B. H.

APHOl\bA

vn~~~~
KOMnAEKCHblX
'-I HCEA,
KBATEPHHOHOB
H CnHHOB

H3j\ATEI\bCIllO
MOCKOIICKOro ljEHTJl!l. HEnpEpblBHoro
M"TEMATH~ECKOfOOOp.uoBAHHH
y II:K 514/515
BBK 22.1
A84

KOMIIJIeKCHhIe 'fMCJIa OIIMChIBaIOT ,l1BM:lKeHMJI eBKJIM,l10BOM IIJIOCKOCTM, 0,l1-

HOMy Bpaw;eHMIO TpexMepHoro IIpOCTpaHCTBa COOTBeTcTByeT zma rena-rep-
HMOHa, pa3JIM'fMe KOTOphIX (cPM3MKM Ha3BaJIM 3TO JIBJIeHMe CIIMHOM) CBJI3aHO
co CBOMCTBaMM rpYIIIIhI IIpe06pa30BaHMM. "BpaII\eHMJI» 3JIeKTpOHOB OTJIM'fa-
IOTCJI OT BpaII\eHMM TBep,l1hIX TeJI MMeHHO pa3JIM'fMeM CIIMHOB, MrpaIOII\MX pe-
IIIaIOII\YIO POJIb IIpM OIIMcaHMM 3JIeKTpOHHhIX 060JIO'feK aTOMOB.
B 6poiliIOpe, napa.ay C OCHOBHhIMM cPaKTaMM KJIaCCM'feCKOM TeopMM KOM-
IIJIeKCHhIX 'fMCeJI M KBaTepHMOHOB, paCCKa3aHhI nexor-opsre HOBhIe peayas-
TaThI M rMIIOTe3hI. HaIIpMMep, KOMIIJIeKCHOM aepcaea .re-rpaaapa OKa3hIBa-
eTCJI OKTa3,l1p, a rMIIOTe3a, 'fTO KBaTepHMOHHaJI er-o BepCMJI - MKOCa3,l1p,
He ,l10Ka3aHa.
TeKCT 6POiliIOPhI IIpe,l1CTaBJIJIeT C060M ,l10IIOJIHeHHYIO 06pa60TKY 3aIIMCM
JIeKIIMM, IIpO'fMTaHHOM B. H. ApHOJIb,l10M ,l1JIJI IIIKOJIbHMKOB 9-11 KJIaCCOB
17 HOJI6pJI 2002 ro aa na MaJIOM MeXMaTe J\1TY.
Bpouuopa pacc-rar-aaa na IIIMPOKMM xpyr- 'fMTaTeJIeM, MHTepecyIOII\MXCJI
MaTeMaTMKoM: IIIKOJIbHMKOB CTapIIIMX KJIaCCOB, cTY,l1eHTOB, y'fMTeJIeM ...

ISBN 5-94057-025-9

Apno.abO B.aaou,M,up Heopeeusc

reOMeTpMJI KOMIIJIeKCHhIX 'fMCeJI, KBaTepHMOHOB M CIIMHOB

Pe,l1aKTOp B. B. Tpywno6. Texa. penaxrop B. M. Fupoeuu,

3aIIMcb M pacmarpponxa JIeKIIMM: P. 11. Bozdano«, M. P. Boeoonoe.

JIMIIeH3MJI H~ N'01335 OT 24/Ill 2000 r-, IIo,l1IIMcaHO K IIe'faTM 5/Ill 2002 r-,
Cl>opMaT 60 x 88 1/16. Cl>M3. rre-r . .II. 2,50. YCJI. rre-r. .II. 2,50. Tapaac 1500 3K3.

H3,l1aTeJIbCTBO J\10CKoBcKoro IIeHTpa nenpepsmnoro MaTeMaTM'feCKOrO 06pa30BaHMJI.

121002, Mocxaa, r-2, BOJI. BJIaCbeBCKMM nep., 11.

OTIIe'faTaHO B TMIIorpacPMM P A "Cl>aHTa3MJI».

111024, Mocxaa, E-24, ABMaMOTOpHaJI yJI., 20/17.
 Teopaa KOMIIJIeKCHhIX 'IYlCM, KBaTepHYlOHOB Yl CIIYlHOB OTHOCJlTCJI K He-
60JIbIIlOMY 'IYlCJIy HaYl60JIee ¢YH,L\aMeHTaJIbHhIX 'IaCTeM reOMeTpYlYl, YlMeIO-
II:\YlX HaYl60JIee Ba2KHbIe IIpYlJI02KeHYlJl B ¢Yl3YlKe. OIIYlCbIBaeMOe HYl2Ke r-eoxee-
TpYl'IeCKOe IIOCTpOeHYle TeOpYlYl KOMIIJIeKCHbIX 'IYlCM ¢paHIJ;Y3bI IIPYlIIYlCaJIYl
Apr-any, XOTJI aa CeMb JIeT ,L\O Apr-ana ero oIIy6JIYlKOBaJI ,L\aTCKYlM lVIaTelVIa-
TYlK BeCCMb (KOTOpbIM, BIIpO'IeM, YlCXO,L\YlJI cxopee Yl3 6Y,L\yII:\Ylx YlH2KeHepHhIX
IIpYlJI02KeHYlM, narrpmeep, K eII:\e He IIOCTpoeHHOM TOr,L\a TeOpYlYl YPaBHeHYlM
MaKCBMJIa Yl rrepexeemror-o TOKa).

KOMILJIeKCHhIe ~I'ICJIa

PaCCMOTpYlM na eBKJIYl,L\OBOM IIJIOCKOCTYl CYlCTeMY OpTOHOpMYlpOBaHHbIX

KOOp,L\YlHaT.

PMC. 1. BeII\eCTBeHHhIe 6a3McHhIe nex-ropsr na IIJIOCKOCTM KOMIIJIeKCHhIX 'fMCeJI.

Ba3YlCHbIe BeKTOpbI 0603Ha'IYlM -repea 1 IIO O,L\HOM OCYl, i IIO ,L\pyroM OCYl
(OT CJIOBa «imaginary», T. e. MHYlMbIM). TO'IKa IIJIOCKOCTYl IIpe,L\CTaBJIJleTCJI
B BYl,L\e a + b . i (e,L\YlHYlIJ;y IIpYl a He IIYlIIleM):

1 a

PMC. 2. BeII\eCTBeHHaJI M MHMMaJI -rac-rr, KOMIIJIeKCHOro 'fMCJIa.

Beicropsr na IIJIOCKOCTYl M02KHO CKJIa,L\bIBaTb:

al + b: . i
a2 + b2 · i

1* 3
 KpOMe CJI02KeHYlJl KOMlIJIeKCHhIX 'IYlCM, OlIpe,LIMYlM YlX YMH02KeHYle.
Ta6JIYlIJ;a YMH02KeHYlJl:

1·1 1, 1· i t . 1.

CalVIOe rJIaBHOe Ha'IYlHaeTCJI npa YMH02KeHYlYl i na i:

i·i -1.

L[YlCJIO i Ha3hIBaIOT M'/iUMbIM, TaK KaK He CYII:\eCTByeT BeII:\eCTBeHHoro 'IYl-

CJIa a, ,LIJIJI xor-opor-o BhIlIOJIHJlJIOCb 6hI paBeHCTBO

IIpoYl3Be,LIeHYle ,LIBYX JII06hIX KOMlIJIeKCHhIX 'IYlCM OlIpe,LI6JIJleTCJI lIO 3aKOHy

,LIYlCTpYl6yTYlBHOCTYl:

HHhIMYl CJIOBaMYl, YMH02KaJI al na a2 Yl b1 na b2 , lIOJIy'IaeM BeII:\eCTBeHHYIO

'IaCTb lIpOYl3Be,LIeHYlJl (YlX pa3HOCTb), a YMH02KaJI al na b2 Yl b1 na a2 -
MHYlMYIO 'IaCTb (CYMMY ClTYlX ,LIBYX lIpOYl3Be,LIeHYlM). OlIpe,LIMeHYle YMH02KeHYlJl
3aKOH'IeHO.
3aMe~aHl'le. Bce CBOMCTBa YMH02KeHYlJl (KOMMYTaTYlBHOCTb: ZlZ2
Z2Z1; aCCOIJ;YlaTYlBHOCTb: (ZlZ2)ZS Zl(Z2ZS); ,LIYlCTpYl6YTYlBHOCTb lIO OT-
HOIIleHYlIO K CJI02KeHYlIO: Zl (Z2 + ZS) ZlZ2 + ZlZS) BhIlIOJIHJlIOTCJI O'IeBYl,LIHhIM
06pa30M.
C aJIre6paYl'IeCKOM TO'IKYl apenas TeOpYlJl KOMlIJIeKCHhIX 'IYlCM ClTYlM YlC-
'IeplIhIBaeTCJI.

,.lJ;BI'I~eHI'IH ILJIOCKOCTI'I

KOMlIJIeKCHhIe 'IYlCJIa - MaTeMaTYl'IeCKYlM armapar ,LIJIJI OlIYlCaHYlJl ,LIBYl-

2KeHYlM lIJIOCKOCTYl. L[To6hI B ClTOM y6e,LIYlTbCJI, MhI BBe,LIeM eme ,LIOlIOHYl-
TMbHoe
Orrpezrezremre. KOMlIJIeKCHOe 'IYlCJIO

Z a-b·i

Ha3hIBaeTCJI '1WMnJl,e",;C'/iO conpJ!;)ICe'/i'/ibIM K 'IYlCJIy Z a + b . i.

4
 PMC. 3. KOMIIJIeKCHOe COIIpJDKeHMe KOIIIKM K.

reOMeTpM~eCKM rrepexo~ OT Z K Z -- 3TO OTproKeHMe OTHOCMTeITbHO

OCM Ol.
Teopexra. ConpJI/JlCe'li'liOe "iUCJW ",; cy.M.Me d6YX "';O.M,nJl,e"';C'libIX wuce« pa6-
no cy.M.Me wucea conpJ!;)/Ce'li'libIX ",; CJI,aZae.M,bl.M,:

Teopexra. ConpJ!;)/Ce'li'lioe "iUCJI,O ",; npouseedewuso d6YX "';O.M,nJl,e"';C'libIX

wucea paeno npouseedewuso wuce« conpJ!;)/Ce'li'libIX ",; .M,'lio;)/CumeJl,Jl,.M,:

Orrpeztezremre. IIpoM3Be~eHMe KOMrrJIeKCHOrO ~MCJIa na COrrpJl2KeHHOe

eMy ~MCJIO Ha3bIBaeTCJI "';6adpamO.M, .M,OdYJl,J! KOMrrJIeKCHOrO ~MCJIa:

JIeMMa. M OdYJl,b "';O.M,nJl,e",;c'liozo "iUCJI,a -- deUCm6UmeJl,b'liOe 'lieompuv,a-

meJl,b'liOe "iUCJI,O.
,ZJ;oKa3aTe.JIhCTBO. Kaanpar MO~YJIJI He MeHJleTCJI npa COrrpJl2KeHMM:

ZZ ZZ ZZ,

noa'rouy OH JlBJIJleTCJI ~eMCTBMTeITbHbIM ~MCJIOM. KpOMe Toro,

2
ZZ IzI
+
a 2 b2 ~ 0, noa'rouy MO~YJIb - - T02Ke ~eMCTBMTeITbHOeHeOTpMU;aTeITbHOe
~MCJIO. D
Orrpezrezremre. Apzy.M,e'lim a He paaaoro HyJIIO KOMrrJIeKCHOrO ~MCJIa
pasea yrJIy noaopo'ra OT rrOJI02KMTeITbHOM noayoca 01 B CTOpOHy rrOJI02KM-
TeITbHOM MHMMOM nozyocx Oi ~o HarrpaBJIeHMJI KOMrrJIeKCHOrO ~MCJIa.

5
 3aMe~aHHe. ECJIM Izl 1,TO

a cos o, b sin o.

Te, KTO He 3HaKOM C ¢YHKIJ;MJlMM CMHYC M KOCMHyC, MoryT C'IMTaTb ClTO

3aMe'IaHMe MX onpe,LI6JIeHMeM.
IIpMMeHMM Tenepb KOMnJIeKCHbIe 'IMCJIa ,LIJIJI M3y'IeHMJI ,LIBM2KeHMM eBKJIM-
,LIOBOM nJIOCKOCTM. PaCCMOTpMM KOMnJIeKCHOe 'IMCJIO w E C. PaCCMOTpMM
npeocpaaoaaaxe «YMH02KeHMe na KOMnJIeKCHOe 'IMCJIO z», nepeao.aamee xa-
2K,LIyIO TO'IKy W B TO'IKy ZW, r,LIe Izi 1, argz a.
Teopexra. Ilpeotipasoeawue YMnO;)ICenu,J! na '1WMnJ/,e'KCnoe "iUCJ/,O C MO-
dYJ/,eM edunu'/{a ,J!6J/,J!emc,J! n060pomOM neocxoctmi {w}.
,ZJ;oKa3aTeJIhCTBO. Paccsrorpmc KOMnJIeKCHOe 'IMCJIO w. COC'IMTaeM
MO,LIYJIb KOMnJIeKCHOrO 'IMCJIa, B xoropoe nepexonar W npa HarrIeM npeo6pa-
30BaHMM:
ZWZW (zz) . (ww) WW

CJIe,LIOBaT6JIbHO, JII060M aercrop nepexomrr B sercrop TaKOM 2Ke ,LIJIMHbI. Kpo-

Me Toro, paCCTOJlHMe Me2K,LIy KOHIJ;aMM BeKTopOB TaK2Ke COXpaHJleTCJI:

PMC. 4. OilepaIIMJI YMHO:lKeHMJI na KOMIIJIeKCHOe 'fMCJIO C MO,l1YJIeM e,l1MHMIIa.

TaKMM 06pa30M, npeotipaaoaaaae YMH02KeHMJI na KOMnJIeKCHOe 'IMCJIO

C MO,LIyJIeM e,LIMHMIJ;a COXpaHJleT ,LIJIMHbI.
Ba2KHaJI ,LIeTaJIb: ClTO npeotipaaoaaaae COXpaHJleT OpMeHTa!J;MIO. D
3a~a~a. BpaII:\eHMe nJIOCKOCTM { W } no 'IaCOBOM CTp6JIKe nepexomer npa
HarneM npe06pa30BaHMM BO BpaII:\eHMe no 'IaCOBOM CTp6JIKe (T. e. B Ty 2Ke
CTOpOHy, 'ITO M MCXO,LIHoe).
OTcTyILJIeHHe npo opHeHTa:U;HIO. II:JIJI onpe,LI6JIeHMJI opMeHTaIJ;MM
Hy2KHa ¢opMyJIa, KOTOpyIO OT cTy,LIeHTOB 3a'IacTyIO CKpbIBaIOT, - ¢opMyJIa

6
rrJIOII:\a,lV'l napaaaenor-pasoea. Ilycr-s na eBKJIYl,L\OBOM rrJIOCKOCTYl C OpTOHOp-
MYlPOBaHHbIMYl KOOp,L\YlHaTaMYl {(X, Y)} YlMeeTCJI napaaaenorpaaoa. IIepBbIM
BeKTOp, 3a,L\aIOII:\YlM napanaezor-pasoa, 0603Ha'IYlM -repea A (Xl, yd, BTO-
POM - -repea B (X2,Y2).

PMC. 5. 0pMeHTal\MJI rrJIOCKOCTM napoir BeKTopOB.

