Power distribution between East and West Pakistan:

Q: What was the power distribution between East and West Pakistan?
A: Power distribution between East and West Pakistan was based on the principle of parity, where both
regions were given equal representation in the central government and shared power in a proportionate
manner.

Issue of One-Unit:
Q: What was the issue of One-Unit in Pakistan?
A: The One-Unit scheme was introduced in 1954 to merge the four provinces of West Pakistan (Punjab,
Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) into a single administrative unit. It was a controversial
move as it reduced the autonomy of smaller provinces and created tensions between East and West
Pakistan.

Bogra Formula:
Q: What was the Bogra Formula?
A: The Bogra Formula, proposed by then Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra in 1953, aimed to
address the power imbalance between East and West Pakistan. It suggested a bicameral legislature with
equal representation for both regions, but it faced opposition and was eventually abandoned.

Language Issue:
Q: What was the language issue in Pakistan?
A: The language issue revolved around the question of whether Urdu or Bengali should be the national
language of Pakistan. This led to protests and demands for recognition of Bengali as an official language,
which eventually culminated in the Language Movement and subsequent events leading to the creation of
Bangladesh.

Nature of State:
Q: What was the nature of the state of Pakistan?
A: Pakistan was founded as an Islamic republic, with Islam being the state religion. The country aimed to
provide a homeland for Muslims of the Indian subcontinent and ensure the protection of their religious,
social, and cultural rights.

1956 Constitution:
Q: What were the key features of the 1956 Constitution of Pakistan?
A: The 1956 Constitution was the first constitution of Pakistan. It declared Pakistan as an Islamic republic
and established a parliamentary form of government. It provided for a federal structure with two wings,
East Pakistan and West Pakistan, and outlined fundamental rights and principles for governance.

Form of Government 1962 Constitution:

Q: What was the form of government under the 1962 Constitution of Pakistan?
A: The 1962 Constitution of Pakistan introduced a presidential system of government. It established a
strong presidency with the president as the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

De-politicization:
Q: What was the concept of de-politicization during the Ayub and Yahya era?
A: De-politicization referred to the efforts made by Ayub Khan and Yahya Khan to reduce the role of
political parties in governance. It involved the suppression of political dissent, curbing of political
activities, and the promotion of technocratic rule.

Economic Development:
Q: What were the major economic developments during the Ayub and Yahya era?
A: The Ayub and Yahya era witnessed significant economic development in Pakistan. The period saw the
implementation of the Five-Year Plans, which focused on industrialization and modernization. Major
infrastructure projects, such as the construction of dams and highways, were also undertaken.

Political Development:
Q: How did political development unfold during the Ayub and Yahya era?
A: The Ayub and Yahya era saw a centralized and controlled political system. Ayub Khan's rule was
marked by the concentration of power in the presidency, while Yahya Khan's era witnessed political
turmoil, leading to the eventual separation of East Pakistan and the emergence of Bangladesh.
Z.A Bhutto 1971-1977:
Q: What was the background of Z.A Bhutto's era in Pakistan?
A: Z.A Bhutto came into power in 1971 after the separation of East Pakistan and the formation of
Bangladesh. He led the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and focused on consolidating his power and
implementing socialist policies.
Q: What were the key measures of consolidation and nationalization during Bhutto's era?
A: Bhutto implemented various measures to consolidate his power, including the nationalization of major
industries, banks, and educational institutions. This aimed to reduce the influence of the elite class and
promote socialist ideals.
Q: What were the land reforms and labor reforms introduced during Bhutto's era?
A: Bhutto introduced land reforms to redistribute agricultural land among the landless farmers and
implemented labor reforms to provide better working conditions, minimum wages, and collective
bargaining rights to workers.

Q: What were the salient features of the 1973 Constitution and its amendments?
A: The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan introduced a parliamentary form of government, enshrined Islam as
the state religion, and outlined fundamental rights for citizens. Amendments were made to the constitution
during Bhutto's era, including the establishment of a separate electorate system and the granting of
autonomy to provinces.

Zia-ul-Haq Era 1977-1988:

Q: What was the background of Zia-ul-Haq's era in Pakistan?
A: Zia-ul-Haq came into power through a military coup in 1977, overthrowing Bhutto's government. He
aimed to restore law and order, Islamize the society, and introduced a system of non-partisan elections.
Q: How did the political process unfold during Zia-ul-Haq's era?
A: Zia-ul-Haq suppressed political parties and curtailed political activities during his regime. He
introduced the Majlis-e-Shoora (Council of Advisors) as a non-elected body to assist in policymaking.

