CHAPTER No.

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GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
THE FOUNDATIONS OF GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a democratic and federal parliamentary country in South Asia.
After independence on 14 August 1947 three decades 1956, 1962 and 1973 played a role in Pakistan's
constitutional evolution. Currently, the 1973 Constitution is in force. The following are the
foundations of Pakistan's political system.

1. IDEOLOGY
At the time of establishment of Pakistan, different countries were governed by different ideologies
based on different views such as democratic ideology and shared ideologies etc. Before the
establishment of Pakistan, the system of government which was practiced in the subcontinent was
established in the style of British government and in Britain the system of government was based on
democratic ideology. Thus, the government of Pakistan was established on the basis of democratic
ideology. Pakistan was acquired under a theory which is also known as ideology of Pakistan. Before
independence, Pakistan was defined by the slogan as to what Pakistan meant ‫الالہاالهللا‬. This view was
originally presented by Allama Muhammad Iqbal, chairing the annual meeting of the All India
Muslim League in Allahabad in December 1930.This concept was further clarified through the
Resolution Lahore March 23, 1940.This means that Pakistan was formed on the basis of one ideology
and that ideology was the creation of a separate homeland for the Muslims of India and Pakistan.
Islam will be a Muslim state which will be established in the Muslim-majority areas of Pakistan and
India. The customs and government of this country will be based on the opinion of the Muslims living
in it. On August 11, 1947, the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in Karachi, in
which Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah spoke and said that Pakistan would be an independent
sovereign Muslim state where religious freedom would be complete. There will be freedom. In March
1949, the resolution was adopted, recognizing the Almighty's authority. Thus, in almost every
practice, Islam was declared the official religion of the country. A number of Islamic provisions have
been added in the Constitution of 1973.

2. HISTORY
Pakistan has historically also been a unity. Today Pakistan is a staircase towards the civilization of
Sindh, the ancient civilization of South Asia. The Indus River still holds the same place that ancient
history has given it. The river Indus is considered as the blood of Pakistan and the historical
civilization of the valley Sindh is known to Pakistan. This area was part of the Mughal Empire and
was part of the British colonial system since the mid-nineteenth century. The foundation of British
government was on parliamentary democracy, so in the subcontinent, the basis of governmental
evolution and democratic style of government was laid on parliamentary democracy. The government
of Britain imposed various constitutional and legal reforms to introduce democratic systems in the
subcontinent. For example, the laws governing India 1909, 1919 and 1935. In these reforms,
legislative bodies were formed to gradually form the electoral system, and the Indians were gradually
represented in these institutions. In this way representative democracy was laid. The subcontinent
gained independence from the British in 1947.The current political system of Pakistan is the
evolutionary and continuation of this democratic system. In historical terms these people have long
been suffering from a variety of problems. Historically, they have struggled jointly for freedom and
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have suffered. Sindh, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (NWFP) were already present in Pakistan's
existing provinces, while Balochistan was given the status of the province after independence. Tribal
identity is as unique today as ever. This historical uniformity is reflected in today's constitution and
the structure of government.

3. CULTURE
Pakistan is a multi-ethnic country. There are four basic linguistic and ethnic groups namely Punjabi,
Sindhi, Pakhtun and Baluchi. These groups also have subgroups. In Pakistan, these linguistic and
ethnic groups have a profound impact on the customs and government structure. That is why there is
the federalism of the country. Due to linguistic differences, Pakistan's constitution was delayed and
the tragedy of East Pakistan took place. The eighteenth constitutional amendment eliminated the
Concurrent list of powers and handed them over to the provinces. In this way the people of Pakistan
have been given the right to develop languages and cultures.

4. VALUES
Pakistan is a Muslim country with traditional, Islamic and oriental values. These values reflect
friendship, hospitality, relief, sacrifice, wealth, unity.
If these values are present in the social system, then their presence and role in the politics, customs
and governance of the country is guaranteed.

COMPARISON OF DEMOCRACY AND DICTATORSHIP IN PAKISTAN

1. FIRST PERIOD:
After independence a democratic government was formed and the process continued till October
1958. It was the early period of Pakistan; the country was plunged into difficulties and troubles from
all sides. There was a lack of resources and a plethora of problems. After the death of Quaid-e-Azam,
there was a lack of sincere political leadership, and unfortunately the leadership continued to fight for
power. As such, problems continued to escalate. In this short period, many governments were
changing. Khwaja Nazimuddin became prime minister after Liaquat Ali Khan. After him,
Muhammad Ali Bogra, who was Pakistan's ambassador to the United States, came and became prime
minister and also head of the Muslim League. After him, Chaudhry Muhammad Ali was appointed
prime minister, but because of his bad relations with Ghulam Muhammad, Hussein Shaheed
Suhrawardy was made prime minister. After you (Ibrahim, Ismail Chandigar) and Feroz Khan
became the new Prime Ministers. One of the most important tasks in this democratic period was the
constitution of 1956, which was developed and implemented under the leadership of Chaudhry
Muhammad Ali. It was a unified and democratic constitution. After that Sikander Mirza became the
President of the country. On October 27, 1958, General Ayub Khan, the head of Pakistan's armed
forces, abolished the constitutional government in the country, enforced martial law, and the 1956
rule was abolished. This period lasted for more than ten years, but as a whole, Ayub Khan failed to
satisfy the masses. Following were his main achievements:

THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF AYUB KHAN’S ERA:

• He defeated India in the Pak India War in 1956. Signed a Tashkent peace agreement with
India.
• Appointed Islamabad capital instead of Karachi.
• Resolved the issue of partition of the rivers through a treaty with India called Sindh Tas.

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• Ayub Khan focused on industrial development.
• You introduced the system of local and local governments in the country.
• Ayub Khan drafted and enacted the 1962 constitution.
• Many reforms were made in the country.
• Regional Organization for Development was established for Iran and Development.
• During this period, Ayub Khan was subjected to many failures and criticisms.
FAILURES OF AUYB KHAN’S ERA:
• For example, your practice was a single-person option that did not have public support.
• Wealth was concentrated in a few hands.
• Political activities were banned.
• Press was banned and emergency rules were in use.
• Thus, the first military era in the country was worse than the first democratic period.
2. SECOND PERIOD:
Admitting his failure, Ayub Khan handed over the government to General Agha Mohammad Yahya
Khan in March 1969. Yahya Khan's tenure was very short and he declared the first general election in
the country. His time was spent on political issues. In October 1970, general elections were held in
which Sheikh Mujib's Awami League emerged as the largest political party, winning 160 of the 300
National Assembly seats. The Peoples Party was second with 81 seats. After the elections, the issue
of transitional power began to intensify. Awami League protests in East Pakistan created a political
crisis. General Yahya Khan launched a military operation against the Bengalis in March 1971. India
took advantage of Pakistan's internal affairs and began a military coup and war in East Pakistan.
90,000 Pakistani soldiers were taken prisoner in this war, which were later released as a result of a
Shimla pact between Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. As a result of the
Pak-India war, East Pakistan declared independence in the form of Bangladesh.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto became the first martial law administrator in the rest of Pakistan. He then became
the President of the country by making interim constitution and then after the enactment of 1973 he
remained the Prime Minister of Pakistan until July 5, 1977. Much was being done to satisfy the public
during this period:

 The foreign policy of the country was released from the US grip.
 The second Islamic Summit was held in Lahore.
 The privately-owned factories were nationally owned.
 Many reforms were implemented, especially labor and agriculture reforms.
 National ID card was issued.
 Pakistan Steel Mills was established.
 Ahmadis were given a minority status.
 The Ministry of Religious Affairs was established.
 The concept of the third world began to emerge.
 The country was given a unanimous 1973 constitution.
It was a public time. The elections were held in the country in 1977 and after the defeat of the
Pakistan National Alliance, accusing the government of irregularities started the movement which
took the form of the movement Mustafa (PUBH). On July 5, 1977, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
imposed martial law in the country and arrested all important politicians.

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General Zia made significant amendments to the 1973 constitution and increased their powers
drastically. In 1985, Mohammad Khan Junejo was elected as the Prime Minister by holding non-party
elections. The major steps of General Zia's period were:

 Eighth Amendment
 Prayer committees, usher zakat system, blasphemy banking, establishment of Islamic
ideological council, federal sharia court, federal ombudsman, establishment of judicial courts,
boundary ordinance, establishment of zakat foundation, sera conference and scholarly
conference.
 Afghanistan supported Russia in the Russia America war.
3. THIRD PERIOD:
After General Zia-ul-Haq's death, Senate Chairman Ghulam Ishaq Khan assumed power and
announced general elections in the country. This political period was from 1988 to 1999. As a result
of the 1988 elections, no one in the Peoples Party and the Islamic Democratic Alliance could gain a
clear majority. Benazir Bhutto formed a coalition government with other parties, but Ghulam Ishaq
Khan announced the general election after alleging corruption and breaking the National Assembly.
As a result of the 1990 elections, Nawaz Sharif became Prime Minister. In this period:

 Pakistan Motorway was built.

 An agreement was made for the distribution of water of Indus river between the provinces.
 Privatization continued and self-reliance was focused.
 Repair of country program was launched.
Corruption charges were common in this period too, so Ghulam Ishaq Khan broke the National
Assembly and held the 1993 elections. This time, Ms. Benazir became the Prime Minister again with
a majority votes. This time again, on the basis of corruption and mismanagement, the Peoples Party
president Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari broke the National Assembly and held the general election in
1997. This time Nawaz Sharif became prime minister with a large majority in these elections. During
this period, the Nawaz government took these important steps:

 Revised the Constitution and restored the powers of the Prime Minister. Other important edits
were made.
 Nuclear explosion on May 28, 1998, made Pakistan the seventh nuclear country in the world.
 During the visit of the Indian Prime Minister to Pakistan, he tried to establish friendly
relations between the two countries.
 Started bus service between India and Pakistan.
Pakistan's nuclear bombs were not acceptable to major powers. India's Prime Minister Atal Behari
Vakhpai came to Lahore to signify an improvement in relations but in the meantime the war in Kargil
was once again weakening the political government. The Prime Minister of the country wanted to
remove the army chief General Pervez Musharraf, then he abolished the elected government and once
again established a military government in the country.

4. FORTH PERIOD:
On October 12, 1999, General Pervez Musharraf abolished Nawaz Sharif's government and formed a
military government. This government continued till 2008. Here are some of the key steps during
General Pervez Musharraf's tenure:

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  He filed for election in 2002 and gave his support to the ruling PML-Q, while remaining the
country's president.
 General Pervez Musharraf amended the constitution to gain endless options.
 During this period, changes in Afghan foreign policy continued.
 Introduced a new system of changes and local governments.
General Musharraf resigned himself. General elections were held in the country in February 2008. As
a result of the elections, the Peoples Party formed a government with other parties. The main steps of
this government are:

 Restored the judiciary dismissed by General Pervez Musharraf in the country.

 The Prime Minister's powers were restored through constitutional amendments.
 Benazir Income Support Program was launched.
 Other important constitutional amendments were made.
 Convened meetings of the Common Interests Council.
 Special focus was on China-friendly relations.
 Took important steps against terrorism and extremism.

ROLE OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS IN PAKISTAN TO FULFILL

PEOPLE’S NEED
Several democratic governments in Pakistan have taken several steps to meet the needs of the people.
The solution to the problems first requires a constitutional system in order to legitimize the existence
of the government. There was no constitution in the country immediately after the completion of
Pakistan, so the democratic government imposed the 1935 constitution after several amendments. The
first public constitution was created and implemented by the democratic government in 1956. This
pattern was developed after considerable difficulty. Today's constitution was also created and
implemented by the democratic government of Pakistan with the consent of the public
representatives. Whenever the military dictatorship was established in the country, custom
amendments were made in this way, the problem of unemployment in Pakistan has always been
severe. In the first democratic period, special attention was not paid to the economic problems
because those governments were involved in political problems. This issue was given importance in
subsequent democratic periods. More job opportunities were created, self-employment schemes were
launched. Private and small businesses were encouraged and governments provided loans on easy
terms. To curb inflation, storekeepers were discouraged, prices were set and a control system was set
up, and governments set up utility stores to provide daily use at affordable prices. Long-term plans for
poverty alleviation were developed. Several reforms were made in the field of agriculture. Zulfiqar
Ali Bhutto divided the property of the landlords into farmers and the minimum land ownership limit
was fixed; Pakistan Agricultural Development Bank established; Nawaz Sharif launched the Green
Tractor Scheme and the farmers were given loans on easy terms. Roads between the fields and the
market were constructed and concessions were made on the use of electricity in tube wells. During
the democratic period, network of industries was laid and industrial settlements were established in
the country. Reforms were made to improve the condition of the workers. During the Bhutto regime,
the manpower was sent for overseas jobs. Many reforms were also made to address the problems of
the employees and their salaries and pensions were increased substantially.
Every democratic government is formed to solve public problems. Therefore, the manifesto of every
political party has programs to solve the problems of the people. The democratic leadership has taken

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steps to increase the literacy rate in the country. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto implemented educational reforms
that made primary education free, literacy centers were opened, many private schools and colleges
were nationally owned, several new universities were opened in the country including Jamia Islamia
Bahawalpur, Agricultural College Tando Jam, NED Engineering College Karachi etc. are notable.
Subsequent democratic governments made remarkable achievements in the field of education.
Education policies were launched to improve education. Democratic governments also did a good job
in the field of health. Health centers were opened in the country, medical staff facilities were
enhanced, to reduce the rush on the cities, a standard hospital was opened at the regional level and the
private sector was encouraged. To alleviate housing problems, the Housebuilding Finance
Corporation was established and the democratic governments strengthened it so that homeless people
could borrow and build housing, People were given ten, seven and five plots. The democratic
governments launched several major development projects for the welfare of the people. Funds were
provided to the Assembly for regional development. In this regard, the People's Works and the
Homeland Program are of particular importance. In this way, several measures were taken to control
other social problems, such as drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, warehousing and unrest. Special
courts were set up. Pakistan is an active member of the Islamic Summit Conference and Bhutto
organized a second Islamic summit in Lahore and made a historic achievement. Due to the religious
sentiment of the people, Islamic law was included in every constitution. In this regard, every
democratic government has been under great pressure, but still the government has tried to respect
public wishes. During the Nawaz Sharif era, Pakistan carried out nuclear bombs despite global
pressure and became the first nuclear power of Islamic country.
The establishment of peace is very important for the welfare, development and survival of the people.
Democratic governments also paid attention to this. The issue of law and order has intensified in the
present period and the focus of the government is on the establishment of law and order. For this
reason, the government could not pay attention to other development activities. Pakistan is paying a
heavy price due to the attacks on the US on September 11, 2001 and the situation in Afghanistan, and
the government's focus is on controlling unrest. The political training of the people is very important
for the establishment of an excellent democratic system. Highly trained citizens can be the backbone
of the country and the government. In this regard, in every democratic period, there has been an effort
to give freedom to the media so that the people's political training can be done. The media now
communicates the suggestions, complaints, demands and problems of the people to the government
without hesitation.

WAYS TO FURTHER DEMOCRATIZE GOVERNMENT IN PAKISTAN

In Pakistan, there are a number of paths to further strengthen the government. If these suggestions are
followed, the government may be more robust and stable and able to address public service and their
problems.

1. PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION:
In modern times democracy is the best form of government. The system is based on public
participation. The more public participation is effective, the more active and stable the system will be.
The more people are aware and active, the more sustainable and effective the government will be.
Good citizens are the basis of good government. The roots of such a government are strengthened
when educated, awake, trained and when conscious citizens form government. The democratic system
is the government of the people, for the people and by the people. Therefore, the training and

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awareness of the people should be given the highest importance. There should be facilitate access to
public information so that it is possible to formulate public opinion in light of the facts.

2. FREEDOM OF MEDIA:
Citizens' political training and awareness are spread through the media. They are made to distinguish
between good and evil. Through the media, people explain their opinions and point of view. There is
media debate, government is criticized and good government activities are praised. Therefore, it is
very important for the media to be free. There is no pressure or restriction on the media to get realistic
and accurate information and notifications. Government media is slightly under siege, so there is a
lack of stability in politics. However, private media is now relatively free, which is creating a political
burden among the general public.

3. POLITICAL CULTURE:
Unfortunately, the foundations and values of our political culture are generally undemocratic. We
urgently need to promote democratic values. The practice of tolerance is needed in politics. Others
need to be convinced in a humble and peaceful way. Political opponents need to be acknowledged
and the establishment of a genuine and serious political culture should be our goal. Instead of
throwing mud at each other and subjecting them to shamelessness, let the public know their program
and priorities. There should be a passion for cooperating with state agencies and working within their
jurisdiction. If all three areas of government, including the media, are within their legal boundaries
and do not interfere with each other's work, then a better and more sustainable system can be created.
Political parties should take care of moral values and democracy within the parties. Regular selection
process is mandatory in each party.

4. RESPECT OF OPPOSITION
An excellent political system and government is where the opposition holds a dignified position.
They should not intimidate, threaten, imprison, torture and crush. Positive criticism is essential to
success. The government can be a dictator without opposition, and members can abuse their powers.
Therefore, a force is needed to reform the government in a constructive manner, not criticism.

5. INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY
The independent judiciary is the lifeblood of a successful government. One of the main
responsibilities of the government is to ensure that justice is provided to the people without
discrimination. Justice can be provided when the judiciary is free from any pressure. It is then
possible that the judges of the judiciary have customary protection. There should be a transparent
constitutional system for their speech, exchange, facilities, development, removal, retirement and
housing. These things exist in Pakistan's customs but they need to be implemented. There should also
be an automated system for quick implementation of judiciary decisions, easy access to cheap and
prompt justice.

6. RESPECT OF MERIT
A strong, stable and successful government is one that respects merit and integrity. Wherever merit
and ability were ignored, there were bloodshed revolutions. The main purpose of the government is
also to create a system based on merit and eligibility. Therefore, it is very important that merit and
competence prevail.

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 7. WELFARE OF PEOPLE
The purpose of the formation of the state and the government is the welfare of the people. Today, the
best government and state standards are the welfare of the people. The measure of human
development is to ensure their health, education and employment. Good and bad states and
governments are ranked with this standard in mind. Therefore, a strong and successful government is
one in which people's welfare matters. The government needs to give special cause to human welfare.
Today's public are not silent spectators. If the government has a passion for service, why would it not
be a successful government? Without the welfare, development and prosperity of the people, it is not
possible. If there is a yearning for changing the destiny of the people in the government, then
Almighty Allah has also helped to change the situation.

8. PROVISION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

The sign of the best government is to ensure the delivery of human rights and to enforce the rights
enshrined in the constitution. Human freedoms should be respected. Good government is one that
ensures the equal status of the people. It is the governments that are the successors of the rights and
equality. One of the main reasons for the failure of the former Soviet Union was that even though its
constitution had a long list of human rights, but it was practically non-existent. Therefore, the
government there had lost the support of the people.

9. DOMINANCE OF NATIONAL AND COLLECTIVE INTERESTS

Good government is one that not only deals with social and national issues but also gains prominence.
They respect public and social interests; they are public friendly governments.

10. GOOD CANDIDATURE

In a democracy, the people elect their representatives and the same representatives govern on the
basis of majority. Therefore, the role of the voters is the most important. Pakistan has seen complaints
of fraud and non-transparency in elections. Elections are boycotted and allegations of rigging lead to
an anti-government movement. The role of the candidates in this regard is also important. It is the
responsibility of political parties to nominate well-educated and well-qualified candidates. If the
fairness, transparency and independence of the elections are ensured, as a result, the elected
government will be successful, sustainable, stable and strong.

11. POSITIVE ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES

The success of the government and the state depends on the political parties. Political parties train the
people and are a source of communication between the people and the government. If political parties
are given the opportunity to flourish and enable them to take an active role, the resulting government
will be successful and strong. The parties must follow the election manifesto and fulfill the promises
made to the people. It is the opposition's responsibility to keep the government party reminded of its
promises. Political parties must also have internal democracy. In this way family and heritage politics
can end. Political parties should follow their own norms.

ORGANS OF GOVERNMENT
The government is made up of three basic organs - the legislature, executive and the judiciary. The
legislature makes laws; the executive enforces this law and the judiciary punishes for violating this
law in addition to its interpretation.

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FUNCTIONS OF THE LEGISLATURE/ PARLIAMENT IN PAKISTAN
According to the Constitution of Pakistan 1973, the duties of the legislature are as follows:

1. LEGISLATIVE FUNCTIONS
Legislation is the most important responsibility of the legislature. The Constitution gives the
Legislature the power to legislate on the list of federal issues. The Federal Affairs List is the list on
which the National Assembly and the Senate can legislate. According to the Constitution, if the
President imposes an emergency in a province because of an unpleasant situation, the legislative
authority of the Provincial Assembly is suspended and the National Assembly and Senate legislate for
the province. In the absence of the Central Assembly, President Pakistan has the authority to issue a
decree or provisional law, but if the National Assembly and the Senate start, then the President's
orders are either formalized or terminated. ‫ ۔‬The National Assembly and the Senate have the right to
legislate for Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Northern Territories and the Federal Capital
Territory of Islamabad. The legislature can overturn or replace the common law with a simple
majority.

2. EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS
According to the constitution, the Prime Minister of Pakistan is the administrative head of the country
and is elected by the majority of all members of the National Assembly. Along with the Provincial
Assemblies, the Parliament (Senate + National Assembly) chooses the President of Pakistan. The
central ministers (cabinet) are taken from parliament (75 percent from the National Assembly and 25
percent from the Senate). Prime ministers and ministers hold their positions until they have the
confidence of a majority of the members of the National Assembly. Prime Ministers and Ministers are
accountable to the Parliament. The National Assembly administration is closely monitoring the
administration. The National Assembly and the Senate control the Prime Minister and the Ministers
in several ways. Members of parliament question ministers and ministers are obliged to answer.
Members of Parliament review assemblies of assurance questions and answers. In this way, the
members of the Assembly complain and the government is closely monitored. MPs criticize the
government's policies and activities through the media during the meeting and do not allow the
government to propose its powers. Legislative members can halt the legislative process and move to
an urgent national issue, and thus may have the opinion or majority resolution to debate the issue.
Legislative members can halt the legislative process and move to an urgent national issue, and thus
may have the opinion or majority resolution to debate the issue. Although the government is not
legally obligated to act, it cannot be ignored on a moral basis. It is actually a recommendation for the
government to do or not do something. The Assembly has many privileges and rights to the members
of the Assembly, if those privileges or rights have a problem, it is a weakness of the government. The
legislature identifies these weaknesses and what they call the legislature's motion to seek its legal
rights and privileges is called Privilege Motion. The members draw the government's attention to its
weaknesses and national issues through assembly point objections, walkouts, and Call Attention
Notices.

3. FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS
The National Treasury is completely under the control of the National Assembly. Without the
permission of the National Assembly, no money can be withdrawn from the National Treasury. The
national balance for each financial year is presented by the Union Finance Minister in the National
Assembly. The National Assembly has the power to change the debate; Increase or decrease it and
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reject it or approve it in its original state. Generally, national budgets are approved with minor
adjustments or in actual form. The National Assembly consists of a Public Accounts Committee
consisting of members of the National Assembly. It is the responsibility of the committee to examine
the budgetary expenditures and submit a report to the Assembly. Without the permission of the
Assembly, the government is not authorized to levy tax. Given these unlimited financial powers, it is
said that the National Assembly is the protector of the national treasury.

4. JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS
Under the Constitution, 1973, the judiciary has all the powers of justice. The Constitution has given
Parliament the power to approve or disapprove the appointment of nominated judges in the Supreme
Court of Pakistan. The Parliamentary Commission, which consists of eight members, is approved by
judges nominated by the Judicial Commission in the Supreme Court, the High Court and the Federal
Shariah Court. In conjunction with the legislature, the National Assembly Senate, the President can
appoint Pakistan, which is a judicial activity.

5. ELECTORAL FUNCTIONS
The National Assembly elects the Prime Minister of Pakistan, which gives him a vote of confidence.
He has the right to choose his Speaker and Deputy Speaker. The institute selects centers from
Islamabad and its tribal members select centers for the tribal area. The National Assembly, together
with the Senate and the Provincial Assemblies, elect the President of Pakistan. The Senate chooses its
chairman and its deputy chairman.

6. MISCELLANNEOUS FUNCTIONS
According to the customs, parliament has the right to make changes or amendments to the
Constitution. Two-thirds of the total number of members of the National Assembly amends the
Constitution and sends it to another House, there are also two thirds of the total members required.
This amendment bill can be introduced in any House. The legislature has an emotional connection to
the people and hopes. In this area of the government, the members are fully aware of the public issues
and the members bring the issues of their own area to the notice of the government. It is an effective
forum for discussing public issues and national issues as it covers all ministers. Besides, it would not
be awkward to call it a bridge between the people and the government, because if these public issues
on one hand are the result of the government, on the other hand, the activities of the government are
spread to the people, so, the National Assembly can remove them at any time by distrusting the
cabinet and the prime minister or drafting the government. They can also remove their Speaker and
Deputy Speaker from the simple majority of total members. They can disable any of their members in
the speaker's notice.

FUNCTIONS OF EXECUTIVE IN PAKISTAN

In Pakistan, the executive consists mainly of the president, the prime minister, the cabinet and the
civil servants. According to the 1973 Code of Conduct, there are several options for the practitioner
which are as follows:

1. EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS
It is the responsibility of the executive to enforce the laws made by the legislature. The Prime
Minister of Pakistan is the head of the administration and the true ruler. Appoints ministers on the
advice of the President and the Prime Minister and dismisses the Prime Minister or the Minister on
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the advice of the Prime Minister. It is the Prime Minister's authority to allocate departments to
ministers. He oversees the activities of ministers and creates communication between them. The
prime minister's responsibilities include directing cabinet members and eliminating differences
between ministers. The formulation of the country's administrative policy is the responsibility of the
executive. It is the responsibility of the executive to supervise and monitor the law. The Prime
Minister presides over cabinet meetings and the voice of the Prime Minister is decisive.
Appointments to key positions of the country Although the President makes Pakistan, the Prime
Minister only gives the original decision or advice. Members of institutions like the Public Service
Commission, High Court Council, National Financial Commission, WAPDA, Federal Ombudsman,
Nuclear Energy Commission, Travels, Islamic Ideological Council, Attorney General of Pakistan and
Auditor General of Pakistan are appointed by the President of Pakistan. According to the 13th
Amendment of the Constitution, the Prime Minister also has the authority to appoint and dismiss
Armed Forces and Provincial Governors. Therefore, it can be said that the Prime Minister makes
appointments.
An administrative head of each department is a minister who is responsible for administering the
department, making laws for the department and enforcing the law in the department. Ministers work
as a team and are collectively called cabinets. Every Minister is accountable to Parliament about his
department. Each department has government employees who are responsible for law enforcement
and management. On the advice of the Prime Minister of Pakistan, the President issues a legal issue
to the public for a public opinion and the response of the people is known in yes and no.

2. LEGISLATIVE FUNCTIONS
Although the Constitutional Legislature has the power of Parliament and the Provincial Assembly,
being a part of the President's cause can indirectly affect the legislative process. Under normal
circumstances, the president's suggestions are appreciated. The President may convene and postpone
the meeting of Parliament. With the Prime Minister's advice, the National Assembly can be broken
but the Senate cannot be broken. The President may send his suggestions and messages about any
proposed legislation to any House. Parliament is bound to consider the President's messages and
suggestions. President Pakistan addresses a joint session of parliament every year. In this speech, the
President details the government's priorities and programs for the past year and for the next year. In
the absence of a legislature, the president may issue a decree that holds the law for four months. If the
Parliament goes, then give the President's orders, then he will declare it a misnomer or give it legal
status. The President himself may withdraw an order issued ahead of time. When both houses of
parliament pass a law, they are sent for the approval of the President.
The Prime Minister is the leader of the majority group in the National Assembly, so he has the status
of a leader. The Prime Minister may advise the President to convene any House meeting. He
participates in the legislative process and can report to any House. According to Article 58 of the
Constitution, the Prime Minister may advise the President to break the National Assembly and the
President is obliged to follow that advice. The Prime Minister creates an atmosphere of unity and
cooperation among government members. He maintains contact with the opposition. Ministers
prepare drafts for their departments and present them for legislation in Parliament. Senior officers of
the department assist in drafting. Due to the parliamentary system in Pakistan, almost all legislative
proposals are presented by cabinet members and the legislature often legalizes these proposals
without tangible amendments. Therefore, it can be said that the practical authority of the Legislature
is in the hands of the Cabinet.

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 3. JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS
Judicial powers are the country's judiciary, but according to the constitution, President Pakistan has
several judicial powers. The President appoints judges of the Supreme Court after the constitutional
requirements are met. The President may dismiss a judge from his position on the report of the High
Court Council. The President also appoints judges of the Federal Shariat Court. The President may
waive, reduce, or suspend imports from a Supreme Court sentence. The President has the power to
convert the death sentence into an imprisonment. It is the duty of the executive to enforce the orders
of the judiciary.

4. MILITARY AND DIPLOMATIC FUNCTIONS

While part of the executive, President Pakistan heads the armed forces. He appoints top military
officials and can sign military agreements in consultation with the Prime Minister in Pakistan. The
President appoints Pakistan to travel to other countries and receives the appointments of ambassadors
from other countries. But these appointments are bound by the advice of the Prime Minister. The
military operates under the supervision of the Defense Minister.

5. FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS
The legislature has all the financial powers of the country, but according to the constitution, the
president signs the draft of the National Assembly. After the budget is approved, it is sent to the
President for signature. The executive appoints the Auditor General of Pakistan and the members of
the National Economic Council and the National Financial Council to investigate the finances.
Although the legislature has complete control over the national treasury, like the other drafts, the
financial draft is presented by the Finance Minister to the National Assembly. The annual budget of
the country is prepared and presented as per the directive of the Prime Minister. The legislature
approves financial drafts, just like any other legal proposal of the government. Therefore, it can be
said that the prime minister is empowered, but the real powers are the prime minister as the party of
the prime minister gets majority in the National Assembly and any draft submitted by the
government, including the national budget, is approved.

6. DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITY
The Prime Minister is the country's empowered leader. According to the constitution, he announces
various projects from his discretionary fund. The country's agricultural, economic, industrial,
educational and other policies are developed under the supervision of the Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister negotiates with other countries for the development of the country and signs the
agreements. The Prime Minister, along with his cabinet members, think for the development of the
country and take necessary action. President Pakistan and ministers also announce development
plans.

7. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
It is the responsibility of Pakistan to formulate foreign policy and establish international relations.
The Prime Minister welcomes the Prime Ministers of other countries; they discuss issues of mutual
national interest and sign agreements. His comments are very important in the appointment and return
of travelers and other diplomatic staff. In other countries, the prime minister is decisive in opening
and closing embassies. The country's foreign policy is developed under the supervision of the Prime

12
Minister. The Prime Minister represents the government in global relations. Foreign Minister and
foreign Ministry play a significant role in global relations.

8. MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
Executive is responsible for the presentation and listing of all National Awards. The Prime Minister
heads a few important constitutional institutions, such as the Common Interest Council and the
National Economic Council. The role of the Prime Minister in declaring emergencies is decisive The
Prime Minister and the Ministers represent Pakistan at the domestic and international level. The
international agreements are signed and the voice of the executive is decisive in the domestic system.

FUNCTIONS OF SUPREME COURT IN PAKISTAN

According to the 1973 constitution of Pakistan, the Supreme Court has several powers:

1. ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
This means that the Supreme Court has the authority according to which the Supreme Court can
process any request directly. The Supreme Court exercises its authority in cases where a case requires
interpretation of the Constitution or a matter of division of powers. With regard to basic rights, the
Supreme Court is also entitled to direct hearing. Besides, disputes between the Center and the
provinces, disputes between the provinces, etc., the Supreme Court has the power to hear directly.
The Supreme Court is authorized to hear requests made by citizens or any institution on constitutional
issues.

2. APPELLATE JURISDICTION
According to the constitution, the Supreme Court of Pakistan is hearing appeals against certain
decisions of the High Court of Pakistan. Generally, the Supreme Court hears appeals for civil and
criminal cases that meet the following conditions:
1. When the High Court increases the sentence during appeal.
2. Cases that are sought by the High Court subordinate courts and increase the sentence.
3. When the High Court punishes in contempt of court case.
4. A case that requires clarification of the Constitution.
5. Cases that cost more than Rs. 50,000.
6. Any case that the Supreme Court can approve for appeal.
In addition, an appellate bench has been set up to hear appeals against the decisions of the Federal
Shariat Court, which is capable of hearing appeals under the Constitution and the law.

3. ADVISORY JURISDICTION
According to Article 186 of the Constitution, the President of Pakistan can seek legal advice from the
Supreme Court on any legal issue. The Supreme Court is obliged to advise the President, but the
President has the discretion of Pakistan whether to act on it or not. The President of Pakistan can ask
the Supreme Court to interpret any legal code.

4. GUARDIAN OF THE CONSTITUTION

In the Constitution, the Supreme Court is empowered to define an obscure part or section of the
Constitution and that interpretation becomes part of the Constitution. For example, the Constitution

13
stated that elections for the National Assembly would be held five years later. Taking advantage of
this, General Zia conducted non-party elections. This section of the constitution was challenged in the
Supreme Court to interpret it. The Supreme Court decided that elections should be held on a party
basis. Remember that Supreme Court constitutional interpretations become part of the Constitution.
The Supreme Court is also the protector of the distribution of powers. If there is a dispute over the
division of powers between the provinces or between the center and the province, the Supreme Court
has the power to make the final decision. This authority of the court is of extraordinary importance as
these decisions promote the Constitution. The Supreme Court of Pakistan issued unique decisions on
a number of constitutional petitions under the doctrine requirement. In keeping with parliamentary
laws and judicial laws, the Supreme Court has the power to review any decision. In the light of these
facts, if any new decision or new facts are brought to the notice of the court after a decision, the court
has the right to review its decision. The Supreme Court has the power to issue directions in various
forms. The Supreme Court has the right to issue various directions in any case being heard in any
court of Pakistan. The court may issue orders that a person, institution or document be presented to
the court. Such instruction is effective throughout the country. May direct a High Court to enforce its
decisions. In Pakistan's customs, Pakistani citizens have been given many basic rights. No one has the
right to violate these rights. At the request of a citizen, the court may declare any law issued by the
Parliament or the Provincial Assembly, or any order issued by the executive, which conflicts with any
fundamental right of the Constitution. In short, it is fair to say that according to the Constitution of
Pakistan, the Constitution protects the basic rights of the citizens. All decisions of the Supreme Court
in this regard will be final.