Teopexra. Ilnouuui« S(A, B) napa.n,.n,eofWZpa.M.Ma, nopoocdewuoeo 6e'K-

mopa.MU A U B, ,j/,6.f1,,}!emc,j/, .n,u'lieu'liou ¢Y'Ii'K'U,ueu om eexmopa A :

~~~~~~~~~~~:/
((xl,yd = A

PMC. 6. IIapaJIJIeJIorpaMM, rrOpO:lK,l1eHHhIM napoir BeKTopOB A M B.

IIJIoII:\a,L\b Ha,L\O C'IYlTaTb co 3HaKOM (<rrJIIOC», eCJIYl noaopo'r OT A K B -

B HarrpaBJIeHYlYl BpaII:\eHYlJl OT rrepBoM KOOp,L\YlHaTHOM rrOJIyocYl KO BTOPOM
(aa Ha:uIeM pacymce - (<rrPOTYlB 'IaCOBOM CTPeJIKYl»). CooTBeTcTBeHHo,
co 3HaKOM «MYlHYC», eCJIYl noaopo'r OT A K B - B rrpOTYlBOrrOJI02KHYIO CTO-
pony. JIYlHeMHOCTb 3aBYlCYlMOCTYl rrJIOII:\a,L\Yl OT nepaor-o sercropa oaaaxae'r
TaK2Ke, 'ITO
S(kA,B) kS(A, B).
3TYl ,L\Ba rrpOCTbIX ¢aKTa CO,L\ep2KaT B CKpbITOM BYl,L\e BCIO «TeOpYlIO onpene-
JIYlTeJIeM» .

7
 B03bMeM 6a:3l'IC e (1,0), f (0,1). Tor-na HarrIM aercropsr A Al
M B A2 M02KHO rrpe,LICTaBMTb B BM,LIe

BbI'IMCJUleM rrJIOIIJ;a,LIb S(A I , A 2 ) . BCJIe,LICTBMe JIMHeMHOcTM rrOJIy'IaeM CYMMY

'IeTbIpeX CJIaraeMbIX

3,L1eCb S(e,e) 0, no-touy 'ITO napaazezor-pasoe, HaTJlHYTbIM na rrapy (e,e),

JlBJIJleTCJI BbIp02K,LIeHHbIM. ITo nOM 2Ke caMoM npa-mae S(f, f) o. lI:aJIee
3aMeTMM, 'ITO S (e, f) 1; HO S (f, e) -1, TaK KaK nanpaaneaae BpameHMJI
OT f K e - B o6paTHyIO CTOpOHy. CJIe,LIOBaTeJIbHO, BCJI rrJIOIIJ;a,LIb panna

dTO 'IMCJIO Ha3bIBaeTCJI onpedeJl,UmeJl,eM rrpMBe,LIeHHOM HM2Ke KBa,LIpaTHOM

Ta6JIMIJ;bI M3 'IeTbIpeX KOMrrOHeHT HarrIMX aercropoa, Ha3bIBaeMOM Mampuv,eu
napaaaenor-pasoea:

I:~ ~~ I·
MbI o6cy2K,LIaeM sonpoc: COXpaHJleTCJI JIM npa YMH02KeHMM na z OpMeHTaIJ;MJI?
Ha,LIo B3J1Tb na rrJIOCKOCTM {w} OCHOBHOM napaanezor-paxor M rrOCMOTpeTb,
Ky,LIa OH rrepeXO,LIMT. ECJIM rrJIOIIJ;a,LIb oopaaa rrOJI02KMTeJIbHa, TO 0pMeHTaIJ;MJI
COXpaHJleTCJI, a eCJIM rrJIOIIJ;a,LIb oopaaa OTpMIJ;aTeJIbHa, TO 0pMeHTaIJ;MJI OCHOB-
HOrO (a 3Ha'IMT, M JII06oro) napaaneaorpacoea MeHJleTCJI. 06Pa3bI BeKTopOB
ew] CYTb
ze z a + bi, zf zi -b + ai.

YI)
Y2

Orrpe,LIeJIMTeJIb :'lTOM MaTpMIJ;bI rrOJI02KMTeJIeH (npa z ::j:. 0), TaK KaK

a bI a2 - ( -b) .b a2 + b2 ~ o.
I -b a

8
 CJIe,LIOBaTMbHO, YMH02KeHMe na HeHyJIeBOe KOMrrJIeKCHOe 'IMCJIO Z coxpa-
HJleT OpMeHTaU;MIO rrJIOCKOCTM YMH02KaeMbIX 'IMCM.
I1:cCJIe,LIyeM, na KaKOM yrOJI rrOBOpa'IMBaeTCJI BeKTOp W npa ero yMH02Ke-
HMM na z? B03bMeM rrpOCTeMIIlYlM BeKTOp M rrOC'IMTaeM, na KaKOM yrOJI OH
rrOBepHeTCJI npa namese rrpe06pa30BaHMM.
3aMe~aHl'le. AJIre6paMCTbI C'IMTaIOT rrpOCTeMIIIMM 'IMCJIOM 'IMCJIO 0, HO
HaM OHO He rrO,LIXO,LIMT, MbI B03bMeM B Ka'IeCTBe npocreamer-o 'IMCJIO w 1.
Tor-na YMH02KeHMe na z nepesene'r ero B zw z a + bi.

PMC. 7. Iloaopo r nercropa W IIpM YMHO:lKeHMM na 'fMCJIO z,

11:3 aror-o CJIe,LIyeT, 'ITO HaIIIe npeoopaaoaaaae rrOBOpa'IMBaeT BeKTOp

w 1 na yr-oa a argz.
CJIe~CTBl'le. YoMiliO;)ICe'liUe na '1WMnJ/,e'KC'lioe 'liUCJ/,O z, ma'Koe 'limo Izl 1,
,j/,6J/,,j/,emc,j/, n060pomOM neocxoctm: na ueo« pa6'1iblU arg z.
Teopexra. IIpu YM'lio;)ICe'liuu 'KOMnJ/,e'KC'libIX wucea ux apzYMe'limbl C'KJ/,a-
oueosomc»:
arg(zw) argz + argw.

,ZJ;OKa3aTeJIhCTBO. MbI Y2Ke ,LIOKa3aJIM, 'ITO BeKTOp w 1 npa yMH02Ke-

HMM na z rrOBOpa'IMBaeTCJI na yroa a. Ho rrOCKOJIbKY YMH02KeHMe na z eCTb
noaopor , TO na TaKOM 2Ke yrOJI rrOBOpa'IMBaeTCJI M JII060M BeKTOp w. BBe,LIeM
0603Ha'IeHMe arg w (3. Tor-na 'IMCJIO zw MMeeT apryMeHToM a + (3, T. e.
arg(zw) argw+a. D
dTO rrpMBO,LIMT K TpMrOHOMeTpM'IeCKMM T02K,LIeCTBaM, xo'ropsre MHa'Ie
HeB03M02KHO noas ra. Ilycr-s z a + bi, w e+ di, Izl 1, Iwl 1. Tor-na

zw (ae - bd) + (ad + be)i.

IIOCKOJIbKY arg z a, TO a COS a, b sirr a. TO'IHO TaK 2Ke, rrOCKOJIbKY
arg w (3, TO e COS (3, d sirr (3. IIwToMy rrOJIy'IaeM ,LIJIJI BeIIJ;eCTBeHHbIX
M MHMMbIX 'IaCTeM rrpOM3Be,LIeHMJI zw BbIpa2KeHMJI

cos(a + (3) ae - bd COS a cos (3 - sirr a sirr (3,

sirr(a + (3) ad+ be cos a sirr (3 + sirr a cos (3.

2-KOMII.'f. 9
 <f:>opMyJIa YMH02KeHYlJl KOMrrJIeKCHhIX 'IYlCM JIerKO 3aIIOMYlHaeTCJI Yl He rry-
TaeTCJI HYl C 'IeM ,L\pyrYlM. A TpYlrOHOMeTpYl'IeCKYlX ¢OpMyJI B HeM conep-
2KYlTCJI O'IeHb MHoro, 'ITO ,L\MaeT Yl3 HYlX Yl3JII06JIeHHbIM ClK3aMeHaTOpaMYl BO-
rrpoc na npaeuasrx ClK3aMeHax.
Teopaa BpaII:\eHYlM Yl ,L\BYl2KeHYlM eBKJIYl,L\OBOM rrJIOCKOCTYl YlC'IeprrbIBaeTCJI
rrpYlBe,L\eHHbIMYl ¢OPMYJIaMYl.
3a~a~a. 1I:0Ka2KYlTe, 'ITO npu .fI/1060M 'liamypa.n.b'liOM n

cos( n<p) + i sirr( n<p) (cos <p + i sirr <p)n

(ara ¢opMyJIa Ha3bIBaeTCJI (/JOpMy.n.OU Mya6pa, TaK KaK ee OTKpbIJI ropaano
paasme COBceM ,L\pyroM 'IMOBeK).
IIpHMep. 113 ClTOM ¢OPMYJIbI CJIe,L\yeT (rryTeM pacxparras cK060K B 6Yl-
HOMe npaaoii 'IaCTYl), 'ITO Yl cos (n<p) , Yl sirr(n<p) - BeII:\eCTBeHHbIe lVIHOrO-
'IJIeHbI C IJ;MbIMYl KOCl¢¢YlIJ;YleHTaMYl OT rrepexcemnax x COS ip, Y sirr ip,
HJIYl, YlHbIMYl CJIOBaMYl, mpueonouempuuecwue M'liOZO"i.n.e'lib! (JIYlHeMHbIe KOM-
6YlHaIJ;YlYl CYlHyCOB Yl KOCYlHyCOB KpaTHhIX yrJIOB) MO;)IC'liO paccuasnpuecm» .,,;a.,,;
Ozpa'liU"ie'liuJ! 06b!"i'lib!X M'liOZO"i.n.e'li06 om d6YX nepeuenstua: (x U y) na 0"';-
pY;)IC'/iOCmb (x
2
y2 + 1).
B 'IaCTHOCTYl, O'IeHb 'IaCTO rrOJIe3HbI ¢OPMYJIbI

2
cos(2<p) cos <p - sirr' ip ; sirr(2<p) 2 sirr <p cos ip,

cos(3<p) 4 cos" <p - 3 cos ip, sirr(3<p) 3 sirr <p - 4 sirr 3 ip,

IIOCKOJIbKY KOCYlHyC - 'IeTHaJI ¢YHKIJ;YlJl, a CYlHYC - He'IeTHaJI ¢YHKIJ;YlJl

OT ip, TO cos (n<p) M02KHO rrpe,L\CTaBYlTb B BYl,L\e lVIHOrO'IJIeHa OT O,L\HOrO JIYlIIlb
2
apr-yxrem-a x cos <p (3aMeHYlB Be3,L\e sirr' <p na 1- cos <p). 3TYl 3aMe'IaTMb-
HbIe lVIHOrO'IJIeHbI OT O,L\HOM nepexceanoii Ha3bIBaIOTCJI lVIHOrO'IJIeHaMYl L[e6bI-
meaa, OHYl 06JIa,L\aIOT MHOrYlMYl rrOJIe3HbIMYl CBOMCTBaMYl (<HaMMeHee yKJIOHJI-
IOTCJI OT HyJIJl», ,L\OCTaBJIJlIOT «¢YlrypbI JIYlCCa2KY» na axpaae OCIJ;YlJIJIorpa¢a*
Yl T. ,L\.). IIpOCTeMIIlYle Yl3 ClTYlX lVIHOrO'IJIeHOB nepenacsraaiorcs B ,L\pyrYlx 060-
3Ha'IeHYlJlX CJIe,L\YIOII:\YlM 06pa30M:

4x 3 - 3x,

O,L\HaKO, C casroro Ha'IaJIa B03HYlK sonpoc: KpOMe BpaII:\eHYlM Yl ,L\BYl2KeHYlM

rrJIOCKOCTYl JR2 CYII:\eCTBYIOT BpaII:\eHYlJl Yl ,L\BYl2KeHYlJl rrpOCTpaHCTBa JR3. KaK

* CM., narrpastep, B. N. Ap1i.O.f1,bO, J\1aTeMaTM'feCKMe MeTO,l1hI KJIaCCM'feCKOM MexaHMKM

(M.: 3,l1MTOpMaJI YPCC, 2000).

10
MX OrrMChIBaTb? KOe-'ITO 3,L1eCb C,LI6JIa.JI yace BeCC6JIb rrpmeepno B 1820 ro,LIY.
Ho OKOH'IaT6JIbHyIO TeopMIO rrOCTpOMJI rr03,L1Hee MpJIaH,LICKMM MaTelVIaTMK
raMMJIbToH.
O,LIHMM TyMaHHhIM Be'IepOM no rrYTM M3 TpMHMTM-KOJIJIe,LILKa B lI:y6JIMHe
raMMJIbTOH rrpnfier- K rrOMOII:\M a.JIKOrOJIbHhIX napoa. dTO M rrpMB6JIO ero K aa-
Me'IaT6JIbHOM TeopeMe, KOTOpyIO MhI M3JIOLKMM HMLKe (M KOTOpyIO OH rrhITa.JICJI
nepen ClTMM HaMTM MHOrO JIeT). rOBOpJlT, 'ITO OH 6hIJI TaK nopaacen OTKphI-
TOM MM ¢OPMYJIOM, 'ITO CeM'IaC LKe BhIpe3a.JI ee rrep0'IMHHhIM HOLKMKOM na ne-
paaax ,LIepeBJlHHOrO MOCTMKa -repea KaHa.JI, no KOTOpOMy OH B ClTO BpeMJI
II1eJI. Ho 51, XOTb M MCKa.JI CITY Ha,LIrrMCb, BhIpe3aHHYIO TOr,LIa raMMJIbTOHOM,
He HarnM ee na CITOM MOCTMKe*.

0606m;eHl'le KOMILJIeKCHhIX ~I'ICeJI ~o IIOHHTI'IH KBaTepHI'IOHOB

OKa3hIBaeTCJI, ,LIJIJI OrrMCaHMJI BpaII:\eHMM B JR3 HyLKHhI 4 'IMCJIa, rrOClTOMY

HaM Tpe6yIOTcJI aercropa 4-MepHoro BeII:\eCTBeHHOrO rrpOCTpaHCTBa - 'K6a-
mepwuouu. BhIPe3aHHaJI raMMJIbTOHOM na nepaaax ¢opMyJIa ijk -l,L1aeT
Ta6JIMIJ;y yMHoLKeHMJI KBaTepHMoHoB.
HTaK, KBaTepHMoH - ClTO aercrop 4-MepHoro BeII:\eCTBeHHoro npocrpaa-
CTBa C 6a3MCOM 1, i, j, k (xo-ropsae Ha3hIBaIOTCJI 6a3MCHhIMM KBaTepHMo-
HaMM): a + bi + cj + dk. L[MCJIO a Ha3hIBaeTCJI eeuiecmeennotl "iacmb'lO
(C'Ka.r!JI,PO.M,) , a TpexMepHhIM aercrop v bi + cj + dk - .M,1iU.M,OU "iacmb'lO
KBaTepHMoHa. CJIOBO «aex'ropt srrepasre rrOJlBMJIOCb MMeHHO B CITOM TeopMM.
Bo apexrena raMMJIbTOHa BeKTopOB He 6hIJIO, TaK 'ITO eMy rrpMII1JIOCb BhI,LIy-
MhIBaTb BCIO TepMMHOJIOrMIO.
«L[MCJIa» 1, i, j, k Ha3hIBaIOTCJI 6a3UC1ibl.M,U 'K6amep1iU01ia.M,u.
CJIOLKeHMe ,LIBYX KBaTepHMoHoB - rrOKOMrrOHeHTHoe. OHO KOMMyTa-
TMBHO M aCCOIJ;MaTMBHO.
Caxcoe Tpy,LIHOe - rrpM,LIyMaTb, KaK yMHoLKaTb KBaTepHMoHhI. YMHoLKe-
HMe ,LIMCTpM6yTMBHO OTHOCMT6JIbHO CJIOLKeHMJI, TaK 'ITO ,LIOCTaTO'IHO yMeTb
yMHoLKaTb 6a3MCHhIe KBaTepHMOHhI.

* OrIMcaHHhIM 3IIM30,l1 IIpOM30IIIeJI 16 OKTJI6pJI 1843 r-ona na Bpyxr-aucxosi MOCTy -re-

pes KopoJIeBcKMM KaHaJI, r,l1e raMMJIbTOH M BhIpe3aJI cPOpMyJIy ~jk -1. B IIMCbMe
caoesty ChIHY Ap'fM6aJIb,l1y OT 5 anr-ycra 1865 r-ona raMMJIbTOH IIMIIIeT 0 cY,l1b6e