Q: What were the key measures of Islamization during Zia-ul-Haq's era?

A: Zia-ul-Haq implemented various measures to Islamize the society, including the introduction of
Islamic laws, such as the Hudood Ordinance and the Qisas and Diyat laws. He promoted Islamic
education and encouraged religious practices.

Geo-Political Importance of Pakistan:

Q: What is the geo-strategic importance of Pakistan in the region?
A: Pakistan holds significant geo-strategic importance due to its location at the crossroads of South Asia,
Central Asia, and the Middle East. It serves as a bridge between these regions and provides access to
important sea routes.
Q: What are the traditional and non-traditional security threats faced by Pakistan?
A: Pakistan faces traditional security threats such as territorial disputes, terrorism, and border conflicts.
Non-traditional security threats include challenges related to its nuclear program, climate change, and the
water issue due to its reliance on river systems.
Foreign Policy of Pakistan and its Relations with World Powers:
Q: What are the determinants, objectives, and principles of Pakistan's foreign policy?
A: The determinants of Pakistan's foreign policy include national security, economic interests, regional
stability, and ideological factors. The objectives include safeguarding national sovereignty, maintaining
friendly relations with all nations, and promoting peace and development.
Q: What are the key aspects of Pakistan's relations with India?
A: The relationship between Pakistan and India has been marked by conflicts, particularly regarding the
Kashmir issue. Both countries have engaged in diplomatic negotiations, wars, and peace processes to
resolve their differences.

Q: What is the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)?

A: The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a significant project aimed at enhancing economic
cooperation between Pakistan and China. It involves infrastructure development, energy projects, and the
establishment of special economic zones.

Q: How has Pakistan's foreign policy been shaped by its involvement in the war on terror in Afghanistan?
A: Pakistan has played a crucial role in the war on terror in Afghanistan. It has supported international
efforts to combat terrorism, provided logistical support, and worked towards stability in the region.

Q: What is the nature of Pakistan's relationship with the United States?

A: Pakistan's relationship with the United States has witnessed ups and downs. It has been influenced by
factors such as the war on terror, nuclear proliferation concerns, economic aid, and regional stability.
Culture of Punjab & Khyber Pakhtunkhwa:
Q: What are some aspects of the culture of Punjab?
A: The culture of Punjab is rich and diverse. It is known for its vibrant folk music, dance forms like
Bhangra and Giddha, traditional attire like the Punjabi suit, and festivities such as Basant and Lohri.
Punjabi cuisine, including dishes like Sarson ka Saag and Makki ki Roti, is also popular.
Q: What is Pashtunwali?
A: Pashtunwali is the traditional code of life followed by the Pashtun people in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and
other regions. It encompasses principles such as hospitality, honor, bravery, and justice, forming the
foundation of Pashtun culture and social norms.

Q: What are some cultural aspects of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP)?

A: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) has a rich cultural heritage. The people of KP have their distinct traditional
attire, including the traditional shalwar kameez and the iconic Peshawari chappal. The region is known
for its Pashto music, dance forms like Attan, and various festivals such as Eid and Jashn-e-Baharan.

Women in Patriarchal Pakistan:

Q: What are the challenges faced by women regarding gender in professional spaces in Pakistan?
A: Women in professional spaces in Pakistan face challenges such as gender discrimination, limited
opportunities for career advancement, unequal pay, and social expectations regarding gender roles. They
often struggle to balance work and family responsibilities.

Comparative Analysis & Poster Presentation on Culture of Punjab:

Q: What is the significance of conducting a comparative analysis on the culture of Punjab?
A: A comparative analysis of the culture of Punjab allows for a deeper understanding of its diversity,
traditions, and influences. It helps identify similarities and differences with other regions, contributing to
cultural appreciation and fostering intercultural dialogue.

Role & Responsibility of a Civic Citizen:

Q: What is the role and responsibility of a civic citizen in Pakistan?
A: The role of a civic citizen in Pakistan includes actively participating in the democratic process,
respecting the rule of law, advocating for social justice, promoting inclusivity and tolerance, and working
towards the betterment of society through community engagement and responsible actions.

