LINEAR ALGEBRA

Chapter 1: Systems of Linear Equations

1. Write the augmented matrix for each of the following systems of linear
equations and then solve them.
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟏
𝑹𝟐 =𝑹𝟐 −𝟐𝑹𝟏
a)[ 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐 ] −> [ 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 ]
−𝟐 𝑹 =𝑹 −𝟓𝑹 > [ 𝟎 𝟓 𝟓 𝟎]
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
𝟓 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟓 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟎 𝟗 𝟏𝟐 𝟗
𝟗
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 − 𝑹𝟐
𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟏
𝟓
[𝟎 𝟓 𝟓 𝟎]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟑 𝟗
𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −1 𝑥=2
{ 5𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0 <=> {𝑦 = −3
3𝑧 = 9 𝑧=3
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝟓 𝑹 =𝑹 −𝟐𝑹 𝟏 𝟓
b) [𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟑 𝟐𝟐 ] → [𝟐
𝟐
−𝟑
𝟐
] 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
−𝟑 𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 −𝟒𝑹𝟏 > [𝟎 −𝟔
𝟐 𝟐
−𝟒 𝟏𝟐 ]
𝟒 −𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟒 −𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟎 −𝟖 𝟏 −𝟐𝟐
𝟑 𝟏
𝟏 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
𝒅ò𝒏𝒈 𝟐 𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒂−𝟔
> [𝟎 𝟏
𝟐
−𝟐 ]
𝟑
𝟎 −𝟖 𝟏 −𝟐𝟐
𝟑 𝟏
𝟏 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 +𝟖𝑹𝟐 𝟐
> 𝟎 𝟏 𝟑
−𝟐
𝟏𝟗
[𝟎 𝟎 𝟑
−𝟑𝟖]
𝟑 𝟏
𝟏𝟗
𝟏 𝟓
𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒂 𝒉à𝒏𝒈 𝟑 𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑
> [𝟎 𝟏
𝟐
−𝟐]
𝟑
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟔
3 1
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 5 𝑥=5
{ 𝑦 + 2 𝑧 = −2 <=> { 𝑦 = 2
3 𝑧 = −6
𝑧 = −6
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
c) )[𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐
𝑹 =𝑹 −𝟐𝑹
𝟎] 𝑹𝟐 =𝑹𝟐 −𝑹 𝟏 > [𝟎 −𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
𝟎 𝟎]
𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒂 𝒅ò𝒏𝒈 𝟐 𝒄𝒉𝒐−𝟑
> [𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎]
𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 +𝑹𝟐
> [𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =0
{ 𝑦=0 <=> 𝑣ô 𝑠ố 𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑖ệ𝑚
0=0
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
d) [𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟑 ]
𝑹𝟐 =𝑹𝟐 −𝟐𝑹𝟏
𝟎 𝑹 =𝑹 −𝑹
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
> [ 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 ]
𝑹𝟐 ⇔𝑹𝟑
> [ 𝟎 −𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟎]
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟐
> [𝟎 −𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟎]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
𝟏 𝟎 −𝟓 𝟏 𝟎
𝑹𝟏 =𝑹𝟏 +𝟐𝑹𝟐
> [𝟎 −𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟎]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎

𝟏 𝟎 −𝟓 𝟏 𝟎
𝒏𝒉â𝒏 𝒅ò𝒏𝒈 𝟐 𝒄𝒉𝒐−𝟏
> [𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎]
𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒂 𝒅ò𝒏𝒈 𝟑 𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝟐 𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟐
𝟕
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟐
𝑹𝟐 =𝑹𝟐 −𝟐𝑹𝟑
> [𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎]
𝑹𝟏 =𝑹𝟏 +𝟓𝑹𝟑 𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟐
7 7
𝑥1 + 2 𝑥4 = 0 𝑥1 = − 2 𝑥4
{ 𝑥2 − 𝑥4 = 0 => { 𝑥2 = 𝑥4
1 1
𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 0 𝑥3 = − 2 𝑥4
2

