Reviewer
Chiefdoms have populations ranging
UCSP
Bands
Bands are the smallest and least
sociopolitically complex human groups.
A band usually consists of related families
who camp together and collaborate closely,
rarely numbering more than one hundred
people and frequently closer to one dozen
or two dozen. Most bands are hunters
and gatherers or foragers who do not
use domesticated plants or animals for
food.
Tribes
Tribes, like bands, have generally
egalitarian social relations and informal
leadership. The feature that distinguishes
tribes from bands is the stronger sense of
connection between a tribe’s constituent
communities, as opposed to the more
independent bands.  This unit usually
numbers from hundreds to a few thousand
people. Whereas some tribes are
foragers, most practice horticulture
(small-scale hoe or spade farming) or
pastoralism (animal herding). In some
more complex tribes, powerful people
known as “Big Men” can emerge as local
leaders. Like headmen, Big Men have
achieved status and no formal authority;
their elevated status comes principally from
their skill at manipulating reciprocity
relationships.
Chiefdoms
from several thousand to hundreds of
thousands of people. Although some
chiefdoms may be supported by foraging
in extremely rich environments, most
rely on intensive agriculture or
pastoralism, which provide the reliable
food surpluses needed to maintain their
comparatively small number of
specialists. Chiefdoms have social ranking
by which high status is normally
ascribed or inherited rather than
achieved. Certain families or lineages
retain possession of high-status positions,
which are a small number of full-time
offices with formally recognized duties and
powers. Political power is centralized, to a
greater or lesser extent, in the hands of the
ruling chief, who has the authority to make
decisions for the whole group and to use
coercion to bring disruptive members in
line. This authority is frequently
legitimated by religion, by which the
chiefly lineage has access to
supernatural favor and power by virtue
of divine ancestors whom “commoners”
lack. Chiefs also play an important role in
the economic integration of their chiefdoms
through redistribution, the collection—in
the form of tribute or taxes—and
management of surplus production. This
surplus production supplies the chiefly
lineage with its subsistence base, but it is
also given back to society in the form of
support for religious and craft specialists
attached to the chief’s household; feasting
and gift giving that legitimate his position;
funding for military action or the
construction of aggrandizing monuments
such as temples, palaces, or tombs; and the
provision of survival rations in times of
need.
States
States, highly centralized and highly
efficient polities, can integrate
populations numbering from the
hundreds of thousands to more than a
billion. To maintain this level of
intensification and control, states have
sophisticated recording systems and rely on
large numbers of specialists, who often
congregate in cities. These cities—the word
city coming from the Latin word civitas—
and literacy are two of the hallmarks of
“civilization.” Only intensive agriculture can
provide the food surpluses needed to feed
the dense populations of cities. Whereas
chiefdoms may have only two social
levels (chiefs and commoners), states
have at least three: the “upper class” of
ruling elites; the “middle class” of
bureaucratic managers and merchants,
who are often literate; and the “lower
class” productive base, including most
craft specialists and agricultural
laborers. Such social statuses are ascribed;
the possibility of social mobility
distinguishes class societies, where mobility
is possible, although rarely easy, from caste
societies, where opportunities for changing
one’s social status can be virtually
nonexistent. To maintain social order in
their internally diverse, often multicultural,
populations, states have formal legal codes
and restrict the use of coercive force to
their authorized agents.
CPAR
Ø National Artist Award shares the same
prestige as the GAMABA and the National
Scientist Award.
Ø Gamaba award is conferred every three
years through a rigorous deliberation and
selection process jointly facilitated by two
major cultural offices, the National
Commission on Culture and the Arts and the
Cultural Center of the Philippines.
Ø National Artist award was established in
1972 under Presidential Decree No. 1001
issued by then President Ferdinand Marcos.
Ø Fernando Amorsolo was the first recipient
of NAA awardee who was conferred the
award posthumously.
Ø NAA is an acronym for: National Artist
award
Ø NAA bestows the highest form of
recognition to Filipino artists for their
significant contributions in the arts and letters.
Ø Church of the Holy Sacrifice is credited as
the first Catholic Church in the country to
employ a circular architecture with a thin shell
dome.
Ø Abueva has produced a significant number
of public sculptures for the University using
various materials from wood, to stone and
metal.
Ø Arturo Luz (awarded 1997) worked on the
terrazzo floor suggesting flowing rivers that
terminate in the altar as a whirling pattern of
planar forms.
Ø The use of flat and angular shapes finds
resonance in the 15 Stations of the Cross,
which are murals painted by Vicente
Manansala (awarded 1981)
Ø Nick Joaquin (awarded 1976) is a poet,
novelist, and playwright National Artist for
Literature who wrote A Portrait of the Artist as
Filipino, 1950.
Ø Lamberto Avellana was the National Artist
for Film (awarded 1976).
Ø Daisy Hontiveros Avellana is the actress,
director, writer and National Artist for Theater
(awarded 1999).
Ø 1972 was the year when NAA was
establish.
Ø Ramon P. Santos (awarded in 2014) is a
National Artist who was initially removed from
the 2009 list despite having gone through the
proper selection process.
Ø Bienvenido Lumbera is the National Artist
for Literature awarded 2006.
Ø Francisca Reyes Aquino is a national artist
awardee for dance who vigorously research
on the different folk dances of the Philippines
which made her the “Folk Dance Pioneer’ of
the country.
