12

Practical Research 2
Quarter 1 – Module 3
Reviewing the Literature and Studies
 Module
REVIEWING THE LITERATURE AND STUDIES
3

OVERVIEW
Let’s Plan

At the end of the module,

This module is divided into four (4) parts: (1)
you will be able to: Conceptual/Theoretical Framework, (2) Definition of terms, (3)
Hypotheses and (4) Review of related literature. A conceptual/
1. illustrates and explain conceptual theoretical framework is an analytical tool that is used to get a
framework CS_RS12-If-j-6
2. defines terms used in study
comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon. It can be used
CS_RS12-If-j-7 in different fields of work and is most commonly used to visually
3. lists research hypotheses (if explain the key concepts or variables and the relationships
appropriate) CS_RS12-If-j-8 and between them that need to be studied. (creately.com, n.d.)
4. presents written review of related
literature and conceptual framework
Definition of terms is an alphabetical list of important terms or
CS_RS12-If-j-9 acronyms that you define, particularly ambiguous terms or those
used in a special way. (thesis.extnesion.harvard.edu, n.d.) A
research hypothesis is a specific, clear, and testable proposition
or predictive statement about the possible outcome of a scientific
research study based on a particular property of a population,
such as presumed differences between groups on a particular
variable or relationships between variables. (sagepub.com, n.d.) The Review of related literature and
studies is a part of a research wherein some insights are provided about the subject or object of the
research. It is divided into two parts, the related (1) literatures and (2) studies.

This module will guide you as a researcher in developing and writing the review of the
conceptual/theoretical framework, definition of terms, hypotheses and review of related literature and
studies part of your quantitative research.

Let’s Check
 Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is a basic structure or frame of reference which is designed to support or enclose something.

a. Paradigm
b. Framework
c. Conceptual Framework
d. Theory

2. An analytical tool with several variations and contexts. It is used to make conceptual distinctions and
organization ideas.

a. Paradigm
b. Framework
c. Conceptual Framework
d. Theory

3. It is a conceptual idea that is used to describe, explain, predict, or understand a certain

phenomenon.

a. Paradigm
b. Framework
c. Conceptual Framework
d. Theory

4. It is the researcher’s scientific imagination expressed graphically by drawings or sketches.

a. Paradigm
b. Framework
c. Conceptual Framework
d. Theory

5.A paradigm or model that is largely used when the research attempts to isolate the factor or major
variable that causes the problem, subject, or phenomenon under investigation.

a. Input –Process – Output

b. IV – DV Model (Independent Variable – Dependent Variable Model)
c. PC Model (Predictor – Criterion Model)
d. None of the above

6. This model is used in experiment-based studies.

a. Input –Process – Output

b. IV – DV Model (Independent Variable – Dependent Variable Model)
c. PC Model (Predictor – Criterion Model)
d. None of the above

7. This model is used in research studies that propose a program or any intervention measure.

a. Input –Process – Output

b. IV – DV Model (Independent Variable – Dependent Variable Model)
c. PC Model (Predictor – Criterion Model)
d. P – Model
8. It is a specific statement of prediction. It describes in concrete (rather than theoretical) term what you
expect will happen in your study.

a. Hypothesis
b. Paradigm
c. Framework
d. None of the above

9. When a term is defined using books and dictionaries, it is defined _____.

a. Conceptually
b. Operationally
c. Skillfully
d. None of the above

10. When the definition of the term is based on how it is used in the study, it is defined _________.

a. Operationally
b. Conceptually
c. Skillfully
d. None of the above

11. Simple hypothesis. It is a hypothesis formulated when predicting a relationship between an

independent variable and a dependent variable.

a. Simple Hypothesis
b. Complex Hypothesis
c. Directional Hypothesis
d. Non- directional Hypothesis

12. It is a hypothesis formulated when predicting the relationships of two or more independent variables
to two or more dependent variables.

a. Simple Hypothesis
b. Complex Hypothesis
c. Directional Hypothesis
d. Non- directional Hypothesis

