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Detrital-zircon geochronology and provenance of the El Oro Metamorphic

Complex, Ecuador: Geodynamic implications for the evolution of the western
Gondwana margin

Article  in  Journal of South American Earth Sciences · March 2019

DOI: 10.1016/j.jsames.2018.12.010

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Accepted Manuscript

Detrital-zircon geochronology and provenance of the El Oro Metamorphic Complex,

Ecuador: Geodynamic implications for the evolution of the western Gondwana margin

Nils Suhr, Yamirka Rojas-Agramonte, David M. Chew, André J. Pinto, Diego

Villagómez-Díaz, Theofilos Toulkeridis, Regina Mertz-Kraus

PII: S0895-9811(18)30296-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2018.12.010
Reference: SAMES 2067

To appear in: Journal of South American Earth Sciences

Received Date: 24 July 2018

Revised Date: 9 December 2018
Accepted Date: 13 December 2018

Please cite this article as: Suhr, N., Rojas-Agramonte, Y., Chew, D.M., Pinto, André.J., Villagómez-
Díaz, D., Toulkeridis, T., Mertz-Kraus, R., Detrital-zircon geochronology and provenance of the El
Oro Metamorphic Complex, Ecuador: Geodynamic implications for the evolution of the western
Gondwana margin, Journal of South American Earth Sciences (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jsames.2018.12.010.

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
1 Detrital-zircon geochronology and provenance of the El Oro Metamorphic Complex,
2 Ecuador: Geodynamic implications for the evolution of the western Gondwana margin
3
4 Nils Suhr1,2*; Yamirka Rojas-Agramonte3,4,5; David M. Chew1; André J. Pinto2,6 ;
5 Diego Villagómez-Díaz7; Theofilos Toulkeridis5; Regina Mertz-Kraus4
6

PT
1
7 Department of Geology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
2
8 Instituto Nacional de Investigación Geológico Minero Metalúrgico INIGEMM, De las

RI
9 Malvas E15-142 y De los Perales – Monteserrín, Quito-Ecuador
3
10 Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1 No 18A – 70, Bogotá,

SC
11 Colombia
4
12 Department of Geosciences, University of Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
5
13 Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y de la Construcción, Universidad de las Fuerzas

U
14 Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
AN
6
15 GUtech- German University of Technology in Oman, Applied Geoscience Department,
16 Halban Campus, P.O. Box 1816, Athaibah PC 130, Sultanate of Oman
7
M

17 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland

18
*corresponding author: nsuhr@tcd.ie
D

19
20
TE

21 Abstract

22 The El Oro Metamorphic Complex (EOMC) in SW Ecuador has been the subject of debate
EP

23 for several decades. While previous studies have focused on the metamorphic and
24 deformation history of the complex to determine its geodynamic evolution, the pre-
C

25 metamorphic history and its association to units in the north-central Andes remains poorly
AC

26 understood. Here we present a U-Pb detrital zircon provenance study to provide insights
27 into the depositional history and the geodynamic setting of the EOMC. Our results imply
28 that the southern portion of the EOMC (the Tahuín division) is composed of an older
29 Palaeozoic (pre-Famatinian) sequence in the south (El Tigre unit; c. 525-510 Ma), and
30 younger Palaeozoic (post-Famatinian) sediments in the central and northern parts of the
31 Tahuín division (La Victoria and La Bocana units; c. 370-360 Ma). The provenance of the
32 sedimentary sequences correlates with autochthonous post-Famatinian units (440–340 Ma)
33 in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru and the southern Cordillera Real of Ecuador. Importantly,

1
Suhr et al. (2018)
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
34 our data provide evidence for a genetic link between the northernmost (the Birón Complex)
35 and the southern (La Victoria and La Bocana units) sequences of the EOMC. Post-
36 Famatinian sediments were identified in the Birón Complex (Palenque Mélange division; c.
37 400-390 Ma) and are derived from the same sedimentary sources as the sediments of the
38 southern EOMC. The depositional range of post-Famatinian sediments in the EOMC is
39 therefore constrained to c. 400-360 Ma. Furthermore, we identified a Middle to Upper

PT
40 Triassic sedimentary sequence in the Birón Complex (Limón Playa unit; c. 240-215 Ma)
41 that likely developed contemporaneously with c. 240–217 Ma syn-rift continental

RI
42 epiclastics of the Mitu Group in Peru. Combined, these new detrital zircon data demonstrate
43 that the existing lithostratigraphic scheme is erroneous and that three temporally distinct

SC
44 sequences are present in the complex, with the oldest units in the south and the youngest in
45 the north. Separation of the southern EOMC (the Tahuín division) from the autochthonous
46 Gondwanan margin of the north-central Andes was likely due to a change in the regional

U
47 subduction direction from SE to ENE at ~140Ma, with the southern EOMC rotating in a
AN
48 clockwise direction into its present-day E–W orientation. This rotation also could have been
49 a response to the first accretion of proto-Caribbean terranes, such as the Alao–
M

50 Quebradagrande terrane at c. 120 Ma, with a maximum age for rotation constrained by the
51 earliest sediments (Early (?) to Middle Albian, c. 113-105 Ma) arriving into the Celica-
Lancones Basin, which unconformably overlie the Tahuín Group in the southern EOMC.
D

52
TE
C EP
AC

2
Suhr et al. (2018)
ca. 530 Ma. Final assembly of ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Gondwana, Pampean orogen in Pampean subduction related Pampean subduction related
south. magmatism in the north- magmatism - ca. 550 Ma -
c. 525-510 Ma?
Pre-Famantinian central Andes? NW Argentina
sequences
SRS “Old” W (El Tigre unit)
E
El Oro Amazonia
forearc

RNJ SF

PT
Br elt
b
as
Ìlia

PM

RI
RP

SC
subduction-related magmatic
belt - Eastern Cordillera and
ca. 470 - 440 Ma. Continued southern Cordillera Real
ca. 440-340 Ma
magmatism in Peru. Deposition of c. 400-360 Ma

U
Young Marañón. Collision of Post-Famantinian sequences
Precordillera to south. (La Victoria unit, Palenque
Mélange division)
AN
Pre-Famantinian
sequences
(El Tigre unit)

SRS “Old” W E
El Oro
forearc
Amazonia
M
P

SF
RNJ
A

D
AN

Br elt
b
as

TE
Ìlia

PM
F
RP
PC
EP

Mitu Rift in Peru

Accretion or intercalation
ca. 240 - 215 Ma. Deposition of Mid- of Triassic sequences
C

Upper Triassic sequence to north. c. 240-215 Ma

High P low T and high T low P
metamorphism in the EOMC.
?
AC

Post-Famantinian sequences Pre-Famantinian Final assembly of

SRS “Old” Triassic sequences
(La Victoria unit, Palenque
Mélange division,
sequences
(El Tigre unit)
El Oro forearc sediments

El Oro Amazonia W (Limón Playa unit)

La Bocana unit)
E
forearc
P

(Mitu Rift RNJ SF

A

240-217 Ma)
AN

Br elt
b
as

PM
Ìlia

F slab breakoff -
underplating and
Arenillas- Piedras mafic
RP Panupalí
partial melting
complex
PC unit
C
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
1 Detrital-zircon geochronology and provenance of the El Oro Metamorphic Complex,
2 Ecuador: Geodynamic implications for the evolution of the western Gondwana margin
3
4 Nils Suhr1,2*; Yamirka Rojas-Agramonte3,4,5; David M. Chew1; André J. Pinto2,6 ;
5 Diego Villagómez-Díaz7; Theofilos Toulkeridis5; Regina Mertz-Kraus4
6

PT
1
7 Department of Geology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
2
8 Instituto Nacional de Investigación Geológico Minero Metalúrgico INIGEMM, De las

RI
9 Malvas E15-142 y De los Perales – Monteserrín, Quito-Ecuador
3
10 Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1 No 18A – 70, Bogotá,

SC
11 Colombia
4
12 Department of Geosciences, University of Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
5
13 Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y de la Construcción, Universidad de las Fuerzas

U
14 Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
AN
6
15 GUtech- German University of Technology in Oman, Applied Geoscience Department,
16 Halban Campus, P.O. Box 1816, Athaibah PC 130, Sultanate of Oman
7
M

17 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland

18
*corresponding author: nsuhr@tcd.ie
D

19
20
TE

21 Abstract

22 The El Oro Metamorphic Complex (EOMC) in SW Ecuador has been the subject of debate
EP

23 for several decades. While previous studies have focused on the metamorphic and
24 deformation history of the complex to determine its geodynamic evolution, the pre-
C

25 metamorphic history and its association to units in the north-central Andes remains poorly
AC

26 understood. Here we present a U-Pb detrital zircon provenance study to provide insights
27 into the depositional history and the geodynamic setting of the EOMC. Our results
28 demonstrate that it is composed of an older Palaeozoic (pre-Famatinian) sequence to the
29 south, and younger Palaeozoic (post-Famatinian) sediments in the central and northern parts
30 of the southern complex (the Tahuín division). The provenance of the sedimentary
31 sequences correlates with autochthonous post-Famatinian units (440–340 Ma) in the Eastern
32 Cordillera of Peru and the southern Cordillera Real of Ecuador. Importantly, our data
33 provide evidence for a genetic link between the northernmost (the Birón Complex) and the

1
Suhr et al. (2018)
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
34 southernmost (the Tahuín division) sequences of the EOMC. Post-Famatinian and Middle to
35 Upper Triassic sediments were identified in the Birón Complex and are derived from the
36 same sedimentary sources as the sediments of the southern EOMC. Hence, the existing
37 lithostratigraphic scheme is erroneous, and the new detrital zircon data demonstrate that
38 three temporally distinct sequences are present in the complex, with the oldest units in the
39 south and the youngest in the north. Separation of the southern EOMC (the Tahuín division)

PT
40 from the autochthonous Gondwanan margin of the north-central Andes was likely due to a
41 change in the regional subduction direction from SE to ENE at ~140Ma, with the southern

RI
42 EOMC rotating in a clockwise direction into its present-day E–W orientation. This rotation
43 could have been also a response to the first accretion of proto-Caribbean terranes, such as

SC
44 the Alao–Quebradagrande at c. 120 Ma, with a maximum age for rotation constrained by
45 the first sediments arriving into the Celica-Lancones Basin, which unconformably overlie
46 the Tahuín Group towards the south of the EOMC.

U
AN
47
48 Key words: El Oro Metamorphic Complex, Ecuador, Cordillera Real, Detrital zircon
49 provenance analysis, Gondwana, north-central Andes
M

50
51 1. Introduction
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52 The early evolution of the proto-Andean margin in the north-central Andes has proven
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53 difficult to constrain in many regions since exposures of pre-Andean basement rocks are
54 either scarce or absent. In addition, later tectonic events (e.g. Andean) along the convergent
55 margin have often obliterated earlier proto-Andean events, resulting in an uncertain tectonic
EP

56 history (e.g. Chew et al., 2007). One such exception is the Eastern Cordillera of Peru and its
57 northern extension towards southern Ecuador, the Cordillera Real (Fig. 1), where
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58 Palaeozoic metasediments are well exposed. These Palaeozoic metasedimentary units

AC

59 include the Marañón Complex in Peru and the Isimanchi and Chiguinda units which crop
60 out on either side of the Cordillera Real of Ecuador, which are considered autochthonous to
61 the western Gondwanan margin (Haeberlin, 2001; Pratt et al., 2005; Chew et al., 2007). The
62 detrital zircon record of Proto-Andean sequences in the north-central Andes is characterized
63 by prominent peaks between 0.45–0.65 Ma and 0.9–1.3 Ga, with minimal older detritus
64 from the Amazonian craton, which implies a likely source area comprising a Late
65 Precambrian – Early Palaeozoic magmatic belt and an orogen of Grenvillian age (Chew et
66 al., 2007).

2
Suhr et al. (2018)
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
67 There is evidence for two orogenic episodes on the proto-Andean margin of
68 Gondwana in the Cambrian and Ordovician. Magmatism and metamorphism associated
69 with the Pampean orogeny took place at c. 555-520 Ma in Argentina (e.g., Rapela et al.,
70 1998; Schwartz et al., 2008), while 530 Ma zircon peaks in sedimentary protoliths of the
71 Old Marañon complex of Peru might be evidence for magmatism (Chew et al., 2007). In
72 addition, detrital zircon ages of c. 520-500 Ma, c. 600-650 Ma and 900-1300 Ma in

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73 Ordovician granitoids (i.e. xenocrystic cores) and the younger portions of the
74 metasedimentary Marañon complex (e.g., Chew et al., 2007, 2008; Cardona et al., 2009)

RI
75 suggest that basement of Pampean age is currently buried below the retro-arc foreland basin
76 of the Peruvian Andes (e.g., Chew et al., 2008) or that detritus was transported from the

SC
77 Pampean orogenic belt (sensu stricto) along the western margin of the Amazonia craton to
78 the Peruvian segment of the margin (Ramacciotti et al., 2018).
79 Famatinian magmatism and metamorphism (c. 480 Ma) in Northern Argentina

U
80 (Pankhurst et al., 1998) was broadly contemporaneous with magmatism and metamorphism
AN
81 in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (Chew et al., 2007; Mišković et al., 2009; Chew et al.,
82 2016). Population peaks of “Pampean” or “Famatinian” age in the detrital zircon spectra of
M

83 metasedimentary sequences in the northern and central Andes are hence a useful tool to
84 investigate the Early Palaeozoic Proto-Andean tectono-magmatic history of the region.
The EOMC in SW Ecuador is located in the forearc region of the Andean margin, c. 50–
D

85
86 150 km west of the Cordillera Real, with potential correlative units between both regions
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87 (Aspden et al., 1995; Noble et al., 1997). The boundary between the Cordillera Real and the
88 EOMC is covered by the Cretaceous Celica–Lancones Basin, as well as by Cenozoic
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89 volcanic and intrusive units (Fig. 1 inset). In contrast to the NNE–SSW strike of the
90 Cordillera Real, the EOMC trends approximately E–W for almost 60 km. The EOMC
comprises a well-exposed, tilted section consisting of several (meta)-sedimentary units, S-
C

91
92 type granitoids, amphibolite-facies metagabbros, blueschist-facies metabasalts, eclogites
AC

93 and metaperidotites (e.g. Feininger 1978; Aspden et al., 1995; John et al., 2010; Riel et al.,
94 2013).
95 The core of the EOMC is traditionally considered to be bordered towards the north by
96 the La Palma–Guayabo Shear Fault, a multi-meter wide ductile shear zone.
97 Metasedimentary and meta-igneous rocks of the poorly known Birón Complex (part of the
98 Palenque Mélange division) are exposed north of the shear zone and are believed to be a
99 separate allochthonous continental terrane (Feininger, 1978) or part of a para-autochthonous
100 Jurassic mélange (Egüez et al., 2017).

