Faculty of Engineering and Technology Department of Mechanical

Engineering
Theory of machines (EMTOM3A)
NAME: Mabotja SP 215026381

DAY OF PRACTICAL: TUESDAY 14H00 29 JUNE 2021

DUE DATE: 14 JULY 2021

TOPIC: Vibration experiment

 Content
Experiment 1………………………………………………………………………1
Introduction……………………………………………………………………….2
Theory…………………………………………………………………………….3
Results…………………………………………………………………………….3
Calculations………………………………………………………………………..3
Table of results……………………………………………………………………..4
Experiment2……………………………………………………………………5
Introduction………………………………………………………………………6
Calculations………………………………………………………………………7
Conclusion and recomandation…………………………………………………..8

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experiment
Experiment 1

Free vibration
AIM:
To determine the damping coefficient (returning energy back to the system) of the vibration
machine.

Apparatus

Figure 1: Vibration frame

Helical Spring
Weight5×2 kg
Measuring tape Steel
beam
Beam guide frame
Drum recorder with control switch and pen for beam vibration

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 Damper with stand, damping adjustment screw, clamping, screw, a clamp to the
beam and oil

Introduction
Free vibration undamped mass system that occurs when a force is applied manually and
free vibration oscillation occurs that is dependent on the damping coefficient the stiffness of
the spring and the mass equivalent in the vibration frame.

Theory
The vibration movement of the mass system that is from its own potential energy with
sinusoidal behavior, this is achieved when the system vibrates freely upon initial input, the free
oscillation is analyzed and studied in the experiment and all information is used to determine the
period at which the vibrational mass system will stabilize.

Procedure
i. We connected the drum recorder to the speed control unit and adjusted the beam to be
horizontal by means of bracket over the spring attachment.
ii. We brought the chart recorder into contact with the pen such that the pen just the paper.
iii. We assembled the rest of the apparatus
iv. Measured the speed of the drum by tracing and measure a line on the drum for a period
of 20 seconds using stop watch. This was double checked by visually observation and
counting the distance on the drum.
v. We created the amplitude by pulling down the beam at the spring end by approximately
20mm then released it. For a given orifice area of the dash pot, vary the distance ‘a’
and trace out the decaying amplitude on the chart recorder paper.
vi. Used different piston areas and repeated the process of the tracing the
decaying amplitudes at the various distance of ‘a’.
vii. We used the traces obtained to calculate the value ‘c’ of damping coefficient by means
of equations.

Results
Calculations
I ̈+ ca ̇a + kbθb = 0
I+A ̇+Bθ=0

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Io=

2 1.886×0.7452

= = 0.349 kg.m2
3 3

T= −
= 14−12
= 0.25 s
1

2 ( ) 12
2 ( )
+1 14
-1 2
A= = =0.123 s kg.m
0.5

C= = 0.123×0.349 = 0.288 Ns/m

2 0.22

TABLE OF RESULTS

Damper T (s) A s-1 A*Io (s- Damping

1 2
to pivot +
Loge( +
) kg.m ) coefficient “c”
distance (Ns/m)
‘a’ (mm)
120 1.036 0.035 0.5 0.14 0.066 0.546
200 1.167 0.154 2.5 0.123 0.058 0.288
300 1.360 0.307 4.5 0.136 0.064 0.212
380 1.600 0.470 6 0.157 0.074 0.193
450 2.231 0.803 8 0.201 0.094 0.209
520 1.714 0.539 5 0.216 0.101 0.194

A (mm) Yn (mm) Yn+1 (mm) T(mm)

120 14.5 14 3
200 14 12 4
300 17 12.5 17
380 16 10 16
450 14.5 6.5 3.4
520 12 7 3

Motion will eventually die out regardless of initial condition known as transient motion

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 Experiment2
AIM
Investigating the response and behavior of a forced vibration frequency undergoing
forced vibration without a damper.

Apparatus

Figure1: Universal vibration frame forced vibration

Helical spring
Weight5×2 kg
Measuring tape Steel
beam
Beam guide frame
Drum recorder with control switch and pen for beam vibration

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 Exciter motor, 30 W, 3000rpm with two unbalanced discs and synchronous gears
and belts.

Introduction
Forced vibration is a type of vibration in which a force is constantly applied to
a mechanical system without a damper, the vibrational frequency and the amplitude is then
analyzed and equation are formulated from the behavior.

Theory
When the mass system experiences harmonic excitation the system will including F (t) and the displacement x (t) with its motion as Io ̈+ ca ̇a + (kbθ) b = aFosin t where Io= + 3 2

Procedure
i. We connected the drum recorder and motor to the speed control unit and adjusted
the beam to be horizontal employing a bracket over the spring attachment.
ii. Brought the chart recorder into contact with the pen such that the pen just the paper.
iii. We assembled the rest of the apparatus
iv. Utilizing stop watch time the speed of the recorder drum was traced out approximately
20 oscillations then calculated the time for one cycle (periodic time)

Equations used
Io= +32
k= ℎ N/m

2 −1
[√ =√ ( )
Freq=√2 Hz (cycle/s)

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Additional Mass of Motor 20 Period from Results and calculation
weight m motor speed Oscillation(s) recorder(mm)
(kg) with disc
plus
additional
weight(kg)
Mass Parameter Parameters
moment B (Hz)B
of (rad/s)
inertia
about o
(kg.m2)
0 6.735 1500 2.75 55 1.322 52.565 20.97
0.5 7.235 1500 3.05 61 1.394 51.19 20.422
1 7.735 1500 2.9 58 1.467 49.9 19.907
1.4 8.135 1500 3.35 67 1.524 48.958 19.531
2 8.735 1500 2.8 56 1.611 47.617 19.996

Calculation 2
Io= (6.735) x (0.38) + 1.89×0.7452 = 1.32 kg.m2
3

K=5×2×9.8111×10−3 = 8.918 KN/m

√ =√8.19×10
32×0.642
=52.41(
−
1.32
)
Freq=√2763.0962 =20.97Hz

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8
Constant force the motion of amplitude is infinite.

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Conclusion and Recommendation
Free vibration of the mass system dies out due to the damping effect the amplitude decreases
the free vibration the system is also experiencing periodic motion where the kinetic energy is
equal to the potential maximum energy of the, this in disturbed by mass spring as there will lose
of energy during its stiffness.
As there’s a constant supply of energy the forced vibration and forced frequency the motion
of the amplitude becomes infinite and resonance occurs.
Many inaccuracies occur in electrical fault in the motor, before experimentation its adviced to
check all equipment for any failure.

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