3ToM cPOpMyJIhI: «... Ho, KOHe'fHO, KaK Ha,l1IIMCb, OHa y ace CTepJIaCb». (JI. C. IIo-
.Ilan, BapMaIIMoHHhIe IIpMHIIMIIhI MexaHMKM, MX pa3BMTMe M IIpMMeHeHMe B cPM3MKe,
M.: Cl>M3MaTJIMT, 1960, 103-104.) - IIpuoM. pea.

2* 11
 Ta6JIYlIJ;a raMYlJIbTOHa YMH02KeHYlJl 6a3YlCHbIX KBaTepHYlOHOB:

1 ·1 1, 1 .i i, 1 .j j, l·k k·,
i .1 i, i .i -1, i .j k, i .k -j;
j ·1 j, j .i -k, j.j -1, j·k i:,
k ·1 k, k· i j, k·j -i, k·k -1.

3aMeTYlM, 'ITO paaasre MHYlMbIe KBaTepHYlOHHbIe «e,LIYlHYlIJ;bI» npa yMH02Ke-

HYlYl He KOMMyTYlpyIOT, a aHTYlKOMMYTYlPYIOT: ZJ k, HO ji -k. ECJIYl
3HaTb, 'ITO ij k, TO OCTaJIbHOe JIerKO BbIBeCTYl Yl3 yCJIOBYlJl aCCOIJ;YlaTYlBHO-
CTYl YMH02KeHYlJl. Hanpmrep, ik iij -j, rrOCKOJIbKY i 2 -1.
IIpaBYlJIo YMH02KeHYlJl 6a3YlCHbIX KBaTepHYlOHOB rrOJIy'IaeTCJI Yl3 ¢OPMYJIbI
ij k IJ;YlKJIYl'IeCKYlMYl nepecraaoaxaae:

ij k, jk i, ki j.

YMH02KeHYle He KOMMyTaTYlBHO, HO aCCOIJ;YlaTYlBHO. HeKOMMYTaTYlBHbIM

OHO Yl ,LIOJI2KHO 6bITb, 'ITo6bI onacsraart, BpaII:\eHYlJl TpeXMepHoro npocrpaa-
CTBa, xo'ropsre He ace KOMMyTYlpyIOT.
II:JIJI JII06bIX KBaTepHYlOHOB p, q, r YlMeIOT MeCTO CJIe,LIYIOII:\Yle paBeHCTBa:

p+q q + P (KOMMyTaTYlBHOCTb no CJI02KeHYlIO),

(p + q) + r p + (q + r) ( aCCOIJ;YlaTYlBHOCTb no CJI02KeHYlIO),

(p. q) . r p . (q . r) (aCCOIJ;YlaTYlBHOCTb no YMH02KeHYlIO),

p' (q + r) p .q +P .r (,LIYlCTpYl6YTYlBHOCTb).

TaKaJI onepanas YMH02KeHYlJl He Tpe6yeT YMCTBeHHbIX cnocooaoc-rea,

a rrO,LI06Ha YMH02KeHYlIO MHOr03Ha'IHbIX 'IYlC6JI*.
Ilycr-s ,LIaMbI ,LIBa KBaTepHYlOHa,

IIoc'IYlTaeM YlX npoaaaeneane. Ha'iHeM C BbI'IYlCJIeHYlJl BeII:\eCTBeHHOM 'IaCTYl

OTBeTa:
Re(pq)

* L\eKapT rrpe,l1JIO:lKMJI MeTO,l1 rrOJIHOrO MCKJIIO'feHMJI reOMeTpMM M Boo6pa:lKeHMJI M3 Ma-

TeMaTMKM, KaK caMhIM «,l1eMOKpaTM'feCKMM»: nem. JII060M TyrrMIIa rrpO,l1BMraeTCJI rrpa
rr0,l106HOM MeTO,l1e CTOJIb »ce ycrrenmo, KaK M caMhIM reHMaJIbHhIM yM.

12
JICHO, 'ITO npoaaaeneaae BeII:\eCTBeHHhIX 'IaCTeM al a2 B OTBeT BOM,LIeT, HO npa
rrepeMH02KeHYlYl 'IJIeHOB C ,LIpyrYlMYl 6a3YlCHhIMYl KBaTepHYlOHaMYl B03HYlKaIOT
i2 -1, P -1, P -1, a ,LIpyrYlx BeII:\eCTBeHHhIX CJIaraeMhIX B rrpo-
Yl3Be,LIeHYlYl HeT. ITo onpenezemno, C'IWJI,,j/,P'lib!,M, npouseeoewuesc ,LIBYX BeKTO-
pOB TpeXMepHoro eBKJIYl,LIOBa rrpOCTpaHCTBa C OpTOHOpMYlpOBaHHhIM 6a3YlCOM
(i, j, k) Ha3hIBaeTCJI 6YlJIYlHeMHaJI ¢YHKIJ;YlJl OT ClTYlX BeKTopOB

3a~a~a. lI:oKa3aTb, 'ITO CKaJIJlpHOe nponaaeneaae ,LIBYX BeKTopOB paa-

HO rrpOYl3Be,LIeHYlIO YlX ,LIJIYlH na KOCYlHyC yrora Me2K,LIy HYlMYl:

BhI'IYlCJIYlM MHYlMYIO 'IaCTb rrpOYl3Be,LIeHYlJl KBaTepHYlOHOB pq.

Im(pq)

r,LIe [Vl,V2] - aercropaoe npoaaaenenae BeKTopOB Vl Yl V2. KOIvIIIOHeHThI

BeKTopHoro rrpOYl3Be,LIeHYlJl JIerKO BhI'IYlCJIYlTb - ClTO orrpe,LIeJIYlTeJIYl:

3a~a~a. lI:oKa3aTb, 'ITO [Vl, V2] nepneanaxyaspao Vl Yl V2.

BhI60p narrpaaaenas nepneanaxynapa rrO,LI'IYlHeH Tpe60BaHYlJlM opaea-
TaIJ;YlYl (<<rrpaBYlJIO npaaoii pyrca»}.
TpOMKa BeKTopOB (Vl, V2, [Vl, V2]) opnem-apyer rrpOCTpaHCTBO TaK 2Ke,
KaK 6a3YlCHaJI TpOMKa (i, j, k). dTO 3Ha'IYlT, 'ITO O,LIHY Yl3 TpoeK M02KHO nenpe-
phIBHO nepernny-rt, B ,LIpyryIO, OCTaBJIJIJI aexropsr JIYlHeMHO He3aBYlCYlMhIMYl
BO Bce BpeMJI neperar-aaaaaa. Hanpmrep, TPOMKYl (i,j,k) Yl (j,k,i) opaea-
TYlPYIOT rrpOCTpaHCTBO O,LIYlHaKOBO, a (i,k,j) - naaxe.
Bexropnoe npoaaaenenae ,LIBYX BeKTopOB MeHJleT 3HaK npa YlX nepecra-
HOBKe.
IIpHMep. [i,j] k -[j,i], [i,i] O.
ITpOYl3Be,LIeHYle JIYlHeMHO no Vl Yl no V2.
dTO onncaaae YMH02KeHYlJl aaaepmaer ormcaaae aJIre6phI KBaTepHYlOHOB
no raMYlJIbTOHY. OCHOBHoe anaxenae ClTOM onepamor COCTOYlT B ,LIOCTaBJIJle-
MOM eIO onacaaaa BpaIIJ;eHYlM TpeXMepHoro eBKJIYl,LIOBa rrpOCTpaHCTBa. Harro-
MHIO, 'ITO apamenae eBKJIYl,LIOBOM OpYleHTYlpOBaHHOM rrJIOCKOCTYl JR2 na yrOJI a

13
3a,L\aeTCJI OT02K,L\eCTBJIeHYleM rrJIOCKOCTYl JR2 C C Yl npeoopaaoaanaen yMHO-
2KeHYlJl na Z, W f---+ ZW, r,L\e Z cos a + i sirr a.
k

v= (cosa)i + (cos{3)j + (cos"'()k

PMC. 9. OpT OCM BpaII\eHMJI M er-o HarrpaBJIJIIOII\Me KOCMHyChI.

II:JIJI KBaTepHYlOHOB M02KHO npenyr-anart, KBaTepHYlOHHbIM aHaJIOr 'IYl-

CJIa z: Ho 3aKaH'IYlBaIOII:\ee BbI60p KBaTepHYlOHa 3aMe'IaHYle rrpYlBO,L\YlT K Te-
opaa emma (BepOJlTHO, rrepBOOTKpbIBaTeJIeM ¢OPMYJIbI ,L\JIJI ner-o JlBJIJleTCJI
Ponpnr-ec}.
MbI Ha'IYlHaeM C eBKJIYl,L\OBa OpYleHTYlpOBaHHOrO rrpOCTpaHCTBa JR3 C op-
TOHOpMYlpOBaHHbIM 0pYleHTYlpOBaHHbIM 6a3YlCOM i, j, k. Bpamenae rrpo-
CTpaHCTBa JR3 onpenenaercs CBoeM OCbIO BpaII:\eHYlJl Yl yrJIOM noaopo'ra BO-
xpyr- :'lTOM OCYl. OCb M02KHO 3a,L\aTb OpTOM v, KOTOpbIM 3a,L\aeTCJI CBOYlMYl
yrJIaMYl a, {3, "'( C OCJlMYl (i, j, k): v i COS a +j COS {3 + k COS "'(. Bpameaae
na rrOJI02KYlTeJIbHbIM yrOJI aoxpyr- ClTOM OCYl coananaer C BpaII:\eHYleM na rrpo-
TYlBOrrOJI02KHbIM yrOJI aoxpyr- rrpOTYlBOrrOJI02KHOrO nanpaaaeaas OCYl.
PaCCMOTpYlM OpT OCYl BpaII:\eHYlJl. dTOT BeKTOp YlMeeT KOMrrOHeHTaMYl
KOCYlHyCbI HarrpaBJIJlIOII:\YlX yrJIOB (o6pa30BaHHbIX BeKTopOM Yl HarrpaBJIJlIO-
II:\YlMYl BeKTOpaMYl oceM). IIo TeopeMe Ilarpar-opa, ,L\JIYlHa aercropa v panna
e,L\YlHYlIJ;e.
IIepeXO,L\YlM K penraromea ¢opMyJIe -,L\JIJI KBaTepHYlOHa, OrrYlCbIBaIOII:\erO
apameaae. dTy ¢OpMyJIy CKpbIBaIOT OT MexrvIaTJlH YlJIYl ¢Yl3YlKOB (B TeOpYlYl
TBep,L\OrO TeJIa paCCKa3bIBaIOT B BYl,L\e rvIaTpYlIJ; IIaYJIYl).
Kaxona pa3MepHOCTb r-pyrmsr acex BpaII:\eHYlM eBKJIYl,L\OBa rrpOCTpaHCTBa
JR3? MbI yno-rpeonaeu TpYl HarrpaBJIJlIOII:\YlX KOCYlHyca Yl yroa noaopo'ra, IIo-
JIy'IaeTCJI 'IeTbIpe BeII:\eCTBeHHbIX 'IYlCJIa. Ka2KeTCJI, 'ITO pa3MepHOCTb MHO-
r-ooopaana acex BpaII:\eHYlM panna 'IeTbIpeM, HO ClTO He BepHO. ECTb COOTHO-
meaae na 3TYl 4 'IYlCJIa: Ilvll 1. Pa3MepHOCTb r-pynnsr 80(3) BpaII:\eHYlM
eBKJIYl,L\OBa rrpOCTpaHCTBa JR3 aoxpyr TO'IKYl 0 panna TpeM.
3a~a~a. IIOC'IYlTaTb pa3MepHOCTb rpyrrrr 80(n) acex BpaII:\eHYlM rrpo-
CTpaHCTB JR4 , JR5 Yl T.,L\. aoxpyr Ha'IaJIa KOOp,L\YlHaT.

14
 B 0603Ha'IeHMM SO(n) 6yKBa 0 0603Ha'IaeT OpTOrOHa.JIbHOCTb, T. e. CO-
XpaHeHMe rrpe06pa30BaHMHMM rpyrrrrM ~AMH BeKTOpOB M3 ~n, a 6yKBa S
(<crreU;Ma.JIbHoe») - COXpaHeHMe OpMeHTaIJ;MM.
Tenept, MM COrrOCTaBMM Ka2K~OMY BpaII:\eHMIO TpeXMepHoro opaea'rapo-
BaHHOrO eBKAM~OBa rrpOCTpaHCTBa KBaTepHMOH HOpMM e~MHMu;a.

OIIpe~e.JIeHHe. Conp,j/,;)ICe'li'lib!M K KBaTepHMoHy q a +v Ha3MBaeTCH

KBaTepHMOH q a-v.
OIIpe~e.JIeHHe. Keaopamosc 'li0PMb! KBaTepHMOHa q Ha3MBaeTCH 'IMCAO
q. q a 2 - (v, (-V)) a2 + IIvI1 2 ~ o.
dTO - acer-~a BeII:\eCTBeHHoe 'IMCAO, OHO rrOA02KMTMbHO npa q ::j:. O. lI:eM-
CTBMTMbHO, HarrMCaHHOe BMpa2KeHMe eCTb CYlVIlvIa KBa~paTOB BeII:\eCTBeHHMX
'IMCM

II03TOMY M nopsra - BeII:\eCTBeHHoe neo rpauaremsaoe 'IMCAO.

IIYCTb ~aH KaKOM-AM60 KBaTepHMOH C HOpMOM e~MHMu;a,

q a + v: Ilqll 1.

IIo onpeneaeamo HOpMM

ECTeCTBeHHO npaaa n, a M Ilvll aa KOCMHyC M CMHyC nexo'ropor-o yrvra:

a cos o, Ilvll sin e.

MM rrpe~CTaBMAM Ham KBaTepHMOH B BM~e q cos <p + sirr <p' Vi, r ~e Vi - OpT
OCM. BeKTOp TpeXMepHoro rrpOCTpaHCTBa Vi MMeeT HOpMy e~MHMu;a. ECAM
MM XOTMM OrrMCMBaTb npa rrOMOII:\M namero KBaTepHMOHa BpaII:\eHMe Tpex-
MepHoro rrpOCTpaHCTBa, TO B Ka'IeCTBe op'ra Vi eCTeCTBeHHO B3HTb OpT OCM
BpaII:\eHMH. II:AH no.ny-reaas KBaTepHMOHa OCTa.JIOCb BM6paTb B rrOCAe~HeM
¢opMyAe yro.a ip, IIYCTb (} - casra BMM'IMHa yrora noaopo'ra, COBpeMeHHoe
rrOHMMaHMe ¢M3MKM OTAM'IaeTCH OT rrOHMMaHMH ¢M3MKM ~Ba CTOAeTMH aaaan,
noa'rouy Hy2KHa «~BOMKa Ponpar-eca»: OKa3MBaeTCH, B Ka'IeCTBe <p ~AH no-
CTpoeHMH KBaTepHMOHa, orrMCMBaIOII:\erO noaopo'r na yr-oa (} aoxpyr OCM Vi,
Hy2KHO BM6paTb nozoaany yrora noaopo'ra, <p (} /2,

q cos (~) + sirr (~) . Vi.

II:BoMKa Ponpar-eca M eCTb npa-rana emma B ¢M3MKe.

15
 3aMe~aHl'le. H3-3a ,L\BOMKYl BpaIIJ;eHYle Orrpe,L\6JUIeT KBaTepHYlOH HeO,LI-
H03Ha'iHO. YrOJI noaopo'ra 8 onpeneaea no MO,L\YJIIO 2nn, n E Z. BXO,L\J1IIJ;YlM
B orrpeneneaae KBaTepHYlOHa yrOJI 8/2 orrpenenen no MO,L\YJIIO ttn, ECJIYl n He-
'leTHO, TO npa rrpYl6aBJIeHYlYl 2nn K yrJIy 8 KBaTepHYlOH Yl3MeHYlT 3HaK. Hano
6hLJIO 6hI nacar-s ±q cos(8/2) + sirr(8/2) . Vi.
HHhIMYl CJIOBaMYl, O,L\HOMY Yl TOMy .lKe noaopo-ry OTBe'laIOT ,L\Ba xaarep-
HYlOHa (pa3JIYl'laIOII:\YleCJI 3HaKoM).
Bce KBaTepHYlOHhI HOpMhI e,L\YlHYlU;a (11qll 1) 06pa3yIOT crpepy 83 B JR4.
CooTBeTCTBYle, COrrOCTaBJIJlIOIIJ;ee Ka.lK,L\OMy KBaTepHYlOHy HOpMhI e,L\YlHYlU;a
BpaIIJ;eHYle, 3a,L\aeT o rofipazaeaae crpepsr 8 3 na BCIO rpyrrrry BpaIIJ;eHYlM -