13. Directional hypothesis. It is a hypothesis that specifies not only the existence but also the expected
direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

a. Simple Hypothesis
b. Complex Hypothesis
c. Directional Hypothesis
d. Non- directional Hypothesis

14. It is a hypothesis that does not stipulate the direction of the relationship between the independent
and dependent variables.

a. Simple Hypothesis
b. Complex Hypothesis
c. Directional Hypothesis
 d. Non- directional

15. It is a hypothesis formulated for the purpose of statistical analysis. This kind is always expressed as
a negative statement. It is subjected to testing in which the decision is either to accept or reject it.

a. Simple Hypothesis
b. Complex Hypothesis
c. Directional Hypothesis
d. Null Hypothesis X

16. A process of compiling, classifying, and evaluating what other researchers have written on a
certain topic. It can be a partial component of a research but it can also stand alone as a self –
contained review of writings on a subject.

a. Review of Literature
b. Theoretical Framework
c. Background of the study
d. None of the above

DEVELOPING THE CONCEPTUAL/ THEORETICAL

Unit FRAMEWORK
7
 Let’s get ready !

Good Day, I am your teacher in Practical Research 2. Welcome to this module. This
module will help you in developing a conceptual or theoretical of your research. Before we
start with the lesson draw your road or ladder to success. Post it in the discussion forum and
make at least three positive comment to your classmates road to success.

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to illustrates and explain conceptual
framework. CS_RS12-If-j-6

Let’s learn

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

A framework is similar to skeleton. It is a basic structure or frame of reference which is designed

to support or enclose something. (Merriam-Webster.com, n.d.) As a skeleton gives shape, form, and
strength to the body so it can stand erect, so do the different concepts and theories. These concepts and
theories serve as the building blocks (or the “skeleton”) for the foundation or bases of the study. (Cristobal
& Cristobal, 2017)

Theoretical comes from the root word “theory”. The word theory is derived from the Greek word,
theoria, which means “vision”. A theory is a conceptual idea that is used to describe, explain, predict, or
understand a certain phenomenon. it defines non-observable constructs that are inferred from observable
facts and events that are thought to have an effect on the phenomenon under study. A theory describes
the relationship/s among variable for purposes of explaining a current state or predicting future events. A
theory, therefore, is primarily concerned with determining cause-effect relationships. Thus, a good theory
expands vision and guides thinking, professional practice, and research. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

A conceptual framework is an analytical tool with several variations and contexts. It is used to
make conceptual distinctions and organization ideas. (Cortez, 2019)

The theoretical framework which may be formulated from an existing theory/ies serves as the
foundation of the study. In such case, the paradigm that is originally used by the theories can be fully
adopted in the present study. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Theoretical Framework Example 1:

This study is anchored on the of Bigg (2004) and Friedman (1970). The business ethics theory by Bigg is
based on the wider social obligation and the moral duty that business has towards society. According to this
theory, there are three (3) varied but interrelated ethical grounds. These are changing and emerging social
responsiveness and social expectations to particular social problems; eternal and intrinsic values that are
inspired by ethics and denoted by some normative and universal

principles by social justice, fairness and human right ; and corporate citizenship in which a corporation or the
business establishment contributes to the social well being. In this theory, CSR is viewed as philantrophic and
ethical responsibilities rather than legal and economic responsibilities.

While the shareholder value theory by Friedman ( Freeman, 1984) argues that only the social responsibility of
Source: Cristobal, A.P., & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc.

