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Assignment no. 1

Topic: Bombay Attacks

Peace Psychology

Bs Psychology 7th-B (Morning)

System ID: Numl-F21-33811

Roll no. 821133

Date: 12 May, 2023

Submitted To: Ma’am Nayyab

Submitted by: Noor Fatima

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Bombay Attacks
The Mumbai terror attacks were claimed by India to be its 9/11. For more than 66 hours, 10
highly trained militants played havoc in India’s commercial metropolis, spraying bullets and
shedding the blood of innocent civilians and tourists in November 2008, bringing the two nuclear
neighbours to the brink of an all-out war.

The 2008 Mumbai attacks were a series of terrorist attacks that took place in November 2008,
when 10 members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, an Islamist terrorist organization from Pakistan, carried
out 12 coordinated shooting and bombing attacks lasting four days across Mumbai.

Events of November 26–29

The attacks were carried out by 10 gunmen who were believed to be connected to Lashkar-e-
Taiba, a Pakistan-based terrorist organization. Armed with automatic weapons and hand
grenades, the terrorists targeted civilians at numerous sites in the southern part of Mumbai,
including the Chhatrapati Shivaji railway station, the popular Leopold Café, two hospitals, and a
theatre. While most of the attacks ended within a few hours after they began at around
9:30 PM on November 26, the terror continued to unfold at three locations where hostages were
taken—the Nariman House, where a Jewish outreach center was located, and the luxury hotels
Oberoi Trident and Taj Mahal Palace & Tower.

By the time the standoff ended at the Nariman House on the evening of November 28, six
hostages as well as two gunmen had been killed. At the two hotels, dozens of guests and staff
were either trapped by gunfire or held hostage. Indian security forces ended the siege at the
Oberoi Trident around midday on November 28 and at the Taj Mahal Palace on the morning of
the following day. In all, at least 174 people, including 20 security force personnel and 26
foreign nationals, were killed. More than 300 people were injured. Nine of the 10 terrorists were
killed, and one was arrested.

The 2008 Mumbai attacks, also referred to as the Bombay attacks, were a series of coordinated
terrorist attacks that took place in Mumbai, India, from November 26 to 29, 2008. The attacks
were carried out by 10 gunmen belonging to the Pakistan-based militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba.

On the evening of November 26, 2008, the attackers arrived in Mumbai via sea routes. They split
into groups and targeted multiple locations across the city, including luxury hotels, a Jewish
community center, a café, and a railway station. The first attack occurred at the Chhatrapati
Shivaji Terminus railway station, where two gunmen opened fire on commuters, killing and
injuring several people. The attackers then moved on to attack other targets. The Taj Mahal
Palace Hotel and the Oberoi Trident Hotel were among the primary targets. The gunmen entered
the hotels, taking hostages and engaging in prolonged gun battles with security forces. The Taj
Mahal Palace Hotel, in particular, was the site of a 60-hour siege. Another target was the
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Nariman House, a Jewish community center. The attackers held hostages inside the building and
engaged in a standoff with security forces. Throughout the attacks, the gunmen targeted both
Indian and foreign nationals, resulting in the deaths of 166 people and injuries to more than 300
others. The victims included hotel guests, staff members, police officers, and NSG (National
Security Guard) commandos. Indian security forces, including the Mumbai Police and the NSG,
launched counter-terrorism operations to neutralize the attackers and rescue hostages. The
operations involved intense gun battles, commando operations, and hostage evacuations.

By November 29, 2008, all the attackers had been either killed or captured. The lone surviving
attacker, Ajmal Kasab, was apprehended and later convicted for his involvement in the attacks.
He was executed by hanging in 2012. The 2008 Mumbai attacks had a significant impact on
India and the international community. They exposed the vulnerability of urban centers to
terrorist attacks and highlighted the need for enhanced security measures. The attacks strained
India-Pakistan relations and led to increased tensions between the two countries. In conclusion,
the 2008 Mumbai attacks were a devastating act of terrorism that resulted in a significant loss of
life and caused widespread fear and panic. The attacks served as a grim reminder of the ongoing
threat of terrorism and the need for robust counter-terrorism measures.