3 3
naxpsrrae: 8 ---+ 80(3)
,L\BYJIYlCTHOe 8 / ± 1.
Teopexra. Omotipaucenue 'lia'Kpb!mu,J! ,J!6Jl,,J!emc,J! ZOMOMOp(/JU3MOM, m. e.
npouseedewue nepezodurn 6 npouseedenue: ecsni g(q) - 6paw,e'liUe, coom-
eemcmetnouiee 'K6amep'liuo'liy q, mo

YMHO.lKeHYle KBaTepHYlOHOB J1BJIJleTCJI Mre6paM'leCKOM 3aIIYlCbIO yMHO-

.lKeHYlJl BpaIIJ;eHYlM (ara rpyrrrra HeKoMMyTaTYlBHa). dTO aHMOr TeopeMhI
CJIO.lKeHYlJl apr-yteerrroa npa rrepeMHO.lKeHYlYl KOMrrJIeKCHhIX 'lYlCM. Jlertco ,L\O-
Ka3hIBaeTCJI CJIe,L\YIOIIJ;aJI
JIeMMa·lq1q21 Iq11·lq21·
IIwToMy, eCJIYl Iq11 1, TO YMHO.lKeHYle na TaKOM KBaTepHYlOH COXpaHJleT
,L\JIYlHhI. OTCIO,L\a JIerKO BhIBeCTYl ¢OPMYJIy (*) (51 nponymy B ClTOM BhIBO,L\e
nexo'ropsre ,L\eTMYl).
Ilycr-s Z - KBaTepHYlOH Yl Izi 1. BY,L\eM ,L\eMCTBOBaTb KBaTepHYlOHOM
z na KBaTepHYlOH W CTpaHHhIM 06pa30M:

Orrpeztezremre. 06pam'lib!M 'K6amep'liUO'liOM K KBaTepHYlOHy Z Ha3hIBa-

eTCJI TaKOM KBaTepHYlOH Z-l, 'ITO Z-l Z 1.
TaKOM 06paTHhIM KBaTepHYlOH e,L\YlHCTBeHeH Yl ero JIerKO HaMTYl ,L\JIJI JIIO-
60ro HeHyJIeBOrO KBaTepHYlOHa Z TaKYlM .lKe 06pa30M, KaK ClTO ,L\MaeTCJI
Yl ,L\JIJI KOMrrJIeKCHhIX 'lYlCM (<YlHBepCYlJl»). B HauIeM cay-rae npocro Z -1 Z,
TaK KaK ZZ 1. CTpaHHOe npeotipaaoaaaae (**) - no BpaIIJ;eHYlJl rrpo-
CTpaHCTBa JR4 (,L\OKa3aTMbCTBO aHMOrYl'lHO CJIy'laIO CC).
ECJIYl W 1, TO npa ClTOM BpaIIJ;eHYlYl 1 f---+ Z . 1 . Z, TO eCTb aercrop 1
oCTaeTCJI npa npeofipaaoaaaaa (**) na MeCTe. BpaIIJ;eHYle eBKJIYl,L\OBa rrpo-
CTpaHCTBa JR4 OCTaBJIJleT na MeCTe e,L\YlHYlu;y. Opror-oaansnoe ,L\OrrOJIHeHYle

16
K aercropy 1 nepexomrr B ce6H M BpaIIJ;eHMe rrpOCTpaHCTBa JR4 3a,LIaeT BpaIIJ;e-
HMe eBKJIM,LIOBa rrpOCTpaHCTBa JR3. M02KHO HerrOCpe,LICTBeHHo npoaepara, 'ITO
TaK rrOJIy'IaeTCH TO CalVIOe BpaIIJ;eHMe TpeXMepHOrO rrpOCTpaHCTBa, KOTOpOe
MbI paasme OrrMCbIBaJIM npa rrOMOIIJ;M OCM M yrora noaopo-ra,
PaCCMOTpMM ,LIeMCTBMe (**) ,LIJIH rrpOM3Be,LIeHMH ZlZ2: ZlZ2W(ZlZ2)-1.
KaK BbI'IMCJIMTb (ZlZ2)-1?
IIo,LIcKa3Ka M3 3aJIa: (ab)-l a-1b- 1.
- Heaepno!
IIpHMep. Ilyc-rs a oaaaxaer CHHTb rrM,LI2KaK, a b - CHHTb pytiamxy.
Tor-na ba - CHHTb rrM,LI2KaK, 3aTeM CHHTb py6aIIIKy - ClKBMBaJIeHTHO pa3-
,LIeTbCH. Ocparnoe - O,LIeTbCH. Ha,LIo CHa'IaJIa Ha,LIeTb py6aIIIKy, M JIMIIlb
rrOTOM Ha,LIeTb rrM,LI2KaK. IIoClToMY (ba)-l a-1b- 1.
CJIe,LIOBaTeJIbHO, rrpOM3Be,LIeHMe ZlZ2 rrepeBO,LIMT TO'IKy W B TO'IKy

Onepanna (**) ,LIeMCTBMH KBaTepHMOHa ZlZ2 ClKBMBaJIeHTHa TOMy, 'ITO na pe-

ayJIbTaT onepamor (**) ,LIeMCTBMH KBaTepHMOHa Z2 na W ,LIeMcTByeT onepa-
U;MeM (**) KBaTepHMOH Zl:

HHbIMM CJIOBaMM, ,LIJIH .mofior-o 'IMCTO MHMMOrO (opTOrOHaJIbHOrO K 1) BeK-

Topa W MMeeT MeCTO T02K,LIeCTBO

(9 (Zl)) [(9 (Z2)) (w)].

B 60JIee KOpOTKMX 0603Ha'IeHMHX, BpaIIJ;eHMH 9, cooTBeTcTByIOIIJ;Me KBa-

TepHMoHaM Z HOpMbI e,LIMHMU;a, y,LIOBJIeTBOpHIOT yCJIOBMIO rOMoMoP<PHOCTM,

TaK 'ITO Tpy,LIHO OrrMCbIBaeMOe YMH02KeHMe BpaIIJ;eHMM 9 (z) CBe,LIeHO K JIerKO

BbIrrOJIHMMoMY rrepeMH02KeHMIO cooTBeTcTByIOIIJ;MX MM KBaTepHMoHoB.
dTOT KBaTepHMoHHbIM MeTO,LI OrrMcaHMH ,LIBM2KeHMM MCrrOJIb3yeTcH ,LIa2Ke
B KOCMM'IeCKMX MCCJIe,LIOBaHMHX, npa opraHM3aU;MM opMeHTaU;MM cnyrnaxoa.
lI:oKa2KeM 06eIIJ;aHHOe BbIIIle COBrra,LIeHMe onepamor (**) ,LIeMCTBMH KBa-
TepHMoHa
Z cos (8f2) +v'sirr(8f2) , Iv'l 1,

3-KOMII. 'f. 17
C rrOBOpOTOM na yrOJI () aoxpyr OCYl ero MHYlMOM 'IaCTYl (c OpTOM Vi) B rrpo-
CTpaHCTBe JR3 'IYlCTO MHYlMhIX KBaTepHYlOHoB.
1) OCb opma Vi nepexonar npa :'lTOM onepamor B ce61I. lI:eMCTBYlTMbHO,
YlMeIOT MeCTO CJIe,L\YIOIIJ;Yle TpYl O'ieBYl,L\HhIe ¢aKTa.
a) YMHoLKeHYle na BeIIJ;eCTBeHHoe 'IYlCJIO cos(()/2) nepeacmrr B ce61I JIIO-
6yIO rrpoxO,L\JlIIJ;YIO -repea HOJIb npasryro.
6) YMHoLKeHYle na 'IYlCTO MHYlMhIM KBaTepHYlOH Vi nepeecmrr KBaTepHYl-
OHhI OCYl C OpTOM Vi B KBaTepHYlOHhI C HyJIeBOM MHYlMOM 'IaCTbIO (rrOCKOJIbKy
aercropaoe npoaaaeneaae JII06oro aercropa na ce6J1 paBHO HyJIIO).
B) 06paTHhIM K Z KBaTepHYlOH Z-l Z YlMeeT TaKOM LKe, KaK Z, BYl,L\
(c rrpOTYlBOrrOJIOLKHhIM ()), rrOClTOMY YMHOLKeHYle na Z-l cnpaaa 06JIa,L\aeT,
KaK Yl YMHOLKeHYle na Z CJIeBa, CBOMCTBaMYl a) Yl 6).
YTBepLK,L\eHYle 1) HerrOCpe,L\CTBeHHo BhITeKaeT Yl3 ¢aKToB a), 6) Yl B).
2) L[To6hI ,L\OKa3aTb, 'ITO yrOJI noaopo'ra BpaIIJ;eHYlJl (**) aoxpyr OCYl
op'ra Vi pasea (), ,L\OCTaTO'IHO rrpYllvleHYlTb CITy onepamno K KaKoMy-JIYl60 'IYl-
CTO MHYlMOMY KBaTepHYlOHy W Yl3 opTOrOHaJIbHOrO ,L\OrrOJIHeHYlJl K OpTy Vi
B TpeXMepHOM eBKJIYl,L\OBOM rrpOCTpaHCTBe JR3 'IYlCTO MHYlMhIX KBaTepHYlO-
HOB.
YMHOLKeHYle W na Z CJIeBa noaopa-oraaer ClTOT BeKTOp BHYTpYl yxaaaa-
HOrO opTOrOHaJIbHOrO ,L\OrrOJIHeHYlJl na yrOJI () /2 (cOrJIaCHO TeopeMe 0 CJIO-
LKeHYlYl apr-yverrroa npa nepesorozseaaa KOMrrJIeKCHhIX 'IYlCM). YMHoLKeHYle
na Z-l cnpaaa - TOLKe noaopo'r na () /2 (aanpaxcep, ClTO MOLKHO BhIBeCTYl Yl3
Toro, 'ITO

WZ ZW,

a 'IYlCTO MHYlMhIe KBaTepHYlOHhI npa COrrpJlLKeHYlYl MeHJlIOT 3HaK). YTBepLK,L\e-

nae 2) ,L\OKa3aHO.
3aMe~aHHe. B KBaHToBoM ¢Yl3YlKe (nanpauep, npa onacaaaa BpaIIJ;e-
HYlJl ClJIeKTpoHoB) OKa3hIBaeTCJI, 'ITO ¢Yl3Yl'IeCKYl BaLKHhIM JlBJIJleTCJI He ClJIe-
MeHT r-pynnsr BpaIIJ;eHYlM 80(3), a YlMeHHO O,L\YlH Yl3 ,L\BYX COOTBeTcTByIO-
IIJ;YlX eMy KBaTepHYlOHOB HOpMhI e,L\YlHYlU;a, KOTOphIM Yl Ha3hIBaeTCJI cmmos«
3Jl,e",;mp0'lia, YlMeIOIIJ;YlM ,L\Ba 3Ha'ieHYlJl (06hI'IHO 0603Ha'IaeMhIe B ¢Yl3YlKe -re-
pm ±1/2).
IIpYl OTOLK,L\eCTBJIeHYlYl B O,L\HY TO'IKy KaLK,L\OM napsr rrpOTYlBOrrOJIOLKHhIX
TO'IeK crpepsr S" B eBKJIYl,L\OBOM rrpOCTpaHCTBe JRn+l Yl3 crpepsr rrozry-ra-
eTCJI n-MepHoe rJIa,L\KOe MHOroo6pa3Yle, xo'ropoe Ha3hIBaeTCJI 6eUfeCm6e'li-
'lib!,M, n-,M,ep'lib!,M, npOe",;mU6'1ib!,M, npocmpcncmeos; Yl 0603Ha'iaeTCJI -repea JRpn
(pac. 9).

18
 CKJIeHBaeMble
TO'lKH ±A (i6eCKOHe'lHO-y,n;MeHHM»
rrpaxraa JRp1
1
0

BI
oopaa OKpeCTHOCTH
3KBaTOpa
(rrOC.IIe CKJIeHBaHHH)
l\eJ)(PHHHM rrJIOCKOCTb JR2
PMC. 9. Ilocr-poeaae rrpoercr-aanoa rrJIOCKOCTM rrpMKJIeMBaHMeM JIeHThI Me6M-
yea K xpyry AISI C I (MJIM rrpoercr-aaaoa rrpJIMOM lR!.P 1 «6eCKOHe'fHO- y ,l1a.rreHHhIX»
TO'feK K acPcPMHHOM rrJIOCKOCTM lR!. 2 ) .

dTO MHOroo6pa3He M02KHO TaK2Ke onacam, KaK MHOroo6pa3He BCeX rrpo-

0 npnxnax OM B 06'beMJIIOIIIeM rrpOCTpaHCTBe JR n+1 : Be,n;b
XO,n;HIIIHX -repea
TaKM npmraa KaK paa H onpeneaaercs napoii ±N CBOHX (rrpOTHBOrrOJI02K-
HbIX) TO'leK nepecexeaas C e,n;HHH'lHOM C¢epOM.
IIpHMep. IIpoeKTHBHM npsxeaa JRp1 eCTb OKPY2KHOCTb 8 1, rrOCKOJIbKY
npa OT02K,n;eCTBJIeHHH TO'leK <p H <p + tt OKpy2KHOCTH {<p mod 21f} noay-raercs
OKPY2KHOCTb {<p mod 1f} 8 1 / ±1 ~ 81.
IIpoeKTHBHM rrJIOCKOCTb JRp2 noay-raercs H3 a<P¢HHHOM rrJIOCKOCTH JR2
,n;o6aBJIeHHeM (i6eCKOHe'lHo-y,n;MeHHOM rrpHMOM» JRp1, conepzaameii no od'liou
6eCKOHe'lHo-y,n;MeHHOM TO'lKe na Ka2K,n;OM rrpHMOM a<P¢HHHOM rrJIOCKOCTH
(,n;BHrMCb B,n;OJIb rrpHMOM B o6e CTOpOHbI, MbI rrpH,n;eM B O,n;HY H Ty 2Ke
6eCKOHe'lHO-y,n;MeHHyIO TO'lKY).
L[To6bI Bce 3TO HCHO yBH,n;eTb, M02KHO Ha'laTb, OT02K,n;eCTBJIHH npo'rnao-
rrOJI02KHbIe TO'lKH He co BceM crpepsr 8 2 , a JIHilib C 3aMKHyToM nonycrpepr,r 8 2
(CKa2KeM, I02KHee 3KBaTopa). Tor-na CKJIeHBaTb rrpH,n;eTCH TOJIbKO Ka2K,n;yIO
TO'lKy A 3KBaTopa C rrpoTHBOrrOJI02KHOM, -A, a OTKpbITM crpor-o I02KHM
noayopepa npa CKJIeHBaHHH He nocrpanaer (pHC. 9).
Mezs ny npo-noa, H3 3TOM 2Ke KOHCTpyKIlHH BH,n;HO, 'ITO OKpeCTHOCTb
6eCKOHe'lHo-y,n;MeHHOM (a 3Ha'lHT, H JII060M) rrpHMOM na rrpoeKTHBHOM rrJIOC-
KOCTH JRp2 ,n;H¢¢eOMop¢Ha JIeHTe Merinyca Metiayc TaK H OT-
(KOTOPYIO
KPbIJI) , BC.lIe,n;CTBHe 'lerO rrpoeKTHBHM rrJIOCKOCTb JRp2 neopaem-apyeua
(KaK H ace 'leTHOMepHbIe npoeicraamae
2
rrpOCTpaHCTBa JRp n H B OTJIH'lHe

3* 19
OT He'IeTHOMepHhIX JRp2n+l, KOTOphIe BCe opaem-apyexna).
IlTaK, 80(3) 8 3/±1 JRp3 - opaem-apyeuoe TpexMepHoe npoex-
TYlBHOe rrpOCTpaHCTBO. Ero M02KHO rrpe,LICTaBYlTb ce6e KaK coaoxynaocrr,
noaopo'roa na BceB03M02KHhIe yrJIhI, 0 ~
() ~ tt , aoxpyr- BceB03M02KHhIX ocea,
3a,LIaHHhIX BCeMYl BeKTOpaMYl w e,LIYlHYl'IHOM crpepsr.
Coaoxynnocrr, acex TaKYlX BpaIIJ;eHYlM M02KHO onacar-s KaK map {w} pa-
,LIYlyca tt B TpexMepHoM eBKJIYl,LIOBOM npoc'rpaacrae. Ho na r-pannue aror-o
mapa Hy2KHO eIIJ;e OT02K,LIeCTBYlTb rrpOTYlBOrrOJI02KHhIe TO'IKYl, TaK KaK BpaIIJ;e-
nae na yro.a tt aoxpyr aercropa w COBrra,LIaeT C BpaIIJ;eHYleM na yr-oa tt aoxpyr-
aercropa -w (a ,LIpyrYlx COBrra,LIaIOIIJ;YlX BpaIIJ;eHYlM B HameM mape HeT).