2. Compute the rank of each of the following matrices.

1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
𝑹 =𝑹 −𝟑𝑹 𝑹 =𝑹 +𝑹
a)𝐴 = ( 3 −1 1) 𝑹𝟐 =𝑹𝟐 +𝑹 𝟏 > (0 −4 −5) 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 > (0 −4 −5)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
−1 3 4 0 4 6 0 0 0
1 1 2
Rank 𝐴 = ( 3 −1 1) = 3
−1 3 4
−2 3 3 −2 3 3
−2 3 3 𝑹 =𝑹 −𝟑𝑹 1 11
b) 𝐵 = ( 3 −4 1)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
>( 0 𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 +𝑹𝟏 1
>( 0 2
11
𝟓 2 2 ) )
𝑹 =𝑹 − 𝑹𝟏 1 11 2
−5 7 2 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 0 −2 − 2 0 0 0

−2 3 3
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐵 = ( 3 −4 1) = 2
−5 7 2
 1 1 −1 4 1 1 −1 4 1 1 −1 4
𝑹𝟐 =𝑹𝟐 −𝟐𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 +𝑹𝟐
c) 𝐶 = (2 1 3 0 ) > ( 0 −1 5 −8) > ( 0 −1 5 −8)
0 1 5 8 0 1 5 8 0 0 10 0
1 1 −1 4
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐶 = (2 1 3 0) = 3
0 1 5 8
1 1 −1 3 1 1 −1 3 1 1 −1 3
𝑹 =𝑹 +𝑹 𝑹 =𝑹 −𝑹
d) 𝐷 = (−1 4 5 −2) 𝑹𝟐=𝑹𝟐−𝑹𝟏𝟏 > (0 5 4 1 ) 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 > (0 5 4 1)
𝟑 𝟑
1 6 3 4 0 5 4 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 −1 3
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐷 = (−1 4 5 −2) = 2
1 6 3 4
3. Find all values of k for which the system has nontrivial solutions and determine all
solutions in each case.
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
a) {−𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0
𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
1 −1 2 |0 1 −1 2 |0 1 −1 2 |0
𝑹𝟐 =𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟑 <=>𝑹𝟐
(−1 1 −1 |0) > (0 0 1 |0) > (0 𝑘 − 1 −1 |0)
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟏
1 𝑘 1 |0 0 𝑘 − 1 −1 |0 0 0 1 |0
𝑘 − 1 = 0 => 𝑘 = 1 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
1 −1 2 |0 1 −1 2 |0
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 +𝑹𝟐
(0 0 −1 |0) > (0 0 −1 |0)
0 0 1 |0 0 0 0 |0
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
b) { + 𝑘𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0
𝑥
𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0
1 −2 1 |0 1 −2 1 |0 1 −2 1 |0
𝑹 =𝑹 −𝑹 𝑹 =𝑹 +𝑹
(1 𝑘 −3 |0) 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 > (0 𝑘 + 2 −4 |0) 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 > (0 𝑘 + 2 −4 |0)
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟏
1 −6 5 |0 0 −4 4 |0 0 𝑘 − 2 0 |0
𝑘 − 2 = 0 => 𝑘 = 2 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =0
c) { 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 = 0
1 1 1 |0 1 1 1 |0
𝑹𝟐 =𝑹𝟐 −𝑹𝟏
(1 1 −1 |0) > (0 0 −2 |0)
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟏
1 1 𝑘 |0 0 0 𝑘 − 1 |0
𝑘 − 1 = 0 => 𝑘 = 1 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
 𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 =0
d) { 𝑘𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 = 0
1 1 −1 |0 1 1 −1 |0
𝑹 =𝑹 −𝑹
(0 1 −1 |0) 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 > (0 1 −1 |0)
1 1 𝑘 |0 0 0 𝑘+1 |0
𝑘 + 1 = 0 => 𝑘 = −1 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
4. Determine the values of m such that the system of linear equations has exactly one
solution.
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 𝑚
𝑎) { −𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0
−𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑚
1 −1 2 |𝑚 1 −1 2 |𝑚
𝑹 =𝑹 +𝑹
(−1 1 −1 |0 ) 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 > (0 0 1 |𝑚)
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 +𝑹𝟏
−1 𝑚 −1 |1 − 𝑚 0 𝑚−1 1 |1

𝑚 − 1 ≠ 0 => 𝑚 ≠ 1 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑐ó one solution