Gender Sensitization: Need of an Hour:

Q: Why is gender sensitization important in Pakistan?
A: Gender sensitization is essential in Pakistan to challenge deep-rooted gender inequalities, promote
gender equity, and create an inclusive and respectful society. It helps raise awareness about gender-related
issues and fosters a culture of gender equality and empowerment.

Hybrid Warfare: Ethnic, Religious, Social, and Political Segregation:

Q: What is meant by hybrid warfare in the context of Pakistan?
A: Hybrid warfare refers to a combination of conventional military tactics, unconventional warfare,
information warfare, and other strategies used by state and non-state actors to achieve their objectives. In
the context of Pakistan, it involves tactics aimed at exploiting ethnic, religious, social, and political
divisions within society.
Ayub and Yahya Era 1958-1971:
Q: What was the form of government under the 1962 constitution?
A: The 1962 constitution introduced a presidential form of government in which the president held
significant executive powers.
Q: What were the major aspects of de-politicization during the Ayub and Yahya era?
A: De-politicization aimed at reducing the role of political parties in governance. It involved the
imposition of martial law, the suppression of political dissent, and the promotion of technocratic rule.

Q: What were some key developments in terms of economic development during the Ayub and Yahya
era?
A: The Ayub and Yahya era witnessed substantial economic development, including the implementation
of the Five-Year Plans, which focused on industrialization and modernization. It led to the growth of
industries, infrastructure projects, and improvements in the overall economy.

Q: How did political development unfold during the Ayub and Yahya era?
A: Political development during this era was characterized by centralized and controlled political systems.
Ayub Khan's rule concentrated power in the presidency, while Yahya Khan's era witnessed political
turmoil and ultimately the separation of East Pakistan.

Z.A Bhutto 1971-1977:

Q: What were the major land reforms and labor reforms implemented during Bhutto's era?
A: Bhutto's government introduced land reforms to redistribute agricultural land among landless farmers,
and labor reforms were implemented to improve working conditions, provide minimum wages, and grant
collective bargaining rights to workers.
Q: What were the salient features of the 1973 Constitution and its amendments?
A: The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan established a parliamentary form of government, enshrined Islam as
the state religion, and outlined fundamental rights for citizens. Amendments were made to the constitution
during Bhutto's era, including the establishment of a separate electorate system and granting autonomy to
provinces.

Zia-ul-Haq Era 1977-1988:

Q: What was the background of Zia-ul-Haq's era in Pakistan?
A: Zia-ul-Haq came into power through a military coup in 1977. He aimed to restore law and order,
Islamize society, and introduced a system of non-partisan elections.
Q: How did the political process unfold during Zia-ul-Haq's era?
A: Zia-ul-Haq curtailed political parties' activities and introduced the Majlis-e-Shoora (Council of
Advisors) as a non-elected body to assist in policymaking. He focused on consolidating his power and
implementing his vision of Islamization.

Q: What were the key measures of Islamization during Zia-ul-Haq's era?

A: Zia-ul-Haq implemented various measures to Islamize society, including the introduction of Islamic
laws such as the Hudood Ordinance and Qisas and Diyat laws. He promoted Islamic education and
encouraged religious practices.

Geo-Political Importance of Pakistan:

Q: How does Pakistan's location provide it with geopolitical importance in the region?
A: Pakistan's location at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East gives it
geopolitical importance. It serves as a strategic gateway, facilitating trade, transportation, and regional
connectivity.
Q: What are some traditional and non-traditional security threats faced by Pakistan?
A: Pakistan faces traditional security threats such as territorial disputes, terrorism, and border conflicts.
Non-traditional security threats include challenges related to its nuclear program, climate change, and the
water issue due to its reliance on river systems.

Foreign Policy of Pakistan and its Relations with World Powers:

Q: What are the determinants, objectives, and principles of Pakistan's foreign policy?
A: The determinants of Pakistan's foreign policy include national security, economic interests, regional
stability, and ideological factors. The objectives include safeguarding national sovereignty, maintaining
friendly relations with all nations, and promoting peace and development.
Q: What are the key aspects of Pakistan's relations with India?
A: The relationship between Pakistan and India has been marked by conflicts, particularly regarding the
Kashmir issue. Both countries have engaged in diplomatic negotiations, wars, and peace processes to
resolve their differences.