Ø Ramon Obusan is a national artist awardee
for dance who promoted the Philippine ethnic
dances and performed them with respect and
authenticity
Ø Rolando Tinio is a national artist awardee
for Theater who was an outastanding stage
director, poet, thespian and playwright known
for his numerous remarkable productions and
notable scripts.
Ø Daisy Avellana is national artist for theater
whos the so-called First Lady of the Philippine
Theater because of her magnificent
performances in the classic Filipino and
international theater productions and plays.
Ø Jovita Fuentes is a national artist awardee
for music who was known for her portrayal of
Cio-cio san in Madame Butterfly, which was
hel in teatro Municipale de Piacenza in Italy.
Ø Andrea Veneracion was a national artist
awardee for music who played a significant
part in the development of he Philippine
chorale.
Ø Juan Nakpil was an architect, civil engineer,
civic leader and a pioneer and innovator of
Philippine architecture.
Ø Fernando Amorsolo was the first recipient
of National artist award who was conferred the
award posthumously.
Ø Oblation is the University of the Philippines
symbol which depicts a male nude with arms
outstretched as a gesture of sacrifice and
freedom.
FACTS:
· The institutionalization of the NAA spans
roughly four decades.
· Since its establishment in 1972, the NAA has
institutionalized awards in the areas of
architecture, design, and allied arts, film and
broadcast arts, visual arts, literature, dance,
music, and theater.
Ø Teofilo Garcia was a national artist awardee
who made upo (gourd) a taungaw hat.
Ø Teofilo Garcia has been named Manlilikha
ng Bayan (“one who creates for the country”)
or National Living Treasure.
Ø Fernando Amorsolo was a national artist
awardee for Visual Arts and known as the
“Grand Old Man of the Philippine Art” and the
first national artist of the country.
Ø Arturo Luz was a national artist awardee for
Visual Arts and an abstractionist for his
minimalist paintings and sculptures which
exudes sophisticated simplicity.
FACTS:
· The distinction between modern and
contemporary art is historical, cultural, and
stylistic one.
· Teofilo Garcia has been named Manlilikha
ng Bayan (“one who creates for the country”)
or National Living Treasure.
· Twelve individuals have received this
distinction from the time of the establishment
of the award in 1992 through Republic Act No.
7355 until 2012.
· Lucrecia Kasilag reinforced Filipino’s
appreciation to music by fusing Western
influences to Phlippine ethnic music.
· Jose Maceda focused on understanding and
popularizing Filipino traditional music.
· Harmony is the sound produced when two or
more notes are played at the same time.
· Melody is the overarching tune created by
playing a succession or series of notes.
· Pitch a sound based on the frequency of
vibration and size of the vibrating objects .
· Tempo is the speed at which a piece of
music is played .
· Timber is the quality of the sound that
distinguishes one voice or instrument from the
another.
Ø Kinetic Art is an art from any medium that
contains movement perceivable by the viewer
or depends on motion for its effect.
Ø Performing Art is a form of art in which artists Ø Video art It came into existence during the late
use their voices and/or their bodies, often in 1960s and early 1970s as new consumer video
relation to other objects, to convey artistic technology became available outside corporate
expression. broadcasting.
Ø Environmental art is a range of artistic practices Ø Graffiti Art is also called "Street Art",
encompassing both historical approaches to nature "Spraycan Art", "Subway Art" or "Aerosol Art".
in art and more recent ecological and politically Ø Body art is art made on, with, or consisting of,
motivated types of works. the human body.
Ø Feminist art is a movement refers to the efforts Ø Digital art is an artistic work or practice that
and accomplishments of feminists internationally uses digital technology as an essential part of the
to produce art that reflects women's lives and creative or presentation process
experiences, as well as to change the foundation
for the production and reception of contemporary Ø National artist awards bestow the highest form
art. of recognition to Filipino artists for their
significant contributions in the arts and letters.
Ø TEofilo Garcia is 2012 awardee who is a farmer
in the town of San Quintin, a municipality in Abra
Province, better known for tending a plot of land
filled with enlarged upo or gourd.
Ø Lang Dulay is a GAMABA awardee whose
expertise is a tinalak weaving.
Ø Eduardo Mutuc is a 2004 GAMABA awardee
on plastic arts category and whose expertise is on
silver plating of religious and secular arts.
Ø Ginaw Bilog is a 1993 GAMABA awardee on
Literature and performing Arts category whose
expertise is on surat Mangyan and ambahan
poetry.
Ø GAMABA means Gawad sa Manlilikha sa
Bayan
Ø Contemporary Art is the art of the present,
which is continuously in process and in flux.
Ø Children, women and environment are the
favorite subjects in contemporary art.
Ø Abstract impressionism is a post–World War II
art movement in American painting, developed in
New York in the 1940s.
Ø Op Art is a form of abstract art that gives the
illusion of movement by the precise use of pattern
and colour, or in which conflicting patterns emerge
and overlap.
Ø Minimalism describes movements in various
forms of art and design, especially visual art and
music, where the work is set out to expose the
essence, essentials or identity of a subject through
eliminating all non-essential forms, features or
concepts.
Ø Video Art is an art form which relies on moving
pictures in a visual and audio medium.