3a~a~a. CYIIJ;eCTByIOT JIYl aBTOMOp¢Yl3MhI A: JR4 ---+ JR4 aJIre6phI KBa-
TepHYlOHOB, T. e. npeoopaaoaaana (cKa2KeM, BeIIJ;eCTBeHHO-JIYlHeMHhIe), ,LIJIJI
KOTOphIX npa acex KBaTepHYlOHax x Yl y BhIrrOJIHJlIOTCJI COOTHOmeHYlJl

A(x + y) A(x) + A(y), A(xy) A(x)A(y) ?

3aMe~aHl'le. II:JIJI rrOJIJI KOMrrJIeKCHhIX 'IYlCM rpyrrrra aBTOMOP¢Yl3MOB

COCTOYlT Yl3 ,LIBYX ClJIeMeHTOB: A(z) z Yl A(z) z:
KBaTepHYlOHHOe conpazceaae He J1BJIJleTCJI aBTOMOP¢Yl3MOM, TaK KaK
,LIJIJI JII06hIX KBaTepHYlOHOB z Yl W YlMeeT MeCTO JIerKO npoaepaexeoe T02K,LIeCTBO
ZW 'iiFz, a He z·'iiJ ('K6amep'liUo'li'lioe conpscncenue- «a'limUa6moMop(/ju3,M»).
IIpYlMepOIvI aBTOMOp¢Yl3lVIa aJIre6phI KBaTepHYlOHOB J1BJIJleTCJI, O,LIHaKO,
Yl3MeHeHYle 3HaKOB d6YX Yl3 Tpex MHYlMhIX KOMrrOHeHT:

A(a+bi+cj+dk) a + bi - cj - dk.

3a~a~a. HaMTYl see aBTOMOp¢Yl3MhI aJIre6phI KBaTepHYlOHOB (OHYl no-

X02KYl na ClTOT).

Hexo-ropsre IIpl'lMephI

Orrpezrezremre. Ilpeoopaaonaaxe (BeIIJ;eCTBeHHO rJIa,LIKoe) KOMrrJIeKCHOM

rrpOeKTYlBHOM rrJIOCKOCTYl na ce6J1 Ha3hIBaeTCJI nceedonooexmuewc»; eCJIYl
OHO nepeecmrr Ka2K,LIYIO KOMrrJIeKcHyIO rrpOeKTYlBHyIO npavyro B KOMrrJIeKC-
HyIO rrpOeKTYlBHyIO npauyro.
3a~a~a. lI:oKa2KYlTe, 'ITO 6C,j/,'KOe nceedonpoexmuenoe npeotipasoeascue
'KOMn,Jl,e'KC'liOU npOe'KmU6'1iOU nJWC'KOcmu na ceti« ,j/,6J1,,j/,emc,j/, Jl,u6o 'KOMnJl,e'KC-
'liblM npOe'KmU6'1ibIM npeotipcsoeawueu, Jl,u6o eeo npouseeoewuesc 'lia 'KOM-
naexcnoe cotvpsocenue (51 He 3HaIO, BepHO JIYl ClTO 663 rrpe,LIrrOJI02KeHYlJl rJIa,LI-
KOCTYl, HarrpYlMep - ,LIJIJI rOMeOMOp¢Yl3MOB).

20
 PaCCMOTpYlM TeTpaCl,LIp B eBKJIYl,LIOBOM TpeXMepHOM rrpOCTpaHCTBe. Ha-
npaaneaas Yl3 ero IJ;eHTpa na BepIIlYlHhI Orrpe,LIMJlIOT 'IeThIpe TO'IKYl na Be-
IIJ;eCTBeHHOM rrpOeKTYlBHOM rrJIOCKOCTYl JRp2. Tpyrma rrpOeKTYlBHhIX rrpeo6pa-
30BaHYlM, COXpaHJlIOIl"\YlX ClTYl TO'IKYl, COBrra,LIaeT C rpynnoii A 3 CYlMMeTpYlM
TeTpaCl,LIpa, COCTOJlIIJ;eM Yl3 24 opTorOHMbHhIX npeotipaaoaaaais eBKJIYl,LIOBa
rrpOCTpaHCTBa JR 3, COXPaHJlIOIIJ;YlX TeTpaCl,LIp.
BJIo2KYlB JRp3 B KOMrrJIeKcHyIO rrpOeKTYlBHyIO rrJIOCKOCTb Cp
2, MhI nony-
'IYlM Yl TaM 4 TO'IKYl. L[To6hI «KoMrrJIeKCYl¢YlIJ;YlpOBaTb» rpyrrrry A 3 , paccxeo-
TpYlM rpyrrrry acex COXpaHJlIOIl"\YlX CITy 'IeTBepKy rrCeB,LIOrrpOeKTYlBHhIX rrpe-
06paClOBaHYlM KOMrrJIeKCHOM rrJIOCKOCTYl.
3a~a~a. lI:oKa3aTb, 'ITO TaK Orrpe,LIMeHHaJI «'1WMnJ/,e'KCu(/jU'Ka'/{u,J! zpyn-
nb! A 3 CUMMempuu mempooopo: ecmb zpynna B 3 scez 48 cUMMempuu O'Kma-
odpa UJ/,U d6oucm6e'li'liozo O'Kma:Jdpy 'Ky6a 6 mpeXMep'liOM e6'KJ/,udo60M npo-
cmpancmee. dTOT Ky6 M02KHO rrOJIy'IYlTb, ,LI06aBYlB K BepIIlYlHaM TeTpaCl,LIpa
C IJ;eHTpOM B HyJIe 'IeThIpe rrpOTYlBOrrOJI02KHhIX TO'IKYl.
3aMe~aHl'le. M02KHO Ha,LIeJlTbCJI, 'ITO 'K6amep'liUO'li'liOU eepcueil zpynnb!
A 3 CUMMempuu mempaodp« (a paeno U 'KOMnJ/,e'KC'liOu eepcueit zpynnb! B 3
CUMMempuu 'Ky6a UJ/,U O'Kma:Jdpa) O'Ka;)ICemc,J! zpynna H 3 U3 120 cUMMempuu
uxocaoopo: O,LIHaKO ClTO rrO,LITBep2K,LIaeTCJI TOJIbKO cTpaHHhIMYl ¢opMyJIaMYl
,LIJIJI 'IYlCM peoep: 3TYl 'IYlCJIa paaasr (pac. 10) 6 2 . 3 ,LIJIJI TeTpaCl,LIpa,
12 3·4 ,LIJIJI OKTaCl,LIpa (YlJIYl Ky6a) , 30 5·6,L1JIJ1 YlKOCaCl,LIpa (YlJIYl ,LIO,LIe-
xaanpa).

IA3 = 24
1

P=6
PMC. 10. Te rpaanp, OKTa3,l1p M MKOCa3,l1p, MX rpyIIIIhI cMMMeTpMM M 'fMCJIa pe-
6ep P. CJIOBa TeTpa3,l1p, OKTa3,l1p, MKOCa3,l1p M ,l10,l1eKa3,l1p 03Ha'faIOT {('feThIpeX-
rpaHHMK», {(BOCbMMrpaHHMK», {(,l1Ba,l1IIaTMrpaHHMK» M {(,l1BeHa,l1IIaTMrpaHHMK».

Bce ClTYl TpYl 'IYlCJIa YlMeIOT BYl,LI (n + l)(n + 2), r,LIe n 1, 2, 4

pa3MepHOCTb (MHoroo6pa3YlJl BeIIJ;eCTBeHHhIX 'IYlCM, KOMrrJIeKCHhIX 'IYlCM Yl
KBaTepHYlOHOB, coo-rnerc'raeaao}.
rJIaBHaJI TPY,LIHOCTb YlCCJIe,LIOBaHYlJl KBaTepHYl3aIJ;YlYl COCTOYlT B OTCyT-
CTBYlYl rOTOBOrO onpenezenas (pOJIb xor-opor-o npa KOMrrJIeKCYl¢YlKaIJ;YlYl Ylr-
pan nepexon OT rrpOeKTYlBHhIX npeoopaaosaaais K rrCeB,LIOrrpOeKTYlBHhIM).

21
 M02KHO npennoaar-ar-s, 'ITO POJIb napsr TeTpa:'l,L\pOB, BrrYlCaHHbIX B Ky6
(Yl CBJl3aHHbIX C ,L\P06bIO IBsl/IAsl 48/24 2) ar-paer B KBaTepHYlOH-
HOM CJIy'Iae narepxa Ky60B, BrrYlCaHHbIX B ,L\O,L\eKa:'l,L\p (peopasor Ka2K,L\OrO
Yl3 ClTYlX rrJlTYl Ky60B JlBJIJlIOTCJI HeKOTOpbIe Yl3 ,L\YlarOHaJIeM rrJlTYlyrOJIbHbIX
rpaHeM ,L\O,L\eKa:'l,L\pa, PYlC. 11). IIpYl CYlMMeTpYlJlX ,L\O,L\eKa:'l,L\pa 3TYl 5 Ky60B
rrepeCTaBJIJlIOTCJI, rrO,L\06HO TOMy, KaK ClTO rrpOYlCXO,L\YlT C napoii TeTpa:'l,L\pOB,
BrrYlCaHHbIX B Ky6, npa ,L\eMCTBYlYl r-pyrmsr 48 CYlMMeTpYlM Ky6a (coananaro-
IIJ;YlX C CYlMMeTpYlJlMYl ,L\BOMCTBeHHoro Ky6y orcraanpa, BepIIlYlHaMYl xo'ropor-o
JlBJIJlIOTCJI IJ;eHTpbI rpaHeM xyoa}.

J
J
J
J
J
J
Ic--

Teopaa c-repeor-parpa-recxoii npoexnaa crpepsr na rrJIOCKOCTb npeapama-

eTCJI npa nepexone OT KOMrrJIeKCHbIX 'IYlCM K KBaTepHYlOHaM (c HeYl36e2KHbIM
y'IeTOM ,L\BOMKYl Ponpar-eca) B 3aMe'IaTMbHYIO napaaeerpaaamoo xaarep-
HYlOHHOM rrpOeKTYlBHOM rrpJlMOM lHIp 1 ~ 8 4 KBaTepHYlOHal',<IYl, aHaJIOrYl'IHyIO
¢opMyJIaM «raar-eaca rrOJIOBYlHHOrO yrora»,

2t
cos <p sirr <p t tg '£
1 + t2 ' 2'

rrapaMeTpYl3yIOIIJ;YlM OKPY2KHOCTb lRp 1 Yl crpepy PYlIvIaHa CCP1 .

06 ClTOM KBaTepHYlOHHOM c-repeor-parpa-recxoii npoexmor Yl 06 eenpa-
JI02KeHYlJlX K YlCCJIe,L\OBaHYlIO CrrYlHOpHbIX ,L\BYJIYlCTHbIX HaKpbIBaIOIIJ;YlX Spin (4)
Yl Spirr(5) rpyrrrr 80(4) Yl 80(5) BpaIIJ;eHYlM crpep paauepaoc-reii 3 Yl 4 M02KHO
npo-recr-s B c'ramse: B. Jil. AP'liOJ/,bd, JIarpaH2KeB r-paccsraaaaa KBaTepHYlOH-
HOrO rYlrrepCYlIvIIIJIeKTYl'IeCKOrO rrpOCTpaHCTBa (<f:>yHKIJ;. aHaJIYl3 Yl ero npaa.,
T. 85, N~l (2001),74-77).
Yxaaaaasre ¢OpMyJIbI, KaK ClTO HYl CTpaHHO, so-rrepasrx, 6bIJIYl OTKpbITbI
npa pemeana 3HaMeHYlTOM 3a,L\a'IYl TeOpYlYl 'IYlCM: KaK HaMTYl ace «rrarpar-o-
pOBbI TPOMKYl» IJ;MbIX 'IYlCM (X, Y, Z), JlBJIJlIOIIJ;YlXCJI ,L\JIYlHaMYl CTOpOH npa-
TaK 'ITO X + y
2 2
MoyrOJIbHOrO TpeyrOJIbHYlKa, Z2?

22
 IIpOCTeMIIHle IIpMMephI (32 + 42 52, 122 + 52 132 ) lVIHOrO MCIIOJIb30-
BaJIMCb B II:peBHeM ErMIITe, 'IT06hI CTpOMTb IIpJlMhIe yrJIhI, MCIIOJIb3YJl y3JIhI
na sepeaxe (HaIIpMMep, IIpM CTpOMTeJIbCTBe IIMpaMM,LI). Ho 06IIJ;aJI ¢OPMYJIa
6bIJIa aa ThICJI'IM JIeT ,LIO Ilarparopa oIIy6JIMKOBaHa, BMeCTe C TeopeMoM IIM-
rparopa M C ,LIOKa3aTeJIbCTBaMM, na BaBMJIOHCKMX KJIMHOIIMCHhIX Ta6JIM'IKax
XaJI,LIeeB: KalK,LIaJI HecoKpaTMMaJI narparopoaa TpoMKa MMeeT BM,LI

r,LIe (u, v) - B3aMMHO npoc-rsre IJ;eJIhIe 'IMCJIa (pa3HOM 'IeTHOCTM, 'IT06hI

TpoMKa IIOJIy'IMJIaCb HeCOKpaTMMaJI).
C ,LIpyroM CTOpOHhI, Te LKe ¢OPMYJIhI MMeIOT TOIIOJIOrM'IeCKOe CO,LIepLKa-
HMe, OIIMChIBaJI CTpyKTypy MHOLKeCTBa acex KOMIIJIeKCHhIX TO'IeK OKpyLKHO-
CTM (T. e. KOMIIJIeKCHhIX peIIIeHMM ypaBHeHMJI OKpyLKHOCTM x2 + y2 1-
TaK Ha3hIBaeMOM pMMaHoBoM noaepxaocrx ,LIJIJI OKpyLKHOCTM). OHM LKe ,LIO-
CTaBJIJlIOT, KaK MhI YBM,LIMM, TaKLKe yCJIOBMJI MHTerpMpyeMocTM B ClJIeMeH-
TapHhIX ¢YHKIJ;MJlX TaK Ha3hIBaeMhIX «a6eJIeBhIX ,LIM¢¢epeHIJ;MaJIOB», BpO,LIe
~ dx (06IIJ;Me a6eJIeBhI MHTerpaJIhI - ClTO BCe MHTerpaJIhI BM,LIa
J R(x,y)dx B,LIOJIb KpMBOM H(x,y) 0, r,LIe H - lVIHOrO'IJIeH, R - pa-
IJ;MOHaJIbHaJI ¢YHKIJ;MJI).

,1I)np<PepeHIJ;HaJIhHOe ypannerrae HhIOTOHa

II:M¢¢epeHIJ;MaJIbHOe upaenenue Hwomona

F(x),

OIIMChIBaIOIIJ;ee ,LIBMLKeHMe TO'IKM X e,LIMHM'IHOM MaCChI IIO IIPJlMOM IIO,LI ,LIeM-

CTBMeM CMJIOBOrO IIOJIJI F, MMeeT nep6b!U unmezpaa ;:mepzuu

y2
H(x,y) COIIst, r,LIe H 2 + U(x);
y dx / dt - CKOpOCTb; U - IIOTeHIJ;MaJIbHaJI ClHeprMJI, OIIpe,LIeJIJleMaJI yCJIO-
BMeM F(x) -dU/dx.
ECJIM F - lVIHOrO'IJIeH CTeIIeHM n, TO ypaaaenae 3aKOHa coxpaaenas
anepr-aa, H(x,y) E, OIIpe,LIeJIeH na «¢a30BOM IIJIOCKOCTM» C KOOp,LIMHaTaMM
X M Y aar-eopaa-recxyro KPMBYIO (rMIIepClJIJIMIITM'IecKYIO), 3aBMCJlIIJ;YIO OT «IIO-
CTOJlHHOM ClHeprMM E», a BpeMJI t ,LIBMLKeHMJI B,LIOJIb Hee OIIpe,LIeJIJleTCJI a6e-
JIeBhIM MHTerpaJIOM OT ,LIM¢¢epeHIJ;MaJIbHOM ¢OPMhI dt dx / y (IIOCKOJIbKy
Y dx/dt).

23
 COOTBeTCTBYIOII:\ee ClTOMY ,L\BYl2KeHYlIO ¢a30BOM TO'IKYl BeKTOpHOe none
na ¢a30BOM KpYlBOM H E eCTeCTBeHHO rrp0,L\OJI2KaeTCJI na BCIO KOMrrJIeKC-
HyIO pYlIvIaHOBy rrOBepXHOCTb (TaK, 'ITO dt 1 na sex'ropax rroJIJI). Y,L\YlBYl-
TMbHbIM ¢aKTOM OKa3bIBaeTCJI TO, 'ITO ClTO BeKTOpHOe none onacsraaer ,L\BYl-
2KeHYle no PYlMaHOBOM rrOBepXHOCTYl 3aIIOJIHJlIOII:\eM ee «HeC2KYlMaeMOM 2KYl,L\KO-
CTYl» (YlMeeT «,L\YlBepreHIJ;YlIO HOJIb», 'ITO B ,L\pyrYlX TepMYlHax oanaxae'r «aa-
MKHyTOCTb» ¢OPMbI dt, T. e. TO, 'ITO OHa OKa3bIBaeTCJI JIOKaJIbHO rrOJIHbIM