Q: What is the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)?

A: The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a significant project aimed at enhancing economic
cooperation between Pakistan and China. It involves infrastructure development, energy projects, and the
establishment of special economic zones.

Q: How has Pakistan's foreign policy been shaped by its involvement in the war on terror in Afghanistan?
A: Pakistan has played a crucial role in the war on terror in Afghanistan. It has supported international
efforts to combat terrorism, provided logistical support, and worked towards stability in the region.

Q: What is the nature of Pakistan's relationship with the United States?

A: Pakistan's relationship with the United States has witnessed ups and downs. It has been influenced by
factors such as the war on terror, nuclear proliferation concerns, economic aid, and regional stability.

Current Affairs:
Q: What is hybrid warfare in the context of Pakistan?
A: Hybrid warfare refers to a combination of conventional military tactics, unconventional warfare,
information warfare, and other strategies used by state and non-state actors to achieve their objectives. It
involves ethnic, religious, social, and political segregation to create divisions and exploit vulnerabilities in
society.
Q: What are the positive and negative effects of conventional media on Pakistani society?
A: Conventional media has the potential to provide information, promote cultural values, and facilitate
public discourse. However, it can also perpetuate biases, spread misinformation, and sensationalize news,
impacting societal values.

Q: What are the positive and negative effects of social media on Pakistani society?
A: Social media has enabled greater connectivity, information sharing, and amplification of voices.
However, it can also contribute to the spread of misinformation, cyberbullying, and social divisions,
impacting Pakistani society.

Q: Why is freedom of the press considered a national and democratic right of the people?
A: Freedom of the press is essential for a functioning democracy and transparent governance. It enables
the media to act as a watchdog, inform the public, hold those in power accountable, and facilitate the
exchange of diverse ideas and perspectives.
Ayub and Yahya Era 1958-1971:
Q: How did the One-Unit policy impact power distribution between East and West Pakistan?
A: The One-Unit policy, implemented in 1955, merged all West Pakistani provinces into a single
administrative unit, which led to a concentration of power in West Pakistan and marginalized the political
representation of East Pakistan.
Q: What was the Bogra Formula?
A: The Bogra Formula, proposed by Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra in 1953, aimed to resolve the
power-sharing issue between East and West Pakistan. It suggested a federal parliamentary system with
equal representation for both regions, but it faced opposition and was eventually abandoned.

Z.A Bhutto 1971-1977:

Q: What was the background of Z.A Bhutto's rise to power in 1971?
A: After the separation of East Pakistan and the formation of Bangladesh in 1971, Z.A Bhutto emerged as
a prominent political figure and founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), which gained popular
support.
Q: What were some key features of land reforms during Bhutto's era?
A: Bhutto's government implemented land reforms aimed at reducing land concentration and providing
land to landless peasants. This included the abolition of the feudal system, land redistribution, and tenant
rights.

Zia-ul-Haq Era 1977-1988:

Q: How did Zia-ul-Haq reshape the political process in Pakistan?
A: Zia-ul-Haq imposed martial law and introduced a system of non-partisan elections. Political parties
were restricted, and the role of the military increased in decision-making processes.
Q: What were some aspects of the process of Islamization during Zia-ul-Haq's era?
A: Zia-ul-Haq introduced Islamic laws, such as the Hudood Ordinance, which included punishments for
crimes based on Islamic principles. He promoted Islamic education and encouraged religious practices in
society.

Geo-Political Importance of Pakistan:

Q: What is the geo-strategic importance of Pakistan in the region?
A: Pakistan's geo-strategic location provides it with access to major sea trade routes, proximity to
resource-rich Central Asia, and a strategic position for regional stability, especially in relation to India
and Afghanistan.
Q: What are some traditional security threats faced by Pakistan's nuclear program?
A: Traditional security threats to Pakistan's nuclear program include the risk of nuclear proliferation, the
potential for terrorist attacks or sabotage on nuclear facilities, and the challenges of maintaining a credible
deterrence posture.

