S O U N D

sou n d w aves
A sound wave is the pattern of disturbance caused by the movement of
energy traveling through a medium (such as air, water or any other liquid or
solid matter)
Sound waves are created by object vibrations and produce pressure
waves,
for example, a ringing cellphone
 Based on the human ability to detect sounds, we get two
classifications:
-Infrasonic waves: Waves having frequencies below the audible range.
Elephants can use infrasonic waves to communicate with each other,
even when separated by many kilometers.

-Ultrasonic waves: Waves having frequencies above the audible

range. Ultrasonic waves are used in medical imaging.
 Sound waves fall into three categories:

Longitudinal Waves Mechanical Waves

Pressure Waves
 SPEED OF SOUND
A sound wave is a pressure disturbance that travels through a medium by
means of particle-to-particle interaction. As one particle becomes
disturbed, it exerts a force on the next adjacent particle, thus
disturbing that particle from rest and transporting the energy through
the medium.
One of the most important examples of infrasonic waves in nature
is in earthquakes.
 Factors Affecting Wave Speed

Elastic properties: are those properties related to the tendency of a

material to maintain its shape and not deform whenever a force or
stress is applied to it.

Inertial properties: are those properties related to the material's

tendency to be sluggish to changes in its state of motion.
 The Speed of Sound in Air
The speed of a sound wave in air depends upon the properties of the
air, mostly the temperature, and to a lesser degree, the humidity.
Humidity is the result of water vapor being present in air.
Like any liquid, water has a tendency to evaporate. As it
does, particles of gaseous water become mixed in the air.
 d Intensity and sound intensity le
Soun vel.
What is sound pressure?
Every sound source emits sound waves, which create waves of high and low
pressure in the air. These air pressure fluctuations cause the human eardrum
to vibrate, which causes the sound to be heard by the person. How loud a
person perceives the emitted sound waves is individual and thus not
objectively measurable.
 What is sound intensity?
The intensity of sound is the subjective perception of sound pressure. Every
person has a different perception of loudness, which means that loudness
cannot be measured objectively. The acoustic sound intensity / audio intensity
or acoustic signal is therefore relative.

Protect your hearing

Hearing may be damaged by excessive noise, so our ears sometimes need
protection from continuous loud sounds. Hearing damage depends on the
sound level (decibel level) and the exposure time.
Here are some ways you can protect your hearing at home:

* Turn down the volume of the TV, radio, or music.

* If listening to loud music, take listening breaks to reduce your
exposure.
* Use quieter products (power tools, toys, recreational vehicles)
whenever they are available.
* Reduce equipment noise by replacing worn, loose, or unbalanced
machine parts.
 SOUND PHENOMENA

There are three sound-related phenomena we must consider:

DIFFRACTION
REFRACTION REFLECTION
 Sound Interference

Like waves of any kind, sound waves interfere when they

meet. In particular regions of space, they will be
constructive or destructive interference.
-Total constructive interference: When two crests or two
troughs coincide.

-Total destructive interference: When the waves meet in

such way that the crest of one coincides with the trough
of another, and they cancel each other out
 The Doppler Effect
The Doppler effect is a change in the frequency of sound waves
that occurs when the source of the sound waves is moving
relative to a stationary listener.
One of the most common examples is that of the pitch of a siren on
an ambulance or a fire engine.
 Sonic Booms
A sonic boom is a sound associated with shock waves created when an
object travels through the air faster than the speed of sound.
Sonic booms generate enormous amounts of sound energy, sounding
similar to an explosion or a thunderclap to the human ear.
 Difference Between The Doppler And Sonic Boom

The Doppler effect is an alteration in the observed frequency of

a sound due to motion of either the source

A Sonic Boom is constructive interference of sound created by

an object moving faster than sound.
 usical Instruments And Sound Characteristics
M
What is a musical instrument?
A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical
sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a
musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a
musical instrument. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing
applications and technologies.
 How are sounds classified?

Perceived sounds are described by terms whose meanings are similar

to those used to describe the physical properties of sound waves.
Physically, a wave is generally characterized by intensity, frequency,
and waveform (harmonics). The corresponding terms used to
describe the sensations of the ear are loudness, pitch, and quality
(or timbre).
 Quality of the tone

The quality of a tone is the characteristic that enables it to be

distinguished from another tone of basically the same intensity and
frequency. Tone quality depends on the waveform- specifically, the
number of harmonics. One person can sing a tone with the same basic
frequency and intensity as another, but different combinations of
overtones give the two voices different qualities.
CONCLUSION
THANKS FOR PAY ATTENTION