Theoretical Framework Example 2

This study is anchored on the different learning theories and strategies on how students learn. One of
which is the Programmed Learning or Programmed Instruction Method of education that behaviourist Burhus
Self-paced Remedial Learning Package in Biology for Elementary Pupils: Predictive Resource Material (Jorda, 2015)
Frederic Skinner proposed in 1958 to “manage human learning under controlled conditions.”
Skinner’s operant conditioning hinges on the fact that learning best occurs when a reward is provided after
an organism makes the desired response (operant). When a response occurs and is reinforced, the probability that
it will occur again in the presence of similar stimuli is increased. Learning, there, occurs when behavioural change
has occurred.
In pursuing the experiment, Skinner developed units of learning called “contingencies of reinforcement.”
The contingency of reinforcement is a sequence within which a response (behavior) is followed by a reinforcing
stimuli. Skinner came up with the principle of learning that behaviors are naturally emitted without eliciting stimuli.
The responses are called operants because their emission may be instrumental to reinforce or punishing
consequences. The operant is conditioned to occur more frequently, less frequently , or not at all – depending upon
whether it is reinforced, punished, or ignored.
Reinforcement is the key in Skinner’s stimuli-response theory. A reinforce is anything that strengthens the
desired response. It could be verbal praise, a good grade, or a feeling of increased accomplishment or satisfaction.
The theory also covers negative reinforcers – any stimulus that results in the increased frequency of a response
when it is drawn (different from adversive stimuli – punishment – which results in reduced responses). A great deal
of attention was given to reinforcement (e.g., Interval versus ratio) and their effects on establishing and maintaining
behaviour.

Source: Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Paradigm of the study

Merriam-Webster (2006) defines paradigm as a pattern, model or set of forms which contains
particular elements. It is the researcher’s scientific imagination expressed graphically by drawings or
sketches. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

The following are the common paradigms or models of a research:

1. IPO model (input-process-output). This model is largely used when the research attempts to
isolate the factor or major variable that causes the problem, subject, or phenomenon under
investigation. This model is largely used when the statements of the problem are all factor –
isolating questions. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Example:
  Profile of
entrepreneurs
a. Age Analysis of data
b. Gender through the
Figurec.7.1.
Seminars
Sample of IPO Model Profile andRole
Entrepreneurs’ rolesToward
of
questionnaire,
Improved Work Performance
attended entrepreneurs are
informal interviews,
 Role of determined
and statistical (Cited as example in Practical
entrepreneurs
a. Assessment treatment Research 2 by Cristobal A. P.
and Cristobal M.D. 2017)
b. Planning
c. Implementation
2. IV- DV Model (Independent variable – Dependent variable
model). This model is used in experiment-based studies. The
questions raised are higher order and classified as situation relating. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Example:

Teaching methodology Level of performance of

used by Instructors Grade 12 students
Figure 7.2. Sample IV-DV Model for the effects of Computer-assisted
instructions and Demonstration Method grades
 Academic on the Level of Performance of
 Computer-assisted
Grade 12 Students
instruction  Practicum grades
 Demonstration  Parent’s satisfaction (Cited as example
in Practical
method Research 2 by
Cristobal A. P. and
Cristobal M.D. 2017)

3. PC Model (Predictor-Criterion Model). This model is used when relating and assessing the
influence between two or variables. Studies that focus on relationships, associations, differences,
and impacts will benefit from this model. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Example:

Teaching competence of Level of performance of

senior high school ABM students
teachers Academic
Knowledge level
Pedagogical skills Behavioral attributes
Classroom management Peer evaluation
 Figure 7.3. Sample PC Model for the Relationship of the Teaching Competence of Senior High School
Teachers to the Level of Performance of
ABM students

(Cited as example in Practical Research 2 by Cristobal A. P. and Cristobal M.D. 2017)

4. P-model. This model is used in research studies that propose a program or any intervention
measure. It fits the situation producing level of questioning. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Example:

Teaching competence of Level of performance of

instructors students

 Academic grades Faculty Development

 knowledge level
Program
 Pedagogical  Practicum
skills performance
 Classroom  Peer evaluation
Management
Figure 7.5. Sample – P Model for Teaching Competence of
Instructors and the level of performance of students towards the formulation
of the Faculty Development Program

(Cited as example in Practical Research 2 by Cristobal A. P. and Cristobal M.D. 2017)

5. POM (proposed original model. This model is used when the researcher presents an original
paradigm. The requirements is that it must be scientific. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Example:

Student respondent’s
Infection control practices Extent of participation in
profile Preparation of iv fluids the infection control
Preparation of iv medications
 Age Assistance in the program
 Gender administration of iv CI’s assessment of the
 Civil Status medicaitons
students’ extent of
Skin care
 Hospital participation in in
Eye Care
assignment Umbilical cord care Infection infection control
control practices practices