3
Suhr et al. (2018)
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
101 Although recent studies have constrained the timing and P–T conditions of
102 metamorphism in the EOMC (e.g. John et al., 2010; Riel et al., 2013), not much is known
103 about the earlier evolution of the EOMC, in particular, the depositional history of the
104 sedimentary protoliths. Existing geochronological constraints on the (meta)-sedimentary
105 units of the southern and central EOMC are sparse, and hence their relationship to the
106 adjacent (meta)-sedimentary and igneous units of the Birón Complex to the north also

PT
107 remain uncertain. To date, the sole constraints on the depositional ages of the protoliths
108 come from two migmatitic samples of the La Bocana unit in the southern EOMC. The La

RI
109 Bocana metasediments yielded U-Pb zircon xenocrystic core ages (less than 20 zircon cores
110 in total), ranging from the Late Archean to Ordovician, along with some sub-populations

SC
111 ranging from 550–525 Ma (equivalent to Pampean ages) and 450–440 Ma (equivalent to
112 post-Famatinian ages) (Riel et al., 2013). The Pampean and post-Famatinian ages, although
113 based on a very small sample size, suggest that the protolith of the La Bocana unit was

U
114 probably time equivalent to some units observed in the Cordillera Real in Ecuador, namely
AN
115 the Isimanchi and Chiguinda units (Riel et al., 2013).
116 U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology is a powerful tool for determining the provenance
M

117 and maximum depositional age of clastic sedimentary rocks (Gehrels, 2014), while also
118 yielding insights into the basin evolution, tectonic history and paleogeography of a region
(e.g. Ross and Bowring, 1990; Gehrels and Dickinson, 1995; Mahoney et al. 1999). In this
D

119
120 study, we focus primarily on constraining the depositional history and provenance of
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121 several sedimentary units within the EOMC using U-Pb zircon geochronology. Existing age
122 constraints on the protoliths of the EOMC are based mainly on regional mapping,
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123 lithostratigraphic correlation and sparse K-Ar biotite and muscovite mineral ages from the
124 La Bocana unit (igneous and metamorphic rocks) and the Marcabelí pluton (Aspden et al.,
1995), as well as U-Pb zircon ages (Riel et al., 2013). Aspden et al. (1995) considered that
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125
126 many of the lithological units in the EOMC (e.g. the La Bocana unit, the Limón Playa unit
AC

127 and the Palénque Melange division) ranged in age from Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous,
128 and only the El Tigre unit and the La Victoria unit of the Tahuín division to the south were
129 interpreted as Early Palaeozoic in age. The new analytical data in this study are also used to
130 test recent paleogeographic models and plate tectonic reconstructions of SW Ecuador (e.g.
131 Chew et al. 2007, 2008; Riel et al. 2013, 2014).
132
133 2. Geological Setting

4
Suhr et al. (2018)
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
134 The EOMC in SW Ecuador (Fig.1) is composed of oceanic and continental units of
135 Palaeozoic to Cretaceous age (e.g. Feininger, 1978; Aspden et al., 1995). The EOMC has
136 undergone at least four main tectono-metamorphic phases from the Late Triassic to
137 Palaeocene and is bordered by Cenozoic volcanic deposits to the NE, Cenozoic sedimentary
138 deposits to the NW (e.g. Riel et al., 2013; Riel et al. 2014), while unconformably overlain
139 by Lower to Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Celica–Lancones Basin to the

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140 south (Aspden et al., 1995).
141

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142 2.1. Tectonic and stratigraphic affinity of the sampled units
143 From south to north, the EOMC has been traditionally subdivided into three

SC
144 independent tectono-metamorphic units (e.g. Gabrielle et al., 2003; Riel et al., 2014).
145
146 2.1.1. Southern EOMC: The Palaeozoic Tahuín division (Fig. 1). It comprises the El Tigre

U
147 and La Victoria units, which are both of continental affinity (Aspden et al., 1995). The El
AN
148 Tigre unit defines the southern margin of the EOMC and is composed of unmetamorphosed
149 to weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Towards the north, the metamorphic grade
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150 increases towards La Victoria unit, which consists of higher-grade metamorphosed

151 sandstones, shales and greywackes (Aspden et al., 1995). Both units are intruded by
massive S-type granodiorites and granites of the Late Triassic Moromoro Granitoid
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152
153 Complex (Noble et al., 1997). The anatectic metasediments of the La Bocana unit also form
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154 part of this granitoid complex (Fig. 1; Aspden et al., 1995). The crystallisation age of the
155 Moromoro Complex is constrained by a U-Pb zircon age of 227 ± 0.5 Ma for the Marcabelí
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156 S-type granitoid (Noble et al., 1997) and by a Sm/Nd whole-rock/garnet isochron age of 219
157 ± 22 Ma for a garnet-bearing paragneiss of the La Bocana unit (Aspden et al. 1995). These
ages are supported by more recent in situ U-Pb zircon and monazite dates from garnet-
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158
159 bearing migmatites of the La Bocana unit, which range from 229 Ma to 223 Ma (Riel et al.,
AC

160 2013).
161
162 2.1.2. Central EOMC: The core of the EOMC consists of several terranes of oceanic
163 affinity (the amphibolite-facies metagabbros of the Piedras Mafic Complex (PMC), and the
164 metaperidotites and high-pressure rocks of the Raspas Complex. The PMC is intruded by
165 the Moromoro granitoid Complex to the south (Aspden et al., 1995). U-Pb zircon ages from
166 a metagabbro (221 ± 17 Ma; Noble et al., 1997) imply the PMC was emplaced during the
167 so-called Moromoro anatectic event mentioned previously. Riel et al. (2013) suggested that

5
Suhr et al. (2018)
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
168 underplating of the PMC triggered partial melting of the forearc sedimentary succession and
169 the formation of migmatites within La Bocana unit and the intrusion of the S-type
170 Marcabelí granitoid in the Moromoro Complex.
171
172 The dextral Naranjo shear zone (Fig. 1) defines the contact between the PMC and
173 the blueschist-facies basalts of the Arenillas–Panupalí unit (c. 9 kbar and 300°C; Gabriele et

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174 al., 2002). The 1–4 km thick Arenillas–Panupalí unit (Figure 1) has been traditionally
175 regarded as two separate units (e.g. Aspden et al., 1995) comprising parts of the Palenque

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176 Mélange division (low-to-medium grade semi-pelites, slates, schists and metagreywackes),
177 and the Río Panupali unit (variably foliated blueschists that were retrogressed to greenschist

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178 facies). Underplating of the Arenillas–Panupalí unit probably occurred shortly after the
179 Moromoro anatectic event at around 226 Ma (Riel et al., 2013).
180

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181 The ophiolitic Raspas Complex is divided into the El Toro eclogite-facies metaperidotites,
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182 and the Raspas eclogites and blueschists (La Chilca unit on Fig. 1) (Aspden et al., 1995).
183 The blueschist unit exhibits seamount geochemical signatures, while the eclogites have a
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184 mid-ocean ridge basalt affinity (John et al., 2010). Peak metamorphic conditions in the
185 eclogites are estimated at 600 ± 50°C and 18 ± 2 kbar, and the age of HP metamorphism is
constrained by Lu-Hf garnet ages at ~130 Ma (John et al., 2010). Subsequent rapid cooling
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186
40
187 in the Raspas eclogites is implied by unpublished Ar-39Ar phengite ages of 129–123 Ma
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188 (Gabriele, 2002). These data suggest that prograde HP metamorphism took place at c. 130
189 Ma and the complex was subsequently rapidly exhumed along the subduction channel from
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190 eclogite-facies to amphibolite-facies conditions (John et al., 2010; Riel et al., 2014).
191
2.1.3. Northern EOMC: The La Palma–Guayabo ductile shear zone defines the border
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192
193 between the Birón Complex and the oceanic units to the south (Fig. 1). The Birón Complex
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194 comprises several units of continental affinity, with the most important being the Limón
195 Playa and Quera Chico meta-granitoids in contact with the poorly mapped Palenque
196 Mélange division. A few xenocrystic zircons from the Limón Playa S-type granite (part of
197 the Birón Complex) and the Marcabelí granitoid (part of the Moromoro Complex of the
198 Tahuín division) have yielded ages ranging from 2900 Ma and 445 Ma (Noble et al., 1997)
199 suggesting that the Birón Complex and the Tahuín division shared a similar crustal
200 basement.
201

6
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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
202 U-Pb zircon dating of a granitoid from the Birón Complex yielded a lower intercept
203 age of 200 ± 30 Ma interpreted as the age of crystallization (Noble et al., 1997). This age
204 (albeit with a large uncertainty) overlaps with the Late Triassic intrusion ages of the PMC
205 and the Moromoro Granitoid Complex in the south. However, unlike the Moromoro
206 Complex, rocks from the Birón Complex seems to record a later episode of deformation and
207 exhumation as recorded by younger 207Pb/235U monazite ages (Noble et al., 1997) of 78 ± 1

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40
208 Ma and 82 ±1 Ma, as well as by Ar-39Ar biotite ages (Gabriele 2002) of 75 ± 2.3 Ma
209 (migmatites) and 78.4 ± 0.5 Ma (meta-diorites). This late cooling was likely caused by the

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210 accretion of the Pallatanga oceanic terrane to the north (Spikings et al., 2010; Riel et al.,
211 2014).

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212
213 In summary, the PMC, the Arenillas–Panupalí unit, and the Raspas Complex represent
214 relicts of oceanic lithosphere with independent geological histories sandwiched between

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215 two units of continental affinity, the Tahuín division to the south and the Birón Complex to
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216 the north (Feininger, 1978; 1987; Gabriele, 2002).
217
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218 2.2. Key regional field relationships within the El Oro Metamorphic Complex
219 There are significant discrepancies regarding unit definitions in the EOMC between
different studies (Feininger, 1978; Baldock, 1982; Aspden et al., 1995). For example, the
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220
221 Limón Playa unit (mostly granitoids and paragneisses) was previously considered by
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222 Feininger (1978) and Baldock (1982) as part of the Tahuín division. Subsequently, Aspden
223 et al. (1995) suggested that the Limón Playa unit was part of the anatectic Late Triassic
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224 Moromoro Granitoid Complex (exposed south of the La Palma–Guayabo shear zone) but
225 incorporated later into the northern Palenque Mélange division (Birón Complex).
Based on our own field work (Fig. 2), we have found strong lithostratigraphical similarities
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226
227 and therefore a possible genetic relationship between the Birón Complex (Figs. 2a, c) and
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228 the Tahuín division to the south (Figs. 2b, d, e, f), similar to Feininger (1978) and Baldock
229 (1982). Although the previously mentioned studies differed locally concerning unit names
230 and metamorphic grade, our results concur with the hypothesis that the sedimentary
231 protoliths found in both complexes are similar and consist mainly of shale, sandstone, and
232 greywacke (Figs. 2; 3).
233 As most recent studies on the EOMC use the lithostratigraphy of Aspden et al. (1995),
234 their lithostratigraphic nomenclature has been adopted in this study. Nevertheless, we
235 compare the lithostratigraphic schemes of Feininger (1978) and Baldock (1982) with

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236 Aspden et al. (1995) in Fig. 3, as we believe the interpretations of Feininger (1978) and
237 Baldock (1982) should also be taken into account in future studies addressing the EOMC. In
238 particular, based on our own field mapping, we agree with their interpretation of a link
239 between the Birón Complex and the Tahuín division, which is elaborated upon in the later
240 sections. Therefore, we consider the stratigraphic units of the Birón Complex as part of the
241 EOMC that should be considered in future studies on the EOMC.

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242

243 3. Analytical methods

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244 Sample collection: Six samples were collected (Figs. 1, 2 and Supplementary Table)
245 from different units to identify potential source variations in the sedimentary protoliths of

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246 the EOMC. The first sample (EO1) is a metagreywacke from the Limón Playa unit. This
247 unit consists of granodiorites, migmatites and medium-to high-grade paragneisses, and is

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248 lithologically similar to the Quera Chico unit (Fig. 1) to the northeast (Aspden et al., 1995;
249 Duque, 2000). In contrast to the description of Aspden et al. (1995), field observations and
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250 petrographic inspections showed that sample EO1 experienced greenschist-facies
251 metamorphism (supplementary material 1). Two samples were collected from the Palenque
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252 Mélange division, within (sample EO2) and outside (sample EO3) the Arenillas–Panupali
253 unit, and they comprise a poorly sorted sandstone and a shale, respectively. The Palenque
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254 Mélange division consists of low-to medium-grade semi-pelitic phyllites, slates and schists,
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255 and metagreywackes (Aspden et al., 1995). Sample EO4 is a sandstone from the Palaeozoic
256 El Tigre unit. This unit comprises unmetamorphosed to weakly metamorphosed feldspathic
257 quartzites, wackes, and lutites (Aspden et al., 1995). Sample EO5 is a garnet-rich paragneiss
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258 from the Palaeozoic La Victoria unit, which consists of low- to high-grade semi-pelitic
259 metasediments, phyllites, schists, gneisses, and impure quartzites (Aspden et al., 1995). The
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260 last sample (EO6) is a finely banded sandstone and slate that was collected from a shear
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261 zone within the Late Triassic La Bocana unit. This unit comprises granodiorites,
262 metasedimentary xenoliths, undifferentiated migmatites, paragneisses and some pegmatites
263 (Aspden et al., 1995).