5. MISCELLANEOUS POWERS
In view of the requirements of justice, the Supreme Court reserves the right to transfer the case
pending in any High Court to another High Court. The Court may approve rules for judicial
proceedings and may make rules for its employees with the approval of the President. In some cases,
the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has to intervene in the proceedings itself which is called Suo
Moto.

COMPARISON OF LEGISLATURE, EXECUTIVE AND JUDICIARY DURING

DEMOCRACY AND DICTATORSHIP
Others have been passing in democratic and dictatorial times in Pakistan and both have seen
significant differences in governance. During the democratic period, political activists were the main
political parties in the country. The respondents remained accountable to Parliament and the public. It
has the principle of collective responsibility. During the democratic period, the elected Prime
Minister of the country remained the administrative head of the country and the highest powers of the
country remained in the hands of the Prime Minister. During the democratic period, generally the
cabinet was a mix of different political parties and the government continued to work in a cohesive
manner. That is why it is difficult for a large party to implement agendas, manifestos and electoral
commitments freely. Such elected governments also gained public confidence. During the democratic
period, the aspirants continued to conform to the aspirations and trends of the people. Due to the
coalition system, democratic administration has often been unstable. Democratic governments
continue with public participation. During the dictatorial period, executive was often non-political.
The powers remained in the hands of the martial law administrators or the military forces in general.
In this system, the members of the executive were left unmanaged because of the intense
concentration of powers in these systems. The executive are usually members of the Kings Party, or

14
officers are royal, big businessmen, landlords and businessmen. In this system, the attitude of the
executive is always authoritarian. The governing administration remains accountable to the individual
and acts as the personal employee of the governor. There was no collective or public response to this
type of cause. In some dictatorial periods, the ruling party's politicians were merged to form a
political party and the practice of civil and military rule was adopted.
In the democratic period, the elected legislature legislates for the country. Later, a central legislature
was drafted by the provincial assemblies. The representatives of the democratic period were the true
elected representatives of the people. Worked from the legislature to constitutional and democratic
legislation. Despite many weaknesses, the legislature of this period continued to function in a
democratic way and received public trust and support. Pakistan's first general elections in the
democratic period resulted in the elected legislature, which approved the 1973 consensus by the
public wishes and political parties. In the third period, the elected political democratic legislature
works. Public opinion was respected and the legislature adopted a democratic approach despite some
setbacks. The legislature abolished all undemocratic amendments of the dictatorship and restored the
constitution to its original form.
During the dictatorial period, the legislature remained rigid. Ayub Khan's legislature was elected
through the core democracies where Ayub Khan's supporting party convention was majority Muslim
League. Its members had no choice but to say yes to the dictator. The other parties were not
representative. In one way, it was undemocratic and secondly, the legislature of Ayub Khan was
nothing more than a machine to legalize and constitute his dictatorial desires and actions. During the
first and second periods of General Zia-ul-Haq, elections were held on a non-partisan basis of a
nominated type of council, and Muhammad Khan Junejo was appointed prime minister. The
legislature was nothing but a rubber seal by which General Zia provided legal protection for his
illegal and unconstitutional actions. It was made up of non-political, non-party and Zia supporters. It
did not have the support of the people and this legislature amended the eighth amendment of the
constitution by disrupting the constitution which gave the president important powers. General Pervez
Musharraf held the general election in 2002, in which the Musharraf-backed Muslim League formed
the government. The legislature also provided legal protection for the cruel and oppressive actions of
a dictator. It was also no more than a rubber seal.

COMPARISION OF THE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT AND PRIME MINISTER

UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1973
Since the eighth constitutional amendment in 1973, the powers of the President and the Prime
Minister have been balanced. According to the customs, the president is the symbolic and
constitutional head of the country. The Prime Minister is the head of the government and the
country's administrative head. All administrative matters are the responsibility of the Prime Minister
and his cabinet. The President has the formal authority to appoint ministers, but the names and
departments of the ministers are actually presented to the Prime Minister by the President and the
President is obliged to accept them. The Prime Minister can advise the dismissal of any minister and
presides over cabinet meetings. The Prime Minister is obliged to keep the President aware of
government activities. In this way it can be said that the Prime Minister has the real administrative
powers of the country.
In addition to being a prime minister, the Prime Minister is the Leader of the House. He is also the
leader of the majority party in the National Assembly. He attends legislative meetings. All legal
proposals are prepared in consultation with the ministers and the prime minister and the direction of

15
the prime minister in this regard is of paramount importance. The President convenes a meeting of
any House, addresses the Commonwealth meeting at the beginning of each parliamentary year, and
signs the Legislature-approved legislation. In the event of a disagreement, the legislature may re-
approve this law. With regard to the legislature, the prime minister's most important option is to break
the National Assembly. In the spirit of the Constitution, the President signs the fiscal rules of the
National Assembly. After the budget is approved, it is sent for the President's signature. The President
of Pakistan appoints the Auditor General of Pakistan and the members of the National Economic
Council and the National Financial Council to investigate the finances in the country. The Finance
Minister presents the draft in the National Assembly. The annual budget of the country is prepared
and presented as per the directive of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister practically controls the
national exchequer. After the National Assembly about the National Treasury, the Prime Minister is
empowered, but the Prime Minister has real powers. Because the PM's party has a majority in the
National Assembly and the budget presented by the government is approved. Therefore, the Prime
Minister also has a degree in financial matters.
Although appointments to key positions in the country are made by the President's office, the Prime
Minister chooses individuals for those positions. These positions include travel, military generals,
members of the Public Service Commission, chairman of various sovereign bodies, and provincial
governors. Now the Prime Minister and the Leader of Opposition sends the name of the Chief Justice
Election Commissioner to the Parliamentary Committee. In this way, the Prime Minister and the
Leader of the Opposition also have the authority to nominate a caretaker government after the
abolition of the government. The Prime Minister is the direct leader of the people. It belongs to the
country's largest political party and has its roots in the people. The president is usually a moderately
above-average person who is keeping an eye on the national interest and does not directly engage in
political affairs.
It can be concluded that the real dynamic leader of the country is the prime minister who is the real
representative of the people. The president is a formal head of state. Thus, from the constitutional
point of view, the Prime Minister is the leader in the politics of the country.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF POLICE
Police is an important part of the government and it has been given the basic responsibility of
establishing peace and order within geographical borders. In Pakistan, the police have many powers
and responsibilities. Mainly, the task of the police is to establish law and order within the country;
however, when the situation is beyond the control of the police, the government may call for
paramilitary forces or the army to assist the police. Police are trained to combat unrest. It is the
responsibility of the police to track down terrorist groups and infiltrating forces and to punish them.
The protection of the lives and property of the people is the responsibility of the police. The police
detain the criminals and present them in court for punishment. Gambling, drug trafficking, theft, drug
trafficking, assassination, robbery, kidnapping, hoarding and black marketing, etc. are the crimes that
the police are responsible for controlling. Police generally have a complete record of criminals. It is
the responsibility of the police to locate their centers and groups. Thus, the culmination of many
crimes and the establishment of law and order is the top responsibility of the police.
A traffic police department is known as the Traffic Police for traffic control. Traffic police challans
vehicles in violation of the law and present them in court. The department is raising awareness of the
traffic laws through the media. It is the responsibility of the police to issue driving licenses, establish
traffic and order on the roads, prevent accidents and access to accidents, patrol roads and provide duty

16
at checkpoints. It is the duty of the police to plan and solve traffic laws in cities. It has its own
scientific research centers to determine the legal status of vehicles. In every major road and square,
policemen stand ready for public service. If the police did not do this, then how many accidents do
not occur on a daily basis, and how many illegal and criminal traffic accidents occur?
At the district level, there are two police departments:
1. Investigation Branch
2. Operational Branch
1. INVESTIGATION BRANCH
This police department prepares cases. Each district has its own head. This department prepares cases
filed in the police stations to be presented to the court. It is the responsibility of the Branch to keep a
record of correspondence and cases between the court and the police. The department is in contact
with other police departments to prepare cases. Various scientific steps take place to find out the facts
in important and complex cases. Accessing facts through fingerprints is an important scientific
process. This field consists of scientific laboratories, which, after the use of firearms, analyze their
fragments and obtain information. Criminals and responsible people are accessed in scientific ways.
The police, through its intelligence personnel, reviews the situation before an incident and enables the
police to eliminate crime or accidents before they occur. The secret police are the key to reaching the
facts. This police department receives sensitive information and thus detects crime. The role of
volunteer citizens is very important in this regard.

2. OPERATIONAL BRANCH
In addition to investigative activities and preparation of cases, all other duties are the responsibility of
this branch. It is also known as the raiding branch.

ROLE OF ARMY AS A GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION

Pakistan Army is one of the most important state institutions in our country. The army is legally
entrusted with the responsibility of protecting the country's borders and protecting against foreign
invasions and aggression. The army’s most important responsibility is the security of the country's
borders. In this regard, the spirit and professionalism of the Pakistani army is not hidden from
anyone. Like every country, Pakistanis have the potential for development, but peace and external
threats to security are essential for bringing them to fruition. When the military shifts its focus to
other responsibilities, it creates a sense of security among the people and they focus on creative
activities. The army produces strong, brave, trained, skilled manpower. The army builds roads,
canals, bridges and tunnels, etc. with the help of an expert force. The army sacrificed lives in the
construction of Shahra Karakoram. There is a regular system of education and training within the
military and every individual is given opportunities to develop in his or her educational ability.
According to the constitution, when an emergency arises and circumstances are not under the control
of the civil administration, the government can summon the army. Whenever Pakistan has faced
problems such as natural disasters, racial and ethnic conflicts, deteriorating law and order situation
and terrorism, the army has been summoned. Pakistan Army played an important role in the recent
floods. Took people out, settle them and deliver them aid, food and medicine. Played a vital role in
restoring communication.

17
In Pakistan, the army established special training institutes and organized man-made management on
modern and scientific lines. A certain number of officers were given special skills. In today's era,
army is serving. The army is used for the internal development of the country. In fact, the military is
formed in anticipation of wars and wars in the future, but in today's time the chances are very low.
The army is therefore used for internal security and development work in the late hours. The army is
also a training institute in Pakistan. People are recruited from traditional society and they are
transported to a new world. In this way, they gain awareness of decision making and change. They
realize that the homeland demands sacrifices. Organization, sanctions, rank-and-file development,
command and obedience in the army, etc., create the notion that things are based on merit. In
Pakistan, the army can play a significant role in economic development.
Pakistan's military has been providing measures for peace in the world. Pakistan's role in the UN
peacekeepers has been prominent. Unfortunately, it has been observed that the army is sometimes so
involved in development and political affairs that it forgets its original duty - defense. Thus,
development plans and political interventions at the expense of national defense and security remain
meaningless. It is better that the army be limited to its professional activities and wherever needed,
the government can constitutionally engage the army.

--

CHAPTER 2
RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN

Define the term “Children” and need of a convention on the rights of children?
1. CHILDREN
A young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority. Different
countries have draw different limits for the age of children.

2. ACCORDING TO CRC
According to “Convention on Rights of Children (CRC)” any human who is under 18 years old is a
child.

3. NEED OF A CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN

Children all over the world are victims and their fundamental rights are violated and they are being
dealt with non-human behaviors and child labors in all over the world is becoming common and this
child labor is at its dangerous extreme level in underdeveloped countries. Poor orphans and abnormal
or special children are even considered as non-human and people are behaving with them as if they
are non-human. This is a serious threat which needs to be controlled by the world. They are also
humans; they are innocent and really need the love and care of parents and that of environment and
the society. They need the right of education, right of health facilities just like other humans and it is
the responsibility of the government to provide them with such facilities. Due to which such issue
needs to be addressed. Internationally there is a convention passed regarding the rights of children.
But they are still facing the problems of their rights. Now it is the responsibility of every country to
give it a practical shape so that the rights of the children are protected.

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  WHAT ARE THE MAIN POINTS OF PROTECTION TO
CHILDREN RIGHTS IN CRC?
1. PROTECTION TO THE CHILDREN RIGHTS IN CRC
The rights of children convention were established on 2 nd September, 1990. All the countries of the
world extended it except America and Somalia, and any country can join the convention and have to
give an extension and they should present it to the secretary General of UN. Following are the rights
of children according to CRC:

 CHILDREN RIGHTS TO PROTECTION

1. According to this convention family is the basic element of a society and the family members
provide them with such environment required for their healthy and best growth and it is
responsibility of every state to help and protect these institutions so that its members would
perform their duties and responsibilities in society.
2. According to the convention the countries should have in mind that after and before the birth
of a child due to his immaturity he deserves the right of protection.
3. In article 2.2 state parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is
protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status
activities, expressed opinions or beliefs of the child’s parents, legal guardian or family
members.
4. State parties undertake to ensure that the institutions and child’s protection and care is
necessary for his other well being taking into account the rights and duties of their parents,
legal guardians or his or her individual legally responsible for them and to this end, shall take
all appropriate legislative and administrative measures.
5. According to article 16 no child shall be subjected to arbitrary or un lawful interference with
his or her privacy, family, home or correspondence nor to unlawful attacks on their honor and
reputation. The child has the right to protection of law against such interference or attacks.
6. The 19th article says that state parties shall take all appropriate, legislative, administrative
social and educational measures to protect child from all forms of physical or mental violence
injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment explanation including sexual
abuse.
7. The article 20th is about a child temporarily or permanently deprived of his family
environment or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain in that environment
shall be entitled to special protection provided by state parties shall in accordance with their
national laws ensure alternative care for such a child.
8. Ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by competent authorities who determine
in accordance with applicable law and procedures and on the basis of all permanent and
reliable information that the adoption is permissible in view of child’s status concerning
parents.
9. According to article 32nd state parties recognize the right of a child to be protected from
economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to
interfere with child education or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental,
spiritual, moral or social development.
10. According to article 33rd state parties shall take appropriate measures to protect children from
the illicit use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substance as defined.

19
 11. 35th article is about children scale that the state parties shall take appropriate all appropriate
national, bilateral, multilateral to prevent abduction of the sale of or traffic in children for any
purpose.
12. According to 37th article no child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel in human or
degrading treatment or punishment. Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment
without possibility of release shall be impose for offences committed by people below 18
years of age. No child shall be deprived of his or her liberty.
13. 38th article state parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for rules of international
humanitarian law applicable to them in armed conflicts which are relevant to child. They
should not take part in hostilities.
14. In article 40th no child alleged as or accused of having infringed the penal law by reason of
act that was not prohibited by international law at time. To be presumed innocent until proven
guilty according to law. Not to compelled to give testimony or to confess guilty.
 EXPLAIN THE PROVISION OF CHILDREN RIGHTS IN CRC
 PROVISION OF RIGHTS OF CHILDREN IN CRC:
Following are the provision of rights of children in CRC:
1. According to the convention states are forced to facilitate the students, or children in every
way of life.
2. In article 4 state parties shall undertake all measures for implementation of rights recognized
in convention with regards to social, economic and cultural rights.
3. According to article 6.2 state parties shall ensure to the maximum extent possible the survival
and development of a child.
4. In article 7 the child shall be registered after birth and have right of name. State parties shall
implement their rights in accordance with national law.
5. According to article 8 state parties undertake to respect the right of child to preserve them
identify including nationality name family relations. Parties shall provide them protection.
6. According to article 9.3 state parties shall respect the right of the child who is separated from
one or both parents to remain personal relation and direct contact with both parents.
7. According to article 18 state parties shall use their best efforts to ensure recognition of
principle that both parents have same responsibilities. They shall take all measures to ensure
the child’s right to benefit from child care services and facilities.
8. According to article 24 state parties shall facilitate child’s right of highest standard of health
and education.
9. According 26th article state parties shall recognize for every child the right to benefit from
social security. The benefits should, where appropriate, be granted taking into account the
resources of child and his guardian.
10. According to 2th article state parties recognize the right of child to standard of living
adequate for their physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development.
11. According to 28th article state parties shall recognize the educational rights of child and to
make primary education compulsory and free.
12. According to 29th article the educational of child is directed to development of child’s
personality, talents, mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential. The development
of respect for child’s parents. The development of respect for natural environment.
13. According to 39th article state takes all appropriate measures to promote physical or
psychological recovery of child’s victim any form of neglect tortures etc.

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  WHAT ARE THE RIGHTS OF PARTICIPATION TO CHILDREN
IN CRC?
 RIGHTS OF PARTICIPATION TO CHILDREN IN CRC
Following are the rights of participation to children in CRC:
1. According to 9th article state parties shall ensure that a child shall not be separated from his or
her parents against their will, expect when competent authorities subject to judicial review.
2. According to 12th article state parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming their
own reviews for rights to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child their
views given due weight in accordance with age and maturity.
3. According to 13th article the child shall have the right to freedom of expression, freedom to
seek, receive and impart information.
4. According to 14th article state parties shall respect the rights of child to freedom of thought,
conscience and religion.
5. According to 15th article state parties recognize the rights of child to freedom of association
and freedom of peaceful assembly.
6. According to 17th article state parties recognize the important functions performed by mass
media shall ensure that child has access to information and material from adversity of
national and international sources and encourage mass media to disseminate information and
material of social and cultural benefits to child.
7. According to 23rd article state particles recognize that mentally or physically disabled child
should enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance
and facilitate the child’s active participation in the community.
8. According to 30th article in those states in which ethnic religious, linguistic minorities or
persons of indigenous origin exist a child shall not be denied the right, in community with
other members of his or her group to enjoy their culture and to practice his own religion or to
use own language.