Enhanced Related Learning Experience Supervisory Program

Figure 7.5 Sample POM for the Extent of Participation of the Nursing Students in infection control practices:
Basis for Enhanced related Learning Experience Supervisory Program
 Let’s Summarize
Remember the following points in writing and finalizing the theoretical/ conceptual framework of
your research:

 A framework is comprised of different concepts and theories that serves as the skeleton
and strong basis of your research.
 The theoretical framework of your research may be framed from an existing theory/ies
and functions as the basis of your study.
 A theory is a conceptual idea that is used to describe, explain, predict, or understand a
certain phenomenon.
 The result of a clear understanding of your conceptual or theoretical is a paradigm.
 There are 5 models you can choose to use in your research. These are the IPO model,
IV-model, PC model, P model, and POM.
 Let’s Try and Explore
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Name of Learner _______________________________ Grade Level ______

Section _____________________________________ Date ___________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 8

DEVELOPING THE CONCEPTUAL/THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This activity is designed to assess your learning on the theoretical/ conceptual framework.
Learning Competencies:
At the end of the module, you will be able to:
illustrates and explain conceptual framework CS_RS12-If-j-6

Direction:

Fill in the blanks with the required information.

Proposed Study:
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Theory Title: _________________________________________________________________________
Theorist : ____________________________________________________________________________
Theory Statement :
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Theory Explanation: ___________________________________________________________________
Theory’s Relatonship to the Present Study _________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
References:
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Theory Title: _________________________________________________________________________
Theorist : ___________________________________________________________________________
Theory Statement : ____________________________________________________________________
Theory Explanation: ___________________________________________________________________
Theory’s Relatonship to the Present Study _________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

References:
____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

Proposed Paradigm of the Study

Explanation of the Paradigm

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

 In a Nutshell

I hope that the tasks served as your support in developing the conceptual or theoretical
framework of your study. Now, to conclude your learning in this lesson, write your reflection
and conclusion by completing this graphic organizer. If you’re done, get your fourth trophy
below!

_______________ _______________ _______________

_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
I am certain _
that I learned _ _
I could apply what I
I think there is a need to …
about… learned by…

Congratulations on completing the lesson Developing the Conceptual/ Theoretical Framework!!! Here’s your eighth trophy.

Reference:

Cristobal, A.P., & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon
City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

https://classroom.google.com/u/0/c/MTA5MzM0OTY2MjY3

https://shutterstock.com
Prepared by:

AGATHA G. ALCID
Writer
Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

Unit
8
DEFINING KEY TERMS

Let’s get ready !

Good Day, I am your teacher in Practical Research 2. Welcome to this lesson. This unit will help you
in defining key terms in your study. Before we start with the lesson let us identify three (3)
important technical terms in your study?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to defines terms used in study
CS_RS12-If-j-7

Let’s learn
Important terms used in the study must be defined clearly. It can be defined
conceptually and operationally. When a term is defined using books and dictionaries
then it is defined conceptually. On the other hand, when the definition of the term is
based on how it is used in the study, it is defined operationally. (Cristobal & Cristobal,
2017)

Further, definition of terms should be arranged alphabetically and an opening sentence or an

introductory paragraph is needed.

Example:

For better understanding of the study, the Researcher defined the following terms contextly and
operationally as they are used in this study.

Critical Success Factor. As used in the study, it refers to the process of identifying the key factors that
made the cooperatives successful in its organizational performance.

Board of Directors. It refers to the body entrusted with the management of the affairs of the cooperative
under its article of cooperation and by-laws. (R.A. 9520)

Let’s Summarize
Remember the following points in writing and finalizing the definition of terms of your research:

 The definition of terms is important for it provides a conceptually or operationally

definition of the important words in the study.
 A term is conceptually if the definition was derived from books and dictionaries.
 A term is defined operationally if its meaning is based on how the word is used in the
research.

Let’s Try and Explore

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Name of Learner _______________________________ Grade Level ______

Section _____________________________________ Date ___________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 9

DEFINITION OF TERMS

This activity is designed to assess your learning on the theoretical/ conceptual framework.