,L\Yl¢¢epeHIJ;YlaJIOM) .
3a~a~a. IIYCTb rrOTeHIJ;YlaJIbHaJI ClHeprYlJl U - lVIHOrO'IJIeH 'IeTBepToM
creneaa C ,L\BYMJI MYlHYlMYMaMYl (<,L\ByMJI rrOTeHIJ;YlaJIbHbIMYl J1MaMYl»). Pac-
CMOTpYlM nepnomrsecrcae ,L\BYl2KeHYlJl B TOM Yl B ,L\pyroM J1Me, C O,L\YlHaKOBbIMYl
3Ha'ieHYlJlMYl rrOCTOJlHHOM rrOJIHOM anepr-aa, E. Crrpanraaaerca, nepnon KO-
Toporo Yl3 HYlX 60JIbIIle: ,L\BYl2KeHYlJl B 60JIee rJIy60KoM J1Me YlJIYl B MeHee rJIy-
60KOM?
OTBeT. ::::ha aanaxa - TOrrOJIOrYl'IeCKaJI. 06a nepnona O,L\YlHaKOBbI, no-
CKOJIbKY pYlMaHOBa noaepxaocri, ¢a30BOM KpYlBOM H E - TOp, nepaonn-
'IeCKYle ,L\BYl2KeHYlJl - ,L\Ba ero MepYl,L\YlaHa, a rrOTOKYl HeC2KYlMaeMOM 2KYl,L\KOCTYl
na Tope -repea JII06bIe ,L\Ba MepYl,L\YlaHa O,L\YlHaKOBbI.
3aMe~aHHe. IIHTerpaJIbI ,L\Yl¢¢epeHIJ;YlaJIbHOM ¢OPMbI dt dx/y no
BceB03M02KHbIM 3aMKHYTbIM rryTJlM na Tope, BbIXO,L\J1II:\YlM Yl3 O,L\HOM Yl TOM
2Ke TO'IKYl, 06Pa3YIOT «peIIleTKY»: aoeneay rpyrrrry Z,Wl + Z,W2 T, r,L\e Wl
Yl W2 - mrrer-pansr B,L\OJIb napaanena Yl B,L\OJIb MepYl,L\YlaHa Topa. 3Ha'ieHYle t
mrrer-paxa no BbIXO,L\J1II:\YlM Yl3 BbI6paHHOM TO'IKYl He3aMKHYTbIM rryTJlM J1BJIJI-
eTCJI MHOr03Ha'iHOM ¢YHKIJ;YleM OT KOHe'IHOM TO'IKYl Ha Tope, rrpYl'IeM Bce
3Ha'ieHYlJl ClTOM MHOr03Ha'iHOM ¢YHKIJ;YlYl B TO'IKe rrOJIY'IaIOTCJI Yl3 O,L\HOrO Yl3
HYlX rrpYl6aBJIeHYleM acex 'IYlCM Yl3 pememca f.
TaKYlM 06pa30M, casra nama TOpYl'IeCKaJI pYlMaHOBa noaepxaoc-rs npen-
CTaBJIJleT C060M (C TO'IHOCTbIO ,L\O KOMrrJIeKCHOrO ,L\Yl¢¢eOMOp¢Yl3Ma) rpax-
Top-rrpOCTpaHCTBO C/f C/(Z,Wl + Z,W2), r,L\e KOMrrJIeKCHOe 'IYlCJIO ,\ ~~
He BeII:\eCTBeHHO.
BbI6YlpaJI pa3JIYl'IHbIe MHOrO'IJIeHbI 'IeTBepTOM crenena, M02KHO nony-
'IYlTb, 'ITO ace HeBeII:\eCTBeHHbIe 3Ha'ieHYlJl '\2 Yl ace TOpYl'IeCKYle PYlMaHOBbI
rrOBepXHOCTYl ,L\OCTaBJIJlIOTCJI ClTOM KOHCTpyKIJ;YleM ('ITO ,L\OKa3aTb Y2Ke He TaK
JIerKO).
Bce crpepaxecxae pYlMaHOBbI rrOBepXHOCTYl KOMrrJIeKCHO ,L\Yl¢¢eOMOp¢HbI
2
CTaH,L\apTHOM ccpepe PYlMaHa 8 Cpl.
BBYl,L\y CTOJIb 60JIbIIlOM Ba2KHOCTYl ClTYlX BorrpOCOB, 51 CKa2Ky 0 HYlX He-
CKOJIbKO CJIOB.

24
 OT TeOpeMhI IIl'Ieparopa K pl'IMaHOBhIM IIOBepXHOCTHM

PaCCMOTpMM OKpyLKHOCTb X
2
+ y2 1 M 6Y,LIeM CHa'Ia.JIa MCKaTb na HeM
TO'IKM C paIJ;MOHa.JIbHbIMM KOOp,LIMHaTaMM (x,y). O,LIHa TaKaH TO'IKa M3-
BeCTHa: (x 1, yO). IIpOBe,LIeM -repea :'lTy TO'IKy rrpmeyto C TaHreHCOM
yrora HaKJIOHa t K OCM OX (T.e. C ypaaaeaaev y t(x -1), pMC. 12).
y

PMC. 12. Ilocr-poeaae pal\MOHaJIbHOM IIapaMeTpM3al\MM OKpy:lKHOCTM TaHreH-

COM t IIOJIOBMHHOro yraa,

O,LIHa TO'IKa nepecexenas :'lTOM rrpJlMOM C OKpyLKHOCTbIO HaM yace M3-

BeCTHa. IIO:'lTOMy BTOPOM xopeas x rrOJIY'IaIOIIJ;erOCJI npa ¢MKCMpOBaHHOM t
KBa,LIpaTHOro ypaBHeHMJI ,LIJIJI KOOp,LIMHaTbI x TO'IKM rrepeCe'IeHMJI rrpJlMOM
C OKpyLKHOCTbIO BbIpaLKaeTCJI -repea 3Ha'IeHMe napasee'rpa rrpJlMOM t paIJ;MO-
Ha.JIbHO. CJIe,LIOBaTeJIbHO, OKpyLKHOCTb - «PaIJ;MOHa.JIbHaH KpMBaH», ,LIOrrYCKa-
IOIIJ;aH rrapaMeTpM3aIJ;MIO

x P(t), Y Q(t), (1)

r,LIe P M Q- paIJ;MOHa.JIbHbIe ¢YHKIJ;MM.

IIpOBO,LIJl Te LKe BbI'IMCJIeHMJI JlBHO, MbI JIerKO HaxO,LIMM, 'ITO

2t
P Q -1 + t2 '
IIPM paIJ;MOHa.JIbHbIX 3Ha'IeHMJlX x My 'IMCJIO t ~ paIJ;MOHa.JIbHO, a npa pa-
IJ;MOHa.JIbHOM 3Ha'IeHMM t MbI HaxO,LIMM PaIJ;MOHa.JIbHbIX x M y no ¢opMyJIaM (1).
IIPM -t u/v C IJ;eJIbIMM U M V MbI HaXO,LIMM YKa3aHHbIe BbIII1e ¢OPMYJIbI acex
«IIM¢arOpOBbIX» TpoeK (r,LIe x X / Z, y Y / Z). lIcCJIe,LIoBaHMe necoxpa-
TMMOCTM (B3aMlVIHoM npocro-rsr) HeCJIOLKHO (He Ha,LIO, 'ITo6bI U M v o6a 6bIJIM
He'IeTHbIMM!) .

4-KOMII.'f. 25
 C ,LIpyroM CTOpOHhI, IIOBepXHOCTb, 06pa30BaHHaH '/W.M,nJl,e'KC1ibl.M,U peme-
HYlJlMYl ypaaaenas X
2
y2 + 1, BKJIIO'IaH «6ecKOHe'IHo-y,LIaJIeHHhIe», OKa3hIBa-
eTCJI, KaK ClTO IIOKa3hIBaeT IIapaMeTpYl3aLJ;YlJl KOMIIJIeKCHhIM IIapaMeTpOM t,
2
c¢epOM PYlMaHa, 8 CCP1.

PMC. 13. 3JIJIMIITM'IeCKaJI KpMBaJI CTeIIeHM 3: ee BeII\eCTBeHHhIe TO'IKM M ee

pMMaHOBa IIOBepXHOCTb.

II:JIJI ,LIpyrYlx lVIHOrO'IJIeHOB H (X, y) IIOJIY'IYlJIYlCb 6hI ,LIpyrYle IIOBepXHOCTYl

H 0, KOTOphIe MoryT Yl He 6hITb crpepaxor. Hanpmrep, YPaBHeHYle «ClJIJIYl-
IITYl'IeCKOM KPYlBOM»
y2 x3 - X +E
3a,LIaeT IIpYl IIO'ITYl acex E IIOBepXHOCTb Topa 81 x 81, Ha3hIBaeMOrO TaK2Ke
«c¢epoM C O,LIHOM py'IKOM» (pac. 13).

PMC. 14. PMMaHoBa IIOBepXHOCTb po aa g 3: crpepa C TpeMJI py'IKaMM.

B 06IIJ;eM CJIy'Iae (aanpaxcep, IIpYl aaxreae IIOKa3aTeJIJI 3 B x 3 60JIee BhI-

COKYlM IIOKa3aTeJIeM 29 + 1) IIOJIy'IaeTCJI B Ka'IeCTBe pYlMaHOBOM IIOBepXHOCTYl
crpepa C 9 py-ncasor (pac. 14, 'IYlCJIO 9 Ha3hIBaeTCJI pOaO.M, IIoBepXHOCTYl).
Beci, Ha60p CBJl3HhIX 3aMKHYThIX rJIa,LIKYlX opaem-apyeszsrx IIOBepxHO-
CTeM (663 xpaea YlJIYl oco6eHHocTeM) YlC'IepIIhIBaeTCJI C¢epaMYl C 9 py-ncasor
(9°,1,2, ... ).

26
 OCHOBHaH TeOpeMa TeOpMM MHTerpMpOBaHMJI a6MeBhIX ,LIM¢¢epeHIJ;Ma-
JIOB B,LIOJIb aJIre6paM'IeCKMX KpMBhIX H(x,y) 0 COCTOMT B TOM, 'ITO 6Ce
ma'/\:ue unsneepaa« (om npOU360Jl,b'lib1X pa'U,UO'liaJl,b'libIX ¢OPM R(x, y) dx) 6e-
pymcJt 6 cJJl,eMe'limap'libIX ¢Y'li'/\:'U,UJtX ecsni U mOJl,b'/\:O ecsni pod pUMa'li060U
noeepimoctmi ,/\:PU60U H 0 paeew 'liyJl,'IO (m. e. ecsni ona du¢¢eoMop¢'lia
c¢epe).
HaIIpMMep, ,LIJIJI H x 2 + y2 -1 ace TaKMe MHTerpaJIbI 6epyTcJI, TaK KaK
OHM CBe,LIeHbI HaMM BbIIIle K MHTerpaJIaM OT paIJ;MOHaJIbHbIX ¢YHKIJ;MM OT IIe-
peMeHHOM t
J R(x,y)dx J R(P(t),Q(t))P'(t)dt

(CITO - «TeOpMJI IIO,LICTaHOBOK dMJIepa», TOIIOJIOrM'IeCKMM CMbICJI KOTOPOM

OT cTy,LIeHTOB BCer,LIa cKpbIBaIOT).
KaLK,LIaH KpMBaH pona 0 paIJ;MOHaJIbHa, T. e. ,LIOIIycKaeT paIJ;MOHaJIbHyIO
IIapaMeTpM3aIJ;MIO, aHaJIOrM'IHyIO HaM,LIeHHOM HaMM ,LIJIJI OKpyLKHOCTM JlBHO
(,LIOKa3aTb CITy napasrerpaayesroc-rt, He O'IeHb Tpy,LIHO, HO ace LKe TyT Tpe-
6yeTcJI nexoropoe BJIa,LIeHMe KOMIIJIeKCHOM reOMeTpMeM).
ECJIM LKe P0,LI pMIvIaHOBOM IIOBepxHOCTM KpMBOM H 0 60JIbIIle HyJIJI,
TO MHTerpaJI OT IIO,LIXO,LIJlIIJ;eM paIJ;MOHaJIbHOM ,LIM¢¢epeHIJ;MaJIbHOM ¢OPMbI
B,LIOJIb ClTOM KpMBOM OKa3bIBaeTCJI MHOr03Ha'iHOM ¢YHKIJ;MeM B KOMIIJIeKCHOM
06JIaCTM CO CTOJIb CJIOLKHbIM BeTBJIeHMeM, KaKOrO He MOLKeT MMeTb HMKaKaH
ClJIeMeHTapHaH ¢YHKIJ;MJI. IIoClTOMY MHTerpaJIbI B ClTOM CJIy'Iae He BCer,LIa CBO-
,LIJlTCJI K ClJIeMeHTapHbIM ¢YHKIJ;MJlM.
IIpOCTeMIIleM 3a,LIa'IeM TaKOrO pona JlBJIJleTCJI 3a,LIa'Ia 0 BbI'IMCJIeHMM ,LIJIM-
HbI ,LIyrM ClJIJIMIICa, CBO,LIJlIIJ;aHCJI KaK paa K MHTerpMpOBaHMIO B,LIOJIb KpMBOM
pona 9 1 (KOTOPaH IIOClTOMy-TO M Ha3bIBaeTCJI cJJl,JI,unmu"iec,/\:ou '/\:PU60U).
TaKMM 06pa30M, HaIIIa TeOpMJI CBJl3bIBaeT KOMIIJIeKCHbIM aHaJIM3 M C TO-
IIOJIOrMeM, M C TeopMeM 'IMCM, M C TeopMeM aJIrOpMTMM'IeCKOM pa3peIIlMMOcTM
3a,LIa'IM MHTerpMpOBaHMJI.
3aMe~aHl'le. Taxoe LKe TOIIOJIOrM'IeCKOe ,LIOKa3aTMbCTBO MMeeT M Te-
opexea A6MJI 0 HeB03MOLKHOCTM peIIleHMJI B pa,LIMKaJIax otinrer-o ypaBHeHMJI
IIJlTOM (MJIM 60JIee BbICOKOM) cTeIIeHM, HaIIpMMep, yace ypaBHeHMJI

x5 + ax + 1 0

(K KOTOpOMy, BIIpO'IeM, CBO,LIJlTCJI ace ypaBHeHMJI IIJlTOM cTeIIeHM). 3,L1eCb

HyLKHO MCCJIe,LIOBaTb BeTBJIeHMe IIJlTM3Ha'iHOM KOMIIJIeKCHOM ¢YHKIJ;MM x ap-
ryMeHTa a, 3a,LIaHHOM BbIIIMCaHHbIM ypaaaenaexe, KOr,LIa KOMIIJIeKCHaH nepe-
MeHHaH a 06XO,LIMT aoxpyr TO'IeK BeTBJIeHMJI ClTOM IIJlTM3Ha'iHOM ¢YHKIJ;MM.

4* 27
 BeTBAeHMe ¢YHKQMM OrrMCMBaeTCH rrepeCTaHOBKaMM rrHTM AOKaAbHMX
AMCTOB X J (a), M rrepeCTaHOBKM, COOTBeTcTByIOIIJ;Me BceB03M02KHMM rrYTHM,
He rrpOXO,LIHIIJ;MM -repea TO'IKy BeTBAeHMH, 06pa3yIOT rpyrrrry Ha3MBaeMyIO
«r-pynnoii MOHO,LIPOMMM» MHOr03Ha'IHOM ¢YHKQMM x OT apr-ysrem-a a, pMC. 15.

PMC. 15. Tpynrra MOHO,l1pOMMM cPyHKrrMM «KBa,l1paTHhIM xopem,» COCTOMT M3

,l1BYX rrepeCTaHOBOK 060MX xopaea.

Tpyrma MOHO,LIpOMMM AI060M KOM6MHaQMM pa,LIMKaAOB paapemmra (CBO-

,LIMTCH K KOCOMy rrpOM3Be,LIeHMIO KOMMyTaTMBHMx rpyrrrr). A rpyrrrra MOHO-
,LIpOMMM YKa3aHHoM BMIIIe rrHTM3Ha'IHOM ¢YHKQMM CO,LIep2KMT ace nepecra-
HOBKM 5 ClAeMeHTOB M no-touy Hepa3peIIIMlVIa. 3Ha'IMT Hepa3peIIIMMO B pa-
,LIMKaAaX M Harne ypaaaemre (,LIa2Ke eCAM ,LI06aBMTb K pa,LIMKaAaM ace O,LIHO-
3Ha'IHMe ¢YHKQMM). 06 ClTOM TeopeMe A6MH M02KHO npo-orram, rrO,LIp06Hee
B KHMre B. B. Aaexceena «Teopeua A6MH B aanaxax M peIIIeHMHX»(M.: Ha-
yxa, 1976), BocrrpOM3BO,LIHIIJ;eM MOM AeKQMM IIIKOAbHMKaM 1964 rO,LIa.
EMM ypaaaeaae KpMBOM H(x,y) 0 3a,LIaHO, TO HaMTM ee pO,LI 9 He TaK
Y2K AerKO. 3,L1eCb nosror-aer C006pa2KeHMe «MTaAbHHCKOM aAre6paM'IeCKOM