264

265 Sample preparation: Approximately three kilograms of each sample were crushed to a
266 grain size of ~250 µm using a jaw crusher and a roller mill in the laboratory of the Instituto
267 Nacional de Investigación Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico (INIGEMM), in Quito,
268 Ecuador. A heavy mineral separate comprising mainly zircon was then obtained by panning
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269 with water and alcohol. Zircons for isotopic analysis were afterwards handpicked under a
270 binocular microscope and mounted in epoxy resin disks and the zircon grains were then
271 ground and polished to half-thickness.
272 LA–ICP–MS dating: Zircons from sample EO1-6 were analysed by laser ablation
273 inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) at the Institute of Geosciences,
274 University of Mainz, Germany, using an Agilent 7500ce quadrupole ICP–MS coupled to an

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275 ESI NWR193 ArF excimer laser system with a 193 nm wavelength. After pre-ablation,
276 analyses were conducted using a 30 µm spot size with 20 s warm up, 30 s analysis and 30 s
washout time. The repetition rate was 10 Hz with an energy density of 7 J/cm2, giving

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277
278 maximum sensitivity. Oxide production rates were below 0.5%. The integration times for

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279 individual mass scans were 10 ms for masses 232 and 238, 30 ms for masses 202, 204 and
280 208, 40 ms for mass 206 and 60 ms for mass 207, respectively.
281 Data reduction of the raw isotope data used the Software GLITTER 4.4.1 (Van

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282 Achterbergh et al., 2001). Time-dependent laser- and mass-spectrometer-induced inter-
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283 element fractionation (Pb/U), as well as downhole fractionation and common Pb, were
284 corrected using an in-house ExcelTM worksheet. Where necessary, common Pb was
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285 corrected using the background and Hg-corrected 204 mass signals and a model Pb isotope
204 204
286 ratio (Stacey and Kramers, 1975). Interference of Hg on Pb was corrected by
measuring 202Hg and using a 204Hg/202Hg ratio of 0.2299.
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287
288 Ages, errors and concordia diagrams were calculated using the Isoplot3 add-in for
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289 ExcelTM (Ludwig, 2003). Concordia ages are plotted with 2σ-error ellipses, and discordia
290 intercept ages are given at the 95 % confidence level. Analytical sessions employed GJ-1
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291 zircon (Jackson et al., 2004) as the primary standard and the reproducibility was controlled
292 by measuring the reference zircons Plešovice (Sláma et al., 2008) and 91500 (Wiedenbeck
et al., 2004) as secondary standards. Measured values deviated less than 2 % from the
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293
294 accepted values. The results are presented in Table 1 where the isotopic ratios are given
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206
295 with 2σ errors. For ages younger than 1.0 Ga, Pb/238U ratios are used for interpretation,
207
296 for ages older than 1.0 Ga, the Pb/206Pb ratio is used. Instrument parameters and further
297 analytical details on the U-Pb dating procedure in Mainz are described in Zack et al. (2011)
298 and Diener et al. (2013).
299
300 4. Results
301 We report the results of U-Pb LA–ICP–MS zircon dating of six samples (Figs. 4, 5).
302 The samples are listed in Table 1, and their locations are shown on Fig. 1. The CL images

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303 are provided in supplementary material 2. We undertook 283 spot analyses. Combined U-Pb
304 age probability-density-distribution plots and histograms are illustrated in Figs. 4, 5 and are
305 discussed later. We mainly targeted the cores of zircons to avoid producing mixed ages
306 from thin metamorphic rims. Hence, the measured ages likely represent the ages of the
307 magmatic cores of the zircons or possibly in rare cases the metamorphic ages of zircons
308 derived from Precambrian lithologies or younger metamorphic events (e.g. Chew et al.,

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309 2016) and allow the identification of the sedimentary source region(s). The magmatic origin
310 of most grains is supported by the crystal morphologies, internal structures and Th/U ratios

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311 in the samples (see the following sub-sections). Most of the detrital zircon grains are
312 mechanically rounded (except for sample EO1) due to sedimentary transport, and this may

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313 vary from only a minor amount of abrasion at the pyramidal terminations to almost entirely
314 spherical grains. Most likely, the sub-rounded and near-euhedral grains experienced rather
315 limited abrasion, and their source areas may not be far from the depositional sites.

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316 4.1. Limón Playa unit: Metagreywacke sample EO1 yielded zircons with similar
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317 morphologies consisting of long and prismatic, clear grains with orange-brown patches (l:w
318 ratios of 1-2:1). The grains are typical ~ 100–150 µm long and are euhedral with well-
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319 developed terminations or subhedral shapes with rounded apexes. The cores are dark to grey
320 under CL and few of them exhibit oscillatory zoning. Some of the grains exhibit an
intermediate to highly luminescent CL response that likely reflects low-U metamorphic
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321
322 rims. Inherited cores were analysed from 58 grains. The Th/U ratios of the magmatic cores
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323 typically clustered between 0.1 and 1.0 (Table 1), with only four grains having Th/U ratios
324 < 0.1. The zircons yielded age groups between 216–281 Ma, 362–481 Ma, 535–778 Ma,
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325 841–928 Ma, and 1024–1076 Ma with main peaks at ~231 Ma, ~306 Ma and ~420 Ma (Fig.
326 4a–c). Two single zircons yielded older ages of 1970 ± 70 Ma and 3317 ± 59 Ma.
4.2. Palenque Melange division: Sandstone sample EO2 showed zircons with similar
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327
328 morphologies and colors consisting mainly of clear and reddish grains with orange-brown
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329 or dark-brown patches. The grains are typical ~ 100–200 µm long and are rarely subhedral,
330 with rounded apexes and oscillatory zoning. Most of the grains exhibited magmatic
331 zonation patterns or were cloudy with intermediate luminescence that sometimes displayed
332 dark cores. The cores of 38 grains were measured and the Th/U ratios varied between c. 0.2
333 to 1.5 (Table 1). The zircons yielded age groups between 553–771 Ma, 841–919 Ma, 973–
334 1482 Ma, 1556–1702 Ma, and 2033–2567 Ma with a main peak at ~570 Ma (Fig. 4d, e).
335 Two single zircon grains yielded younger ages of 391 ± 17 Ma and 496 ± 27 Ma.

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336 Shale EO3 contained mainly clear zircon grains with only a few grains exhibiting
337 orange-brown or dark-brown patches. The grains are typical ~ 30–100 µm long and are
338 mostly subhedral, with rounded apexes and oscillatory zoning. Similar to the previous
339 sample, most of the grains exhibited magmatic zonation patterns or were cloudy with
340 intermediate luminescence occasionally showing dark cores. The cores of 37 grains were
341 measured and the Th/U ratios of the magmatic cores varied between c. 0.15 to 1 (Table 1).

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342 The zircons yielded ages between 533–796 Ma, 850–944 Ma, 974–1160 Ma with main
343 peaks at ~580 Ma and ~1044 Ma (Fig. 4f–h). Three single zircon grains yielded old ages of

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344 2227 ± 59 Ma, 2697 ± 53, and 3064 ± 53 Ma.
345 4.3. El Tigre unit: The EO4 sandstone sample yielded single zircon morphologies

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346 consisting mainly of clear grains with some orange-brown or dark-brown patches. Grains
347 are typical ~ 50–200 µm long and were rarely subhedral with rounded apexes and
348 oscillatory zoning. Most of the grains are rounded with magmatic zoning or cloudy with

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349 intermediate luminescence occasionally showing dark cores. The cores of 40 grains were
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350 measured along with one rim. Th/U ratios of the magmatic cores varied between c. 0.1 to 2
351 (Table 1). The zircons yielded age groups between 512–710 Ma, 920–1260 Ma with a main
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352 peak at ~573 Ma (Fig. 5a-c). Three older single zircon grains yielded ages of 2739 ± 54 Ma,
353 2777 ± 55 Ma, and 2906 ± 54 Ma.
4.4. La Victoria unit: Garnet-rich paragneiss EO5 yielded single zircon grains consisting
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354
355 mainly of clear and yellowish crystals. Only a very few grains exhibited orange-brown or
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356 dark brown patches. The grains are typical ~ 50–250 µm in diameter and three populations
357 were distinguished based on morphological features. The first group was subhedral with
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358 rounded apexes and oscillatory zoning. The second group shows rounded terminations with
359 magmatic zonation patterns or cloudy with intermediate luminescence and a few exhibited
dark cores. A third (minor) group consisted of prismatic zircons with euhedral shapes and
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360
361 well-developed terminations. Magmatic oscillatory patterns were well preserved in the latter
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362 group. We measured only the cores of zircons in all three groups summing up a total of 40
363 grains. Th/U ratios of the cores varied between c. 0.1 to 3.2 (Table 1), with just one grain
364 exhibiting a Th/U ratio < 0.1. The zircons yielded age groups between 448–513 Ma, 544–
365 686, 778–971 Ma, 1039–1149 Ma with a main peak at ~580 Ma (Fig. 5d-f). The two oldest
366 zircons yielded ages of 2664 ± 53 Ma and 2744 ± 52 Ma, whereas the two youngest zircons
367 have ages of 357 ± 15 Ma and 365 ± 14 Ma.
368 4.5. La Bocana unit: The zircons of sample EO6 are predominantly stubby to short-
369 prismatic with only a few zircons exhibiting a long-prismatic habit. The grains display

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370 rounding at their pyramidal terminations and many show internal oscillatory zoning under
371 CL, whereas some grains show post-crystallization textures whereby irregularly shaped
372 domains cut across the magmatic zoning. The zircons are between 20 and 100 µm in size,
373 and the CL also shows many grains with light grey (low-U) cores and darker (U-rich) rims,
374 although no overgrowth relationships were recognised. Th/U ratios varied between c. 0.1 to
375 1.7 and only two grains yielded ratios of 0.1 (529 ± 12 Ma) and 0.06 (905 ± 18 Ma) (Table

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376 1). Seventy grains were dated, and all yielded concordant results between 367–472 Ma,
377 491–509 Ma, 517–712 Ma, 802–1013 Ma, 1060–1351 Ma, and c. 2700 Ma with main peaks

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378 at ~400 Ma, ~473 Ma, ~530 Ma and ~578 Ma (Fig. 5g-i). The older single zircons from this
379 sample yielded ages of 1628 ± 88 Ma, 1738 ± 35 Ma, 1822 ± 37 Ma, 2000 ± 62 Ma, and

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380 2807 ± 55 Ma.
381
382 5. Discussion

U
383 5.1 Depositional ages and regional correlation of the EOMC units
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384 The detrital zircon spectra of all six samples show broad similarities, with a dominant
385 peak at c. 570–580 Ma (with the main population ranging from 420 to 580 Ma) and a minor
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386 peak at c. 1000 Ma. The c. 580 Ma peak is sometimes asymmetric, with a minor shoulder at
387 c. 650 Ma. Most samples exhibit minor amounts of older (Palaeoproterozoic and
Neoarchean) detritus that probably originate from the Palaeoproterozoic-Archean core of
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388
389 the Amazonian craton (> 2 Ga) or the Rio Negro-Jurena Province (1.8–1.5 Ga) (Fig. 6).
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390 Furthermore, small numbers of zircon with Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic ages (1.5-0.9

391 Ga) probably derived from the Rondonia-San Ignacio Province (1.5-1.3 Ga) and Sunsás
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392 Province (1.3-0.9 Ga) (Chew et al., 2007). Potential source regions for detrital zircons with
393 ages between 1000-600 Ma are scarce, and there is little evidence for regional magmatism
during the late Neoproterozoic (e.g., Chew et al., 2016). Zircons in this age range correlate
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394
395 to A-type granitic plutonism (775-690 Ma) in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (Mišković et
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396 al., 2009), while dacite dikes in the Antofolla Basement of northern Chile yield an age of
397 635 ± 4 Ma (Loewy et al., 2004).
398 Given that the Proto-Andean margin was an active margin for most of the Phanerozoic,
399 the youngest detrital zircon population within the Phanerozoic Proto-Andean sequences
400 should closely approximate the depositional age (cf Cawood et al., 2012). While there are
401 regional exceptions – for example, the central and southern Andes between 4°S and 30°S
402 has no record of subduction and arc magmatism (and hence minimal zircon production)
403 during the Devonian and early Carboniferous (Bahlburg and Hervé, 1997) – here it is

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404 assumed the U-Pb zircon maximum depositional age in samples EO1 – EO6 closely
405 approximates the true depositional age (Figs. 4, 5). The samples can then be divided into
406 three sub-groups i) sample EO4 (El Tigre unit), which yields a population of youngest
407 detrital zircons at c. 525-510 Ma; ii) samples EO2, EO3 (Palenque Mélange division), EO5
408 (La Victoria unit), and EO6 (La Bocana unit), which all yield a population of youngest
409 detrital zircons spanning c. 400-360 Ma, and iii) sample EO1 (Limón Playa unit), which

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410 yields the youngest population of detrital zircons in this study between c. 240-215 Ma
411 (Upper Triassic).

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412 The youngest detrital zircons in El Tigre unit (c. 510–550 Ma) are probably associated
413 with subduction-related granitoid magmatism broadly equivalent to the Pampean orogeny

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414 (c. 530 Ma; Rapela et al., 1998; Lucassen and Becchio, 2003). This ‘Pampean’ event has
415 been detected in similar detrital age peaks in the Chiguinda unit of Ecuador (part of the Loja
416 Terrane of Litherland et al., 1994) and the Marañón Complex of northern Peru. This early

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417 Pampean phase in the north-central Andes may be buried underneath the present-day
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418 Andean chain or in the adjacent foreland sediments (Chew et al., 2007). We note that it
419 might be possible that the number of zircons measured was insufficient to detect younger
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420 populations (cf Vermeesch, 2004) and that a post-Famatinian age cannot be completely
421 ruled out. Regardless, the accordance of our data with the model by Chew et al. (2007)
suggests that the absence of detrital zircon grains younger than c. 510 Ma in the El Tigre
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422
423 unit most likely indicates that it is pre-Famatinian in age (Figs. 6a, b; 7a).
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424 Metasediments from the La Victoria (sample EO5) and La Bocana unit (sample
425 EO6) have prominent peaks at c. 480 Ma while the Palenque Mélange division (samples
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426 EO2, EO3) provides evidence for a minor peak in the same age range, which confirms the
427 presence of a subduction-related magmatic belt of Famatinian-age in the source region (cf
Chew et al., 2007). These age peaks correspond to Famatinian-age magmatism that spanned
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428
429 the length of the Gondwana margin from Venezuela (the ca. 495–425 Ma Caparo Arc of
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430 Bellizzia and Pimentel, 1994) and Colombia (e.g., Horton et al., 2010; Boinet et al., 1985)
431 to northern Argentina (ca. 490–470 Ma; Pankhurst et al., 2000). In addition, the presence of
432 slightly younger detrital zircon ages in these sequences possible correlates with the c. 435
433 Ma “Late Famatinian” magmatic and metamorphic event detected in the southern Cordillera
434 Real of Ecuador and the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (Figs. 6c, d; 7b; Chew et al., 2016), as
435 well as to magmatic sources (420-380 Ma) that have been identified in Colombia (Horton et
436 al., 2010), even though such evidence is very sparse in the detrital zircon records. Samples
437 EO2, EO3, EO5, and EO6 all have youngest detrital zircons in the c. 360 to 400 Ma age