WHAT ARE THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CRC?

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CRC:
Convention on the rights of the children (CRC) is based on same basic principles and all of its
signatures are supposed to extend it or to give it an extension which has to be has be handed over to
Secretary General. Almost every country has been extended it except for Unites States of America
(USA) and Somalia, and Somalia has now shown its interest in signing the convention and all the
signatories are bound to accept it. On international point of view according international convention it
is one of the biggest conventions between the world. Because there was not such a convention before
which were having such numbers of countries involved and the signatories are bound to obey the
international law and they form a committee which introduce its report after a year. The basic
principles of this convention are the main role of parents or guardians and brought their attention to
the parent or guardian or the one who took case of them and then they facilitate them with required
facilities. To ensure their right of expression education, health etc.
They also consult about the punishment of child and to prevent in order to beat them and also tries to
remind the state or to remember them how the rights of child so that the state parties shall take strong
action regarding children rights.

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WHAT IS THE COMPARISON OF RIGHTS OF CHILDREN IN CRC
AND OF THAT IN ISLAM?
1. COMPARISON OF RIGHTS OF CHILDREN IN CRC AND RIGHTS OF
CHILDREN IN ISLAM:
Following is the comparison of children rights in CRC and that of rights in Islam.

2. FAMILY LIFE:
In the convention of children rights in CRC which is an international convention which throws light
on the importance of family in child’s growth and their life as they provide them with the
environment best for them to learn. In Islam family life is a support for the rights of children and it is
the right of every child to get the love and affection of its family and is their right to give them equal
rights.
According to Surah al Baqarah 233 in Quran:
“And mother should feed her child for two years”.

3. SELF RESPECT:
CRC plays an important role in convention committee regarding self-respect in child. According to
16th article in convention the respect and fame of child is protected. According to 37 th article state
parties are bound to such thing that children should not be punished or tortures physically and
mentally. Also, in 19th article they should not be physically or mentally harmed.

4. ADOPTIVE MOTHER:
According to 20th article state parties should arrange adoptive mothers to look after the orphans. But
Islam always encouraged the adoptive mothers and this custom was present in Arabia thousand of
years ago. They used to give their newly born children to the nurses.

5. SAVING FROM DRUGS:

According to convention children should not use the drugs and other alcoholics and it is the duty of
state parties to stop them or save them. These are also Haram in Islam.

6. EDUCATION:
According to convention children should be provided with the highest level of education which is the
prime responsibility of the state parties to give them the best possible education. On the other hand, in
Islam also throws light on the importance of education. Prophet Muhmmad (SAW) says that:
“Seeking of education is obligatory for every men and women.”

7. RESPONSIBILITIES OF PARENTS:
According to 7th article parents should fulfill their duties and responsibilities of their children and they
are also advised to have mercy and thankfulness on their children. Islam also widened the
responsibilities of the parents that it is their responsibility to feed them, cloth them and provide them
shelter and protect them, educate them and facilitate them in health.

22
 8. SELL AND PURCHASE:
In convention the cell and purchase for children should be controlled. In Islam it is also prohibited.

9. IDENTITY:
According to 8th article state parties should respect the rights of children. So, children can protect their
identity including nationality, name, family etc. and state parties will help children in issues regarding
their identity. Islam also protects child’s identity. Arabia the custom of adoptive mothers. The
children were not recalled by their adoptive mother but uses his real identity.

10. PROTECTION:
The 6.2 article is regarding the protection of children which is the responsibilities of state parties to
ensure their protection. Islam also ensure protection to children rights.

11. ORPHANS:
According to 20th article orphans should also be given their due rights of education, proper health.
Quran also told the rights of orphans and that they should not be treated harsh and tortured.

12. PHYSICAL AND MORAL TRAINING:

It was ensured in convention that the physical and moral training should be protected and to protect
them from such environment where they are facing such issues. Such thing which are present in
convention are not present in convention are not present in Islam but Islam also did not against them
also children are to be kept away from the army and soldiers.

 WHAT ARE WOMEN RIGHTS?

1. WOMEN RIGHTS:
Women are the half population of world and their rights are now under discussion everywhere.

2. ACCORDING TO OXFORD DICTIONARY:

According to oxford dictionary women rights are such rights which promotes the social and equality
in accordance to law between men and women.

3. GENDER AND SEX:

There are two kind of sex/gender male and females. Gender is characteristics which shows difference
between male and female. For example, the pitch of sound of male and female is different due to
which we can determine whether it is a male or female.

 EXPLAIN COMPARISION BETWEEN CONVENTION ON

ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMAN
CEDAW AND ITS COMPARISON WITH WOMEN RIGHTS IN
ISLAM

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 1. COMPARISION OF ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST
WOMEN WITH THEIR RIGHTS IN ISLAM:
Following is the comparison between convention on elimination of discrimination against women
CEDAW with women rights in Islam.

2. EQUALITY AND ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION:

According to 2nd article of convention every country will stand for the discrimination made against
women and they will try to solve the discrimination for women and to make steps for the equality of
men and women rights. According to 15th article of this convention that men and women should be
equal in perspective of law. According to 5 th article state party will take all the steps required to end
or abolish the discrimination against women. According to 13 th article state parties will abolish any
social, economic, cultural inequality between men and women. Islam is a complete code of life and
always against inequality in society and supports women equality and we can see that on many
occasions in Holy Quran where it is described that men and women are equal.

3. RESPECT AND PROTECTION:

According to 6th article of convention all signatories will not promote any sell and purchase of women
for any profit or money which is also prohibited in Islam. According to 9 th article women should have
their right of keeping nationality or changing them. Islam also promotes the respect and protection of
women and husband are supposed to love their wives and not having a harsh or bad behavior with
them and are bound to protect them as they have taken them as Allah’s trust.

4. EDUCATION:
According to 10th article of convention men and women shall be given same educational facilities. In
Islam which also throws light on the education of men and women. According to Prophet Muhammad
(SAW):
“Seeking of knowledge is obligatory for every men and women.”
This shows us the importance of women education.

5. DUTY OF PROFESSION:
According 11th article women have the right to join the profession the wanted there is no ban on them
they can choose which field they want to go for and they will enjoy complete protection under law. In
Islam or Quran as there is no such saying or words regarding women profession but at least there is
no ban on them but they are free to use their wages or income of their own choice.

6. MARRIAGE:
According to 16th article that there should be no pressure on women regarding marrying someone and
is the duty of state parties to abolish such thoughts or inequality.
In Islam marriage is the right of women but it is also her right of women but it is also her right that
she must not be forced and must be free in her decision.

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 7. POLITICAL RIGHTS:
According to 7th and 8th article women they should be given their political rights as that of men. They
should be given right to vote and also right to contest elections. They should be present in political
problems or in political consultation. According to 3 rd article political parties joining state parties are
bound to ensure their political social economical cultural rights just like that of men. In Islam women
have many political rights. They can take part in hospitals as nurses and in educational system etc.
---

Chapter No 3
Political rights
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION:
According to the requirements of the world, nowadays the whole world has become a global village .
Scientific development , modern Russell Versailles and computers and the Internet have played a
vital role in the globalization and international trade . Politics and exponents have an impact on each
other and are incomplete without each other at the national level . The study of the ways in which
particulars of economics and corporate wisdom influence each other called political monopoly . It
combines politics and economics . Economic globalization refers to the deepening of states' influence
on each other and their dependence on each other. This is the result of the movement of goods,
services, technology and other capital around the geographical boundaries of the country. It is the
name of a growing economic solidarity between countries. Thus the concept of a market globally is
emerging and they consist of the globalization of production, markets, competition, technology,
corporations and manufacturing.
DIRECT FOREGIN AID :
This means financial or material assistance, which is provided by a country or a global institution in
the context of a wealthy future . The foreigner is a foreign soldier or chief who gives one country to
another country . Japan , the United Kingdom, and the United States are among the top countries.
There are also a plethora of resources available for private and private companies . The foreign people
are on the basis of humanitarian sympathy then to achieve their national interests .
ECONOMIC GOLABALIZATION:
Economic Globalization means that the world is gaining global prominence and the world is a village
in the context of austerity. In fact, there is a collection of things - the rapid spread of Mobility, the
rapid spread of trade, the global markets for investments , the formation of foreign erosion and
erosion reports, etc. It is a revolutionary revolution in which any investor can do investment
anywhere in the world. Any investor can use his wealth, technology, financial resources,
management, and labor to create goods anywhere and sell them anywhere in the world.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELPOMENT :
Sustainable development refers to the process of development that lasts for a long time. For example,
if rupees hundred is given to a person everyday for spending on his needs like a subsidy then it will
be like there is still a process. It is better to give a of small amount of subsidy for his business so that
he can earn for himself and so they does not need any sort of help .This is called sustainable

25
development. Environmentalists also plan for sustainable development in such a way as to establish
and sustain economic development to the extent that the environment is not polluted. The Earth is
facing many environmental problems. Humans are the main cause of these problems . For instance
,factories near the rivers get contaminated by the harmful chemicals. The abundance of plastic
products and their excessive use are the main cause of increasing land pollution . These human idiotic
activities are polluting the environment. At the earliest levels it has been felt that sustainable
development will have to limit these unhealthy human activities and take the problem of pollution
forward. There must be a way of life that poses a threat to the natural environment of livestock and
animals. There must be growth, but not at the cost of one's life and that is sustainable growth.
ECONOMY BASED SELF-RELIANCE:
It is a system that is based on its own resources, without any foreign support. It discourages the use of
imports and the use of foreign goods. The public is given anonymity to use domestic products. In this
way, domestic wealth does not transfer to other nation.
IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON PAKISTAN'S ECONOMY:
The following is a brief summary of the positive and negative effects of income generation on the
livelihood of Pakistan.
POSITIVE IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION :
Globalization has made the basics easier and faster. The world has the most up-to-date access to
information and report . Today, you can interact with anyone anywhere in the world in just a few
moments. Pakistan, like other nations, has benefited from the fact that trade and global stimulus
activities have accelerated. Due to this, commercial and business relationships have grown very
rapidly. It also facilitate communication and delivery of goods. Imports and exports have been created
smoothly and fast which has benefited Pakistan as well. Because of these corporations , experts in
Pakistan and trained people are finding better employment opportunities. Thus, unemployment is
decreasing and disappointment in the higher education or conquest classes has reduced to a certain
extent. When the world is like a village, artistic progress has accelerated in all walks of life. In
Pakistan too, technology's influence is on the rise. Likewise, the potential for technical skills is also
increasing. Just take a computer, internet and mobile phone and see how much this thing has
developed in Pakistan. His business, job creation and the speed of development due to them are
incredibly high. Since the world is like a village, the events or accidents in any corner of the world
have an impact on the other side of the world. Countries are aware of each other and if a crisis or
disaster occurs in any other countries, they are there to help those . Recent earthquake and flood
catastrophe in Pakistan made the world vibrant in a few moments and many countries gave immediate
relief and cooperated.
NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION:
Globalization is having a very negative impact on the culture of Pakistan like other developing
countries . The members of the World Heritage are a reference to cultural myth in Pakistan . Their
magazines are polluting the culture of Pakistan, including radio and television broadcasting in
developing countries , including Pakistan . We are facing a cultural invasion . The disadvantages of
mobile phones and the Internet are not hidden from anyone . Religious, moral and cultural values are
being resolved. The dress, habits, language, mannerisms, the way of life, rituals and the ethos, etc.
are becoming clearer. Pakistan is a strong country and in a common global market, Pakistani goods

26
are weaker than the developed or conquered countries. In this way, it would seem like a threat to
socialism . Local industrialization will also change in that it can compete with global shoreline
workplaces even within the country . International lenders provide large salaries and facilities to
employees which are far more attractive to Pakistan lenders. Even so, the balance is not there and
Pakistan's experts are interested in these international donors while leaving the countryside. All of
this is encouraging travel towards a worsening situation.
  ESSENTIALS OF SELF-RELIANT ECONOMY:
Self-reliance refers to the dependence of one individual or country on one another, rather than on
another. It is a form of self. Depending on the financial system, many terms or conditions are
required. If they are ensured, the economic system does not need any support. The first prerequisite
for self-reliance is that the debt and securities of other nations are not distinguished. If a nation
becomes addicted to this drug, its activities can be relaxed. Such nations are nowhere in sight and
look forward to goodwill. These practices also diminish the prospects for growth and advancement.
That is why it is important that the external debt and the assets are greatly discouraged. Large powers
control the developing countries with the finances of many financial institutions. These financial
institutions are very effective. Every aspect of the life of a weak country is controlled by them.
Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the dependence on world leaders, especially the World Monetary
Fund and the World Bank, to become a viable, independent and sovereign nation. The best thing to do
is to live within the resources of the country. It is necessary to spread the legs according to their
sheets. When we go beyond our resources and control our unlimited desires and needs, we have to
look at others. It is better if we learn to live within our resources. People love foreign goods more and
more, because of the scarcity of goods in the country or because of lack of such goods. It remains to
be seen whether such things are destined to survive. If this is not a basic need, then it is best to ignore
it and reduce their use. Pakistan, for example, spends a significant amount of money on tea imports.
To avoid dependence on others, we must give up traditional life. Everyone has to play a dynamic and
living role. Many changes will have to be made and it has to be accepted. Will also have to endure
hardship. All this has to do with living with honor and dignity. Traditionally we continue to look at
global wealth, cooperation and debt. How can we be self-reliant if we do not change this attitude and
move ourselves? The importance of a country's workforce increases when people are technically
strong and well-trained. Development requires the adoption of science and technology. That's why
they need to be well-trained to take on more and more useful work from people. Unfortunately, the
trend of vocational education in our country is very low, which is one of the major obstacles in the
path of development. Vocational education is one of the important accessories for self-reliance.
 There is a need to increase productivity within the country. Agriculture, industrialization and energy
procurement have to be taken on a priority basis. Productivity can be enhanced by employing
resources within the country, promoting education, emphasizing science and technology, and
planning properly. When domestic production increases, external dependence will automatically
decrease or disappear. Unfortunately, people in poor and developing countries prefer foreign goods
and do not like domestic products. Another unfortunate fact is that in these countries, domestic
products are losing their place dangerously because of global trade institutions, continental
corporations, free trade and globalization. Foreign goods are available to people at their doorsteps at a
reasonable price, which is why local products are suffering from a severe crisis. If domestic products
and other items are preferred, it is in favor of self-sufficiency.

27
For the sake of self-reliance, it is imperative that positive and sustainable reforms are made in all the
borders of the country. Make changes to the country's administrative, political, social and social
structures according to new needs, desires and requirements. Every system and every machinery has
to be ready to take on any solutions, problems and activities. It is not possible that in other aspects the
journey towards self-reliance and the structure of the country will not change if all is lost. Simple life
is very important for self-reliance. Simple life will depend on others. The use of simple food, simple
dress, simple clothing and simple accessories are the best cure for the disease. Many lives are painful
not only for themselves but also for others. Reduces the unlimited facilities of top government
employees. The government should control its non-existent expenditures. Ministers and members of
the Assembly should be reduced and the royal expenses of the rulers should be controlled. Non-
productive spending should be minimized and need to focus on development activities. In this way a
self-reliant system can be achieved.
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FUNCTIONS AND OBJECTIVES:
1.WORLD BANK:
The World Bank or World Bank for Reconstruction Development was formed on December 27th in
1945,was created when 29 countries of the world signed a mutual confrontation with Brittany
Widdens.
OBJECTIVES:
The World Bank was established primarily to provide long-term financial support for war-ravaged
Europe. Its main objectives were as follows:
* To facilitate investment for member countries for productive purposes. In this way, assist the
restoration and development of the member states.
* Supporting foreign private investment and debt.
* Promoting balanced global trade Encouraging international investment.
FUNCTIONS:
The critical conditions of the World Bank are:
* The World Bank provides loans and loans to Member States' development plans. For example, the
World Bank in Pakistan provided investment assistance to help lay the electric wire. Similarly, the
World Bank loaned gas and oil corporation to Pakistan. The World Bank has lent several times for the
exploration, distribution of oil and gas.
* The World Bank seeks to strengthen the financial institutions that provide loans to industrial units.
The World Bank provided loans to Pakistan Industries and Credit Trust Investment Corporation,
Agricultural Bank of Pakistan and Commercial Bank, etc. in Pakistan so that these loans could be lent
to the factories.
*The World Bank is also working on human resource development. Special attention is given to the
development of education technical education is of paramount importance. Establishment of
universities, establishment of teacher training institutes and basic educational institutions in medicine
are among the World Bank's priorities.

