The document discusses different ore-forming processes that can be grouped into two categories: 1) based on relation with country rocks (syngenetic and epigenetic deposits) and 2) based on genesis (igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary processes). Igneous processes form deposits from magmatic melt crystallization including magmatic and hydrothermal deposits. Metamorphic processes alter existing deposits through heat, pressure and solutions. Sedimentary processes involve weathering, transportation and deposition of materials forming beds and deposits.
The document discusses different ore-forming processes that can be grouped into two categories: 1) based on relation with country rocks (syngenetic and epigenetic deposits) and 2) based on genesis (igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary processes). Igneous processes form deposits from magmatic melt crystallization including magmatic and hydrothermal deposits. Metamorphic processes alter existing deposits through heat, pressure and solutions. Sedimentary processes involve weathering, transportation and deposition of materials forming beds and deposits.
The document discusses different ore-forming processes that can be grouped into two categories: 1) based on relation with country rocks (syngenetic and epigenetic deposits) and 2) based on genesis (igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary processes). Igneous processes form deposits from magmatic melt crystallization including magmatic and hydrothermal deposits. Metamorphic processes alter existing deposits through heat, pressure and solutions. Sedimentary processes involve weathering, transportation and deposition of materials forming beds and deposits.
The ore-forming processes may be grouped into on the
basis of two broad categories:
1. Based on relation with country rocks
2. Based on Genesis 1. Based on relation with country rocks
(i) Syngenetic Ore Deposits:
Ore deposits which are formed as the same time as
the enclosing rock, are called “Syngenetic Ore Deposits”.
Example: Sedimentary Ore Deposits such as Banded
Iron Formation (ii) Epigenetic Ore Deposits:
The Ore deposits that are formed later than the
enclosing rock, are called “Epigenetic ore deposits”.
Example: Hydrothermal ore deposits
2. Based on Genesis
(a) Igneous Processes
(b) Metamorphic processes
(c) Sedimentary processes
(a)Igneous Processes:
The deposits are formed by crystallization of magmatic
melt in different environments. The principal types are Magmatic and hydrothermal deposits.
(i) Magmatic deposits: Magma consists of a
multitude of constituents, which are in mutual solution. As the magma approaches the earth's surface its temperature and the external pressure drop, with the result of crystallization and differentiation of minerals in a definite sequence. The formation temperature of different magmatic deposits varies from 1500'C to 300C°. They may be further subdivided into early magmatic and late magmatic deposits. These deposits commonly occur in the following forms: segregations, disseminations and injections.
Example of Magmatic deposits: Diamond occurrence
in Panna, M.P. (ii) Hydrothermal deposits: These deposits formed by hydrothermal solutions.
What is hydrothermal solution?
As magma cools, main rock forming minerals first crystallized, So that a fluid remain consist metals, which were originally present in magma.
This fluid which is a hot water solution containg
mineralized liquids derived from an intrusive magma, is called hydrothermal solution. This hydrothermal solution moves in cracks and openings and precipitate their dissolved minerals.
For Example: Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, Zinc and
mercury, etc.
They can be further classified on the basis of
temperature of deposition (Hypothermal, Mesothermal and Epithermal,) and mode of formation (Cavity and Replacement type). (b) Metamorphic processes:
Metamorphic processes profoundly alter pre-
existing mineral deposits and form new ones. The chief agencies involved are heat, pressure, time, and various solutions. The materials acted upon are either earlier formed mineral deposits or rocks. Valuable nonmetallic mineral deposits are formed.
Example: Marble deposits from metamorphism of
Limestone (Sedimentary rock). Slate deposits from metamorphism of Shale (Sedimentary rock). (i) Contact metasomatism: Contact metasomatism is a process of formation of new mineral by reaction between the rock and the escaping high temperature gaseous emanation with other important materials from the intrusive magma. (C) Sedimentary processes:
From physical or chemical weathering, the materials
are released from the source rocks.
This material transported by means of various
agencies, such as wind, water and ice and deposited in a basin followed by diagenesis into sedimentary formation under a suitable environment. These deposits occur in form of beds. The important metallic and non-metallic sedimentary deposits are iron ore, manganese ore, limestone, etc.
The coal deposits are a distinct group of sedimentary
deposits in which biochemical changes have also taken place duringthe process of deposition and diagenesis.
The deposits of sedimentary origin occur very
commonly in the form of layered formations of extensive aerial extent and considerable depth.