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438 range and their detrital zircon spectra very closely correspond to those of the Chiguinda unit
439 (westernmost Cordillera Real) and the Isimanchi unit (easternmost Cordillera Real,
440 bordering the Amazonian Basin) (Fig. 1). It is hence assumed in this study that they are
441 closely related, suggesting that these EOMC units are also potentially autochthonous with
442 respect to the Gondwanan margin (cf Haeberlin, 2001; Pratt et al., 2005).
443 The Limón Playa unit in the northern EOMC (sample EO1) exhibits the same

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444 Palaeozoic detrital zircon peaks as the other samples in this study. However, it contains a
445 few zircon grains with ages (c. 240-215 Ma) that correspond to continental arc formation

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446 (Cawood and Buchan, 2007) and associated intrusion of batholiths in the Chilean Frontal
447 Cordillera (Mpodozis and Kay, 1992) and the emplacement of granodioritic and granitic

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448 batholiths (Mišković et al., 2009) as well as Early Gondwanide metamorphism (c. 315 Ma)
449 in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (Fig. 6; Chew et al., 2016). Further potential source regions
450 for younger detrital zircons in the Limón Playa unit include high-SiO2 granites with ages of

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451 c. 235-240 Ma (Mišković et al., 2009) that developed contemporaneous with a phase of
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452 extension and the formation of continental epiclastics of the Mitu Group whose depositional
453 age is constrained to 240-217 Ma (Spikings et al., 2016).
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454 Based on its youngest detrital zircon ages of 216 ± 13 Ma, 233 ± 12 Ma, and 237 ± 10
455 Ma, the Limón Playa unit was clearly deposited during the formation of the Mitu Group and
significantly after the regional Pampean, Famatinian and Late Famatinian correlative
D

456
457 events, most likely during Middle to Late Triassic times. The ages of these youngest zircons
TE

458 overlaps with local high-T metamorphism, anataxis and the emplacement of S-type
459 granitoids as a result of underplating of the PMC (Riel et al., 2013) in the EOMC (see
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460 section 2.1.). Even though the Limón Playa unit was mapped to consist of medium-high
461 grade paragneisses (Fig. 3), our petrographic observations suggest that sample EO1
experienced a low-grade greenschist facies metamorphic overprint (see supplementary
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462
463 material 1), which excludes a metamorphic origin for the youngest zircons. The difference
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464 in the metamorphic grade of sample EO1 (Fig. 3) as well as the younger depositional age in
465 comparison to the Palenque Mélange division (Fig. 4) invite to clarify the structural
466 relationship between both units in the northern EOMC.
467 In summary, the new detrital zircon data demonstrate that three temporally distinct
468 sequences are present in the EOMC, with the oldest units in the south and the youngest
469 sequences in the north. The El Tigre unit is identified as a post-Pampean, pre-Famatinian
470 margin sequence (sample EO4), while the (meta)-sedimentary rocks of the La Victoria unit
471 (EO5), La Bocana unit (EO6), and the Palenque Mélange division (EO2, EO3) represent

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472 post-Famatinian sequences. These Palaeozoic units in the EOMC thus have correlatives in
473 the Chiguinda and the Isimanchi units of the Cordillera Real in Ecuador, as well as the
474 Eastern Cordillera of northern Peru (Chew et al., 2007). Although similar Early Palaeozoic
475 detrital zircon peaks have been identified in the Limón Playa unit (sample EO1), this unit
476 was likely deposited in Middle to Upper Triassic times and is hence contemporaneous with
477 the c. 240–217 Ma syn-rift continental epiclastics of the Mitu Group in Peru (Spikings et al.,

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478 2016) (Figs. 6d; 7c, d).
479 Importantly, our data show that the depositional ages are significantly older than the age

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480 of metamorphism of these (meta)-sedimentary units on the map (Fig. 1) of Aspden et al.
481 (1995). Furthermore, the interpretation by Feininger (1978) and Baldock (1982) that the

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482 (meta)-sediments in the northern EOMC are Paleozoic in age agrees with our detrital zircon
483 age for the Palenque Mélange division, but not for the Limón Playa unit.
484

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485 5.2 Geodynamic model for the EOMC
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486 The genetic link between the Palaeozoic units in the EOMC and similar units in the
487 Cordillera Real of Ecuador and the Eastern Cordillera of northern Peru has implications for
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488 their geodynamic setting. These units were likely located near (and in the same tectonic
489 setting as) the Chiguinda and Isimanchi units of the Cordillera Real. Aspden et al. (1995)
speculated that the main components of the EOMC were assembled c. 140 Ma ago, which
D

490
491 corresponded to a change in the regional geodynamic framework of Ecuador. However,
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492 such an assembly at c. 140 Ma is not in agreement with the depositional ages of sediments
493 in the EOMC (Figs. 4-7).
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494 We speculate that the Tahuín division was originally part of the autochthonous, N–S
495 trending active Gondwanan margin (Fig. 7a, b), with the El Tigre unit representing the
oldest (and lowest grade) component. It would have been structurally underlain to the west
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496
497 (i.e. in the accretionary wedge towards the trench; Fig. 7c) by the younger La Victoria and
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498 La Bocana units, which are of significantly higher metamorphic grade. The PMC
499 underplated at c. 230 Ma, which triggered partial melting of the forearc sedimentary
500 succession and the formation of the La Bocana unit and the intrusion of Late Triassic S-type
501 granitoids (D1–D2 events of Riel et al., 2014) (Fig. 7c). This was followed by the
502 underplating and rapid exhumation of the Raspas Complex and tilting of the EOMC along a
503 sub-horizontal E-W axis at 130–120 Ma (D3 event of Riel et al., 2014). The overall
504 geometry of the Tahuín division unit strongly implies separation from the autochthonous
505 margin and subsequent >70° in-situ clockwise rotation (Mourier et al., 1988; Jaillard et al,

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506 1999), which has been attributed to a change in the regional subduction regime beginning at
507 ~140 Ma (Jaillard et al., 1990; Riel et al., 2014) and ending by Palaeocene times (Jaillard et
508 al., 1999). Alternatively, this rotation could have been also related to the first accretion of
509 proto-Caribbean terranes, such as the Alao–Quebradagrande at c. 120 Ma (Villagómez et
510 al., 2011), with a maximum age for rotation constrained by the first sediments arriving into
511 the Celica-Lancones Basin in the Early (?) to Middle Albian (c. 113-105 Ma) (Jaillard et al.,

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512 1999), which unconformably overlies the Tahuín Group towards the south of the EOMC.
513 By analogy with the model of Chew et al. (2007) for the evolution of the Gondwanan

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514 margin in the north-central Andes, we infer that the rotational event that affected the Tahuín
515 division had clockwise kinematics, as the oldest Tahuín division rocks crop out in the south

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516 EOMC and the metamorphic grade increases northwards towards the Raspas Complex (Fig.
517 1).
518 The lithological similarities between the Tahuín division and the Birón Complex

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519 indicate they both occupied a similar position in the margin prior to rotation and tilting
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520 (Noble et al., 1997; Gabriele, 2002), which is in agreement with our own field observations
521 (Fig. 2) and the data incorporated in the model in Fig. 7b and c. The vertical structures and
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522 the increase in pressure conditions within the Birón Complex towards the Raspas ophiolite
523 suggests that tilting also occurred around a sub-horizontal E–W axis, but with the opposite
sense of rotation (i.e. anticlockwise) compared to the Tahuín division.
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524
525 Alternatively, the Limón Playa unit could have been intercalated between post-
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526 Famatinian units (the Palenque Mélange division) (Fig. 8), coevally with the development
527 of the Mitu Rift in Peru and rifting along the Pacific margin of Colombia and Ecuador
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528 (Spikings et al., 2016), so that an opposite sense of rotation of the Birón Complex is not
529 required to explain the occurrence of Mid-Upper Triassic sedimentary protoliths south of
the post-Famatinian sequences. An investigation of the structural relationships between the
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530
531 Limón Playa unit and Palenque Mélange division along with testing the possible genetic
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532 link between the Limón Playa unit and Quera Chico unit (Aspden et al., 1995) is thus
533 required to provide further insights into the Palaeozoic to Mesozoic geodynamic setting of
534 the EOMC.
535
536 6. Concluding remarks
537 Based on our results, we summarise the history of the EOMC as follows:
538 1. The existing lithostratigraphic scheme for the EOMC is erroneous, and the new
539 detrital zircon data in combination with the models by Chew et al. (2007; 2008;

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540 2016) suggest that three temporally distinct sequences are present in the EOMC,
541 with the oldest units in the south and the youngest sequences in the north.
542 2. The El Tigre unit represents a pre-Famatinian sequence, whereas the central (La
543 Victoria and Bocana unit) and northern parts (Palenque Mélange division) of the
544 EOMC represent post-Famatinian sequences (cf Chew et al., 2007). In addition, the
545 Limón Playa unit in the northern EOMC was likely deposited during Middle to

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546 Upper Triassic times. Further insights into the stratigraphic relationship between the
547 El Tigre unit and post-Famatinian sequences (e.g. further U-Pb detrital zircon

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548 geochronology) would be beneficial, while the structural relationship between the
549 Limón Playa unit and Palenque Mélange division in the northern EOMC should be

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550 investigated in more detail.
551 3. The EOMC consists of autochthonous units that are likely similar in provenance to
552 the Chiguinda and Isimanchi units of the Central Real of Ecuador and the Eastern

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553 Cordillera of northern Peru.
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554 4. At c. 140 Ma, the southern (the Tahuín division) and possibly the northern EOMC
555 (the Birón Complex) separated and rotated in a clockwise motion from the
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556 autochthonous Gondwanan margin of the north-central Andes (e.g. the Chiguinda
557 unit of the Loja Terrane).
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558
559 Acknowledgement
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560 This study was supported by the INIGEMM to Nils Suhr and André Pinto. Y.R-A and AP
561 acknowledge the Prometeo Project of the Secretariat for Higher Education, Science,
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562 Technology and Innovation of the Republic of Ecuador. Y.R-A also acknowledges the
563 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) grant RO4174/2-1. DC acknowledges support
from a research grant from Science Foundation Ireland under Grant Number 13/RC/2092
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564
565 and which is co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund and by PIPCO
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566 RSG and its member companies. We thank Diego Mena and Jonathan Tobar of the
567 INIGEMM for assistance in the field. Thanks are also due to Dr Carlos D. Ramacciotti and
568 one anonymous reviewer that helped to improve the quality of this manuscript.
569
570 References
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676 London, Special Publications 142, 343-367.
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695 province (Ecuador) during the Mesozoic. Tectonics 33, 1989-2012.
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699 Schwartz, J.J., Gromet, L.P., Miro, R., 2008. Timing and duration of the calc-alkaline arc of
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701 evolution of Western Gondwana. The Journal of Geology 116, 39-61.
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702 Sláma, J., Košler, J., Condon, D.J., Crowley, J.L., Gerdes, A., Hanchar, J.M., Horstwood,
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710 Spikings, R., Reitsma, M., Boekhout, F., Mišković, A., Ulianov, A., Chiaradia, M., Gerdes,
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718 Vermeesch, P., 2004. How many grains are needed for a provenance study? Earth and
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720 Villagómez, D., Spikings, R., Magna, T., Kammer, A., Winkler, W., Beltrán, A., 2011.
721 Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic evolution of the Western and Central
722 cordilleras of Colombia. Lithos 125, 875-896.

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723 Wiedenbeck, M., Hanchar, J.M., Peck, W.H., Sylvester, P., Valley, J., Whitehouse, M.,
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724 Kronz, A., Morishita, Y., Nasdala, L., Fiebig, J., 2004. Further characterisation of
725 the 91500 zircon crystal. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 28, 9-39.
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726 Zack, T., Stockli, D.F., Luvizotto, G.L., Barth, M.G., Belousova, E., Wolfe, M.R., Hinton,
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728
729 162, 515-530.
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731 Figure captions
732

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733
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734 Fig. 1. Simplified geological overview map of Ecuador (inset figure), including the EOMC,
735 the Isimanchi and Chiguinda units and their zircon age spectra, modified after Chew et al.
736 (2007). The inset map shows the geographic position of the EOMC. In addition, the main
737 faults (major Mesozoic terrane-bounding sutures that separate a series of suspect terranes)
738 and terranes are illustrated and are from west to east: Guamote (continental), Alao (island
739 arc), Loja (continental), Salado (island arc), and Amazonic (continental craton) (Litherland
740 et al., 1994). The main map and legend illustrate the different units of the EOMC, modified
741 after Feininger (1978), Aspden et al. (1995) and Gabriele (2002).

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742
743 Fig. 2. Field photographs of locations of samples EO1 (metagreywacke; Limón Playa unit)
744 (a), EO2 (sandstone; Palenque Melange division) (b), EO3 (shale; Palenque Melange
745 division) (c), EO4 (sandstone; El Tigre unit) (d), EO5 (garnet paragneiss; La Victoria unit)
746 (e) and EO6 (finely banded sandstone and slate; La Bocana unit) (f). Despite different
747 metamorphic grades and the significant intervening distance, our field observations suggest
748 that there are strong lithostratigraphical similarities between the Birón Complex and the
749 Tahuín division to the south (see also Fig. 1) with the sedimentary protoliths in both
750 complexes consisting mainly of shale, sandstone, and greywacke.
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751

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752
753 Fig. 3. Lithostratigraphic schemes of Feininger (1978) and Baldock (1982) (a) in
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754 comparison with Aspden et al. (1995) (b). Note that Feininger (1978) and Baldock (1982)
755 assumed that (meta)-sediments of the Birón Complex and the Tahuín division have a
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756 genetic link, which is also supported by the detrital zircon ages in this study. Note also that
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757 we identified a metagreywacke in the Limón Playa unit.

758

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759
760 Fig. 4. U–Pb zircon concordias of samples EO1 (Limón Playa unit) (a, b), EO2–EO3
761 (Palenque Mélange division) (d, f, g), as well as U–Pb detrital zircon probability density
762 diagrams for samples EO1–EO3 (c, e, h).

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763
764 Fig. 5. U–Pb zircon concordias of samples EO4 (El Tigre unit) (a, b), EO5 (La Victoria
765 unit) (d, e) and EO6 (La Bocana unit) (g, h), as well as U–Pb detrital zircon probability
766 density diagrams for samples EO4, EO5 and EO6 (c, f, i).