𝑚 − 1 = 0 => 𝑚 = 1 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑣ô 𝑠ố 𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑖ệ𝑚

𝑚𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
𝑏) { + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑚
𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑚𝑧 = 𝑚2
𝑚 1 1 |1 1 𝑚 1 |𝑚
𝑹 𝑹
( 1 𝑚 1 |𝑚 ) 𝟏<=> 𝟐 > (𝑚 1 1 |1 ) 𝑹𝟐 =𝑹𝟐 −𝒎𝑹𝟏 >
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟏
1 1 𝑚 |𝑚2 1 1 𝑚 |𝑚2
1 𝑚 1 |𝑚 1 𝑚 1 |𝑚
𝑹 =𝑹 −𝑹
(0 1 − 𝑚 1 − 𝑚 |1 − 𝑚2 ) 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 > (0 1 − 𝑚 1 − 𝑚 |1 − 𝑚2 )
0 1 − 𝑚 𝑚 − 1 |𝑚2 − 𝑚 0 0 2𝑚 − 2 |2𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 1

2𝑚 − 2 = 0 => 𝑚 = 1 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑣ô 𝑠ố 𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑖ệ𝑚

2𝑚 − 2 ≠ 0 => 𝑚 ≠ 1 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑐ó one solution

𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 =1
c) {𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 𝑚
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
1 1 −1 |1 1 1 −1 |1 𝟏
1 1 −1 |1
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 − 𝑹
> (0 𝑚−1 3 |𝑚 − 1)
𝑹 =𝑹 −𝑹 𝒎−𝟏 𝟐
(1 𝑚 2 |𝑚) 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 > (0 𝑚−1 3 |𝑚 − 1)
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟏 3
1 2 1 |2 0 1 2 |1 0 0 2− |0
𝑚−1

𝑚 − 1 = 0 => 𝑚 = 1 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑐ó 𝑣ô 𝑠ố 𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑖ệ𝑚

𝑚 − 1 ≠ 0 => 𝑚 ≠ 1 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑐ó one solution

 𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑚𝑧 = 𝑚
d) { 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =0
1 𝑚 −𝑚 |𝑚 1 1 1 |0
𝑹 𝑹 𝑹 =𝑹 −𝟐𝑹
(2 1 −1 |𝑚) 𝟏<=> 𝟑 > (2 1 −1 |𝑚) 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 >
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟑
1 1 1 |0 1 𝑚 −𝑚 |𝑚
1 1 1 |0 1 1 1 |0
𝑹 =𝑹 +(𝒎−𝟏)𝑹𝟐
(0 −1 −3 |𝑚 − 2) 𝟑 𝟑 >( 0 −1 −3 |𝑚 − 2 )
0 𝑚−1 −𝑚 − 1 |𝑚 0 0 −4𝑚 + 2 |𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 𝑚
1
−4𝑚 + 2 = 0 => 𝑚 = 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑐ó 𝑣ô 𝑠ố 𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑖ệ𝑚
2

1
−4𝑚 + 2 ≠ 0 => 𝑚 ≠ 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑐ó one solution
2

5. Determine the values of m such that the system of linear equations is inconsistent.
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 𝑚
𝑎) { −𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1 − 𝑚
1 −1 2 |𝑚 1 −1 2 |𝑚 1 −1 2 |𝑚
𝑹 =𝑹 +𝑹 𝑹 =𝑹 −𝑹
(−1 1 −1 |0 ) 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 > (0 0 1 |𝑚 ) 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 > (0 0 1 |1 − 2𝑚)
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟏
1 −1 3 |1 − 𝑚 0 0 1 |1 − 2𝑚 0 0 0 |3𝑚 − 1
1
3𝑚 − 1 = 0 => 𝑚 = 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑣ô 𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑖ệ𝑚
3

𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 𝑚
𝑏) { 𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑚𝑧 = 2 − 𝑚
1 −2 2 |𝑚 1 −2 2 |𝑚 (𝒎+𝟐)
𝑹 =𝑹 −𝑹 𝑹𝟐 =𝑹𝟐 + 𝟐 𝑹𝟏
(1 𝑚 1 |0 ) 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 > (0 𝑚+2 1 |−𝑚 ) 𝟓 >
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 −𝟐𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝟏
2 1 𝑚 |2 − 𝑚 0 5 𝑚 − 2 |2 − 3𝑚 𝟐