reOMeTpMM»: eCAM crenem, n MHOrO'IAeHa H ¢MKCMpOBaHa, TO pod 6ydem
odwusc U me.M 'JICe dJ1,J! nownni scez 3'1ia"ie'liUU '1W3¢¢uv,ue'lim06 unozowaewa.
11:60 Te cnenaansmae MHOrO'IAeHM, ,LIAR KOTOpMX pO,LI MHOM, pe,LIKM. IIo,LI06HO
TOMy, KaK Te 3Ha'IeHMH napaxeerpa C, ,LIAR KOTOpMX ypaanemre x n C MMeeT
HeTMrrM'IHOe, TO eCTb OTAM'IHOe OT n, 'IMMO xopnea, cnenaansmae MHOrO-
'IAeHM 06pa3yIOT MH02KeCTBO, 3a,LIaBaeMOe KOMrrAeKCHMM ypaaaexaev (<,LIMC-
KpMMMHaHT paaea HyAIO» ), T. e. ,LIByMH BeIIJ;eCTBeHHMMM ypaBHeHMHMM (B yxa-
3aHHOM BMIIIe npmeepe - C a + bi 0 03Ha'IaeT cMcTeMy (a 0, b 0)).
IIwToMy 'liecnev,uaJl,b'lible .M'liOZO"iJl,e'libl H otipasinom 6 npocmponcmee
scez .M'liOZO"iJl,e'li06 da'li'liou cmenenu n C6J!3'1iOe .M'liO'JICeCm60, npa ,LIBM2KeHMM
B,LIOAb xo'roporo TOrrOAOrM'IeCKMe MHBapMaHTM (aarrpauep, PO,LI) COOTBeT-
cTByIOIIJ;eM ,LIBM2KYIIJ;eMCH TO'IKe pMMaHOBOM rrOBepxHOCTM OCTaIOTCH HeM3MeH-
HMMM.
OCTaeTCH HaMTM pO,LI 9 ,LIAH od'liozo HeCrreQMaAbHOrO npmrepa. dTO
He TaK Y2K Tpy,LIHO C,LIMaTb: rO,LIMTCH, nanpmeep, rrO'ITM BMp02K,LIeHHaH KpM-

28
BaH H 0, r,[le H L 1 · .... L n +
e, M r,[le L J - JIMHeMHhIe HeO,[lHOp0,[l-
HhIe ¢YHKIJ;MM oomero rrOJIO.lKeHMJI. ::::ha pMlvIaHOBa rrOBepXHOCTb rrOJIy'IaeTCJI
M3 n crpep ,[I06aBJIeHMeM N Tpy6o'IeK, r,[le N - 'IMCJIO TO'IeK nepece-renas
n npnxnax (pMC. 16).

PMC. 16. TOIIOJIOrMJI BeII\eCTBeHHoM anreopaa-recxoa KpMBOM M pMMaHoBoM IIO-

BepXHOCTM IIO'fTM BhIpO:lK,l1eHHOM KpMBOM CTeIIeHM 3 (,l10 B03MYII\eHMJI 'fMCJIO
crpep n 3, 'fMCJIO COe,l1MHJIIOII\MX -rpyoo-rex N 3, PO,l1 g 1).

(n - l)(n - 2)
9 2
L[To6hI ee 3arrOMHMTb, 3aMeTMM, 'ITO P0,[lhI KpMBhIX creneaa n 1 (npaxnax)
M c'reneaa n 2 (3JIJIMrrCOB, r-anepfio,a, naparion] paaasr HyJIIO, T. e. 3TM KpM-
BhIe ,[IOrrycKaIOT pauaoaam.asre napasserpaaauaa, a MX pMMaHOBhI nosepx-
HOCTM ,[IM¢¢eOMop¢HhI crpepai«.
Pau;MOHaJIbHhIe KpMBhIe Ha3hIBaIOTCJI eme Y'liu",;ypCaJWlibl.M,U, T. e. O,[lHO-
npofier-aexrsnra, TaK KaK Ka.lK,[IyIO M3 HMX MO.lKHO Ha'IepTMTb (B BeII:\eCTBeH-
HOM CJIy'Iae) O,[lHMM pOC'IepKOM nepa, He OTphIBaH ero OT 6ylVIarM (3,[1eCb
Hy.lKHO MJIM MMeTb B BM,[Iy KPMBYIO na npOe",;mU6'1iOU rrJIOCKOCTM, MJIM .lKe
npenrrcaar-arr, BeII:\eCTBeHHYIO 'IaCTb KpMBOM B a¢¢MHHOM rrJIOCKOCTM "';O.M,-
na",;m'liou: 3JIJIMrrC yHMKypCaJIeH, a a¢¢MHHaH 'IaCTb r-anepfionsr - HeT).
lI:oKa3aTeJIbCTBO yHMKypCaJIbHOCTM paIJ;MOHaJIbHOM KpMBOM rrOJIy'IaeTCJI
rrpOCTO npa paCCMOTpeHMM BeII:\eCTBeHHhIX 3Ha'IeHMM paIJ;MOHaJIbHO napave-
TpM3yIOII:\eM KPMBYIO nepeueaaoii t.
ECJIM MCXO,[lHaH KpMBaH H 0 He rvramcaa, TO Ka.lK,[IaH ee oco6eHHOCTb
YMeHbIIlaeT PO,[l COOTBeTCTBYIOII:\eM pMMaHOBOM rrOBepXHOCTM (aa KOTOPOM,
HarrpMMep, TO'IKe rrpOCToro caMorrepeCe'IeHMJI MCXO,[lHOM KpMBOM COOTBeT-
CTByIOT ,[IBe TO'IKM «aa pa3HhIX JIMCTax»). OKa3hIBaeTCJI, KpMBaH c'reneaa n

29
C (n-l )2( n-2) OC06hIMYl TO'IKaMYl (a 60JIbIIle YlX Yl He 6hIBaeT) YlMeeT Y2Ke P0,L\ 0,
T. e. OHa paaraoaaasaa Yl ynaxypcam.na, a mrrer-pama OT paIJ;YlOHaJIbHhIX
¢OPM B,L\OJIb Hee BhI'IYlCJIYlMhI B ClJIeMeHTapHhIX ¢YHKIJ;YlJlX. TaKOBa, K npa-
Mepy, «BhIp02K,L\eHHaJI ClJIJIYlrrTYl'IeCKaJI KpYlBaJI» 17) y2
(pac. x3 - 3x +2
(c OC060M TO'IKOM npocror-o caaeonepece-reaas x l , yO).

P0,L\: 9 =0
c'renem.: n=3

cO - @)
R: ()Z
9=0
I ,

-
PMC. 17. YHMKypCaJIbHaJI ocooaa KpMBaJI, B,l10JIb KOTOPOM 6epyTCJI see a6e-
0-\
9=1
JIeBbI MHTerpaJIbI, M ee MaJIaJI rrepec-rpoinca B neocooyro 3JIJIMIITM'fecKYIO KpM-
ByIO (B BeII\eCTBeHHoM M B KOMIIJIeKCHOM 06JIaCTM).

3aMe~aHl'le. B Ka'IeCTBe napasee'rpa t, -repea KOTOphIM KOOp,L\YlHaThI

x Yl y TO'IeK HaIIIeM YHYlKYPCaJIbHOM KpYlBOM BhIpa2KaIDTCJI pau;YlOHaJIbHO,
M02KHO B3J1Tb TaHreHC yrora HaKJIOHa K OCYl Ox rrpJlMOM, COe,L\YlHJlIDII:\eM nay-
'IaeMyID TO'IKy KpYlBOM C TO'IKOM casronepece-reaaa (npoaena-re BhI'IYlCJIeHYlJl
x(t) Yl y(t) - OHYl rr03BOJIJlT BhI'IYlCJIJlTb BCe a66JIeBhI mrrer-pansr B,L\OJIb na-
IIleM KPYlBOM).
Me2K,L\y npo-noa, ara KOHCTpyKIJ;YlJl rrOJlCHJleT, KaK na pYlMaHOBOM no-
BepXHOCTYl KpYlBOM BMeCTO TO'IKYl caMorrepeCe'IeHYlJl YlCXO,L\HOM KpYlBOM rrO-
JlBJIJlIDTCJI ,L\Be 06hIKHOBeHHhIe TO'IKYl. II:Ba 3Ha'IeHYlJl h Yl t2 napaxeerpa t,
COOTBeTCTBYIDII:\Yle TO'IKe casronepece-reaas YlCXO,L\HOM KpYlBOM, - ClTO TaH-
reHChI HaKJIOHa yrJIOB HaKJIOHa K OCYl x o6eYlx rJIa,L\KYlX BeTBeM YlCXO,L\HOM
KpYlBOM, npoxonsmax -repea ee TO'IKy caaeorrepecexeaas.
ITepexo,L\ OT KpYlBOM C caMorrepeCe'IeHYlJlMYl K ee rJIa,L\KOM PYlMaHOBOM
rroBepXHOCTYl, na KOTOPOM TO'IKa caaeonepece-reaas npencraaneaa HeCKOJIbKO
paa, Ha3hIBaeTCJI 'li0p.MaJl,U3av,ueu YlCXO,L\HOM KpYlBOM.
OKa3hIBaeTCJI, BCJlKaJI aJIre6paYl'IeCKaJI KPYlBaJI M02KeT 6hITb anreopaa-
'IeCKYl HOpMaJIYl30BaHa, T. e. M02KeT 6hITb nosy-rena Yl3 nexo-ropoii rJIa,L\KOM

30
am-eopaa-recxoii Kpl'lBOM (M3 CBOeM pMMaHOBOM rrOBepXHOCTM) aareopaa-re-
CKMM oTo6pa2KeHMeM (oTo6pa2KeHMeM, KOTOpOe, npaana, M02KeT rrOChLJIaTb
B HeKOTOpbIe - OC06bIe - TO'IKM KpMBOM-06pa3a HeCKOJIbKO pa3HbIX TO'IeK
pMMaHOBOM rrOBepXHOCTM).
3a~a~a. HOPMa.rrM30BaTb JIeMHMcKaTy y2 X
2
- X
4.
YHMKypCa.rrbHa JIM
ClTa KpMBaH?

MaTeMaTI'I~eCKl'le TP0I'IIJ;hI

TPM BapMaHTa - BeII:\eCTBeHHbIM, KOMrrJIeKCHbIM M KBaTepHMOHHbIM -

MMeIOT MHOrMe MaTelVIaTM'IeCKMe TeOpMM, rrpM'IeM e,LIMHCTBO KaK COOTBeT-
CTBYIOII:\MX TeOpeM, TaK M MX rrpMJI02KeHMM (TO B TOrrOJIOrMM, TO B ¢M3MKe,
TO B TeOpMM 'IMCM MJIM B a.rrre6pe) pacnoaaar-s He BCer,LIa JIerKO.
IIpMBe,LIy JIMIIlb HeCKOJIbKO npmeepoa".
Hpaxrep 1. COBrra,LIeHMe rrpoeKTMBHOM rrpJlMOM C OKPY2KHOCTbIO:

KOlVIIIJIeKCM¢MKaLJ;MeM ClTOrO ¢aKTa OKa3bIBaeTCJI y,LIMBMTMbHaH Teope-

Ma IIoHTpJlrMHa (OTKPbITaH MM B TpM,LIU;aTbIe rO,LIbI, HO He orry6JIMKOBaHHaH,
M norowy M3BeCTHaH na aanane no.n MMeHaMM Tex MaTeMaTMKOB, xo'ropsre
B IIleCTM,LIeCJlTbIe rO,LIbI orry6JIMKOBa.rrM CBOM ,LIOKa3aTMbCTBa B OTBeT na MOM
aorrpoc, M3BeCTHO JIM MM ,LIOKa3aTMbCTBO ClTOM TeopeMbI IIoHTpJlrMHa).
Teopexra. etJa",;mopnpocmpancm60 "';OMnJl,e"';Cnou npoe",;mU6nou nnoc-
",;ocmu no ee 6ew,ecm6ennoMy du¢¢eOMop¢U3MY «"';OMnJl,e"';Cnoe conpJI/JlCe-
nue: du¢¢eOMop¢en "iemb!peXMep'/iOU cfiepe:

TaKMM 06pa30M, npa KOMrrJIeKCM¢MKaLJ;MM pa3MepHOCTb e,LIMHMU;a npoex-

TMBHOrO rrpOCTpaHCTBa 3aMeHMJIaCb ,LIBOMKOM, M B,LIo6aBOK rrpMIIlJIOCb ¢aKTO-
pM30BaTb no rpyrrrre aBTOMOP¢M3MOB rrOJIJI KOMrrJIeKCHbIX 'IMCM ('ITO M02KHO
6hLJIO 6bI ,LIMaTb M B BeII:\eCTBeHHOM CJIy'Iae, r,LIe, O,LIHaKO, e,LIMHCTBeHHbIM as-
TOMOP¢M3M - T02K,LIeCTBeHHoe npeotipaaoaanae}.

* BOJIee rr0,l1p06HOe oocyxcneaae 60JIbIIIerO aaoopa c!>aKTOB MO:lKHO HaMTM B cra-rr,e:

B. N. ApnO.f1,bO, «IIoJIMMaTeMaTMKa: JIBJIJIeTCJI JIM MaTeMaTMKa e,l1MHOM HayKoM MJIM
Ha60pOM peMeCeJI» B C60pHMKe «Mathematics: Frontier and Perspectives», M3,l1aHHOM
Me:lK,l1yHapO,l1HbIM MaTeMaTM'feCKMM COI030M M AMepMKaHcKMM MaTeMaTM'feCKMM 06-
II\eCTBOM B 2000 r-ozty B 03HaMeHOBaHMe KOHIIa TbICJI'feJIeTMJI (non pen. B. H. Ap-
HOJIb,l1a, M. ATbJI, II. Jlaxca M B. Maaypa). IIJIaHMpyeMbIM pyCCKMM nepeaozt 06'h-
JIBJIeH M3,l1aTeJIbCTBOM «Cl>a3MC», J\10cKBa.

31
 Yra,LIaTb KBaTepHYlOHHbIM aHMOr rrpe,LIbI,LIYII:\eM TeopeMbI H6JIerKO,
HO aHMYl3 paayxoror-o ee ,LIOKa3aT6JIbCTBa noxaasraae'r CJIe,LIyIOII:\ee*:

Aut / Conj ~ 8 13 .
4
lHIp /

3,L1eCb Ha'IYlHaTb rrpYlXO,LIYlTCJI C KBaTepHYlOHHO 'IeTbIpeXMepHoro (T. e. Be-

II:\eCTBeHHO IIleCTHa,LIu;aTYlMepHoro) rrpOeKTYlBHOrO rrpOCTpaHCTBa, a ¢aKTO-
pYl30BaTb - no TpexMepHOM (Yl30MOP¢HOM 80(3)) rpyrrrre aBTOMOP¢Yl3MOB
Yl eII:\e no aHTYlaBTOMOP¢Yl3MY KBaTepHYlOHHOrO COrrpJl2KeHYlJl.
IIoy'IYlT6JIbHO, O,LIHaKO, 'ITO ,LIOKa3aT6JIbCTBO acex Tpex rrepe'IYlCJIeHHbIX
BbIII1e ¢aKTOB COBepIIleHHO rrapMJI6JIbHbI - Hy2KHO TOJIbKO 3aMeHJlTb Be-
II:\eCTBeHHbIe 'IYlCJIa na KOMrrJIeKCHbIe (Yl KBaTepHYlOHbI), a KBa,LIpaTYl'IHbIe
¢OPMbI (xo-ropsae B BeII:\eCTBeHHOM CJIY'Iae 3aIIYlCbIBaIOTCJI B rrO,LIXO,LIJlII:\eM
CYlCTeMe KOOp,LIYlHaT B BYl,LIe 2:;;'=1 amx;,,) - na BeII:\eCTBeHHbIe ClpMYlTOBbI
(Yl r-anepapxorroasr] ¢OPMbI, xo'ropsre 3aIIYlCbIBaIOTCJI B TaKOM 2Ke BYl,LIe C aa-
MeHOM TOJIbKO KBa,LIpaTOB x;" na KBa,LIpaTbI MO,LIyJIeM Ix;"l.
Orrpe,LI6JIeHYle ClPMYlTOBbIX Yl rYlrrepClpMYlTOBbIX ¢OPM (B KOMrrJIeKCHOM
BeKTopHOM rrpOCTpaHCTBe en Yl KBaTepHYlOHHOM lHI n ) - ClTO 06bI'IHbIe Be-
II:\eCTBeHHbIe KBa,LIpaTYl'IHbIe ¢OPMbI (B COOTBeTCTBYIOII:\eM JR2n YlJIYl JR4n) ,
YlHBapYlaHTHbIe OTHOCYlT6JIbHO YMH02KeHYlJl BeKTopoB-apryMeHToB na KOM-