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768 Fig. 6. Schematic and simplified reconstruction of the evolution of the Gondwanan margin
769 of the north-central Andes, modified after Chew et al. (2007; 2008; 2016; and references
770 therein). The formation of the El Oro forearc involved three temporally distinct sequences
771 of pre-Famatinian (El Tigre unit) (a), (b), post-Famatinian (La Victoria unit; La Bocana
772 unit; Palenque Mélange division) (c) and Mid-Upper Triassic age (Limón Playa unit) and
773 associated metamorphic events (e.g., Riel et al., 2013; Noble et al., 1997) (d).

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775
776 Fig. 7. Idealised cross-section of the development of the El Oro forearc. The deposition of
777 the pre-Famatinian sequences on the active Gondwanan margin may have occurred between
778 the Pampean and Famatinian orogenies (c. 525-510 Ma) (a). The post-Famatinian
779 sequences (c. 400-360 Ma) were deposited simultaneously with the Chiguinda and
780 Isimanchi units of the Cordillera Real in Ecuador and the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (Chew
781 et al., 2007) (b). The final assembly of the forearc sediments occurred contemporaneously

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782 with the c. 240-215 Ma syn-rift epiclastics of the Mitu Group in Peru (Spikings et al., 2016),
783 while partial melting of the older forearc sedimentary succession started during the
784 magmatic emplacement of the Piedras gabbroic unit (D1) at c. 230 Ma. In addition, the
785 tectonic underplating of the Arenillas-Panupalí unit at c. 226 Ma is illustrated (e.g., Riel et
786 al., 2013; 2014) (c).
787

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789 Fig. 8. An alternative scenario for the development of the EOMC is presented. In this model
790 (cf Riel et al., 2014), the deposition of the pre-Famatinian- and post-Famatinian sequences
791 on the active Gondwanan margin is identical to Fig. 7a, b. (A). However, the Mid-Upper
792 Triassic sediments (Limón Playa unit) were intercalated between the post-Famatinian
793 sequences (Palenque Mélange division) (B) in the EOMC (Fig. 1) in response to rifting
794 along the Pacific margin coevally with the development of the Mitu Rift in Peru (Spikings

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795 et al., 2016; see also Fig. 6d, although in this case the Mid-Upper Triassic sediments must
796 be located within the post-Famatinian sequences). Rotation of the EOMC in a clockwise

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797 motion to its present-day E–W orientation followed as a result of a change in the regional
798 subduction direction from SE (1) to ENE (2) at ~140Ma (Jaillard et al., 1990; 1999). This

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799 rotation also could have been a response to the first accretion of proto-Caribbean terranes,
800 such as the Alao–Quebradagrande at c. 120 Ma (Villagómez et al., 2011) (C). Maximum
801 age for the rotation and E–W orientation of the EOMC is constrained by the first sediments

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803 Tahuín Group towards the south of the EOMC (Fig. 1) (D). Note that the ages in A and B
804 are based on the youngest detrital zircon ages of our samples for the La Victoria unit and
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805 Limón Playa unit (Table 1, Figs. 4, 5).

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Table 1. U-Th-Pb data of zircon from the EOMC.

207
Sample-grain spot U in ppm Th in ppm Th/U Pb/235U ±2σ 206
Pb/238U ±2σ rho
207
Pb/206Pb ±2σ 208
Pb/232Th ±2σ 207
Pb/235U ±2σ 206
Pb/238U ±2σ 207
Pb/206Pb ±2σ Best age
EO1 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
EO1-1 918 216 0.24 0.4804 0.0479 0.0577 0.0048 0.89 0.0586 0.0026 0.0212 0.3553 398 33 362 29 552 98 66% 362 29
EO1-2 437 433 0.99 4.8057 0.2503 0.2910 0.0159 0.73 0.1209 0.0048 0.0921 0.0427 1786 45 1647 80 1970 70 84% 1970 70
EO1-3 784 262 0.33 1.2655 0.0715 0.1213 0.0070 0.70 0.0763 0.0033 0.0434 0.2956 830 33 738 40 1103 88 67% 738 40
EO1-4 393 122 0.31 1.8066 0.0736 0.1722 0.0072 0.64 0.0767 0.0027 0.0538 0.0897 1048 27 1024 40 1113 70 92% 1024 40

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EO1-5 676 314 0.46 1.1174 0.0428 0.1238 0.0050 0.62 0.0660 0.0023 0.0398 0.0425 762 21 753 29 806 72 93% 753 29
EO1-6 672 199 0.30 0.4890 0.0218 0.0622 0.0025 0.55 0.0575 0.0023 0.0216 0.0807 404 15 389 15 511 89 76% 389 15
EO1-7 624 63 0.10 1.1014 0.0696 0.1104 0.0059 0.68 0.0728 0.0034 0.0396 0.5686 754 34 675 34 1008 96 67% 675 34
EO1-8 484 271 0.56 0.5656 0.0348 0.0699 0.0037 0.59 0.0592 0.0031 0.0266 0.0805 455 23 435 23 574 115 76% 435 23

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EO1-9 584 560 0.96 0.4916 0.0217 0.0631 0.0025 0.50 0.0570 0.0024 0.0214 0.0225 406 15 394 15 492 92 80% 394 15
EO1-10 593 599 1.01 0.5257 0.0222 0.0682 0.0027 0.51 0.0564 0.0023 0.0221 0.0430 429 15 426 16 468 90 91% 426 16
EO1-11 374 146 0.39 21.2062 0.8680 0.5695 0.0242 0.59 0.2719 0.0103 0.1547 0.0740 3148 40 2906 100 3317 59 88% 3317 59

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EO1-12 478 168 0.35 1.3625 0.0526 0.1421 0.0055 0.56 0.0701 0.0025 0.0444 0.0588 873 23 857 31 931 74 92% 857 31
EO1-13 660 220 0.33 1.085 0.0442 0.1162 0.0047 0.63 0.0683 0.0024 0.0381 0.1038 746 22 708 27 878 72 81% 708 27
EO1-14 181 46 0.26 0.9335 0.0481 0.1067 0.0044 0.49 0.0639 0.0030 0.0343 0.1050 669 26 654 26 738 101 89% 654 26
EO1-15 501 35 0.07 1.8549 0.0764 0.1736 0.0079 0.65 0.0783 0.0028 0.0626 1.1557 1065 28 1032 43 1155 72 89% 1032 43
EO1-16 366 48 0.13 0.9630 0.0430 0.1065 0.0045 0.55 0.0662 0.0027 0.0339 0.2198 685 23 653 26 813 86 80% 653 26

U
EO1-17 435 128 0.29 1.5479 0.0643 0.1548 0.0063 0.61 0.0730 0.0027 0.0480 0.1221 950 26 928 35 1014 74 92% 928 35
EO1-18 228 82 0.36 0.4814 0.0396 0.0620 0.0039 0.64 0.0561 0.0036 0.0201 0.0686 399 27 388 24 456 142 85% 388 24

AN
EO1-19 176 57 0.32 0.6415 0.0427 0.0775 0.0040 0.55 0.0608 0.0035 0.0245 0.1617 503 27 481 24 632 123 76% 481 24
EO1-20 89 32 0.36 0.8891 0.0665 0.1024 0.0050 0.51 0.0632 0.0041 0.0334 0.1085 646 36 628 29 715 139 88% 628 29
EO1-21 397 55 0.14 0.2473 0.0157 0.0375 0.0016 0.35 0.0484 0.0030 0.0118 0.3388 224 13 237 10 119 148 200% 237 10
EO1-22 1120 81 0.07 0.5194 0.0208 0.0684 0.0028 0.54 0.0556 0.0021 0.0229 0.4494 425 14 427 17 436 86 98% 427 17

M
EO1-23 493 140 0.28 1.2044 0.1210 0.1165 0.0102 0.82 0.0755 0.0044 0.0484 0.3826 803 57 710 59 1082 117 66% 710 59
EO1-24 189 85 0.45 0.5130 0.0311 0.0657 0.0029 0.34 0.0573 0.0035 0.0229 0.0700 420 21 410 18 503 135 82% 410 18
EO1-25 589 178 0.30 0.6284 0.0300 0.0749 0.0035 0.54 0.0616 0.0028 0.0280 0.1362 495 19 466 21 660 96 71% 466 21

D
EO1-26 156 143 0.91 0.7410 0.0455 0.0866 0.0038 0.39 0.0629 0.0038 0.0280 0.0936 563 27 535 23 705 128 76% 535 23
EO1-27 434 482 1.11 0.7948 0.0412 0.0960 0.0043 0.59 0.0606 0.0027 0.0311 0.0508 594 24 591 25 625 95 95% 591 25
EO1-28 242 121 0.50 0.3113 0.0205 0.0446 0.0020 0.27 0.0518 0.0035 0.0138 0.0515 275 16 281 12 277 157 102% 281 12

TE
EO1-29 195 55 0.28 1.3700 0.1013 0.1283 0.0082 0.79 0.0774 0.0035 0.0463 0.2602 876 44 778 47 1132 91 69% 778 47
EO1-30 687 65 0.09 1.4306 0.0587 0.1394 0.0057 0.63 0.0749 0.0027 0.0472 1.6642 902 25 841 32 1066 71 79% 841 32
EO1-31 500 76 0.15 0.8172 0.0337 0.0941 0.0036 0.51 0.0636 0.0025 0.0345 0.6620 606 19 580 22 728 84 80% 580 22
EO1-32 514 82 0.16 0.2602 0.0198 0.0367 0.0019 0.34 0.0521 0.0040 0.0124 0.4129 235 16 233 12 290 175 80% 233 12
EP
EO1-33 398 74 0.19 0.8395 0.0354 0.1003 0.0041 0.53 0.0613 0.0025 0.0310 0.2074 619 20 616 24 650 86 95% 616 24
EO1-34 773 219 0.28 0.2353 0.0190 0.0340 0.0020 0.54 0.0506 0.0035 0.0122 0.1766 215 16 216 13 223 161 97% 216 13
EO1-35 401 93 0.23 1.9721 0.0862 0.1816 0.0076 0.64 0.0793 0.0029 0.0553 0.2824 1106 30 1076 42 1180 72 91% 1076 42
C

EO1-3-3 715 66 0.09 0.3575 0.0141 0.0476 0.0013 0.60 0.0549 0.0017 0.0222 0.2305 310 11 300 8 408 71 74% 300 8
EO1-4 761 246 0.32 0.5449 0.0146 0.0633 0.0013 0.37 0.0632 0.0017 0.0229 0.1439 442 10 396 8 715 58 55% 396 8
AC

EO1-8 145 137 0.94 0.5861 0.0252 0.0766 0.0017 0.36 0.0561 0.0023 0.0224 0.0200 468 16 476 10 456 90 104% 476 10
EO1-9 373 111 0.30 1.3506 0.0387 0.1357 0.0028 0.53 0.0728 0.0018 0.0450 0.0719 868 17 821 16 1008 51 81% 821 16
EO1-11 220 111 0.51 0.6886 0.0277 0.0865 0.0024 0.66 0.0581 0.0018 0.0261 0.0788 532 17 535 14 534 66 100% 535 14
EO1-12 232 32 0.14 0.5343 0.0187 0.0674 0.0017 0.54 0.0581 0.0018 0.0230 0.1265 435 12 420 10 534 66 79% 420 10
EO1-14 242 79 0.33 2.1712 0.0725 0.1934 0.0056 0.79 0.0822 0.0017 0.0613 0.0732 1172 23 1140 30 1250 41 91% 1250 41
EO1-16 459 486 1.06 0.2795 0.0106 0.0397 0.0010 0.50 0.0515 0.0017 0.0125 0.0813 250 8 251 6 263 76 95% 251 6
EO1-17 422 65 0.15 0.2692 0.0121 0.0372 0.0010 0.61 0.0528 0.0019 0.0130 0.4311 242 10 236 6 320 82 74% 236 6
EO1-18 73 35 0.48 1.6691 0.0814 0.1681 0.0054 0.60 0.0726 0.0028 0.0519 0.0670 997 31 1001 30 1003 79 100% 1001 30
EO1-19 129 55 0.43 0.2838 0.0207 0.0356 0.0009 0.22 0.0586 0.0042 0.0120 0.0892 254 16 225 6 552 157 41% 225 6
EO1-28 79 109 1.39 1.6706 0.0724 0.1655 0.0046 0.66 0.0737 0.0024 0.0486 0.0094 997 28 988 25 1033 66 96% 988 25
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

EO1-29 314 99 0.31 1.8745 0.0533 0.1816 0.0039 0.69 0.0755 0.0016 0.0555 0.1111 1072 19 1076 21 1082 41 99% 1076 21
EO1-32 46 31 0.67 1.9908 0.0884 0.1872 0.0048 0.52 0.0778 0.0030 0.0557 0.0309 1112 30 1106 26 1142 76 97% 1142 76
EO1-33 315 146 0.46 0.6197 0.0195 0.0770 0.0017 0.53 0.0589 0.0016 0.0260 0.0343 490 12 478 10 563 59 85% 478 10
EO1-34 89 57 0.64 0.6715 0.0314 0.0852 0.0023 0.58 0.0576 0.0022 0.0264 0.0381 522 19 527 13 515 84 102% 527 13
EO1-35 28 16 0.57 1.7279 0.1045 0.1586 0.0050 0.36 0.0801 0.0046 0.0490 0.0441 1019 40 949 28 1199 113 79% 949 28
EO1-36 25 42 1.65 0.4095 0.0587 0.0494 0.0021 0.07 0.0611 0.0090 0.0156 0.0306 349 43 311 13 643 315 48% 311 13
EO1-37 272 77 0.28 0.3706 0.0193 0.0491 0.0014 0.25 0.0555 0.0029 0.0207 0.1120 320 14 309 9 432 118 71% 309 9

PT
EO1-42 202 108 0.54 0.5769 0.0315 0.0715 0.0020 0.56 0.0590 0.0027 0.0223 0.1014 462 21 445 12 567 98 78% 445 12
EO1-44 322 202 0.63 0.5275 0.0201 0.0675 0.0016 0.49 0.0573 0.0019 0.0216 0.0568 430 13 421 10 503 74 84% 421 10
EO1-49 293 204 0.70 0.5857 0.0195 0.0739 0.0016 0.57 0.0580 0.0016 0.0225 0.0162 468 13 459 10 530 60 87% 459 10
EO1-50 497 447 0.90 0.5387 0.0184 0.0675 0.0015 0.43 0.0585 0.0018 0.0209 0.0181 438 12 421 9 549 69 77% 421 9