28
*The World Bank provides guidance for financial reforms to many countries in relation to
privatization. Instructions and guidance are given on taxes, government expenditures, proximity
skaters, harassment policy and racial reporting and investigation.
*It helps to make lending governance more efficient and useful. This vision is instrumental in making
Anticipatory Measures effective and in the management and control system of individuals. It
facilitates social action programs and privatization processes. In this way, the bank also supports non-
governmental organizations working in the fields of education, irrigation and health.
*The World Bank encourages private sector and bank reform.
*The bank also provides assistance in the management of agriculture and natural resources. In 1997,
the World Bank provided a loan of $ 285 million to the Government of Pakistan for drainage.
2.INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUNDS:
The European nations of World War II were deeply troubled by the devastations of the war. To
support each other, the Bretton Woods Conference was held in which the World Bank and the
Financial Fund were founded. The purpose of the IMF was to help strengthen the currency. It is an
international financial fund with a total of 1100 members, including 75 experts.
OBJECTIVES:
*Its most important purpose is to promote international financial support.
*IMF facilitates global trade. It works for the promotion of industries.
*It produces a currency exchange.
*Its purpose is to promote cash-strapped delivery. That is, it is an act to eliminate barriers to
exchange.
*The IMF provides confidence to the member states. Funds are provided to the Member States.
*This equality ensures the right of a competitor. In this regard, any discrimination is included in the
objectives.
FUNCTIONS:
*The IMF made a successful effort to save war-torn countries, especially European monopolies, from
destruction.
*The European Union's development of this fund, the European Union confirmed the exchange.
Europe removes barriers to global trade and foreign exchange. These countries controlled the
inflation of the IMF.
*The fund provides financial resources to countries with financial loss. In the 1960, the IMF gave
special attention to poor countries whose incomes from exports were low.
*The fund provided assistance to countries that were not in a position to repay loans obtained from
other sources.
*In the 1990, the IMF paid special financial attention to the countries of the Central Asian nation who
were liberated from the former Soviet Union, who were heading towards a liberated regime free from
a restrictive economic system. This lender is providing specialist training to experts in Asian
countries so that they can make budgets efficient and manage financial leverage.

29
3.ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK:
The Asian Development Bank is headquartered in Manila (Philippines). It gives member countries
credit for development projects on short terms.
OBJECTIVES:
*Elimination of Poverty.
*Development of human resources.
*Ensuring economic growth.
*Improving women's status.
*Protection of the environment.
FUNCTIONS:
To fulfill the above objectives, the Bank is performing the following situations:
 *Promoting investment in the Member States for development purposes.
*Provide financial support for the development process voluntarily and prioritize regional and
national projects that contribute to a balanced and inclusive growth of the area. Paying special
attention to small and underdeveloped countries.
*Request Member States to cooperate with them in their development policies and plans so that they
can use their resources properly and promote mutual trade.
*Preparation of special development projects, financing and providing technical assistance in
implementing these norms.
*Cooperate with the UN and its agencies on common goals.
POLITICAL IMPACTS OF INTERNATIONAL FINICIAL AND ECONOMIC
INSTITITUON:
 This has an impact on both the lender and the lender of global financial and securities lending.
Politics and economics cannot be separated from each other and both have important and lasting
effects on each other. Political goals are driven by the backdrop of global wealth, cooperation and
debt. Experts believe that foreign aid is an important weapon of the country's foreign policy. The
global borrowings are also made up of individuals and idiosyncratic states, and obviously the builders
have goals. The recipient receives the money and goods, etc. and the donors achieve political and
diplomatic purposes. Their political implications are described in the following points:
 1.The World Bank (GATT) was established in the interest of the United States during World War II.
Its apparent purpose was to support the war-torn Europe, but politically, the United States had to stop
the spread of Soviet Union by gaining European sympathy and support.
2.One of the main aims of these lenders is to influence the behavior of the borrowing country. Such
giveaways influence the decision-making of the borrower. Weak countries have to take instructions
from these leaders in decision making and run the country according to their terms.
3.There are also military purposes of lending and borrowing money or debt. The taking country is
important defensively and it is given individual incentives to influence the country so that donors can
utilize its defensive importance for their own national interests.

30
4.Global leasing seeks commercial and business opportunity. Similarly, diplomatic interests are also
obtained.
5.Global leaders also want to strengthen privatization, political, governance and democracy in the
weak and backward countries. Borrowers also want to achieve prosperous prosperity by borrowing
money and resources to achieve political ends, because idiosyncratic and political methods are
indispensable.
6.These leaders are often called upon to increase their loyalties in world politics.
7. Big countries also want them to always be bigger, to exploit the weak, and to raise their voice
against them. In countries where people raise their voices, there is a desire to establish governments,
contrary to public wishes.
8. The problems with these institutions are to make the country's political situation useful to the
people and to strengthen the political power of the ruling class. Even if the rulers benefit in a timely
manner, the monopoly, self-sufficiency and independence of the country are weakened.
 9. The borrower becomes obliged to comply with the illegal demands, terms and conditions of these
creditors and the states are losing international respect.
10. The ruling parties, on the other hand, seek to obtain credit and support from the global authorities
for the fulfillment of the promises made to the people and the manifesto so that they can secure a
political future.
PROPOSAL TO CHANGE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:
The following are proposals for changes in the goals, structure and procedures of the International
Residual Bodies, which may lead to global conservation protection, free trade and sustainable
development:
1. There is a need for the establishment of a new global economic system through mutual consultation
of developing and developed countries. The rich in the north of the world and the poorest in the south
are the majority. On the basis of equality, negotiations between countries of the two parts of the world
are needed to bring about a solution in the current global axis system that enables a new acceptable
global axis based on equality, equivalent and justice.
2. The common trade and financial system needs to create a new cohesive infrastructure. Exports
from the weaker countries should be encouraged.
3. Third world countries need to cut taxes. Must be a global diet program participant.
4.In order to benefit the third world countries from modern development, science and technology
must ensure that their countries are easily transmitted and available.
5. All countries of the world should have the freedom to adopt whatever economic system they want.
Large powers or world class institutions refrain from interfering, suppressing or compelling them in
this regard.
6. Provide technical and financial support to vulnerable countries for humanitarian relief, with great
powers and global leverage beyond politics.
7. Such changes in the structure of global credit require that the taking countries also be involved in
decision-making effectively because these leases are made for the weak countries and the opinion of
the weaker countries is important.

31
8. The borrower should ease the conditions for the borrower's country by looking at the ambitious
condition and repatriation.
9. The efforts of the global creditors should be addressed in the spirit of personal support that arises in
the Third World, and with good results, to fulfill such wishes.
10. In addition to keeping an eye on republicans from the international, these corporate should be
facilitated in the real development of the Third World.
11. Weak countries must have the right to be dominant over their natural resources. It also controls
the foreign investment of these countries.
12. Maintain the purchasing power of developing countries' raw materials and ensure access to
markets in developed countries.
 13. Increase decision-making authority of the World Bank and the IMF.
14. The IMF voting system also needs to change. Increasing the vote in favor of younger members is
essential. In this way, the new proletarian powers, namely China and Brazil, will have a role. The
World Bank needs more and more support from the UN, IMF, other regional banks, donors and
messenger societies. According to World Bank data, IMF resources are far less than those in
developing countries. That is why the G20 countries need to increase the IMF resources by three
times - from $ 250 billion to $ 750 billion. The appointment of the head of the IMF should be based
on merit regardless of the amount. The sophistication of the IMF's board of directors needs to be
transformed into a top decision maker. The appointment of the head of the World Bank should be on
merit regardless. Such a change in the voting system must also give weight to the powers that be.
15. These lenders need to focus on the more productive investor. For this, their private interests and
regional solidarity should be promoted. America's influence on important decisions must end. The
World Bank should relieve the burden of officer royalty and time so that it can be easier for
borrowers.
16. The World Bank and other regional development banks should strive to remove the barriers of
royalty and policy so that the crisis can be tackled quickly and easily.
IMPACTS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND FINANCE ON ECONOMY OF
PAKISTAN :
PAKISTAN AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE:
Foreign goods sales in Pakistan have been encouraging from 1972-73. The five types of cotton,
including cotton, garments, wool and rice, are still 60% of Pakistan's exports. Most of these items
were low export due to drought, floods and insects. While many are unable to generate revenue due to
poor market and poor quality. Here's how something like Pakistan's trade in billions of US dollars
went:
FISCAL YEAR EXPORTS IMPORTS
2000-01 9.2 10.7
2001-02 9.1 10.3
2002-03 11.2 12.2
2003-04 12.3 15.6
2004-05 14.4 20.6
2005-06 16.5 28.6
2006-07 17.0 30.5
2007-08 19.1 40.0
32
 2008-09 17.7 34.8
2009-10 19.3 34.7
2010-11 24.81 40.41
2011-12 23.64 44.91
2013-14 23.64

Pakistan was the largest commodity market during the US1999-2000 and the US absorbed about 21%
of all sales. The UK, Hong Kong and Germany were also key buyers, with each contributing about
7% while the United Arab Emirates share 5%. In 1999, Pakistan showed a loss of US $ 1.4 billion in
trade. Trade deficit during fiscal year 2007 was US $ 9.7 billion and US $ 15 billion during 2008.
Pakistan's imports include missionary, oil transport tools. They account for eight to eight per cent of
the US and Japan and seven per cent from Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and the UAE. In 2003, the
European Union became Pakistan's largest trading partner, and one-third of Pakistan's exports were
absorbed by the European Union.
Pakistan is a World Trade Organization (WTO) worker. He is also a member of the Regional
Manager (ECO) and an important member of the (SAARC). The regional trade partners of Pakistan
are Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. To reduce the trade deficit, Pakistan increased tariffs on several
items. Pakistan is moving towards free trade encounters with several friendly countries, namely
Malaysia, Sri Lanka and China.
IMPACTS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS ON PAKISTAN:
Pakistan is a World Trade Organization (WTO) worker. The move has the following effects on the
economics and politics of Pakistan:
*This has greatly reduced the investment threshold. 
*Unemployment has increased due to membership of the World Trade Organization.
*Due to its membership, poverty has increased further and the livelihood of the people is further
deteriorated.
*Social evils have also increased because of this. Conflict is the direct result of this evil.
*The encounter has had a negative impact on the government's revenues and expenses.
*Government incarnation of private affairs has been discouraged and the role and involvement of
both of them in national development has diminished.
*Agriculture and private have a negative impact as we cannot compete with developed goods and
products in the international market.
 *Public interest in foreign goods has led to the transfer of wealth abroad.
 *Payment balance is lost.
*Loans are increasing to support their declining financial system.
*This has led to the destruction of the Infernal Waste.
*Political dissatisfaction has led to a spiraling conflict.
 *Immediately, Pakistan is forced to improve the quality of its products.

33
*In order to control the negative effects of the global trade front, Pakistan has had to give priority to
SAARC, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and the independent regional trade front and
interested in regional trade activities. The involvement of private and public spheres is paying
attention. Work is on to further enhance the special trade ceremony with China.
DIFFICULTIES OF PAKISTAN TO ACHIEVE ECONOMIC STABILITY:
The problem of unemployment in Pakistan has been recognized. Unemployed youth have been the
cause of social evils due to unemployment. The government has not yet been able to provide
employment opportunities. The loan facility for self-employment is being misused. The bulk of the
government's income is spent on providing a small number of privileges and services to the
unemployed. Unemployment is thus a major challenge for the country . In Pakistan, there is no
shortage of manpower but the majority of the people are not technically skilled and the main reason
for this is that the people of the country are not attracted to technical education. Everyone is eager to
get general education for employment .Employment is also a government job. Where will the
government now have so many jobs to provide employment to everyone? So unemployment is on the
rise and educated young people also consider doing their job private or every day. Technical and
industrial thinking is very important for sustainable development. Industries also cannot run without
specialists and trained people. Therefore, this problem is also a hindrance to the process of
establishment. Residential solutions have not been good in the country and governments have to
resort to foreign resources and debt. Any government could focus on increasing productivity. Thus,
the burden of external debt on the country increased unbearably. The bulk of the country's revenue
goes into debt repayments and then has to look to global financial institutions and developed
countries for leisure activities. The series is ongoing and the dream of self-reliance is no longer a
shame.
A large part of Pakistan's national budget is used for military purposes. It is the compulsion of every
government to do so because in the current circumstances, defense must also be strengthened. The
real problem is the bad relations of Pakistan and India and the main reason for this is Kashmir. India
is also spending a significant amount of its budget on the military. The people of both countries are
poor and their social lives are merciful, while the money of their governments is wasted on the
purchase of guns and protection. Dangerous military expeditions hinder the course of economic
exploitation.
Pakistan lacks foreign investment. Such reasons are the lack of incentives from the government and
the most important insecurity. Terrorism and law and order situation in the country is a serious threat
to foreign investors. Without the interest of global investors, domestic prosperity is very difficult.
Therefore, this problem is also a major hurdle for Pakistan's lobbying. Unfortunately, the government
does not have the opportunity to utilize the domestic resources as the government is stuck in other
serious issues. On the one hand, resources are not being utilized properly while on the other hand
there is concern due to the rapid increase in population. It is also difficult for people to meet basic
needs and basic necessities of life if they are overwhelmed by their contribution. National income and
external debt are spent on providing basic necessities and there is no development work. If the
economics of the developed countries of the world are closely studied, it becomes clear that the
literacy rate in these countries is very high.
 ---

Chapter No 4
International Disputes and Resolution
Introduction:
34
Where human beings are inhabited, it is a natural matter for mutual cooperation to exist, as well as
differences. Conflict can arise between two humans. Conflicts arise within a family or tribe, and
conflicts arise between peoples. Similarly, it is a natural thing for a country to have differences and
disputes between countries. The causes of the wars between the First and Second World Wars and the
countries in the world also began with disputes to obtain resources and supremacy. Conflicts continue
to arise, but countries can also resolve these disputes through mutual consultation, thought-provoking
and best strategies.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE EXISTING INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS:
1. Palestine Dispute:
Modern Palestine is a region on the east and east that extends from the Mediterranean to the Jordan
River and Lebanon to the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. In 1917, the Palestinian territories migrated from
Turkey to Britain. At that time a World Jewish Organization (Zionism) was started, with the aim of
establishing a Palestinian Territory Israel, a state for Jews spread throughout the world. The United
Kingdom also announced its support for that purpose. Despite clear opposition from the Arabs, Jews
began to come to Palestinian territories, and by 1947, about 19 million Jews had settled here. That
year, the UN decided that the area would be divided into two states, namely Palestine and Israel, and
given Jerusalem under international control. Israel acknowledged the decision, but the Arabs strongly
opposed the division of the area. Thus the creation of the State of Israel was announced on May 14,
1948. At the time of Israel's establishment, the area was home to 35 percent Jews and 65 percent
Palestinians. The existence of Israel was not recognized by the Arab world and the Arabs were
defeated in the Arab Israeli War in 1948-49. Israel occupied the new city of Jerusalem and half of
Palestine. Jordan decided on the west side of Old Jerusalem and the Jordan River, while Egypt
decided on the Gaza Strip. In 1967, a six-day war broke out between Arabia and Israel, in which
Israel occupied the western bank of the Jordan River, the Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem. From this
the Palestinians scattered. About a million Israelis became citizens, forty-eight million west and Gaza
strip, and about five million refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and other Arab countries. During that
time there were small battles between Palestinian mujahidin and Israelis. The Palestinian people
inflicted unspeakable atrocities and the Western countries continued to support Israel. On September
13, 1993, the head of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) met in Oslo was confronted by the
head of the Palestinian Organization or the headquarters of the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli
government. The Gaza Strip and some areas in the West Bank established their own government
under the name of the Palestinian Authority. But in return, the PLN has vowed to wipe out Israel and
the Palestinian mujahidin, and they also recognize Israel, led by an organization called Hamas, and
vow to wage an armed struggle to establish a Palestinian state. Talks between the PLO and Israel for a
permanent solution to the conflict continued until 2010, but no conclusions were reached and thus the
future of the Oslo Front is at stake. However, the solution to this problem is certainly to engage in
dialogue and what appears to be a Palestinian national authority is the focus of the talks.
2. Afghan Disputes:
Afghan history is full of wars. The current Afghan conflict began when aerial attacks on US World
Trade Center New York City and Pentagon in September 2001 killed thousands of people in addition
to financial loss. The United States claimed it against al-Qaeda, an extremist Muslim organization
that was then a guest of the Taliban government in Afghanistan. The US called on Mullah
Mohammad Omar, the Taliban chief in Afghanistan, to close all al-Qaeda centers in Afghanistan and
hand over al-Qaeda's leadership, especially Osama bin Laden to the United States. The Afghan

35
leadership refused to meet those demands and the United States declared war on the Taliban and al-
Qaeda. In the name of global affirmation against this terror, the United States mobilized its
supporters, which also included Pakistan as a terror. Ammunition was dropped on Afghanistan in
tons. Within a few months the Taliban regime was abolished. Several prominent Taliban and al-
Qaeda leaders were killed and several arrested. Arrested prisoners were given unlawful sentences in
Cuba's Guantanamo Bay jail. Al-Qaeda's major shelters and training facilities were destroyed in
Afghanistan.
In Afghanistan, the United States has established its support or victory government, which has the
support of NATO and more than forty allied countries, but still there is no peace in Afghanistan,
which is why our tribal areas and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are here. The need is that once he
incorporates the veil of realism into his Georgian policy, instead of calling global Muslim movements
a terrorist, he recognizes libertarian motivations and instead of supporting the oppressor, he may be
the victim of oppression. No one will try to repeat events like September 11 2001. That is why
America and its allies should adopt the policy of Geo and live. A sustainable solution to the
Afghanistan problem requires:
1. US and coalition forces leave Afghanistan.
2. America adopts Muslim friendly policy.
3. Global issues should be viewed on the basis of equality, justice and compassion.
4. Let democracy be flourished and the neighboring countries should be honest.
5. The honest Afghan leadership should be brought forward.
6. Effectively contribute to UN and Islamic leadership.
7. Everyone should be recognized for their right to life and survival.
8. The US, the Afghan leadership and the Taliban sit down and discuss the objective.
Looking at the history of global conflicts and problems, one can conclude that in every issue, the loss
of human lives has finally led to dialogue. Therefore, it is imperative that the issue be resolved
diplomatically and politically and that the path of mutual dialogue be adopted.