Learning Competencies:

At the end of the module, you will be able to define terms used in study CS_RS12-If-j-7

Direction:

Do the following tasks completely.

1. State the title of your proposed study

___________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Indicate the problems your study intends to address
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Draw a paradigm of the study. Use a separate sheet of paper if necessary.
4. List down the important terms, concepts, and variables that need to be defined in your research study
based on your answers on items 1, 2, and 3. Define them conceptually and/or operationally:
a.__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
b.__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c.__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d.__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e.__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
f.___________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

In a Nutshell
I hope that the tasks served as your support in defining key terms. Now, to
conclude your learning in this lesson, write your reflection and conclusion by
completing this graphic organizer. If you’re done, get your trophy below!
 _______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
I am certain _
that I learned _ _
I could apply what I
I think there is a need to …
about… learned by…

Congratulations for completing the lesson Defining the key terms!!! Here’s your ninth trophy.

Reference:

Cristobal, A.P., & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon City: C &
E Publishing, Inc.

https://classroom.google.com/u/0/c/MTA5MzM0OTY2MjY3

https://shutterstock.com

Prepared by:

AGATHA G. ALCID
Writer
Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

Unit
SELECTING, CITING, AND SYNTHESIZING RELATED
9 LITERATURE & STUDIES
Let’s get ready !

Good Day, I am your teacher in Practical Research 2. Welcome to this lesson. This unit will help you
to learn and gain the skill in selecting, citing, and synthesizing related literature.
 At the end of the unit, you should be able to present written review of related literature and conceptual
framework. CS_RS12-If-j-9

Before we start with the lesson for the day read the article carefully and answer the guide questions in
our discussing forum in our online class.

RESEARCH ELEMENTS

by Elsevier

Some elements of the research cycle deserve more attention than they usually get in traditional
journals.

Think of the data, software, materials and methods. What happens to these when a research
project is finished?

Researchers now get credit for these important parts of their research. Research elements are
new peer-reviewed article formats that focus on single elements of the research cycle: data, software, and
materials and methods. Readers can easily find and cite new types of information to apply to their
research and reproduce results, keeping the whole research cycle alive.

Research elements articles are complementary to original research articles; they are easy to
prepare and submit are peer-reviewed and will be indexed; enable other researchers to cite and reuse
information; make new types of information discoverable; and have a quick and transparent editorial
process.

Research elements can be applicable to multiple research areas. A number of multidisciplinary

journals welcome submissions from different fields or subject areas. Sometimes these elements belong
to a single field, so some journals support the new article formats within the scope of a specific discipline.

Research elements make it possible to share the essential details of research without spending
time writing a full traditional paper. All authors need to do is to provide contextual information on the
relevant data set, method, software code, or other elements of the participating journal of their choice.

Guide Questions:

1. What are the elements of the research cycle?

2. How do you describe a research elements article?
3. How can you apply research elements in a quantitative research?

Let’s learn
Literature review is a process of compiling, classifying, and evaluating what other researchers
have written on a certain topic. It can be a partial component of a research but it can also stand alone as
a self – contained review of writings on a subject. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Review of Related Literature is an important component of research regardless of the type of

research. Reviewing related literature is one major activity in research that makes you examine or study
again concepts or ideas related to your research that people managed to publish in books, journals, or
other reading materials in the past. (Baraceros, 2016)
 There are two basic methods of reviewing related literature: (1) Traditional and (2) Systematic
Review. Traditional review is for qualitative while systematic, for quantitative research. Systematic
review, a question-driven methodology is used by quantitative researchers who begins their research
work by asking question. Qualitative research begins with a question but are open-ended and subjective.

Whatever type of research, may it be qualitative or quantitative research a researcher reviews

related literature or study in order to build the confidence of the researcher as he/she full understands the
variables being studied. It also shows similar studies conducted which serve as the springboard of
discussion. Researchers will also see the objectivity of the study and it makes the research study realistic.

Selecting the topic and literature is a difficult task for a researcher. There is a need for you as a
researcher to read extensively on the topic because the main problem of the research is the problem.