RI
EO2
EO2-1 840 273 0.32 1.4691 0.1005 0.1393 0.0100 0.73 0.0774 0.0040 0.0506 0.2075 918 42 841 57 1132 103 74% 841 57
EO2-2 335 66 0.20 0.8689 0.0371 0.1017 0.0041 0.51 0.0626 0.0026 0.0319 0.0966 635 20 624 24 695 87 90% 624 24
EO2-3 133 63 0.47 3.3713 0.1401 0.2558 0.0103 0.56 0.0964 0.0037 0.0744 0.0520 1498 33 1469 53 1556 72 94% 1556 72

SC
EO2-4 202 73 0.36 1.7995 0.0732 0.1755 0.0070 0.52 0.0752 0.0030 0.0524 0.0651 1045 27 1042 39 1074 79 97% 1042 39
EO2-5 163 223 1.37 0.7916 0.0484 0.0955 0.0039 0.36 0.0609 0.0037 0.0288 0.0160 592 28 588 23 636 129 92% 588 23
EO2-6 100 38 0.38 3.3666 0.1556 0.2365 0.0105 0.58 0.1043 0.0043 0.0773 0.1247 1497 37 1368 55 1702 77 80% 1702 77
EO2-7 551 236 0.43 0.7941 0.0314 0.0952 0.0037 0.58 0.0610 0.0022 0.0294 0.0549 594 18 586 22 639 78 92% 586 22

U
EO2-8 100 110 1.10 2.0876 0.1022 0.1902 0.0079 0.44 0.0806 0.0039 0.0566 0.0360 1145 34 1123 43 1212 95 93% 1212 95
EO2-9 831 177 0.21 0.7408 0.0305 0.0897 0.0037 0.63 0.0603 0.0021 0.0289 0.3055 563 18 554 22 614 76 90% 554 22

AN
EO2-10 585 190 0.32 1.7428 0.0713 0.1496 0.0063 0.62 0.0853 0.0031 0.0530 0.0619 1024 27 899 35 1322 70 68% 899 35
EO2-11 186 86 0.46 1.6443 0.0721 0.1630 0.0065 0.55 0.0737 0.0029 0.0498 0.0496 987 28 973 36 1033 81 94% 973 36
EO2-12 101 52 0.52 2.1114 0.0998 0.1942 0.0083 0.55 0.0796 0.0034 0.0593 0.0547 1153 33 1144 45 1187 85 96% 1187 85
EO2-13 413 68 0.17 0.7354 0.0309 0.0895 0.0036 0.49 0.0603 0.0025 0.0288 0.1300 560 18 553 22 614 90 90% 553 22

M
EO2-14 519 387 0.74 1.5238 0.0583 0.1532 0.0061 0.61 0.0727 0.0025 0.0470 0.0292 940 24 919 34 1006 69 91% 919 34
EO2-15 431 74 0.17 0.7662 0.0321 0.0926 0.0036 0.50 0.0605 0.0025 0.0280 0.1168 578 19 571 21 622 87 92% 571 21
EO2-16 601 27 0.04 0.6233 0.0268 0.0765 0.0030 0.51 0.0597 0.0024 0.0266 0.9547 492 17 475 18 593 88 80% 475 18

D
EO2-17 193 55 0.29 6.3540 0.2561 0.3267 0.0136 0.66 0.1420 0.0048 0.0979 0.1593 2026 36 1822 66 2252 58 81% 2252 58
EO2-18 195 72 0.37 1.6230 0.0687 0.1643 0.0065 0.54 0.0722 0.0028 0.0495 0.0603 979 27 980 36 992 80 99% 980 36
EO2-19 252 224 0.89 2.1809 0.0883 0.1984 0.0078 0.59 0.0803 0.0029 0.0591 0.0227 1175 29 1167 42 1204 71 97% 1204 71

TE
EO2-20 239 6 0.03 0.9801 0.0463 0.1172 0.0048 0.49 0.0612 0.0028 0.0350 1.9370 694 24 715 28 646 97 111% 715 28
EO2-21 596 301 0.50 0.4829 0.0219 0.0634 0.0026 0.52 0.0557 0.0024 0.0198 0.0611 400 15 396 16 440 94 90% 396 16
EO2-22 55 81 1.48 2.6829 0.1377 0.2262 0.0100 0.45 0.0873 0.0044 0.0668 0.0210 1324 39 1315 53 1367 97 96% 1367 97
EO2-23 480 196 0.41 1.1540 0.0460 0.1270 0.0050 0.57 0.0664 0.0025 0.0394 0.0614 779 22 771 29 819 77 94% 771 29
EP
EO2-24 275 304 1.10 2.7605 0.1095 0.2174 0.0089 0.66 0.0927 0.0031 0.0694 0.0253 1345 30 1268 48 1482 63 86% 1482 63
EO2-25 472 349 0.74 3.3208 0.1534 0.2428 0.0099 0.66 0.0996 0.0036 0.0695 0.0487 1486 37 1401 52 1617 67 87% 1617 67
EO2-26 216 322 1.49 3.8359 0.1623 0.2791 0.0117 0.63 0.1004 0.0036 0.0791 0.0438 1600 35 1587 59 1632 67 97% 1632 67
EO2-28 175 178 1.02 6.4049 0.2450 0.3730 0.0155 0.65 0.1257 0.0042 0.1068 0.0225 2033 34 2043 73 2039 60 100% 2039 60
C

EO2-30 687 55 0.08 0.7592 0.0316 0.0910 0.0036 0.53 0.0611 0.0024 0.0297 0.2774 574 18 561 21 643 84 87% 561 21
EO2-31 182 57 0.31 0.8653 0.0448 0.1021 0.0041 0.37 0.0623 0.0033 0.0309 0.0724 633 25 626 24 684 112 92% 626 24
AC

EO2-32 152 42 0.28 3.5181 0.1474 0.2603 0.0108 0.60 0.0989 0.0037 0.0791 0.1245 1531 34 1491 55 1603 70 93% 1603 70
EO2-33 463 63 0.14 5.8784 0.2121 0.3425 0.0134 0.64 0.1253 0.0040 0.0709 0.6505 1958 32 1899 65 2033 56 93% 2033 56
EO2-34 499 249 0.50 6.2752 0.2282 0.3633 0.0143 0.65 0.1261 0.0040 0.1036 0.0576 2015 32 1998 68 2044 56 98% 2044 56
EO2-35 222 74 0.33 1.8867 0.0904 0.1757 0.0077 0.58 0.0785 0.0033 0.0540 0.1230 1076 32 1044 42 1160 84 90% 1160 84
EO2-36 95 105 1.10 7.3986 0.3043 0.4031 0.0167 0.60 0.1343 0.0049 0.1100 0.0207 2161 37 2183 77 2155 64 101% 2155 64
EO2-37 156 116 0.75 11.2430 0.4125 0.4803 0.0191 0.66 0.1710 0.0054 0.1298 0.0481 2543 35 2528 84 2567 53 98% 2567 53
EO2-38 397 124 0.31 9.4571 0.3436 0.4345 0.0172 0.65 0.1590 0.0051 0.1214 0.0841 2383 34 2326 78 2445 54 95% 2445 54
EO2-39 208 239 1.15 0.7706 0.0375 0.0920 0.0037 0.41 0.0615 0.0030 0.0294 0.0158 580 22 567 22 657 105 86% 567 22
EO2-40 329 118 0.36 1.4346 0.0573 0.1497 0.0060 0.55 0.0701 0.0027 0.0447 0.1082 903 24 899 34 931 78 97% 899 34
EO3
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

EO3-1 165 109 0.66 1.8144 0.0762 0.1762 0.0073 0.53 0.0755 0.0030 0.0518 0.0520 1051 28 1046 40 1082 81 97% 1046 40
EO3-2 236 78 0.33 1.0054 0.0466 0.1157 0.0049 0.43 0.0640 0.0030 0.0371 0.2749 707 24 706 29 742 101 95% 706 29
EO3-3 305 79 0.26 1.7291 0.0728 0.1703 0.0067 0.57 0.0742 0.0028 0.0525 0.1229 1019 27 1014 37 1047 77 97% 1014 37
EO3-4 303 98 0.32 1.5612 0.0711 0.1577 0.0071 0.67 0.0724 0.0027 0.0476 0.2540 955 29 944 40 997 74 95% 944 40
EO3-5 667 91 0.14 0.9754 0.0429 0.1092 0.0048 0.56 0.0655 0.0027 0.0475 0.3213 691 22 668 28 790 86 84% 668 28
EO3-6 370 251 0.68 0.7776 0.0359 0.0941 0.0038 0.46 0.0606 0.0027 0.0290 0.0722 584 21 580 23 625 98 93% 580 23
EO3-7 254 107 0.42 1.4511 0.0837 0.1409 0.0069 0.55 0.0754 0.0039 0.0544 0.2592 910 35 850 39 1079 103 79% 850 39

PT
EO3-8 355 112 0.31 1.6549 0.0706 0.1652 0.0068 0.62 0.0731 0.0027 0.0484 0.2208 991 27 986 38 1017 74 97% 986 38
EO3-9 303 221 0.73 0.7966 0.0386 0.0947 0.0037 0.40 0.0616 0.0030 0.0277 0.0368 595 22 583 22 660 104 88% 583 22
EO3-10 174 37 0.21 2.2134 0.0964 0.2058 0.0084 0.61 0.0785 0.0029 0.0590 0.2672 1185 31 1206 45 1160 74 104% 1160 74
EO3-11 329 205 0.62 1.1112 0.0457 0.1245 0.0047 0.51 0.0653 0.0026 0.0371 0.0692 759 22 757 27 784 82 96% 757 27

RI
EO3-12 123 65 0.53 1.1771 0.0613 0.1314 0.0056 0.42 0.0659 0.0034 0.0407 0.0747 790 29 796 32 803 108 99% 796 32
EO3-13 214 33 0.15 0.7705 0.0367 0.0944 0.0038 0.50 0.0598 0.0027 0.0277 0.3174 580 21 581 23 596 96 97% 581 23
EO3-14 552 169 0.31 0.9794 0.0564 0.1080 0.0054 0.75 0.0658 0.0026 0.0329 0.1918 693 29 661 31 800 82 83% 661 31
EO3-15 364 255 0.70 1.8745 0.0733 0.1820 0.0071 0.58 0.08 0.00 0.0534 0.0329 1072 26 1078 39 1077 73 100% 1078 39

SC
EO3-16 175 117 0.67 0.9816 0.0487 0.1127 0.0045 0.42 0.06 0.00 0.0331 0.0511 694 25 688 26 732 104 94% 688 26
EO3-17 442 173 0.39 0.7854 0.0373 0.0952 0.0038 0.47 0.06 0.00 0.0277 0.0679 589 21 586 22 614 98 95% 586 22
EO3-18 142 101 0.71 0.9523 0.0586 0.1051 0.0048 0.38 0.07 0.00 0.0333 0.0480 679 31 644 28 832 128 77% 644 28
EO3-19 211 155 0.74 0.7878 0.0424 0.0969 0.0040 0.41 0.0596 0.0031 0.0300 0.0463 590 24 596 23 589 114 101% 596 23

U
EO3-20 296 52 0.17 1.9067 0.0768 0.1818 0.0073 0.60 0.0766 0.0028 0.0561 0.3027 1083 27 1077 40 1111 72 97% 1077 40
EO3-21 449 83 0.18 1.3825 0.0586 0.1452 0.0058 0.63 0.0694 0.0025 0.0486 0.2639 882 25 874 33 911 73 96% 874 33

AN
EO3-22 195 95 0.49 1.7479 0.0832 0.1631 0.0076 0.56 0.0788 0.0035 0.0489 0.0630 1026 31 974 42 1167 87 83% 974 42
EO3-23 338 226 0.67 7.1836 0.2864 0.3753 0.0163 0.67 0.1400 0.0047 0.1132 0.0528 2134 36 2054 77 2227 59 92% 2227 59
EO3-24 174 106 0.61 0.7666 0.0424 0.0930 0.0039 0.36 0.0607 0.0034 0.0275 0.0382 578 25 573 23 629 121 91% 573 23
EO3-26 196 7 0.03 0.7090 0.0474 0.0799 0.0046 0.33 0.0669 0.0048 0.0374 3.8170 544 29 496 27 835 150 59% 496 27

M
EO3-27 258 250 0.97 0.7028 0.0342 0.0875 0.0037 0.47 0.0590 0.0028 0.0267 0.0270 540 21 541 22 567 103 95% 541 22
EO3-28 194 111 0.57 1.8162 0.0778 0.1778 0.0070 0.56 0.0746 0.0029 0.0539 0.0483 1051 28 1055 39 1058 78 100% 1055 39
EO3-29 182 155 0.85 12.9931 0.4762 0.5133 0.0202 0.64 0.1849 0.0060 0.1450 0.0321 2679 35 2671 87 2697 53 99% 2697 53

D
EO3-30 160 58 0.36 0.4895 0.0300 0.0625 0.0028 0.43 0.0576 0.0034 0.0200 0.0873 405 21 391 17 515 128 76% 391 17
EO3-31 76 31 0.40 1.6205 0.0870 0.1650 0.0070 0.41 0.0722 0.0038 0.0488 0.0677 978 34 984 39 992 108 99% 984 39
EO3-32 946 220 0.23 0.8708 0.0324 0.1041 0.0040 0.59 0.0611 0.0021 0.0314 0.0905 636 18 638 23 643 74 99% 638 23

TE
EO3-33 532 154 0.29 0.7481 0.0310 0.0920 0.0036 0.49 0.0596 0.0024 0.0323 0.1589 567 18 567 21 589 89 96% 567 21
EO3-34 149 48 0.32 18.2586 0.6880 0.5762 0.0233 0.64 0.2317 0.0077 0.1633 0.1202 3003 37 2933 96 3064 53 96% 3064 53
EO3-35 194 79 0.41 0.7027 0.0354 0.0862 0.0035 0.42 0.0598 0.0030 0.0259 0.0473 540 21 533 21 596 108 89% 533 21
EO3-36 347 147 0.42 0.7281 0.0334 0.0877 0.0034 0.50 0.0607 0.0026 0.0262 0.0769 555 20 542 20 629 92 86% 542 20
EP
EO3-37 242 71 0.29 1.9769 0.0856 0.1884 0.0076 0.54 0.0767 0.0031 0.0543 0.0903 1108 30 1113 41 1113 80 100% 1113 80
EO3-38 857 362 0.42 0.8313 0.0372 0.1008 0.0042 0.61 0.0602 0.0023 0.0309 0.0833 614 21 619 25 611 83 101% 619 25
EO4
EO4-1 117 41 0.35 0.7166 0.0459 0.0930 0.0041 0.42 0.0566 0.0034 0.0281 0.1013 549 27 573 24 476 134 120% 573 24
C