3.Kashmir Dispute:
Before the independence of Pakistan, Kashmir was an independent state. On June 3, 1947, according
to the partition plan of India, all Indian states were given the right to have their states govern their
geographical boundaries, whether they were close to India or connected to Pakistan. Secondly, the
state has a majority of Muslims or Hindus. The Raja of Kashmir has declared both these things as
exaggerated from India. Kashmiri Muslims objected to this. The tribesmen of Pakistan went to
Kashmir and declared jihad against India and liberated the present Azad Kashmir from India while
occupied Kashmir is in the control of India. India reached the UN to stop the Kashmir war, and the
UN unanimously voted in Kashmir for a resolution, deciding the future of Kashmir, but India has

36
quietly taken over. A line of control has been established between occupied and independent
Kashmir.
In Kashmir, the people have begun their struggle for independence from India. The essence of
totalitarianism is the representative political affiliation of the people. India has mobilized a large part
of the army in Kashmir to suppress independence and so far over one hundred thousand Kashmiris
have been martyred. The Kashmir issue is a serious problem between Pakistan and India which can
cause war between the two countries at any time. Both countries are nuclear powers and any potential
war will take over Asia and then the whole world. This problem is one of the biggest obstacles to the
development of the region. That is why an urgent solution is needed. Possible solutions to this
problem are:
1. A Muslim state should be established by giving freedom to both parts of Kashmir.
2. Divide the two parts into independent states.
3. Kashmiris should be empowered to decide for themselves.
The solution to this problem is very important for the peace and development of the world and Asia
so that people of both countries and Kashmiris can focus their attention on development activities.
Therefore, it is much better to resolve the issue with gunpowder discussions by representatives of
India, Pakistan and Kashmir and resolve the issue and Pakistan-India high-level talks can be resumed
seriously.

4.Iraq Disputes:
The US administration, under President Bush's observation, decided that Iraq was developing a Mass
Destruction of Weapons (WMD) that could be used against the civilized world. In fact, the late
President Saddam Hussein was a threat to the US interests in the world in general and in the Middle
East (Arab world) in particular. To tackle this threat, the United States devised a program to capture
Iraq by pretending to have weapons of destruction. The main reasons for the invasion and occupation
of Iraq were:
1. Protecting Israel from Saddam Hussein's Prison
2. Saddam Hussein's government and the abolition of caste because he was America's enemy. 
3. Iraq was a threat to American friends in the Arab world. Kuwait is the center of American activities
in Arabia and Iraq invades and occupies Kuwait.
4. The US was in danger of becoming an anti-blockade led by Saddam Hussein.
5. Demonstration of military action and modern warfare equipment in the area spread fear and that
people would prefer to move to the United States.
6. The US-friendly government should be established in Iraq.
7. Iraq's potential nuclear capabilities are crushed.
8. Pressure on China rises
9. Pave the way for the establishment of a great Israel.

37
The United States invaded Iraq in March 2003 to achieve these goals. Israel fully supported the
United States. Within days, the US occupied Iraq and arrested Saddam Hussein and his accomplices.
Saddam Hussein and his accomplices were executed in a series of brief cases. Many were given non-
human sentences in Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad, but found no weapons of destruction. US
President Barack Obama apologized for not having weapons of destruction in Iraq, and announced
the staged withdrawal of US forces from Iraq.
At present, the United States faces many difficulties in Iraq, such as global public opinion and
American public opinion against occupation of Iraq; Human rights are being violated; the leader, al-
Sadr, has support from Iran and is a pain for the United States; Anti-Americanism is increasing in the
Islamic world; Saddam Hussein's followers are active against the United States, and occupation of
Iraq is a major threat to the US economy. To address this issue, all the parties should adopt a
dialogue path and communicate the activities that have taken place.
5.Iran Disputes:
There is a serious dispute between the United States and Iran over Iran's nuclear program. Iran is
convinced that Iran is enriching uranium for the purposes of nuclear technology in its power
generation and health sector, and Iran does not want to enrich uranium so that it can become a nuclear
weapon. The United States and other European countries believe that Iran is secretly enriching
uranium to the extent that it can make atomic bombs. In the meantime, US officials say they can take
any option to stop Iran from risking enriching uranium. During 2009, the United States tried to
dissuade Iran from doing so diplomatically. With the efforts of the United States and other European
nations, the UN Security Council voted in favor of sanctions against Iran. At the end of the year, the
United States again took the path of negotiation, but no definite conclusion has yet been reached.
Iran is the signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation (NPT) front. This confrontation gives Iran the
right to make peace with nuclear technology, but the Western world is so fearful of Iran's Islamic
revolution 1979 that it considers Iran's nuclear capability a serious threat to itself and to Israel. This
fear was exacerbated when news spread that Iran had received missiles from North Korea that could
target several European countries, including Moscow. Iran has said that Iran's nuclear program will
continue, leaving the United States in trouble. If both sides sit on the basis of equality and find a
solution to the problem, it will be better for the people of the region.
6.North Korean Atomic Dispute:
North Korea, like Iran, is subjected to Western criticism because, according to them, North Korea is
trying to create a nuclear weapon, even as an outspoken activist for non-proliferation of nuclear
material. According to US President Obama, North Korea is not fulfilling its duties regarding the non-
proliferation front. North Korea has launched an underground nuclear bomb in October 2006 and has
also announced its. Scientists in the Western world have also confirmed this. North Korean officials
negotiated with Chinese and US officials in Beijing in October 2003, acknowledging that they had
nuclear weapons. It also threatened that North Korea intends to acquire and export more nuclear
weapons. North Korea also acquired Pluto, which proves the presence of nuclear weapons.
7.Pak-India Affairs:
Pakistan and India are traditional rivals and there are serious problems. The issues in which the
dialogue path was taken are the issues that have been resolved, so the need is for other issues to be
resolved.

38
8. Distribution of Pak-India Rivers Dispute:
At present, there is a dispute between India and Pakistan over the water of Pakistan in the three dams
in India. The three projects include Baglihar Dam, Wooler Barrage and Kishan Ganga Dam which are
reducing the water coming to Pakistan. On one hand, Pakistan is already facing shortage of water and
on the other, India has begun a project to construct a dam on the rivers coming into Pakistan. India
has access to these rivers in occupied Kashmir. This is a violation of the Indus Valley Front. Pakistan
has protested against the abrogation of these dams. These plans may also affect Pakistan's Neelam
Jhelum. Pakistan is of the view that India can exploit these dams as a weapon. They are being
negotiated and the United Nations is being used to address the issue.

9. Pak -India 1965 and 1971 Wars:

The desire of the former Soviet Union government to discuss the devastation of the 1965 war between
Pakistan and India was discussed in the Russian city of Tashkent and Tashkent's confrontation was
resolved. Thus successful negotiations were held between Pakistan and India during the 1971 war in
the Indian city of Shimla and a peace agreement was reached between the two countries. It is the
country that has the feeling that the problems can be solved through dialogue and problems cannot be
solved by war but this thinking needs to be implemented.
10. Pak -India and Kashmir:
Kashmir is a serious and dangerous problem between the two countries, which can engulf not only
the region but the entire world in a nuclear war. This issue has been waged several times between
Pakistan and India. The whole world wants the two countries to resolve the issue with bilateral talks,
but due to India's fanaticism, the process of negotiation has not yet begun.
USE OF NEGOTIATION TO SETTLE INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES:
There are numerous conflicts in the history of the world that have either been solved or attempted to
be resolved through negotiations. Many of the international conflicts of the First World War were
raised. After the end of the First World War, the United Nations was laid to rest near the French city
of Paris. With considerable consideration and discussion, several important issues and disputes were
resolved.
In 1993-94, the North Korean government withdrew from the NPT Observatory (NPT) and
announced the continuation of the nuclear program. US President Bill Canton adopted a policy to
resolve the issue. Talks between the two countries began and the detailed conversation reached a wide
margin. North Korea agreed to shut down the nuclear program, and the US, South Korea and Japan
jointly gave North Korea nuclear reactors. The decade-long siege was endangered when the world
began to say that North Korea had the potential to make nuclear weapons.
There has been a long battle between Palestinians and Israel over the establishment of the Palestinian
state. In this war, the parties have also suffered severe financial losses. The Israeli army is attacking
the Palestinians, while Palestinian armed organizations continue to target Israel. The negotiations
began in 1993 in Osaka (Norway) between Palestinian representatives and Israel with the intervention
of the US government. The long-awaited negotiations were agreed on the declarations of receipts. In
this, the Palestinian leadership (Yasser Arafat) recognized Israel and Israel imposed a phased transfer
of power to the majority Palestinian territories. The conversation continued and the Palestinian

39
National Authority was established under the leadership of Mahmoud Abbas, the 1994-95
confrontation. The Palestinians were given sovereignty in the Gaza Strip and in the western part of
the Arun River. The negotiations between Arun and Israel began, and a confrontation took place
between the two countries.
The Indo-Pak conflict of 1965 war was negotiated and resolved by the Soviet Union's mediation
Tashkent. The Indo-Pak conflict of 1971 was resolved by negotiations between the two countries'
leadership in the Indian city of Shimla.
CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES:
There are several important causes of international conflict and the most important is the issue of
freedom. Global issues are often the cause of freedom movements in the world. Freedom and
nationality is the right of every human being. But when obstacles arise in the path of the extremists,
serious problems arise. The country from which freedom is sought is the main cause of the country's
problems. The extremists are crushed; human rights abuses and inhumane activities are made which
make the problem even worse. Then being partisan of global institutions and major powers causes
further ruin. For example, the people of Chechnya want independence from Russia, but Russia wants
to crush the Hurriyat movement. Bosnia and Kosovo gained independence from the former
Yugoslavia. Palestinians are going through unbearable troubles in their quest for independence from
Israel. With the help of Armenia, the people of Nigor Novak Abag are struggling to achieve
independence from Azerbaijan. These trends have a profound impact on global powers.
The Versailles of the First World War and the UN Charter have given nationals the right to decide
their own political future, which is called right self-determination. When the people of the West want
to exploit this right, the occupying nations in these areas do not recognize their rights. This is how
global problems arise. For example, the people of Kashmir have been given self-determination by the
United Nations as a contractor, but India does not allow them to exploit it.
Often conflicts have a problem with ownership of the area. The Pak-India wars were also ,usually
fought over territorial disputes. Thus, the issue between the Palestinian people and the Israeli
government is primarily about the region. Iraq, Iran war also took place on a special area, namely the
Al-Shabaab. Another important factor is resource capture. The main cause of the war between Iraq
and Kuwait was about oil. At present, some Central Asian countries, Russia and Iran, have a problem
with the ownership of the Caspian Lake because this is the largest lake in the world, full of natural
resources. In many countries of the world, there is an unhealthy competition over the supremacy of
global resources and global trade, which can lead to a conflict at some point.
Often global conflicts are the basis of civil war or insurgency. Sri Lanka has been a victim of civil
war for a long time. There was an organization called Tiger that made life impotent. The causes of
global conflict also have a negative attitude and behavior of the major powers.
In order to create prosperity in international sovereignty, major powers need to play a proper role, but
these countries run international powers in the light of personal interests which lead to problems,
frustration, disarmament, injustice and fairness. And the conflicts become more complex and
ineffective rather than resolved. At present, the United States, Britain, Germany, France, Russia and
other world powers are doing their due role in world peace. On the contrary, these countries have
been exploiting the weaker countries. The weakening and discouraging work of global institutions,
the indifference and impartiality of these institutions and the violation of global laws of power also
cause international problems. If the Cold War between the two world wars and the US-Soviet Union

40
is analyzed, it is clear that the conflict between ideologies was primarily the cause of this global
catastrophe. The US was trying to promote a capitalist system while the Soviet Union wanted to
expand the appetite system. The 1950-53 war between North Korea and South Korea was based on
ideological morals. Russia's intervention in Afghanistan was also due to the spread of ideas. The arms
race has also been the cause of wars. Weapons of both world wars also include arms race between
countries. Today the nuclear weapons race between the countries continues, which can lead to a great
global catastrophe.
EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESSFUL SETTLEMENTS OF CONFLICTS:
There are several strategies that can be adopted for effective resolution of global conflicts. Without an
effective strategy, conflicts cannot be effectively eliminated. For example, when countries land
truthfully and sincerely promise that they will solve problems in any case, there is no reason why
problems will not be solved. Whatever work is done with passion, courage and wisdom, it definitely
brings color. If we look around us, there are serious problems in our neighborhoods, villages or cities,
which the government cannot solve. But when the masses come into the field with determination,
feeling, truth and wisdom, the problems are solved. See the Kashmir issue globally. Obviously, India
is ready for high level talks with Pakistan due to global pressure and many rounds of negotiations are
also taking place, but since India does not land in the field with truth, this is not a problem. Thus,
there was a series of negotiations between the Palestinian and Israeli leadership on the request of the
United States. But since Israel does not want to solve the problem by heart and is not serious and
sincere in the negotiations, the problem is getting wider. Therefore, the states have to show
seriousness and honesty in solving the problems.
1. Conciliation:
Settlement is also an effective way to solve international problems. Settlement is the culmination of
conflicting groups or peoples and creates a friendly environment. Settlement is a way of resolving
disputes between people, groups, or states by making them friends again. In 1948, white people came
to power in South Africa. South Africa was characterized by racial discrimination, inequality were
prevalent. In 1948 ,the racial discrimination was given a legal protection. A formal government
program to establish the supremacy of whites was launched. The whites' government justified
economic exploitation, political supremacy and social upheaval. Unequal education, special
protection of whites, discrimination in jobs and residential segregation were ensured. In the 1950's, a
law was approved by law to designate separate residential areas for four main ethnic groups, namely,
white, black, Colorado, and Asian people. Access to the white area for blacks and the mutual
marriage of the two were declared illegal. For blacks, they were arrested in cities for more than 72
hours without permission. Millions of people were arrested and serious human rights abuses were
committed.
The Nelson Mandela government established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 1995 to
investigate the previous government's racial discrimination policy and its atrocities. In April 1996, the
Seventeen Rookie Commission began work under the leadership of Pastor Desmond Tutu. All races
were represented in the commission. The purpose of the commission was to listen to those who were
victimized or subjected to radical and racial fundamentalism from 1960 to 1994. The commission was
also thinking about providing protection to those who confessed to racial abuse. They also had to give
something in return for those who had become racists. The purpose of the commission was to address
the oppressed and to prevent such incidents from happening in the future. Those who accepted the

41
truth and those who confessed were shown directly to the public. Aid and refugee measures were also
proposed for people with racial discrimination.
2. Mediation:
Mediation or reconciliation strategies can also be adopted for effective resolution of disputes. The
UN is very important in this regard. The Arab-Israeli issue has led to many more conflicts. Border
clashes broke out between Israel and Syria over disputes over the displacement of troops in the
Jordanian waters over the Jordan River. Thus, differences between Israel, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, and
Jordan increased. The United Nations tried to mediate these issues but did not succeed. In 1967, a six-
day war broke out between Arab Israelis, in which Egypt's air force was destroyed on the first day of
the war. Israel occupied the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula. Israel also occupied the eastern
Jerusalem, the western bank of the Jordan River, and the Golan territory. In November 1967, the UN
called for security for the conditional evacuation of occupied territories by race No. 242. The
condition was that Arab countries should recognize Israel and live in peace. However, the parties
were not prepared to accept these terms.
The United Nations issued ceasefire orders in 1947-48 to stop the ongoing war between India and
Pakistan in Kashmir. The UN established a temporary letter between the Independent and Assigned
Kashmir called the Line of Control. The caretaker army group of this letter was established and it was
also recognized that Kashmir has the right to decide its political future.
 ---

Chapter No 5
INTELLECTUAL SKILLS
 USE OF WEBSITES:

Advance technology of computer changed the whole structure of science, communications and
information internet technology has already taken the whole world and the world turned into a global
village. In a few seconds you can get the information and the knowledge which you need. The
institution and different organization make their website on social media. Due to which when you
need some information of that institution you can get it by just one minor click. There are numerous
search engines and due to of these webs you can easily reach and can get the information of which
you need. There are many search engines but the most known are Google, Gmail, Email, Hotmail,
YouTube, etc. These are the webs which provide you a large sum of information belonging to any
institute.
You must remember that there is same information which is illegal to download or copyright example
there are many books which you can’t get freely you must have to pay through online banking.
To get information from websites and to identify websites to gain objectives:
When you open the useful websites, you get the knowledge and comes to know about lecture, books,
subject and different point of view about different things which you want to know about that. Due to
useful and governmental websites you can get the information about the things which run in the

42
country. Example you can know about budgets, the deals which are the government trying to done the
knowledge about internal and external affairs can easily be track by the help of different website.