Once you have selected a topic, literature search follows. Any literature related to the topic,
variables and terms can be chosen. As a researcher there is a need for you to remember that the
literature review is not a summary of literature read, but a discussion of background knowledge for further
research. There is a need to present a summary of the literature in the research paper.

A good literature review according to Cristobal & Cristobal (2017) possesses the following
characteristics:

a. Delimits clearly the subject matter to be reviewed

b. Covers all important relevant literature
c. Is up-to-date
d. Provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and conclusions in the literature
e. Points out similarities and differences, and strengths and weaknesses in the literature
f. Identifies gaps in the literature for future research
g. Clarifies the context for which the literature is important

Review of a literature involves three steps:

1. Looking for relevant materials. Materials are said to be relevant to the research are those that
carry information about the topic or variables of the study. These materials can be found in the
library, on the internet, or even at home. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)
2. Actual reading. Once the materials are gathered the next step follows, the actual reading through
analytical and comparative reading.
3. Note taking. This step is very important in the review of literature. It can aid in the analysis of data
and literature read.

The following tools are used for reading and review: (1) Highlighting and (2) Annotations. Cristobal &
Cristobal (2017) define highlighting as a tool utilized by a researcher for the effective analysis of relevant
readings. It uses marks and symbols to facilitate the reading process. Annotations are remarks, ideas,
and opinions the researcher writes during the analysis and synthesis of related materials or sources.

Related Literature is also called conceptual literature. Gathering literature related to the research is
very important to clarify the different variables under studied. The related literature removes the
vagueness surrounding concept central to the study. If the review of related literature and studies are
gathered appropriately and adequately, the different research variables and the delimitation of the study
are determined. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017) It can be from a different published materials like reference
books, textbooks, manuals, encyclopedias, dictionaries, bulletins, broadsheets, journals, periodicals, etc.
In additional to these printed sources there also electronic references from the internet.

It is easier to understand the major variable when you have identified the sub-variables and each sub-
variable is explained by its indicators.

Example of major variable: Study habits

Example of sub-variable: Time spent studying; methods of studying; place of study
Example of indicator for methods of studying: Using books and other reference materials; writing
important key term and phrases; memorizing definitions; doing homework; asking parents about unclear
concepts

Traditionally, the review of related is sub-divided foreign and local publication or source materials.
The construction of the research instrument, such as a questionnaire, will be easier when the related
literature is prepared thoroughly.

How to write a Literature Review (Fink, 2009)

A literature review is a specific type of research paper that focuses on published literature on a
given topic. It is often the first step in doing original research, scientific or otherwise. It is more than a
mere summary of the literature, however, as it presents analyses, patterns and critiques of individual
sources, group of sources, and the body of literature as a whole (Fink,2009). (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Its format varies by discipline, purpose of the review, or to the format or style adopted by the
publisher.

The following are elements included when writing a literature review: (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

1. An overview of the subject, issue, or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of
writing the literature review
2. division of works under review into categories (e.g., those in support of a particular position, those
against, and those offering alternative theses entirely)
3. Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others.
4. Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of
their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their
area of research.

Tips in writing the Review of Related Literature (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

1. Open web sources ( a person’s private home page, as opposed to peer-reviewed online journals
or licensed database sites that provide access to scholarly works) not usually considered reliable
sources for academic research.
2. Place each work in the context in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the
subject under review. It is suggested that the discussion follows the arrangement as stated in the
statement of the problem. This arrangement must appear consequently in the paradigm of the
study.
3. Describe the relationship of each to the others under consideration. A comparative analysis of
data or ideas from various authors must be done to show the similarities and differences of these
pieces of information.
4. Identify new ways to interpret and shed light on any gaps in previous research.
5. Resolve conflicts between or among previous studies arising from obviously or seemingly
contradictory ideas.
6. Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplicate of effort.
7. Point the way forward for future research.
8. Place one’s original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing
literature. Remember, however, that a literature review does not present new primary
scholarship.