EO4-2 221 210 0.95 1.0041 0.0461 0.1130 0.0047 0.46 0.0654 0.0030 0.0343 0.0608 706 24 690 27 787 96 88% 690 27
EO4-3 377 90 0.24 0.7504 0.0537 0.0923 0.0059 0.40 0.0599 0.0045 0.0301 0.2131 568 32 569 35 600 161 95% 569 35
AC

EO4-4 186 69 0.37 14.1588 0.4906 0.4927 0.0190 0.58 0.2101 0.0071 0.1400 0.0627 2760 33 2582 82 2906 54 89% 2906 54
EO4-5 235 23 0.10 0.8031 0.0386 0.0981 0.0041 0.52 0.0599 0.0027 0.0290 0.2925 599 22 603 24 600 96 101% 603 24
EO4-6 56 23 0.41 0.7202 0.0725 0.0906 0.0042 0.30 0.0582 0.0057 0.0285 0.0806 551 44 559 25 537 213 104% 559 25
EO4-7 162 70 0.43 0.7121 0.0626 0.0865 0.0049 0.55 0.0600 0.0045 0.0275 0.0835 546 38 535 29 604 161 89% 535 29
EO4-8 235 125 0.53 12.7427 0.5127 0.4912 0.0211 0.69 0.1896 0.0062 0.1466 0.0410 2661 39 2576 92 2739 54 94% 2739 54
EO4-9 663 203 0.31 0.7263 0.0301 0.0894 0.0036 0.53 0.0595 0.0024 0.0281 0.0793 554 18 552 22 585 86 94% 552 22
EO4-10 201 191 0.95 1.7734 0.0793 0.1744 0.0070 0.53 0.0744 0.0031 0.0526 0.0240 1036 29 1036 39 1052 84 98% 1036 39
EO4-11 324 220 0.68 2.3519 0.0961 0.2080 0.0088 0.64 0.0826 0.0029 0.0620 0.0362 1228 30 1218 47 1260 69 97% 1260 69
EO4-12 180 113 0.63 0.6630 0.0349 0.0842 0.0037 0.46 0.0579 0.0029 0.0269 0.0339 516 22 521 22 526 111 99% 521 22
EO4-13 153 66 0.43 0.6686 0.0378 0.0826 0.0035 0.40 0.0594 0.0033 0.0265 0.0807 520 23 512 21 582 120 88% 512 21
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

EO4-14 155 90 0.58 0.6633 0.0381 0.0870 0.0038 0.38 0.0563 0.0032 0.0274 0.0419 517 24 538 23 464 128 116% 538 23
EO4-15 148 74 0.50 0.6558 0.0399 0.0848 0.0037 0.41 0.0569 0.0033 0.0267 0.0527 512 25 524 22 488 130 108% 524 22
EO4-16 586 118 0.20 0.8574 0.0350 0.1049 0.0044 0.59 0.0599 0.0022 0.0318 0.1308 629 19 643 25 600 81 107% 643 25
EO4-17 83 46 0.55 1.8970 0.1116 0.1867 0.0083 0.50 0.0743 0.0039 0.0561 0.0497 1080 40 1104 45 1050 107 105% 1104 45
EO4-18 137 30 0.22 0.6389 0.0434 0.0830 0.0034 0.29 0.0566 0.0039 0.0274 0.1561 502 27 514 21 476 151 108% 514 21
EO4-19 227 138 0.61 0.7853 0.0838 0.0936 0.0072 0.52 0.0617 0.0058 0.0321 0.1099 589 49 577 43 664 201 87% 577 43
EO4-20 134 282 2.11 0.8087 0.0514 0.0989 0.0042 0.39 0.0599 0.0036 0.0309 0.0114 602 29 608 25 600 132 101% 608 25

PT
EO4-21 283 147 0.52 0.7453 0.0348 0.0904 0.0038 0.53 0.0604 0.0026 0.0282 0.0498 566 20 558 22 618 93 90% 558 22
EO4-22 90 67 0.75 0.7480 0.0485 0.0915 0.0039 0.32 0.0602 0.0039 0.0290 0.0335 567 29 564 23 611 141 92% 564 23
EO4-23 53 44 0.84 0.7789 0.0717 0.0939 0.0045 0.19 0.0619 0.0059 0.0281 0.0309 585 42 579 26 671 203 86% 579 26
EO4-24 28 22 0.82 0.8701 0.1025 0.0998 0.0055 0.32 0.0640 0.0072 0.0309 0.0439 636 57 613 32 742 239 83% 613 32

RI
EO4-25 376 76 0.20 0.7524 0.0338 0.0928 0.0037 0.49 0.0594 0.0026 0.0274 0.7823 570 20 572 22 582 94 98% 572 22
EO4-26 475 12 0.03 0.7962 0.0347 0.0978 0.0039 0.55 0.0595 0.0024 0.0296 1.7752 595 20 601 23 585 86 103% 601 23
EO4-27 88 54 0.61 0.9314 0.0597 0.1136 0.0050 0.39 0.0601 0.0037 0.0341 0.0524 668 32 694 29 607 134 114% 694 29
EO4-28 263 75 0.29 1.5333 0.0706 0.1535 0.0069 0.65 0.0731 0.0028 0.0443 0.1587 944 29 920 39 1017 77 91% 920 39

SC
EO4-29 78 42 0.54 0.8026 0.0611 0.0961 0.0042 0.44 0.0607 0.0042 0.0282 0.0578 598 35 592 25 629 149 94% 592 25
EO4-30 784 198 0.25 1.0197 0.0429 0.1164 0.0047 0.61 0.0640 0.0023 0.0449 0.3331 714 22 710 27 742 77 96% 710 27
EO4-31 398 144 0.36 1.0141 0.0677 0.1143 0.0057 0.40 0.0650 0.0042 0.0407 0.1800 711 35 698 33 774 138 90% 698 33
EO4-32 616 213 0.35 2.0185 0.0799 0.1946 0.0081 0.66 0.0758 0.0025 0.0583 0.0949 1122 27 1146 44 1090 67 105% 1146 44

U
EO4-33 226 54 0.24 0.7785 0.0408 0.0942 0.0039 0.44 0.0607 0.0031 0.0287 0.1186 585 24 580 23 629 109 92% 580 23
EO4-34 121 37 0.31 1.8520 0.0841 0.1858 0.0078 0.52 0.0731 0.0031 0.0531 0.0853 1064 30 1098 43 1017 87 108% 1098 43

AN
EO4-35 92 38 0.41 0.9189 0.0603 0.1078 0.0046 0.38 0.0626 0.0039 0.0319 0.0868 662 32 660 27 695 134 95% 660 27
EO4-36 203 134 0.66 11.2781 0.4173 0.4246 0.0168 0.62 0.1941 0.0065 0.1155 0.0299 2546 35 2281 77 2777 55 82% 2777 55
EO4-37 67 26 0.38 0.8464 0.0652 0.1043 0.0046 0.34 0.0596 0.0045 0.0326 0.0717 623 37 640 27 589 162 109% 640 27
EO4-38 169 85 0.50 1.6998 0.0936 0.1580 0.0066 0.47 0.0787 0.0040 0.0497 0.0486 1008 36 945 37 1165 101 81% 945 37

M
EO4-39 436 191 0.44 1.7514 0.0712 0.1730 0.0070 0.63 0.0739 0.0026 0.0520 0.0515 1028 27 1029 39 1039 70 99% 1029 39
EO4-40 148 82 0.56 0.7205 0.0379 0.0860 0.0035 0.36 0.0617 0.0033 0.0266 0.0646 551 23 532 21 664 116 80% 532 21
EO5

D
EO5-1 318 126 0.40 0.5616 0.0303 0.0720 0.0031 0.43 0.0574 0.0030 0.0216 0.1003 453 20 448 19 507 115 88% 448 19
EO5-2 51 0 0.01 0.7677 0.0721 0.0960 0.0046 0.22 0.0594 0.0057 278.1841 196346.205 578 42 591 27 582 207 102% 591 27
EO5-3 689 94 0.14 0.7964 0.0333 0.0918 0.0038 0.59 0.0635 0.0024 0.0321 0.2320 595 19 566 22 725 80 78% 566 22

TE
EO5-4 389 69 0.18 1.4680 0.0611 0.1494 0.0061 0.58 0.0719 0.0027 0.0508 0.3749 917 25 898 34 983 77 91% 898 34
EO5-5 328 125 0.38 0.6730 0.0314 0.0829 0.0036 0.48 0.0598 0.0027 0.0276 0.0902 523 19 513 21 596 99 86% 513 21
EO5-6 258 92 0.36 0.6019 0.0370 0.0727 0.0033 0.51 0.0604 0.0033 0.0300 0.0912 478 24 452 20 618 118 73% 452 20
EO5-7 137 86 0.62 0.7039 0.0489 0.0825 0.0042 0.43 0.0628 0.0041 0.0310 0.0670 541 30 511 25 701 140 73% 511 25
EP
EO5-9 318 186 0.58 13.7041 0.5079 0.5262 0.0212 0.67 0.1902 0.0060 0.1487 0.0463 2729 36 2725 90 2744 52 99% 2744 52
EO5-10 629 154 0.25 1.6280 0.0641 0.1626 0.0069 0.66 0.0732 0.0025 0.0502 0.0841 981 25 971 38 1020 68 95% 971 38
EO5-11 172 90 0.52 0.4027 0.0353 0.0570 0.0025 0.28 0.0519 0.0045 0.0173 0.0469 344 26 357 15 281 197 127% 357 15
EO5-12 100 83 0.83 0.7048 0.0440 0.0881 0.0038 0.32 0.0588 0.0037 0.0279 0.0585 542 27 544 22 560 138 97% 544 22
C

EO5-13 68 13 0.19 1.0866 0.0825 0.1320 0.0061 0.41 0.0602 0.0043 0.0398 0.9286 747 41 799 35 611 154 131% 799 35
EO5-14 153 113 0.74 2.1655 0.0988 0.2033 0.0089 0.59 0.0781 0.0032 0.0561 0.2948 1170 32 1193 48 1149 81 104% 1193 48
AC

EO5-15 321 63 0.19 0.7852 0.0348 0.0985 0.0041 0.45 0.0586 0.0026 0.0299 0.1448 588 20 605 24 552 98 110% 605 24
EO5-16 60 155 2.56 0.7461 0.0680 0.0902 0.0041 0.24 0.0610 0.0056 0.0268 0.0102 566 40 557 24 639 197 87% 557 24
EO5-17 105 64 0.61 0.7247 0.0531 0.0905 0.0045 0.42 0.0588 0.0041 0.0269 0.0510 553 32 558 27 560 151 100% 558 27
EO5-18 118 76 0.64 1.9311 0.0949 0.1863 0.0078 0.50 0.0760 0.0035 0.0574 0.0828 1092 33 1102 42 1095 92 101% 1102 42
EO5-19 349 239 0.68 0.4469 0.0221 0.0583 0.0024 0.42 0.0562 0.0027 0.0181 0.0361 375 16 365 14 460 108 79% 365 14
EO5-20 150 39 0.26 0.7352 0.0482 0.0939 0.0042 0.43 0.0574 0.0035 0.0300 0.1290 560 29 579 25 507 135 114% 579 25
EO5-21 194 75 0.39 1.1490 0.0568 0.1303 0.0055 0.50 0.0646 0.0030 0.0376 0.1854 777 27 789 31 761 97 104% 789 31
EO5-22 106 344 3.24 0.7761 0.0507 0.0978 0.0041 0.30 0.0586 0.0039 0.0303 0.0069 583 29 601 24 552 145 109% 601 24
EO5-23 389 166 0.43 1.7359 0.0663 0.1749 0.0072 0.56 0.0728 0.0027 0.0511 0.2030 1022 25 1039 40 1008 76 103% 1039 40
EO5-24 101 48 0.47 1.5437 0.0848 0.1549 0.0067 0.43 0.0733 0.0039 0.0453 0.0614 948 34 929 38 1022 109 91% 929 38
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

EO5-25 300 91 0.30 1.3149 0.0635 0.1412 0.0063 0.64 0.0679 0.0027 0.0428 0.1112 852 28 852 36 866 82 98% 852 36
EO5-26 512 236 0.46 0.9210 0.0394 0.1124 0.0046 0.47 0.0601 0.0026 0.0318 0.0456 663 21 686 27 607 93 113% 686 27
EO5-27 190 100 0.52 1.2969 0.0580 0.1383 0.0056 0.55 0.0685 0.0028 0.0417 0.0523 844 26 835 32 884 83 95% 835 32
EO5-28 393 196 0.50 0.8444 0.0387 0.1032 0.0044 0.52 0.0600 0.0026 0.0317 0.0478 622 22 633 26 604 93 105% 633 26
EO5-29 182 87 0.48 10.5364 0.3911 0.4251 0.0173 0.67 0.1812 0.0058 0.1193 0.0437 2483 35 2283 79 2664 53 86% 2664 53
EO5-30 172 36 0.21 1.1222 0.0571 0.1283 0.0054 0.46 0.0641 0.0031 0.0407 0.2008 764 28 778 31 745 103 104% 778 31
EO5-31 148 48 0.33 0.7477 0.0424 0.0935 0.0038 0.34 0.0587 0.0034 0.0298 0.0903 567 25 576 23 556 125 104% 576 23

PT
EO5-32 1480 9 0.01 1.4392 0.0897 0.1460 0.0085 0.76 0.0720 0.0030 0.0716 13.3466 905 38 878 48 986 86 89% 878 48
EO5-33 132 150 1.14 0.8211 0.0461 0.1021 0.0043 0.45 0.0590 0.0031 0.0309 0.0386 609 26 626 25 567 115 110% 626 25
EO5-34 161 111 0.69 0.7657 0.0459 0.0952 0.0040 0.45 0.0589 0.0033 0.0275 0.0430 577 27 586 24 563 122 104% 586 24
EO5-35 306 224 0.73 0.7734 0.0346 0.0967 0.0039 0.50 0.0586 0.0025 0.0295 0.0678 582 20 595 23 552 93 108% 595 23

RI
EO5-36 305 124 0.41 1.5388 0.0601 0.1587 0.0063 0.52 0.0711 0.0027 0.0488 0.0612 946 24 950 35 960 79 99% 950 35
EO5-37 115 110 0.95 0.9703 0.0656 0.1094 0.0055 0.54 0.0649 0.0038 0.0326 0.0791 689 34 669 32 771 123 87% 669 32
EO5-39 78 27 0.34 0.7649 0.0536 0.0901 0.0038 0.32 0.0622 0.0043 0.0265 0.0933 577 31 556 23 681 148 82% 556 23
EO5-40 82 29 0.35 1.9295 0.0992 0.1848 0.0082 0.53 0.0766 0.0036 0.0567 0.0840 1091 35 1093 45 1111 93 98% 1093 45

