf] jl;nf agfpg]

hfoh jl;nf M hfoh jl;nf eg]sf] cNnfxdfly cf:yf p;sf] cf1fkfngfnfO{

sa/af6 x'g] ljsf/af6 ;r]tgf M

sa/nfO{ dl:hb agfpg' M cfOzf /lh=dfkm{t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5, pgL elG5g\M

;'g, ltdLx?eGbf klxnfsf dflg;x?n] cfˆgf]] gaL tyf c;n dflg;sf

sa/df ejg agfpg' M To;nfO{ 7"nf] agfpg' jf To;nfO{ knf:6/ ug'{ .

hfla/ /lh=dfkm{t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 M O{Zb"tn] sa/df knf:6/ ug{, To;df

ax'b]jjfbL / cxn] lstfa h:tf] gaGg ;r]tgf M o; cGt{ut pgLx?sf]

O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M ax'bj] jfbLx?sf] ljk/Lt sfd u/ . pxfn] eGg'eof] M

lzs{ emNsg] zAbx? gaf]Ng ;r]tgf M h:t} cNnfxafx]s c?sf] sd;

cNnfxsf] gfd tyf u'0ffTds gfddfly cf:yf

cNnfxsf u'0ffTds gfdsf] lsl;dx? M

sfo{k/s ljz]iftf M oL ljz]iftfx?n] cNnfxsf] rfxgf tyf tTjbzL{tfnfO{

cNnfxsf s]xL ljz]iftfx?nfO{ cl:tTjk/s / sfo{k/s b'j} zfdLn ePsf]

cNnfxsf] dxfgtfnfO{ bzf{pg] ljz]iftf M o;sf tLg j6f lsl;d 5g\ .

pn'pn\ cHhft M cyf{t cNnfx tcfnf :jod\ cfkm} cfsfzdfly lj/fhdfg

To;}u/L xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M O{Zb"tn] Ps hgf dlxnf;Fu ;f]Wg'eof]