Foreign Policy of Pakistan and its Relations with World Powers:

Q: What are the key determinants of Pakistan's foreign policy?
A: The determinants of Pakistan's foreign policy include national security concerns, regional stability,
economic interests, ideological factors, and alliances with other countries.
Q: How has the Kashmir issue shaped Pakistan's relations with India?
A: The longstanding Kashmir issue has been a major factor influencing Pakistan's relations with India. It
has led to conflicts, wars, and diplomatic efforts to resolve the dispute and determine the status of the
region.

Current Affairs:
Q: How does hybrid warfare impact societal cohesion in Pakistan?
A: Hybrid warfare, which involves ethnic, religious, social, and political segregation, can undermine
societal cohesion in Pakistan by exacerbating divisions, promoting tensions, and sowing discord among
different groups.
Q: How does social media influence Pakistani society?
A: Social media has had a significant impact on Pakistani society, enabling greater connectivity,
information sharing, and mobilization. It has facilitated social activism, political discourse, and cultural
exchange, but it has also posed challenges such as misinformation and online harassment.

Q: Why is freedom of the press crucial for the functioning of a democracy?

A: Freedom of the press is vital for a democracy as it ensures transparency, accountability, and the ability
of journalists to report without fear or censorship. It allows for the dissemination of information, diverse
opinions, and public scrutiny of those in power.
Legal Framework Order of Yahya Khan:
Q: What was the Legal Framework Order (LFO) introduced by Yahya Khan?
A: The Legal Framework Order was a constitutional document issued by Yahya Khan in 1970, which
outlined the framework for the upcoming general elections and the transfer of power to civilian rule.

General Election of 1970:

Q: What was significant about the general election of 1970 in Pakistan?
A: The general election of 1970 was significant as it marked the first nationwide democratic elections
held in Pakistan. It resulted in the emergence of a clear majority for the Awami League in East Pakistan
and increased regional tensions.

Key factors behind the separation of East Pakistan:

Q: What were the key factors that led to the separation of East Pakistan and the formation of Bangladesh?
A: The key factors behind the separation of East Pakistan included political and economic disparities,
language issues, the mishandling of the 1970 general elections, the military crackdown, and the failure to
address the demands of autonomy in East Pakistan.

Ayub & Zia's referendum:

Q: What were the referendums conducted by Ayub Khan and Zia-ul-Haq?
A: Ayub Khan and Zia-ul-Haq both held referendums to legitimize their rule. Ayub Khan's referendum
took place in 1960, seeking public approval for his presidential system. Zia-ul-Haq conducted a
referendum in 1984 to prolong his rule and secure popular support.

Ayub's first five-year plan:

Q: What were the main objectives of Ayub Khan's first five-year plan?
A: Ayub Khan's first five-year plan aimed to accelerate economic growth, industrialize the country, and
reduce poverty. It focused on agriculture, infrastructure development, and increasing investment in key
sectors.

Indus Water Treaty:

Q: What is the Indus Water Treaty?
A: The Indus Water Treaty is a water-sharing agreement signed between India and Pakistan in 1960. It
allocated the waters of the Indus River system between the two countries, addressing water disputes and
ensuring water security.

Hamood Commission report:

Q: What was the Hamood Commission report?
A: The Hamood Commission report was a comprehensive inquiry conducted in 1974 to investigate the
causes of the military debacle in East Pakistan and the surrender of the Pakistan Army to India during the
1971 war. The report highlighted military and political failures.

BD system of Ayub:
Q: What was the Basic Democracy (BD) system introduced by Ayub Khan?
A: The Basic Democracy system was a local government structure introduced by Ayub Khan in 1959. It
aimed to decentralize power by creating basic democracies at the district and sub-district levels, with
indirect elections.
Shimla Agreement between Indira Bhutto:
Q: What was the Shimla Agreement between Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto?
A: The Shimla Agreement, signed in 1972, was a bilateral agreement between India's Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi and Pakistan's President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. It aimed to resolve the issues arising from the
1971 war and establish peace and normalcy between the two countries.

MRD:
Q: What does MRD stand for in Pakistan's political context?
A: MRD stands for the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy. It was an alliance of opposition
parties formed in the 1980s to protest against the military rule of General Zia-ul-Haq and demand the
restoration of democratic governance.

Opposition parties against Ayub:

Q: Which opposition parties united against Ayub Khan's rule?
A: The opposition parties that united against Ayub Khan's rule included the Combined Opposition Parties
(COP), which brought together various political parties, including the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) led
by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.