1 −2 2 |𝑚 1 −2 2 |𝑚
𝑚2 −2𝑚+2 𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟐 𝑚2 −2𝑚+2
0 0 𝑚+3 | > 0 0 𝑚+3 |
2 2
4−𝑚 −𝑚2 +𝑚+2
(0 0 𝑚+3 |
2 ) 0 0 0 |
2
( )
𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0
6) { 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 1 has solution(3,-1,2)
𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑏𝑧 = 5
3 − 𝑎 + 2𝑐 = 0 3 − 𝑎 + 2𝑐 = 0 −𝑎 + 2𝑐 = −3 𝑎=1
{ 3𝑏 − 𝑐 − 6 = 1 => { 3𝑏 − 𝑐 − 6 = 1 =>{ 3𝑏 − 𝑐 = 7 => 𝑏 = 2
3𝑎 − 2 + 2𝑏 = 5 3𝑎 − 2 + 2𝑏 = 5 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 7 𝑐 = −1
9. Find all values of a and b for which the system of equations
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2
{ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 1
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 = 𝑏
 1 1 3 |2 1 1 3 |2
𝑹 =𝑹 −𝑹
(1 2 5 |1) 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 > (0 1 2 |−1)
𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 −𝟐𝑹𝟏
2 2 𝑎 |𝑏 0 0 𝑎−6 |𝑏 − 4

𝑎 ≠ 6 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑐ó one solution

𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 4 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑐ó 𝑣ô 𝑠ố 𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑖ệ𝑚

𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 ≠ 4 𝑡ℎì 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑣ô 𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑖ệ𝑚

10. Solve the system of linear equation corresponding to the given augmented matrix

0 1 −2 1
a) A = (0 0 1 1)
1 0 1 1
𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1 𝑦=3
{ 𝑧 = 1 =>{ 𝑧 = 1
𝑥+𝑧 = 1 𝑥=0
1 0 0 −1
b) B = (0 1 1 1)
0 0 2 4
0 0 0 0
𝑥 = −1 𝑥 = −1
𝑦+𝑧 =1 𝑦 = −1
{ =>{
2𝑧 = 4 𝑧=2
0=0 0=0
11. Determine the values of m such that the rank of the matrix is 2

1 −1 0
a) (2 3 5) = 0
1 2 𝑚
(3𝑚 − 10) − (−1)(2𝑚 − 5) + (4 − 3) = 0

3𝑚 − 10 + 2𝑚 − 5 + 1 = 0
14
5𝑚 − 14 = 0 => 𝑚 =
5
𝑡ℎì ℎạ𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎 𝑡𝑟ậ𝑛 𝑏ằ𝑛𝑔 2

1 2 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 4
𝑹𝟐 =𝑹𝟐 −𝟐𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 +𝟒𝑹𝟐
𝑏) ( 2 1 1 5 ) 𝑹 =𝑹 +𝟑𝑹 > (0 −3 −1 −3 ) > (0 −3 −1 −3)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
−3 6 1 𝑚 0 12 4 𝑚 + 12 0 0 0 𝑚
𝑚 = 0 𝑡ℎì ℎạ𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎 𝑡𝑟ậ𝑛 𝑏ằ𝑛𝑔 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
2 −1 −1 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝑹 =𝑹 −𝟐𝑹 0 −5 −7 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
𝑹 =𝑹 −𝑹 0 −5 −7
𝑐) ( ) >( ) >( )
3 1 2 𝑹𝟑 =𝑹𝟑 −𝟑𝑹𝟏 0 −5 −7 0 0 0
𝑚 3 6 𝑚 3 6 𝑚 3 6
𝑚 𝑏ằ𝑛𝑔 𝑏ấ𝑡 𝑘ỳ 𝑔𝑖á 𝑡𝑟ị 𝑛à𝑜 𝑡ℎì ℎạ𝑛𝑔 𝑐ủ𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑡𝑟ậ𝑛 𝑐ũ𝑛𝑔 𝑏ằ𝑛𝑔 2