 TO COLLECT AND ARRANGE INFORMATION TO COLLECT:

There are different ways to collect data e.g. observation, interviews, question papers, and the use of
internet. The information which we have in the form of videos, and audios can be saved in hardest.
The information about different thing from internet can be saved in computer. The data can be saved
in many types for e.g. the written information can be saved in different folders separated from the
videos or audios.

 ARGUMENT MAKING BASED ON COLLECTED INFORMATION:

The main thing about observation is that the study to get information about the subject we did through
internet for e.g. if there is a political problem or conflict in the country name as “A”. We get the
information to published the reason which are behind the conflict or problem. During observation the
information get from the magazines and websites from the internet. We also get the information from
the interviews of senior politicians. We absorbed the resident of the country through social media. We
did observation after analyzing the books, interviews of politician and the residents of the country.
Then after that we can highlight the problems which stand behind the problems.

 METHODS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN THE LIGHT OF INFORMATION:

We can solve problems with the help of internet. Because whenever someone want to solve problem.
He did a research on that thing and in research the internet mostly used to get the knowledge from
different videos, columns, books and from internet and also by the use of internet. Therefore, internet
is very useful in solving different problems.

 METHODS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN THE LIGHT OF INFORMATION

 MERITS:
There are many ways to solve the problems. Every problem has advantages and disadvantages. Now
better solution of problem is to choose best one from many possible ways. For example, problem is
“poverty”. Now causes of poverty, results and to find ways of controlling it, information must be
collected for it. Same ways like observation, interviews, books and internet etc. are used for
information purpose and after arrangement and study, cause and results of that problem and that
possible solutions become known. For example, one possible solution is provision of jobs. If jobs are
provided to people then there could be deficiency of poverty. Benefits of this solution are that people
become eligible to earn money and to bring relaxation in their life. If industries are established then
prosperity will come to country.

 DEMERITS:
There are also demerits of this solution like from where the government arrange these occupations
urgently. Secondly government feel difficulty in arranging a lot of money as resources are very less
and from where and how government establish those industries and for solving these problems
government will take loans from other countries and organizations then it will be a very difficult
process for country.

 PROPOSAL TO MAKE GOVERNMENT POLICY TO SOLVE PROBLEMS:

 GOVERNMENT POLICY:
43
Government need reasons and step by step procedure of making policy paper is:
1. Pointing out the problem (what is the problem)
2. 3 to 4 solutions of problem
3. What are advantages and disadvantages of every possible solution
4. Nepotism of best solution
1. POINTING OUT THE PROBLEM:
First, problem must be point out that what is problem and what is importance of this problem. Before
that problem got complicated there is always need to point out that problem. For example, demerits in
examination system is an important problem.

2. 3 TO 4 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS OF PROBLEMS:

Now to give 3 to 4 possible hypotheses of this problem. For example, for correction in examination
system these hypotheses can be used.
 Every week, the teacher should arrange progress report of his students and numbers should be
given to those reports.
 Corrupt workers must be expelled from examination centers and hard workers and
experienced staff should be given respect.
 Honest people should be appointed examiners.
 There should be check on exams centers and only honest teachers should be allowed to work.
3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EVERY POSSIBLE SOLUTION:
For better solution every possible solution must be deeply observed. For example, every month, the
teacher should prepare reports of students monthly result and should give numbers to them.
Advantage of that would be the capability of every student can be noticed. Students would be free
from tensions. Second solution is that corrupt staff should be mistreated and experienced teachers
should be respected. In applying these policies good people will come to ground. But also, it is
difficult process to check every teacher. Last solution is that examination staff’s pays should be
increased. Due to this facility the staff would work fairly. Its demerit is that if staff remains corrupt
although they got facilities then this system will become unsuccessful.

4. NEPOTISM OF BEST SOLUTION

After deeply observing all the advices this can be concluded that what is best solution to every
problem.

 METHODS OF DISSEMINATE INFORMATION:

To spread information there are different ways that are being used, from those some important are:

1. NEWS LETTERS:
News letter means that displayed information which is about beneficial to some specific group. That
kind of information is spread between society or workers of organizations in specific timings.

44
 2. BULLITEN BOARDS:
News is called bulletin. We can take bulletin board into 2 means. One simple mean is that any
information or report which we pin to top on notice board of organization. In this way a lot of people
came to know about that report or info. For example, entrance notices that are attached on notice
boards on college entrance days. Also merit list or successful candidates of interview are listed on
notice board or any order of court etc. are also listed on notice board.

3. MEDIA:
Media can be distributed into parts. One is electronic media and the other is print media. Print media
is that which conveys information in form of written news, example: novels, books, newspapers, wall
changing, banners and posters etc. Electronic media includes electronic devices like phone,
computers radio, television etc. These are very important ways in world of information. Media tells
the real image of government to people. It is best source of political education. Those countries where
media is free their people should proud of democratic system.

4. ELECTRONIC DATABASE:
For spreading of information, it is an advance way. In this, information a collected in computer and it
is called data base. Then this information is spread through emails and websites.

--

CHAPTER No 6
POLITICAL PARTIES AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
POLITICAL PARTIES
 Definitions of Political Party:
A political party is an organized gathering of people who are warming up to gain political power.Here
are the different definitions of a political party:
1. According to Robert Reno: “The political party is a systematic effort by the people who
believe in the competition in programs and ideologies through which they want to win
elections and gain access to government positions. With the promise that if his candidates
succeed, they will turn party promises and programs into law.”
2. According to the Dictionary of Politics “A political party is the name of an organized group
of people who have uniformity in policy preferences and ideology.”
3. According to Benjamin Desser Ailti “The political party is the name of an organized
opinion.”
4. According to Encarta Encyclopedia “They believe in a collective political ideology,
constitutional government or opposition.”
5. According to the Britannica Encyclopedia:"The political party is the name of a gathering of
people who voluntarily unite to achieve political goals."
6. In view of the Gattle:"The name of an organized group of citizens who want to gain power
over the government and enforce their principles through their voting power."

45
 7. According to Professor Bakhtiyar: “The political party is an organized working group based
on the constitution, manifesto, volunteers and leadership.Who try to get government in a
formal way and then make its manifesto workable?”
 Role of Political Parties in Pakistan to Strengthen Democracy:
Political parties are an integral part of democracy and the political system.In the political system, only
the political parties create a movement.In any democratic system, political parties serve a great
deal.Each political party has its own particular thinking or thinking about national issues.Each party
has a research cell.The same cell is responsible for gathering information about national issues and
selecting the most important issues.This research cell offers a possible solution to these national
problems in the form of a program or manifesto.The program is spread in various ways to gain public
support.The public is interested in this program and joins the parties.The program of political parties’
gains importance when a country has many universes and ideological differences are high.Creating a
party program is a very difficult process.It is very important to study, research and know the public
psychology for its preparation.Political parties raise political awareness in the public through rallies,
rallies, demonstrations, speeches, print media and statements, etc. and tell them about national
issues.Since ordinary people do not know about politics and national issues, they learn about national
issues and issues through political parties.Political parties are the most important means of forming
interests, gathering of interests, political communication and political participation.
Political parties are the spokespersons of public aspirations and interests.They bring public problems
to government agencies and authorized authorities.It protects the public interest.A political party is a
highly organized group that is the most important source of philanthropic and specific interests to the
government.All political parties have clear political programs.In order to put these programs into
practice, political parties try to reach power and they take legal paths to this end and that way is the
way of Elections. Political parties nominate their candidates for the general election.Support them and
campaign for them.
In the elections, the people give political parties the power to govern them according to their wishes,
which is commonly referred to as the mandate.Political parties that respect the public mandate are
respected.As a result of elections, winning parties or parties form a government according to the
law.Today, access to government globally is supported by the majority of the people.When the party
forms a government, then it tries to put its program into action through governmental power.If a party
fails to implement its program, it faces a major defeat in the forthcoming elections.This is the most
popular method of governance worldwide.A government formed by political parties is a public
government.
Opposition is of utmost importance for any effective and stable political system and democratic
society.The opposition reminds the governing party of its manifesto, program and promises made to
the public.If the government party exceeds its powers and legal limits, the opposition strongly
criticizes it and tries to keep it within its jurisdiction.This is a scandal on the ruling party.The tragedy
in developing countries is that neither the government party tolerates the opposition nor the
opposition plays its legitimate role, but the opposition is to discredit the party in any way and their
only purpose is to disagree.
Political parties play a double role.On the one hand it brings the problems of the people to the
government while on the other hand the policies and activities of the government reach the
people.They are a source of mutual communication and are important for the stability and
improvement of the political system.Sometimes in a state, especially in multi-ethnic states, the

46
younger generations did not get representation as a result of the general election.They are not
represented in national politics and their problems are not solved.Such groups eventually turn into
political parties.These parties then effectively address the issues of these nationalities.

 STRUCTURE/COMPOSITION OF POLITICAL PARTIES

The political party is a regular and important part of the political system.It functions as a subsidiary
within the political system.The composition and structure of a political party is different in each state,
but some of the elements are the same.Each party is fully organized from bottom to top and has its
own staff.Each party has its flag, ideology and political slogan.Usually a political party is made up of
four elements - the Charter, the Constitution Volunteer and the Leader.These four elements of any
political party are the cause of unity within the party.

1. Manifesto:
The political party collects the most important issues in the country and selects the immediate and
serious issues.Given these issues, the political parties develop their own manifesto or program.The
leadership approves this manifesto.A manifesto is a program of a political party through which the
parties participate in the elections and after winning the elections, the government makes its
manifesto practical.On the basis of this manifesto, the political parties participate in the elections and
after winning the elections, they form a government and put their manifesto into action.In the light of
this Charter, policymaking and legislation are made.The manifesto is actually the name of a detailed
program that is designed in the light of people's wishes and psychology.The success of a political
party depends on the charm and magnetism of its manifesto.They succeed on manifestations that are
about national issues and issues of urgent importance.Some political parties develop a manifesto
keeping in view regional interests, ethnic, class and sectarian interests.Such political parties are
usually far from the mainstream of national politics.Manifesting is a difficult and sensitive
matter.Each congregation has a research cell which, after research and deliberation, drafts the
manifesto.It requires extensive knowledge and experience.Sometimes this manifesto is made based
on a particular region, race, province or language.In this way, the party then influences the electoral
and distribution options in another context.

2. Constitution/Tradition:
The constitution of a party is the name of a document that tells us about the structure and structure of
a political party.The party's customs define how party officials will be selected.How long will it be?
Etc.They not only provide information about leadership but also describe the structure of all-party
organizations from top to bottom.It is not a formal document but it is respected and respected by all
party officials and workers.If an official or member violates the Constitution, he or she is punished
and even expelled from the party.This constitution regulates the political party.Those parties are more
effective and successful than those who follow their Constitution.Parties whose surnames are nominal
or formal are not respected and in such a religion society it is difficult to avoid such parties.The
constitution is a source of division within the party, and the party-level status quo is divided.Parties
participate in elections in the light of a manifesto.Party participation in elections is due to the
improvement and transparency of the electoral system as the electoral system of the parties is
monitored.

3. Volunteer:

47
Political parties are like a hollow body without members.The political party prepares the program and
transmits it to the public.If this program has an impact, then people start to become interested and
subscribe to this political party.This membership is voluntary and they are not paid any salary, but
they volunteer to run party affairs.They volunteer to follow the direction of the leadership.These
people enthusiastically try to spread their party program and ideology to the public so that the
membership of the party increases.Members choose leadership.These volunteers actively participate
in elections, rallies, rallies and demonstrations.These party supporters offer all kinds of sacrifices for
their party.Membership is granted in accordance with the constitution of the party.A volunteer's
membership can be suspended when it violates the party's manifesto and constitution.The success of
the parties depends on the dynamic members.The role of the party, the leadership personality and the
party manifesto, is to gather as many volunteer members as possible. More and more people will join
the party if the party program is in line with the psychology and trends of the citizens of this country
and effective communication of party personality and party resources. Unity of opinion among
volunteers and the struggle for ideology lead to party unity.The party is organized and plays a key and
critical role in voluntary elections.

4. Leadership:
No organized human group is complete without leadership.Political parties are organized and run by
elected leadership.Leadership is always a nationally recognized figure who has a political experience
and is distant.A leader is always intelligent and aware of national issues.Leadership sometimes has
many problems.He is subjected to retaliation and violence.The success of any political party depends
largely on leadership.Ordinary workers and subordinates happily follow the orders and instructions of
the leadership and have the utmost respect for their leadership.Leadership is the brainchild of the
party and the survival of the party depends on the capabilities of the leader.Ordinary people observe
the leadership closely and examine its role and then allocate space for this party in national
politics.People note and comment on everything a leader does.The most important positions in any
political party are chairman, president, general secretary, press secretary, finance secretary, etc.There
is a regular division of powers between them.
If political parties are formed on the basis of principles and rules, then these parties prove to be the
spirit of democracy.Their thinking is constructive and creative.The Constitution seeks to divide
powers in the light of national interests.These parties lead to the development of party unity and
believe or trust in the importance of the electoral system, which is the backbone of a successful
political system.

 GOVERNMENT OF A POLITICAL PARTY AND ITS PERFORMANCE AN

THE LIGHT OF ITS MANIFESTO
An essential element of every political party is the party's manifesto.Each political party identifies
key issues in the country and formulates programs or proposals to address these issues, known as the
Charter.In the light of this manifesto, parties participate in elections in the form of political and
electoral commitments.When the majority of the people agree on these promises and programs, then
the party wins the elections and forms the government.It is worth mentioning here that the vote
should always be given to any party manifesto or program.The party turns its proposals into law to
address the issues.In the developed world, this is the way in which the political systems there are
48
stable.Our problem is that the parties come to power and neglect their manifesto and program and a
negative political culture exists.The result is that our political system remains unstable.
During the government or when the majority party completes the constitutional term, it is very
important to check whether the government has kept its promises before the next elections.From this
we know the reality and the reality of this party.In light of the same research, the party should decide
whether or not to vote in the upcoming elections.
The way of comparing party manifesto and party performance is to take the writing of the ruling
party.These manifestations are available at party offices, newspapers, magazines and the Internet.The
best way is to go to any party website and download the latest manifesto.Then compare each of these
points with the performance of the party.See how many promises this party has fulfilled.It should be
noted here that no party is capable of implementing its manifesto due to possible uncertainty in
politics.However, it is important to see whether the promises are often fulfilled.If it is implemented
and the public understands it, then a better political culture can exist which will be the reason for
strengthening our politics.Following are the manifestations of two major political parties of Pakistan
which can be compared to their previous performance in the history books.

1. Pakistan People’s Party:

The party announced an election manifesto led by Benazir Bhutto.The main points of the Charter
include autonomy, development, decentralization, lower levels of authority, the right to organize, the
establishment of a local self-determination system, the protection of the rights of children, the
workers, women, minorities and the oppressed, the public service, Prison reform, elimination of
corruption, equitable distribution of resources, industrialization, relaxation of rules, modern farming,
elimination of feudal system, education for all and 90% of literacy in five years, restoration of student
organizations, protection of culture, science And technology development, forty thousand megawatts
of power supply, excellent communication systems, drug warfare, residential management, drugs and
The construction of dams, protection of Pakistanis abroad, elimination of political revenge and
equality, foreign policy based on friendship and peace, strengthened defense.

2. Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz):

The main points of the manifesto of this party are the struggle for a peaceful world, the establishment
of a society based on equal opportunity and Islam, a world free from war and conflict, and a desire for
the world based on equality and dialogue. Efforts for the global economic system, the elimination of
all inequalities, the respect of human civilization, the establishment of a modern Pakistan, the
establishment of a self-serving government, the welfare of the people, in accordance with the wishes
of the Quaid-e-Azam and the Allama Iqbal. For education, justice, protection, dignity and
employment opportunities, prosperity and corruption free government, economic prosperity, hunger
and Get rid of the flaws, health opportunities, strengthen national institutions, good governance,
human resource development, care for the interests of the Islamic world, eradicate poverty, strengthen
defense and subordinate the military to civilian rulers, give credence to teachers.Introduction of
inspection system for education, curriculum tailored to the national needs, PhD incentives, giving
talented Pakistani youth 100% matriculation to PhD, development of science and technology,
establishment of social action program, Ensuring modern teaching hospitals in the federal and
provincial capitals, facilitating access to quality services, child protection, safe water supply,
awareness of AIDS prevention, strengthening the EPI program, encouraging medicine, increasing
hospitals, Free treatment of the poor with the Rick Fund.Improvements in the performance of the

49
courts and appointment of judges, reform of the zakat and baital system, privileges for pensioners and
their families, the upholding of the constitution and the law, talent to make parliament effective,
Significant increase in salaries of employees, construction of roads, development of villages,
transparent privatization, launch of self-employment schemes, development of agriculture and
industry, development of information technology, protection of environment and forests, oil and gas
exploration, Iran and Central Acquisition of gas from Asia, housing supply, women's development,
development of youth, welfare of laborers, AQ Ytun respect, protect the interests of overseas
Pakistanis, sports development, arts and culture development.