SC
EO6
EO6-1 78 84 1.07 3.8341 0.2274 0.2788 0.0137 0.64 0.1002 0.0047 0.0789 0.0278 1600 49 1585 69 1628 88 97% 1628 88
EO6-2 46 43 0.92 0.8123 0.0787 0.1014 0.0049 0.23 0.0590 0.0058 0.0299 0.0282 604 45 623 28 567 213 110% 623 28
EO6-3 317 140 0.44 0.9548 0.0414 0.1128 0.0045 0.49 0.0621 0.0026 0.0337 0.0572 681 22 689 26 678 90 102% 689 26

U
EO6-4 402 259 0.64 0.7893 0.0339 0.0983 0.0040 0.52 0.0589 0.0024 0.0290 0.0277 591 19 604 24 563 89 107% 604 24
EO6-5 309 156 0.50 0.4913 0.0248 0.0640 0.0028 0.50 0.0564 0.0027 0.0198 0.0465 406 17 400 17 468 105 85% 400 17

AN
EO6-6 191 122 0.64 0.8246 0.0487 0.1010 0.0043 0.48 0.0598 0.0032 0.0281 0.0763 611 27 620 25 596 117 104% 620 25
EO6-7 189 116 0.62 0.6449 0.0383 0.0791 0.0034 0.36 0.0598 0.0036 0.0244 0.0479 505 24 491 20 596 129 82% 491 20
EO6-9 53 29 0.54 15.2370 0.6213 0.5634 0.0241 0.68 0.1977 0.0067 0.1456 0.0690 2830 40 2881 100 2807 55 103% 2807 55
EO6-10 187 163 0.87 0.7418 0.0427 0.0923 0.0043 0.47 0.0590 0.0032 0.0288 0.0505 563 25 569 25 567 118 100% 569 25

M
EO6-11 109 60 0.56 1.5440 0.0874 0.1564 0.0075 0.58 0.0723 0.0035 0.0456 0.0482 948 35 937 42 994 99 94% 937 42
EO6-12 249 105 0.42 1.9287 0.0857 0.1847 0.0079 0.56 0.0765 0.0031 0.0550 0.0674 1091 30 1093 43 1108 82 99% 1093 43
EO6-13 178 39 0.22 0.9853 0.0477 0.1168 0.0046 0.47 0.0618 0.0028 0.0348 0.1285 696 25 712 27 667 99 107% 712 27

D
EO6-14 139 80 0.58 5.9329 0.2383 0.3526 0.0145 0.63 0.1230 0.0043 0.0993 0.0454 1966 36 1947 69 2000 62 97% 2000 62
EO6-15 72 41 0.57 0.3710 0.0435 0.0586 0.0033 0.26 0.0471 0.0055 0.0200 0.0832 320 33 367 20 54 277 676% 367 20
EO6-16 88 63 0.72 0.7753 0.0504 0.0966 0.0041 0.24 0.0594 0.0041 0.0291 0.0433 583 29 595 24 582 149 102% 595 24

TE
EO6-17 219 87 0.40 0.7035 0.0371 0.0864 0.0039 0.49 0.0597 0.0030 0.0265 0.0945 541 22 534 23 593 108 90% 534 23
EO6-18 109 31 0.29 0.6927 0.0473 0.0908 0.0041 0.32 0.0564 0.0039 0.0270 0.1109 534 29 560 24 468 152 120% 560 24
EO6-19 172 118 0.69 1.1838 0.0603 0.1325 0.0055 0.45 0.0656 0.0032 0.0397 0.0353 793 28 802 32 794 103 101% 802 32
EO6-20 343 81 0.24 1.6802 0.0693 0.1701 0.0071 0.61 0.0722 0.0026 0.0497 0.1027 1001 27 1013 39 992 75 102% 1013 39
EP
EO6-21 163 63 0.38 1.5050 0.0750 0.1510 0.0067 0.55 0.0731 0.0033 0.0471 0.0654 932 31 906 38 1017 91 89% 906 38
EO6-22 114 36 0.32 1.8278 0.0927 0.1838 0.0081 0.51 0.0731 0.0034 0.0523 0.0860 1055 34 1088 44 1017 95 107% 1088 44
EO6-23 232 51 0.22 1.0695 0.0767 0.1140 0.0069 0.73 0.0680 0.0034 0.0461 1.9511 739 38 696 40 869 102 80% 696 40
EO6-24 662 288 0.43 0.4614 0.0195 0.0633 0.0026 0.56 0.0534 0.0021 0.0200 0.0493 385 14 396 16 346 89 114% 396 16
C

2nd measurement session

EO6-1 88 87 0.99 2.1838 0.0740 0.2031 0.0049 0.55 0.0788 0.0023 0.0607 0.0489 1176 24 1192 26 1167 57 102% 1192 26
AC

EO6-2 607 240 0.40 0.6194 0.0184 0.0760 0.0017 0.55 0.0597 0.0015 0.0251 0.0722 489 12 472 10 593 55 80% 472 10
EO6-3 531 89 0.17 0.9043 0.0407 0.0894 0.0023 0.39 0.0740 0.0031 0.0507 0.2805 654 22 552 14 1041 85 53% 552 14
EO6-4 404 199 0.49 1.5886 0.0690 0.1570 0.0060 0.84 0.0739 0.0017 0.0483 0.2152 966 27 940 33 1039 48 91% 940 33
EO6-5 472 92 0.20 6.2625 0.2100 0.2332 0.0068 0.84 0.1963 0.0036 0.1245 0.1725 2013 30 1351 36 2796 30 48% 1351 36
EO6-7 96 110 1.14 1.9941 0.0628 0.1851 0.0045 0.41 0.0793 0.0024 0.0539 0.0106 1114 22 1095 25 1180 61 93% 1095 25
EO6-8 448 144 0.32 1.4833 0.0435 0.1550 0.0040 0.71 0.0701 0.0015 0.0456 0.1125 924 18 929 22 931 44 100% 929 22
EO6-9 185 90 0.49 4.5015 0.1274 0.2957 0.0069 0.71 0.1114 0.0023 0.0859 0.0437 1731 24 1670 35 1822 37 92% 1822 37
EO6-10 181 64 0.35 0.8417 0.0293 0.1028 0.0026 0.56 0.0601 0.0018 0.0312 0.0392 620 16 631 15 607 64 104% 631 15
EO6-12 319 164 0.51 11.2592 0.2707 0.4438 0.0087 0.68 0.1855 0.0033 0.1311 0.0363 2545 23 2368 39 2703 30 88% 2703 30
EO6-13 240 139 0.58 0.7668 0.0289 0.0865 0.0020 0.43 0.0649 0.0022 0.0297 0.0310 578 17 535 12 771 73 69% 535 12
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

EO6-14 283 88 0.31 1.0027 0.0326 0.1059 0.0025 0.58 0.0693 0.0019 0.0411 0.1634 705 17 649 14 908 55 72% 649 14
EO6-15 187 99 0.53 1.0191 0.0514 0.0943 0.0027 0.55 0.0791 0.0033 0.0513 0.0460 713 26 581 16 1175 84 49% 581 16
EO6-16 501 380 0.76 0.6397 0.0205 0.0758 0.0016 0.52 0.0618 0.0017 0.0256 0.0184 502 13 471 10 667 59 71% 471 10
EO6-17 217 109 0.50 0.5035 0.0172 0.0639 0.0014 0.42 0.0578 0.0018 0.0272 0.0963 414 12 399 9 522 70 76% 399 9
EO6-19 352 105 0.30 0.8736 0.0300 0.0984 0.0025 0.67 0.0649 0.0017 0.0360 0.0982 638 16 605 15 771 54 78% 605 15
EO6-20 179 42 0.24 0.7488 0.0294 0.0924 0.0022 0.50 0.0593 0.0020 0.0326 0.4072 568 17 570 13 578 74 99% 570 13
EO6-21 900 282 0.31 0.8280 0.0219 0.0972 0.0021 0.69 0.0623 0.0012 0.0308 0.0371 613 12 598 12 684 41 87% 598 12

PT
EO6-22 259 160 0.62 4.7779 0.1327 0.3206 0.0073 0.73 0.1090 0.0021 0.0917 0.0199 1781 24 1792 36 1783 35 101% 1783 35
EO6-23 956 227 0.24 0.7043 0.0219 0.0869 0.0018 0.58 0.0593 0.0015 0.0273 0.1572 541 13 537 11 578 56 93% 537 11
EO6-24 96 13 0.14 0.6257 0.0279 0.0753 0.0021 0.34 0.0613 0.0027 0.0314 0.1905 493 18 468 12 650 94 72% 468 12
EO6-25 144 38 0.27 1.8159 0.0522 0.1787 0.0039 0.56 0.0745 0.0018 0.0518 0.0626 1051 19 1060 21 1055 49 100% 1060 21

RI
EO6-26 484 98 0.20 1.4171 0.0406 0.1409 0.0031 0.69 0.0735 0.0015 0.0472 0.1168 896 17 850 17 1028 42 83% 850 17
EO6-27 285 63 0.22 0.6894 0.0221 0.0865 0.0020 0.60 0.0583 0.0015 0.0248 0.1309 532 13 535 12 541 57 99% 535 12
EO6-28 69 40 0.58 1.8164 0.0690 0.1797 0.0046 0.50 0.0742 0.0025 0.0523 0.0318 1051 25 1065 25 1047 68 102% 1065 25
EO6-29 204 73 0.36 0.6910 0.0267 0.0838 0.0023 0.61 0.0604 0.0019 0.0316 0.1725 533 16 519 14 618 67 84% 519 14

SC
EO6-30 1722 172 0.10 0.7253 0.0221 0.0856 0.0020 0.77 0.0619 0.0012 0.0356 1.1826 554 13 529 12 671 42 79% 529 12
EO6-31 165 45 0.27 1.0569 0.0347 0.1098 0.0024 0.55 0.0705 0.0020 0.0446 0.0835 732 17 671 14 943 57 71% 671 14
EO6-32 494 56 0.11 0.6592 0.0176 0.0792 0.0017 0.57 0.0610 0.0014 0.0273 0.3722 514 11 492 10 639 49 77% 492 10
EO6-33 298 142 0.48 0.6518 0.0270 0.0739 0.0023 0.67 0.0645 0.0020 0.0282 0.1920 510 17 459 14 758 65 61% 459 14

U
EO6-34 191 130 0.68 2.0528 0.0616 0.1930 0.0046 0.66 0.0779 0.0018 0.0588 0.0311 1133 21 1137 25 1144 46 99% 1144 46
EO6-35 207 126 0.61 1.5738 0.0461 0.1566 0.0033 0.67 0.0735 0.0016 0.0489 0.0230 960 18 938 19 1028 44 91% 938 19

AN
EO6-37 139 92 0.66 0.9930 0.0329 0.1108 0.0023 0.44 0.0657 0.0020 0.0347 0.0225 700 17 678 13 797 64 85% 678 13
EO6-38 149 200 1.35 0.7811 0.0369 0.0916 0.0028 0.46 0.0626 0.0027 0.0268 0.0204 586 21 565 17 695 92 81% 565 17
EO6-39 628 247 0.39 1.3518 0.0389 0.1363 0.0032 0.69 0.0725 0.0015 0.0448 0.0779 868 17 824 18 1000 43 82% 824 18
EO6-40 67 116 1.73 0.7852 0.0386 0.0926 0.0023 0.25 0.0624 0.0031 0.0273 0.0079 588 22 571 13 688 105 83% 571 13

M
EO6-41 758 94 0.12 0.7062 0.0177 0.0834 0.0016 0.60 0.0620 0.0013 0.0289 0.2703 542 11 517 9 674 44 77% 517 9
EO6-42 122 25 0.20 1.0270 0.0436 0.1035 0.0035 0.70 0.0728 0.0022 0.0433 0.1227 717 22 635 21 1008 62 63% 635 21
EO6-43 142 49 0.34 0.6654 0.0266 0.0834 0.0022 0.46 0.0585 0.0021 0.0268 0.1301 518 16 517 13 549 79 94% 517 13

D
EO6-44 721 189 0.26 0.9590 0.0255 0.1112 0.0024 0.66 0.0631 0.0013 0.0331 0.0444 683 13 680 14 712 43 96% 680 14
EO6-45 300 205 0.68 0.8515 0.0323 0.1021 0.0030 0.75 0.0609 0.0015 0.0305 0.0161 625 18 627 18 636 54 99% 627 18
EO6-46 238 63 0.26 9.9202 0.3881 0.3865 0.0130 0.88 0.1873 0.0034 0.1202 0.1384 2427 37 2107 61 2719 30 77% 2719 30

TE
EO6-47 479 30 0.06 1.5196 0.0407 0.1507 0.0032 0.61 0.0738 0.0016 0.0466 0.4328 938 17 905 18 1036 44 87% 905 18
EO6-48 108 48 0.44 0.8494 0.0354 0.1028 0.0025 0.54 0.0604 0.0021 0.0312 0.0302 624 20 631 15 618 76 102% 631 15
EO6-49 427 80 0.19 0.9271 0.0377 0.0942 0.0028 0.79 0.0718 0.0018 0.0496 0.2597 666 20 580 17 980 51 59% 580 17
EO6-50 226 74 0.33 0.7258 0.0305 0.0858 0.0020 0.41 0.0619 0.0024 0.0281 0.0704 554 18 531 12 671 83 79% 531 12
EP
EO6-51 322 351 1.09 0.7142 0.0277 0.0822 0.0020 0.68 0.0634 0.0018 0.0264 0.0224 547 17 509 12 722 60 71% 509 12
C
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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Highlights:

• U-Pb detrital zircon data show genetic links between the Birón Complex and
the EOMC
• EOMC, Central Real (Ecuador), Eastern Cordillera (N. Peru) have similar
provenance
• EOMC metasediments represent probable Pre-Famatinian and Post-
Famatinian units
• Youngest EOMC unit (Birón Complex) linked to the Mitu rift sequence in

PT
Peru

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References
Aspden, J.A., Bonilla, W., Duque, P., 1995. The El Oro metamorphic complex, Ecuador: geology and
economic mineral deposits. British Geological Survey.
Bahlburg, H., Hervé, F., 1997. Geodynamic evolution and tectonostratigraphic terranes of
northwestern Argentina and northern Chile. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109, 869-884.
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