Review of Related Literature Example 1

Management Functions and School Performance of School Administrators in the Four Campuses of the
Philippine State College of Aeronautics (Romoso, 2016)

On skills of Managers. Everyone can be a manager. Certain skills. or abilities to translate knowledge
into action that results in desired performance, are required to help other employees become more
productive (Koontz, 2005). These skills fall under the following categories:

a. Technical skills requires the ability to use a special proficiency or expertise to perform
particular tasks. Accountants, engineers, market researchers, and computer scientists, as
example, possess technical skills. Managers acquire these skills initially through formal
Source: Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.D. (2017) Practical Research 2 For Senior High School. Published by C & E
Publishing, Inc.,

Related Studies

The studies can be in the form of thesis, dissertation or journal article, among others. These are
called research literature. It may be similar and dissimilar studies but in the different context or setting.
These studies serves as the basis of the analysis of results because it enables the researcher to compare
and contrast his/her findings with those of the past studies.

The studies gathered are related to the current research when:

1. they have the same variables, sub-variable, concept and construct.
2. they have the same subject or topic of study.

In citing studies related to the present study, the name of the author, date, setting, title and the
salient findings.
Sample Related Studies:
Attributes f Test Paper Construction and Level of Performance of Students: Basis for the formulation of
the Guidelines on Test Paper Construction (Cristobal, 2014)

A similar study by Akram (2010) revealed that the average rating of principals was at the
intermediary level on four factors, namely the attitude toward students, subject mastery,
teaching methodology and personal characteristics of teacher’s job performance. The average
ratings of students was the lowest level on four factors, namely the attitude toward students,
subject mastery, teaching methodology, and personal characteristics of teachers’ job
performance. There was no difference among the views of principals, teachers themselves, and
students about teachers’ were the highest and those of students were the lowest. There was
non-significant difference among the mean view score of principals, teachers themselves, and
students about teachers’ performance on the factor of subject mastery.

Source: Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.D. (2017) Practical Research 2 For Senior High School. Published by C & E
Publishing, Inc.,

Let’s Summarize
Remember the following points in reviewing the research related literature and studies:

1. Literature review is a process of compiling, classifying, and evaluating what other researchers
have written on a certain topic.
2. There is a need to review literature because it builds the confidence of the researcher as
he/she fully understands the variables under study and it shows similar studies conducted
which can become the springboard of the study.
3. The steps in review of related literature are (1) picking a suitable research topic; (2) selecting
the relevant source materials and (3) structuring the analysis and synthesis of related studies.
4. The conduct of your actual literature review, the following should be done in order to achieve
an effective review: relevant materials should be assessed; analytical and comparative
reading must be done and notes should be taken.
5. Review of literature pertaining to your research is very important in order to clarify the
different variables being studied and remove any ambiguity of the study. It is also called the
conceptual literature.
6. It helps you identify the major variables, their sub-variable, and the indicators.
7. It focuses on published literature on a given topic.
8. The elements that you should include in your literature review are the overview of the subject,
issue or theory under consideration; division of works under review into categories;
explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others; and
conclusions.

9. In citing studies related to the present study, the name of the author, date, setting, title and
the salient findings.
 Let’s Try and Explore
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Name of Learner _______________________________ Grade Level ______

Section _____________________________________ Date ___________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 10

SELECTING, CITING & SYNTHESIZING OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This activity is designed to assess your learning on the review of related literature.

Learning Competencies:
At the end of the unit you will be able present written review of related literature and conceptual
framework. CS_RS12-If-j-9

Direction: Fill in the blanks with the necessary information.

1. Title of the Research : ___________________________________________________________

Major Variables Sub-variables/Concepts/Constructs

2. Major Variable: _________________________________________________________________

Indicators:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
References: ___________________________________________________________________
3. Major Variable: _________________________________________________________________
Indicators _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
References______________________________________________________ ____________
4. Major Variable: ________________________________________________________________
Indicators ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
References____________________________________________________________________

5. Major Variable: __________________________________________________________

Indicators _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
References_____________________________________________________________

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

In a Nutshell

I hope that the tasks served as your scaffoldings in your study of review of selecting,
citing ad synthesizing related literature and studies. Now, to conclude your learning in this
lesson, write your reflection and conclusion by completing this graphic organizer. If you’re
done, get your first trophy below!