 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Social movement is a major form of collective behavior.The social movement is a collective effort to
create a new setting in life, such as the feminist movement and various movements.This has been
appreciated by various experts.

1. Meta Spencer:
"The social movement is a concerted effort to bring innovation and new order to life."

2. Horton and Hunt:

The social movement is a collective effort to promote or resist change.

3. Turner and Killian:

The social movement is the name of the collective effort by which the current social order is
changed.These efforts range from fixing a problem in the existing social system to the establishment
of a whole new system of life.

4. According to Dr Anwar Alam:

“The collective effort for change is called the social movement.”

5. According to the Britannica Encyclopedia:

“A group of people with common ideas who are collectively active in achieving many common
goals.”
There are many types of social movements, for example political movements, cultural movements,
public rights movements, reformist movements, resistance movements, religious movements and
revolutionary social movements.The major factors that contributed to the formation of social
movements include education, industrial development, human rights awareness, urban life, freedom
of expression, political awareness, democracy, opposition to the colonial system and economic
freedom.Modern social movements are now using modern technology and the Internet to mobilize
people on a global scale.

 Importance of Social Movements to Make Pakistan an Islamic, Democratic and

Welfare State
Pakistan was established for Islam, democracy and public welfare.To achieve these goals, many
social motivations have arisen in Pakistan's history and played their part.For the sake of political and
social change in Pakistan, a number of civil society organizations sought to reach the interests of the
public to the policy makers.Many religious motivations were born to make Pakistan a true Islamic
50
state.The Ulema started a movement to Islamize the Constitution in 1956 and presented their
proposals in the form of twenty-two points.Similarly, in the 1962 constitution of Ayub Khan, the
country was named only Republic of Pakistan and many non-Islamic laws were enforced in the
country.The religious movement was born against them and Ayub Khan had to rename the forced
country to "Islamic Republic of Pakistan" instead of "Republic of Pakistan".Similarly, there was
silence about basic human rights in the constitution, but the social voice forced Ayub Khan to amend
the constitution and add basic human rights.
These organizations not only reached the voice of the government of more than 17 million people, but
also often demanded.These organizations include trade unions, lawyers' organizations, teachers'
organizations, women's organizations, women's and children's rights organizations, journalists'
organizations, student organizations and charitable organizations.These organizers took the form of
regular movements and played an active and decisive role in making the country truly a democratic
and welfare state.Women's organizations and movements have forced governments to reform
constitutional reforms and today women have strong representation in Pakistan's houses.The motion
compels legislators to pursue Islamic, democratic and welfare legislation.Therefore, Sharia laws,
child and women's rights laws, minority laws and environmental protection laws, etc. were made in
Pakistan.Several movements have been launched in Pakistan to achieve welfare purposes, for
example, the Ansar Burney Trust, Abdul Sattar Edhi Trust, Shahzad Roy Jeevan Trust and Ibrar Ul
Haq Sahara Trust etc.
The women's social movement played a vital role in Pakistan.The current women's movement is
rooted in the Pakistan Women's Action Forum (WAF).It is the name of an informal coalition of
women and women's organizations.This forum has raised issues for women.For example, raising the
voice and awareness against oppression with women, and providing free legal aid and other services
to women.These things supported the women's social movement and since 1981, the movement in
Pakistan has been actively helping to make Pakistan a truly Islamic, democratic and welfare
state.Their main issues include legal rights, violence and political representation.Pakistan is suffering
from extremism due to current common problems and extremist trends are developing.This problem
is against the Islamic, democratic and welfare reputation of Pakistan.In Pakistan, a social movement
called "Insider"has been launched to resist extremist thinking, which includes youth.The movement is
advocating for the development of democratic culture and healthy debate to root out extremism.
Recently, the lawyers movement in Pakistan has gained global fame. It was a public protest that
began in response to General Pervez Musharraf's March 9, 2007 ruling.In light of this dictatorial
decision, the Chief Justice of Pakistan was removed from his position because of his refusal to bow to
an undemocratic order and conduct of a dictator.The Supreme Court of Pakistan, the Supreme
Election, described General Musharraf's move as an attack on the independence of the judiciary. This
movement has restored the judges of the higher judiciary and today the judiciary in Pakistan is
completely free.The independent judiciary plays an important role in establishing a democratic and
welfare system.
The war that entered Pakistan's northwestern areas from Afghanistan created a state of chaos and
fear.In response, doctors, lawyers, architects and other educated professionals in Pakistan launched
the "National Flag of Youth Movement" on May 13, 2009 to highlight patriotism among
Pakistanis.His procedure was to have a Pakistani flag sticker on each vehicle.This movement gained
popularity.Apart from these motivations, numerous small movements and individuals are committed
to establishing an Islamic, democratic and welfare system in Pakistan and their positive role cannot be
denied.
51
  CAUSES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
The following are the main reasons or causes of social movement in Pakistan:

1. Political Causes:
Pakistan's unstable political conditions paved the way for social mobilization.Pakistan has often been
a military dictatorship and the length of power has upset serious people.When political activities were
banned, social movements filled the gap in the background.The collapse of democracy also led to the
beginning of social movements.These governments suppressed democratic values.These governments
took measures that were openly violating Islam, democracy and welfare.Great movements began
against these rulers. The movement against Ayub Khan's dictatorship, the movement for restoration
of democracy against General Zia and the lawyers' movement against General Musharraf began.
Illegal decisions and attacks on the independence of the judiciary also led to strong social
mobilization.General Musharraf declared a state of emergency and dismissed the judges of the
Supreme Court, including the Chief Justice of Pakistan.It was an illegal and unconstitutional decision
that challenged the people.Beyond all the affiliations a great movement in Pakistan's history
began.Lawyers land on the field.Non-governmental organizations supported.Journalists also came
out.Political parties supported.People from all walks of life came out in the field and launched such a
successful movement that not only the judiciary was restored and liberated but the foundations of
dictatorships were shaken. Pakistan and the international media played a very important role in
initiating and strengthening social movements.Private channels of Pakistan provided and encouraged
the public.The media has played an amazing role in raising awareness of people in every field.The
success of any political system depends on the active role of political parties.Most of the political
parties in Pakistan did not play the legitimate role that they should play.The result was that social
mobilization replaced the political parties and the gap was filled.At times political governments have
adopted undemocratic attitudes and movements against this practice have begun.

2. Economic Causes:
Economic reasons are also one of the main reasons for the movement of social movements in
Pakistan.The gap between the poor and the rich is increasing in Pakistan.In response, motifs of the
nature of Ashtara arose.Industrial development also spawned many organizations and movements.
The workers raised their voice and took shape.Various professional groups formed organizations to
capture group interests, and occasionally these organizations formed a major movement by uniting for
common interests.

3. Religious Causes:
The movement for religious revival and constitutional reform in Pakistan has raised its head.For
example, the Tehreek-e-Insaf, the Tehreek-e-Islami, the Sunni Unity Movement, the end of the
Prophecy, and the propaganda movement.Recently, religious groups, religious organizations and
scholars have launched a movement called Defense Pakistan Council.

4. Other Causes:
There are many different causes of social movements such as racial, linguistic and human
rights.Many ethnic and linguistic groups start social mobilization because of deprivation and

52
influence domestic policymaking.The women's movement has made significant strides in the country
in terms of human rights, especially the rights of women.Media, curriculum, industrial revolution and
modernity etc. have raised political awareness and raised awareness.Contrary to their ancestors,
people began to participate in national life.People began to participate in national life contrary to their
ancestors.In the developed world, non-governmental organizations, civil society, philanthropic and
interest groups and other humanitarian activities have awakened the people of Pakistan and this has
triggered social movements here too.

 WAYS OF PROMOTING PEACE AT LOCAL LEVEL

There are a number of ways to promote peace in the regional or local community.Today's
communities are not traditional communities now. Social changes are happening everywhere because
of a number of factors.Human behavior continues to change.Nevertheless, coordination is one way to
establish peace at the local level.The educated people of the area have the responsibility to set up
associations to end the hatred and conflict in the community where many people are voluntarily
working for the Divine Will.Older people can do much for peace by making jirgas.Government
agencies can help.There are several steps that can be taken to highlight this.
These associations can organize sports and other healthy recreational activities where people can
spend their leisure time and stay focused rather than focus.There is peace in educated societies and
unrest in ignorant societies.It is also a way to try to promote education at the local level.People can be
persuaded to send their children and children to educational institutions collectively.The condition of
the area can be changed if a few educated people campaign with determination and
readiness.Leisurely tuition can be arranged.Parents can be encouraged in different ways.Poorly
qualified students can be financed.The important thing is to make people aware of the defects of
defamation and the benefits of peace.Promoting nonviolence is very important for this purpose
educated youth of the community should adopt the ideas of the great people of the world who have
served the society through nonviolence.In today's modern age, the prevalence of nonviolence is
certainly easy.In society, people need to be taught tolerance and tolerance.For this, political parties,
media, mosques and scholars, educational institutions and other social institutions can play a vital
role.Each person has to be open-minded and convince the other with reason and not with
compulsion.Gun problems are never solved and have to be negotiated after every battle.Problems are
solved not passionately.The brain has to be used for consciousness.Unrest arises when people cannot
distinguish themselves and the rights of others.Then the important issue is that people talk about
rights but they are off duty.The need is to not only make people aware of the rights and duties but
also to balance the rights and duties.
The great thing is to have the intention and determination of peace and to have a lasting strategy.If
most people in a community intend to expel their environment and community from the darkness of
unrest, there is no reason why the lamps of peace are not lit there.

--

CHAPTER No 7
PEACE
Peace and War
 Definitions:
53
According to Encarta Encyclopedia, peace is totally against the war. It’s opposite force and violence
agenda.
According to Advance Oxford Dictionary peace is against violent thoughts and getting freedom from
such thoughts.
According to the Jim advance practical dictionary peace is the name of Cool, Calm, and Environment.
War and violence are terms that doesn’t suit with human beings
Wars kill economy, education, and cultures of society that’s why it’s completely against nature of
human beings. Humans are born free and they love peace the most.

Importance of peaceful society:

Human societies, state and government its mission is to promote peace. Before establishing the
societies and institutions there were wars everywhere.
At early ages the peace was brought in societies through special principles of religions, ethics and
socially constructed rules create peace of mind.
Peace is the name of happiness and development in societies. In peaceful societies the state economy
focuses on infrastructures and education while those involved in wars waste their money on weapons
and modern technology. There is justice in peaceful societies.
Peaceful societies have great literature and presentation all over the world. Peace is an example of
heaven.

Characteristics of a Peaceful Society:

There is safety in peaceful society. Economy and lives of everyone are secured. Peace leads on way
of development. People have positive thoughts. They have no enemies. Sole focus on constructive
thoughts. The peaceful society primarily focuses on education. The ratio of education is highly
increasing in such societies. Peace completely focuses on the creation of a happy society. Peace is
directly proportional to happiness and cool calm environment.
Peace completely finishes ignorance. Peace promotes positive knowledge. There is complete freedom
of speech. Such classes of people give justice to all people equally. There are no militant or terrorist
groups which innocent people. Pakistan remains prosperous due to war. From previous decades
Pakistan has been in war against terror which leads our state economically, socially and in all aspects
of life backward.

Causes of conflicts and Wars on local, national and international level:

1. Local Reasons:

Local sole reason is ignorance at backward areas. Lack of education there people believe in false
myths, and fake religious leaders which in the name of religion divide the people and then create wars
in that society.

2. National Reasons:

54
Nations consist on multi cultures and religious groups there are so difficulties, wars and clashes lies
there. Such societies are based on color, class, and creed division.

3. International Issue or Reasons:

Human body was created a little tricky. Greed lies everywhere in the entire world. As there are wars
at home ground level same there are wars at international level too. World War1,World War 2 and
cold wars are best examples of international wars. All are based on national interests, boundaries
division and religious empowerment.

IMPACTS OF CONFLICT AND WAR

Local impacts:
Wars disturb peace, education, health and economy of a society the basic golden elements.

National Impacts:
Same by wars nations face lack of education, proper health, there will be no jobs and technology
development. Conflicts among societies, revenge from each other which is usually the habit of
animals.

International Impacts:
The international big blocks also disturb world peace and stability. Big blocks like America, Russia,
and China promote their economy, trade, politics, and education everywhere. They start to attack the
weak nations and there they implement their own ideology. This behavior completely demolishes
world peace.

IDENTIFICATION OF GROUPS AFFECTED BY CONFLICTS AND

WARS AT LOCAL, NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
The war targets everyone. Some groups are given below:

1. Civilian Group:

The civil war put effect on relations especially in that time when people have relations with other
societies. Civil war is not easy because of the war children, old people and poor people are affected
and the business groups are affected. When people are busy in war their businesses faces loss. KPK is
a good example of businesses losses as there are a lot of bombings.

2. National Group:

On national surface the war affects weak people. The people who are small and weak they have to
face a lot of loss. In religious war the weak religious people have to face a lot of differences. They

55
become captured in sadness and their civil war becomes destroyed. In every war the labor and
businessmen group become affected the most. All the industries have to face the shortness of goods.

3. Aalmi Group:

On international basis the local people become affected the most. They have to bear Aalmi pressure.
Their example becomes like the people of World War 1 and 2 and they have to face a lot of
difficulties and they have to stand in the line of the people who have won the war. Some government
people take respect in the era of war. In World War 2, American President Rose Welt, UK President
Winsdon Churchill and Russian President Stalon their government has increased. Germany King
Hitler understands responsibilities for these wars. After Iraq and American war Iraqi President Sadam
Husain was represented as enemy. From these wars one group would take advantage and the other
would take loss. In Afghanistan America took a lot of advantage with the help of Pakistan.

 Discrimination:

In society people have to face a lot of differences. Some of them are given below:
1. In light of Encarta dictionary: nation language, age religion or sex is on the basis of groups.
2. In the light of Jim advance practical dictionary the tourist work is good.
3. In the light of advance oxford dictionary society people or with groups the behavior is
considered good.
4. Diversity:

In English the word diversity is used for tourism. This word is taken from French. Its example is like
color or help. That tourist’s society has peace in their homes.

5. Prejudice:

In this fast world the prejudice meaning is that talking with others about their culture, enemy or other
things.

LACK OF COOPERATION:
In such societies people just depend on their own ethnicity. Such societies have no national integrity.
They do not depend on national language and national interest.

POLITICAL INSTABILTY:
Every individual group have their own interest they do not fight for country and will primarily save
their own interest e.g. if there is any P.M. from Punjab he will only support Punjab societies.

WAYS TO STRENGTHEN DIVERSITY AT A GLOBAL LEVEL

International institutions are going to improve it.
For the betterment of national and local languages government create best and friendly environment.
International law enforces our governments to give basic human rights.
56
Every state is responsible to give education in their own language.
International law is also advised to have control and showed no implement force theory of state.
Before independence from British they had left a bad impact of their dress and freedom.
But we should learn a lesson from anyone who had ever visited a foreign country. He would bring
their cultural values along with them but we don’t focus on their punctuality, patience and meeting
style.

SCAPAGOT
Consider the criminal the poor class and the real criminals those who have commit crimes save
themselves. The elite class does like so. They save themselves and poor or low class people can’t
defend themselves in government because they have control in administration.

FEATURES OF DIVERSE SOCIETIES

1. Mixed Culture:

The country where different groups of people live, believe in their own language, race and cultures.
Pakistani society is best example where they believe in their own later they will say I am Pakistani.

2. Stereotype

It means to have a check on both sides. To focus on the other side of issue. To show something wrong
about a person or group of people while reality shows totally opponents. Case will not be like so.
Opinion regarding people which are not actually regarding the social values of those people. This is
against the true nature of humanity because to play with other human emotions and hard work is
against humanity. James Bond defines such people they are rigid and do not have any role in country
development. Such people believe in own traditional values.

3. Economic Instability

The state take care of each and every group economy is kept balanced.

4. Trend of Competition

This competition among group is beneficial on hand but later poisonous for state. The state should
facilitate all groups equally.

PROBLEMS CREATED BY DIVERSITY IN PAKISTAN

1. In Pakistan different people have create a major problem i.e. lack of education and
understanding.
2. The political instability due to different groups.
3. Non cooperative society does not care of each other.
4. Countries like so is less educated and have lack of developments.
5. Lack of good health.

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ROLE OF DIFFERENT CULTURES, VALUES AND BELIEFS IN OUR
LIVES AND SOCIETY
Despite in all other countries there are cross cultures people but they don’t behave like us. All are
educated. So we should have a proper guidance and education to guide youth for development.

Diversity
Diversity is derived from French language relates with Latin word Diversus which mean few or more.
It means group of people or thing which differs from each other. This term means the group of
people, race or society. Feroz Al Lughat describes complexities like group of people in a society
differences lie in their society their walk talk, languages. In the world there are several countries
where people do not share their common languages, ethnicities and religions. Such societies are
called diverse societies. There are advantages and disadvantages too. They don’t show their strong
society bond. Such societies have no positivity, there brotherhood does not exist.

Prejudice
Raise voice in favor or against of any public figure or group of people. It could be religious, racial or
social. Usually it happens with minority groups in the world. In our society prejudice is based on
class system, power by administrators, social injustice or religious differences. To finish this unity is
the requirement.

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END

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