_______________ _______________ _______________

_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________
 I am certain that I learned
I could apply what I
about… I think there is a need to …
learned by…

Congratulations on completing the lesson Selecting, citing and synthesizing Related Literature!!! Here’s your
eleventh trophy.

Reference:

Cristobal, A.P., & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon City: C &
E Publishing, Inc.

https://classroom.google.com/u/0/c/MTA5MzM0OTY2MjY3

https://shutterstock.com

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

Let’s check what you have learned

Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1) It is a basic structure or frame of reference which is designed to support or enclose something.

a. Paradigm
b. Framework
c. Conceptual Framework
d. Theory

2) An analytical tool with several variations and contexts. It is used to make conceptual distinctions and
organization ideas.

a. Paradigm
b. Framework
c. Conceptual Framework
d. Theory

3) It is a conceptual idea that is used to describe, explain, predict, or understand a certain

phenomenon.

a. Paradigm
b. Framework
c. Conceptual Framework
d. Theory

4) It is the researcher’s scientific imagination expressed graphically by drawings or sketches.

a. Paradigm
b. Framework
c. Conceptual Framework
d. Theory

5) A paradigm or model that is largely used when the research attempts to isolate the factor or major
variable that causes the problem, subject, or phenomenon under investigation.

a. Input –Process – Output

b. IV – DV Model (Independent Variable – Dependent Variable Model)
c. PC Model (Predictor – Criterion Model)
d. None of the above

6) This model is used in experiment-based studies.

a. Input –Process – Output
b. IV – DV Model (Independent Variable – Dependent Variable Model)
c. PC Model (Predictor – Criterion Model)
d. None of the above

7) This model is used in research studies that propose a program or any intervention measure.
a. Input –Process – Output
b. IV – DV Model (Independent Variable – Dependent Variable Model)
c. PC Model (Predictor – Criterion Model)
d. P – Model

8.) It is a specific statement of prediction. It describes in concrete (rather than theoretical) term what you
expect will happen in your study.

a. Hypothesis
b. Paradigm
c. Framework
d. None of the above

9) When a term is defined using books and dictionaries, it is defined _____.

a. Conceptually
b. Operationally
c. Skillfully
d. None of the above

10) When the definition of the term is based on how it is used in the study, it is defined _________.

a. Operationally
b. Conceptually
c. Skillfully
d. None of the above

11) Simple hypothesis. It is a hypothesis formulated when predicting a relationship between an

independent variable and a dependent variable.
a. Simple Hypothesis
b. Hypothesis
c. Directional Hypothesis
d. Non- directional Hypothesis

12) It is a hypothesis formulated when predicting the relationships of two or more independent variables
to two or more dependent variables.

a. Simple Hypothesis
b. Complex Hypothesis
c. Directional Hypothesis
d. Non- directional Hypothesis

13) Directional hypothesis. It is a hypothesis that specifies not only the existence but also the expected
direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

a. Simple Hypothesis
b. Complex Hypothesis
c. Directional Hypothesis
d. Non- directional Hypothesis

14) It is a hypothesis that does not stipulate the direction of the relationship between the independent
and dependent variables.

a. Simple Hypothesis
b. Complex Hypothesis
c. Directional Hypothesis
d. Non- directional

15) It is a hypothesis formulated for the purpose of statistical analysis. This kind is always expressed as
a negative statement. It is subjected to testing in which the decision is either to accept or reject it.

a. Simple Hypothesis
b. Complex Hypothesis
c. Directional Hypothesis
 d. Null Hypothesis

16) A process of compiling, classifying, and evaluating what other researchers have written on a certain
topic. It can be a partial component of a research but it can also stand alone as a self – contained
review of writings on a subject.

a. Review of Literature
b. Theoretical Framework
c. Background of the study
d. None of the above

Suggested Answers to Let’s Check:

1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. a; 5. a; 6. b; 7. d; 8. a; 9. a; 10. a; 11.a; 12. b; 13. c: 14.d; 15. d;
16. a