rrJIeKCHbIe 'IYlCJIa (KBaTepHYlOHbI) HOpMbI e,LIYlHYlU;a.
reOIvleTpYl'IeCKYlM 06'heKT, COOTBeTCTBYIOII:\YlM rrOJI02KYlT6JIbHO-Orrpe,LIe-
JIeHHOM KBa,LIpaTYl'IHOM ¢opMe I, - ClTO ClJIJIYlrrCOYl,LI f 1. TaK 'ITO Clp-
MYlTOBbIM (a B KBaTepHYlOHHOM CJIY'Iae - rYlrrepClpMYlTOBbIM) ¢OPlVIaM CO-
OTBeTcTByIOT ClJIJIYlrrCOYl,LIbI BpaII:\eHYlJl CO CrreU;YlMbHbIMYl CYlMMeTpYlJlMYl: OHYl
nepexonar B ce6J1 npa YMH02KeHYlYl acex nercr-opoa rrpOCTpaHCTBa ClJIJIYlrrCOYl,LIa
na i B KOMrrJIeKCHOM CJIY'Iae (aa i, j, k - B KBaTepHYlOHHOM).
Tenept, 51 Mory onacart, BTOPOM npmeep y,LIYlBYlT6JIbHOM KBaTepHYlOHYl-
3aIJ;YlYl.
IIpHMep 2. OTTMKYlBaHYle ClJIeKTpOHHbIX YPoBHeM, KBaHToBbIM Cl¢-
¢eKT XOJIJIa Yl xaparcrepacrn-recrore 'IYlCJIa.
B BeII:\eCTBeHHOM cay-rae pe3YJIbTaT Y2Ke coaepmeaao HeTpYlBYlMeH
Yl 6bIJI ofiaapyzsea, HeCMOTpJl na CBOIO MaTeMaTYl'IecKyIO ¢YH,LIaMeHTMb-
HOCTb, JIYlIIlb BCJIe,LICTBYle Pa3BYlTYlJl KBaHTOBOM MeXaHYlKYl (r-ne OH Ha3bIBa-
eTCJI TeOpYleM ¢OH HeMMaHa-BYlrHepa). PaCCMOTpYlM MHOroo6pa3Yle acex
ClJIJIYlrrCOB (c nerrrpoi« B Ha'IMe KOOp,LIYlHaT) na eBKJIYl,LIOBOM rrJIOCKOCTYl (YlJIYl,
eCJIYl yrO,LIHO, MHOroo6pa3Yle KBa,LIpaTYl'IHbIX ¢OPM, xo'ropsre YlX 3a,LIaIOT).

* B. N. ApnO.f1,bO, PO,l1CTBeHHMKM c!>aKTopa KOMIIJIeKCHOM IIpoeKTMBHoM IIJIOCKOCTM IIO

KOMIIJIeKCHoMy COIIpJDKeHMIO. Tpyma MaTeM. HHcTMTyTa MM. B. A. CTeKJIOBa PAR,
TOM 224 (1999).

32
 Hexo-ropsre Yl3 ClJIJIYlrrCOB JlBJIJlIOTCJI OKPY2KHOCTJlMYl. Ha rrepBhIM B3rJIJI,LI
Ka2KeTCJI, 'ITO yCJIOBYle 06paIIJ;eHYlJl ClJIJIYlrrCa B OKPY2KHOCTb - ClTO O,LIHO COOT-
HOIIleHYle paBeHCTBa no.nyoceii a b, TaK 'ITO rrO,LIMHOroo6pa3Yle OKpy2KHO-
CTeM ,LIOJI2KHO YlMeTb KOpa3MepHOCTb O,LIYlH B MHOroo6pa3YlYl acex ClJIJIYlrrCOB.
dTO, O,LIHaKO, He TaK: MHOroo6pa3Yle KBa,LIpaTYl'IHhIX ¢OPM

YlMeeT pa3MepHOCTb 3 (Yl KOOp,LIYlHaThI A, B, 0), a MHOroo6pa3Yle OKpy2KHO-

cTeM - paaseepaocr-s 1 (TaK KaK OKPY2KHOCTb C IJ;eHTpOM B HyJIe orrpe,LI6JIJI-
eTCJI CBOYlM pa,LIYlYCOM).
BhI,LI6JIJlIOIIJ;ee OKPY2KHOCTYl yCJIOBYle «,LIYlCKpYllvIYlHaHT panen HyJIIO» ,LIJIJI
COOTBeTcTByIOIIJ;erO KBa,LIpaTHOro ypaaaenaa, orrpe,LI6JIJlIOIIJ;erO ,LIJIYlHhI nony-
oceM ClJIJIYlrrCa, YlMeeT BYl,LI (A + 0)2 4(AO - B 2), T. e. CBO,LIYlTCJI K cyMMe
,LIBYX KBa,LIpaTOB, (A - 0)2 + 4B 2 0, Yl onpenenser O,LIHOMepHoe rrO,LIMHO-
r-ooopaaae B TpexMepHoM rrpOCTpaHCTBe ¢OPM (a YlMeHHO, rrpmeyto A 0,
B 0).
Teopesra Bar-aepa-rpon HeMlVIaHa yTBep2K,LIaeT, 'ITO Yl ,LIJIJI ClJIJIYlrrCOYl-
,LIOB B n-MepHOM rrpOCTpaHCTBe npa JII060M n nOd.MiliOZoo6pa3ue 3Jl,Jl,uncoudo6
6paw,e'liUJ! UMeem xopoauepnocm« dea, TaK 'ITO 'liU dJl,J! 3J1,JI,uncouda otnueeo
nOJl,O;)ICe'liuJ!, 'liU dJl,J! 'lMe'li06 Od'liOnapaMempU"iec",;ozo ceueticmea otnueeo no-
Jl,o;)ICe'liuJ! 3J1,JI,uncoudbl 6paw,e'liUJ! 'lie ecmpewasomcs:
ECJIYl HapYlCOBaTb r-parpax 3aBYlCYlMOCTYl ,LIJIYlH n no.nyoceii am (P) ,LIJIJI
ClJIJIYlrrCOYl,LIa TaKOrO ceMeMCTBa, 3aBYlCJlIIJ;erO OT napasre'rpa p, TO na rrJIOC-
KOCTYl (p, a) rrOJIY'IaIOTCJI n KpYlBhIX (m 1, ... , n), Ka2K,LIaJI Yl3 KOTOphIX
O,LIH03Ha'IHO npoexr-apyercs na OCb 3Ha'IeHYlM napasee'rpa p, Yl xo'ropsre no-
napao He nepecexarorca, XOTJI Yl MoryT YlHOr,LIa rrO,LIXO,LIYlTb ,LIOBOJIbHO 6JIYl3KO
,LIpyr K ,LIpyry (pac. 18).
B ¢Yl3YlKe 3Ha'IeHYlJl an Ha3hIBaIOTCJI «YPOBHJlMYl», a Cl¢¢eKT YlX necoana-
,LIeHYlJl YlCTOJIKOBhIBaeTCJI KaK «OTTaJIKYlBaHYle» YPoBHeM ,LIpyr ,LIpyroM npa YlX
C6JIYl2KeHYlYl BCJIe,LICTBYle Yl3MeHeHYlJl napasre'rpa.
Bnpo-reu, rrOCKOJIbKY ClTa TeopeMa - lVIaTeMaTYl'IeCKaJI, OHa YlMeeT MHO-
2KeCTBO pa3HhIX ¢Yl3Yl'IeCKYlX (Yl YlHhIX) rrpYlJI02KeHYlM. Hanpmrep, na BpaIIJ;e-
nae crryrtraxa aoxpyr ero IJ;eHTpa Macc CYlJIbHO BJIYlJleT ero «ClJIJIYlrrCOYl,LI naep-
IJ;YlYl», Yl, eCJIYl ClTOT ClJIJIYlrrCOYl,LI OKa2KeTCJI ClJIJIYlrrCOYl,LIOM BpaIIJ;eHYlJl, TO yrrpa-
BJIJlTb OpYleHTaIJ;YleM Yl KyBhIpKaHYleM TaKOrO crry-maxa JIer'Ie. 'Ieopesra Bar-
nepa-cpon HeMMaHa noxaasraaer , dJl,J! mozo, wmotiu cdenanu. 3J1,JI,uncoud
'ITO
u'liepv,uu cnym'liu",;a 3J1,JI,uncoudoM 6paw,e'liuJ!, nedocmamowno nepedeueanu.
6doJl,b mma'lizu Od'liy (I'IOCmUp060"i'liY'lO scaccs)»: nodo6'1iblX uuruine doJl,;)IC'lio
6blmb 'lie Me'libme d6YX.

5-KOMII. 'f. 33
 PMC. 18. PaCTaJIKMBaHMe cooc-rnennsrx 'fMCeJI.

06paTYlMCJI Terrepb K KOlVIIIJIeKCYl¢YlKaIJ;YlYl TeopeMbI 06 OTTaJIKYlBaHYlYl

YPoBHeM. Kopaaaepaocrt, ,LIBa MHOro06pa3YlJl ClJIJIYlrrCOYl,LIOB BpaIIJ;eHYlJl cpenn
acex ClJIJIYlrrCOYl,LIOB 3aMeHJleTCJI npa nepexo.ae OT KBa,LIpaTYl'IHbIX ¢OPM B JRn
K ClpMYlTOBbIM B en na BeIIJ;eCTBeHHyIO KOpa3MepHOCTb, paBHyIO TpeM.
3JIJIYlrrCOYl,LIbI BpaIIJ;eHYlJl He BCTpe'IaIOTCJI 3,L1eCb He TOJIbKO B ornrorrapa-
MeTpYl'IeCKYlX ceMeMcTBax 06IIJ;ero rrOJI02KeHYlJl, HO Yl B ,LIByrrapaMeTpYl'IeCKYlX
(a npa Tpex BeIIJ;eCTBeHHbIX napaseerpax ClpMYlTOBbI ClJIJIYlrrCOYl,LIbI C ,LIorrOJI-
HYlTeJIbHOM CYlMMeTpYleM BCTpe'IaIOTCJI ,LIJIJI OT,LIeJIbHbIX TO'IeK B TpexMepHoM
rrpOCTpaHCTBe napaxre-rpoa}.
H rrO,LIp06HO YlCCJIe,LIOBaJI B03HYlKaIOIIJ;Yle 3,L1eCb TOrrOJIOrYl'IeCKYle sonpocsr
(crpoeaae paCCJIOeHYlJl «c06cTBeHHbIx BeKTopoB», xo'ropsre B MaTeMaTYlKe
cooTBeTcTByIOT rJIaBHbIM OCJlM ClJIJIYlrrCOYl,LIa, a B ¢Yl3YlKe Ha3bIBaIOTCJI «MO-
,LIaMYl») B CTaTbe: B. Jil. AP'liOJ/,bd, MO,LIbI Yl KBa3YlMO,LIbI, <f:>yHKIJ;. aHaJIYl3 Yl ero
npaa., T. 6 N~2 (1972), 12-20.
CerO,LIHJI ClTYl pmYJIbTaTbI Ha3bIBaIOTCJI TeOpYleM «IJ;eJIO'IYlCJIeHHOrO KBaH-
TOBOrO CI¢¢eKTa XOJIJIa» (TaK KaK B03M02KHO ClKCrrepYlMeHTaJIbHOe Ha6JIIO-
,LIeHYle rrpOX02K,LIeHYlJl rroBepXHOCTYl B TpexMepHoM rrpocTpaHcTBe-BpeMeHYl,
TO'IKa KOTOPOM orrpe,LIeJIJleTCJI ,LIByMJI rrapaMeTpaMYl, 'Iepe3 CrreIJ;YlaJIbHbIe
TO'IKYl, r,LIe cooTBeTcTBYIOIIJ;Yle ClJIJIYlrrCOYl,LIbI YlMeIOT ,LIOrrOJIHYlTeJIbHYIO CYlM-
MeTpYlIO.
B TOrrOJIOrYl'IeCKYlX TepMYlHaX ClTO JlBJIeHYle Ha3bIBaeTCJI «npapameaaese
xapaKTepYlCTYl'IeCKOrO 'IYlCJIa ~epHa KOMrrJIeKCHOrO paCCJIOeHYlJl c06cTBeH-
HbIX sex'ropoa Ha,LI YKa3aHHOM noaepxaocrtaor npa rrpOX02K,LIeHYlYl CITOM no-
BepXHOCTYl -repea CrreIJ;YlaJIbHbIe TO'IKYl. TaKYlM 06pa30M, TOrrOJIOrYl'IeCKaJI Te-
0PYlJl IJ;eJIO'IYlCJIeHHOrO KBaHTOBOrO CI¢¢eKTa XOJIJIa 6bIJIa nocrpoena Yl ony-
6JIYlKOBaHa B 1972 r. ,LIO ¢Yl3Yl'IeCKOM - rrpOCTO rryTeM KOMrrJIeKCYl¢YlKaIJ;YlYl
KJIaCCYl'IeCKOM TeopeMbI Bar-aepa-cpon HeMMaHa, He,LIOCTaBaJIO TOJIbKO ¢Yl3Yl-
'IeCKOM TepMYlHOJIOrYlYl, rrOJlBYlBIII6MCJI rr032Ke.
CerO,LIHJI B TaKOM 2Ke rrOJI02KeHYlYl, KaK 6bIJIa B 1972 r. KOMrrJIeKCHaJI aep-
CYlJl, HaxO,LIYlTCJI KBaTepHYlOHHaJI sepcas TeopeMbI Bar-aepa-cpon HeMMaHa.
B CITOM CJIy'Iae BeIIJ;eCTBeHHaJI KOpa3MepHOCTb rrOJlBJIeHYlJl ,LIOrrOJIHYlTeJIb-

34
HOM CYlMMeTpYlYl (T. e. CTOJIKHOBeHYlJl coficrneamax YPOBHeM rYlrrep3pMYlTO-
BhIX ¢OpM) panna na'rn. 3TYl 'IYlCJIa - 2,3 Yl 5- Y2Ke BCTpe'IaJIYlCb HaM npa
aHaJIYl3e 'IYlCM pe6ep TeTpaCl,LIpa, OKTaCl,LIpa Yl YlKOCaCl,LIpa: Ka2K,LIOe Yl3 HYlX
paBHO d + 1, r,LIe d - BeIIJ;eCTBeHHaJI paaseepaocrt, (BeIIJ;eCTBeHHoM, KOM-
rrJIeKCHOM Yl COOTBeTCTBeHHO KBaTepHYlOHHOM rrpJlMoM).
3 2 1),
POJIb paCCJIOeHYlJl Xompa 8 ---+ 8 (CO CJIOeM 8 ¢YH,LIaMeHTaJIbHOrO
,LIJIJI KOMrrJIeKCHOM TeOpYlYl KBaHTOBOrO 3¢¢eKTa XOJIJIa, nr-paer B KBaTepHYl-
OHHOM cay-rae «aropoe paCCJIOeHYle Xompa», 8 7 ---+ 84 (CO CJIOeM 8 3 ) .
06a 3TYl paCCJIOeHYlJl OrrYlChIBaIOT npoc'ro CTaH,LIapTHOe nocrpoeaae rrpo-
eKTYlBHOrO rrpOCTpaHCTBa (CCP
1
~ 8 2 , lHIp 1 ~ 84) Yl3 crpepsr cooTBeTcTByIO-
3 3 7 2
mero npoex'raaaouy aercropaor-o npocrpaacraa (8 C CC \ 0,8 C lHI \ 0):
TO'IKe crpepsr paCCJIOeHYleM COrrOCTaBJIJleTCJI npsxeaa, COe,LIYlHJlIOIIJ;aJI ee C Hy-
JIelVI. If, HaKOHeIJ;, «xapaKTepYlCTYl'IeCKYlM KJIaCCaM Yl 'IYlCJIaM L[epHa» KOM-
rrJIeKCHOrO CJIy'IaJI (xo-ropsae J1BJIJlIOTCJI KOMrrJIeKCYl¢YlKaIJ;YleM «xapax'repncr-a-
'IeCKYlX KJIaCCOB illTYl¢MJI-YYlTHYl» xaparcrepacrmcar BeIIJ;e-
Yl «3MJIepOBOM
CTBeHHOrO CJIy'IaJI) cooTBeTcTByIOT B KBaTepHYlOHHOM cay-rae «xaparcrepn-
CTYl'IeCKYle KJIaCChI Yl 'IYlCJIa IIoHTpJlrYlHa» (rrepeCTpaYlBaIOIIJ;YleCJI npa rrpo-
X02K,LIeHYlYl rrO,LIBYl2KHOrO 'IeThIpeXMepHoro npocrpaacraa napasre'rpoa -repea
CrreIJ;YlaJIbHhIe TO'IKYl rrJlTYlMepHOro rrpOCTpaHCTBa).
Be,LIa JIYlIIlb B TOM, 'ITO ¢Yl3Yl'IeCKYlX HaClBaHYlM 3TYl rOTOBhIe MaTeMaTYl-
'IeCKYle pmYJIbTaThI noxa eIIJ;e He rrOJIy'IYlJIYl (XOTJI 51 Yl Ha,LIeIOCb, 'ITO 06Yl-
JIYle Pa3JIYl'IHhIX rrOJIeM Yl 'IaCTYlIJ; B cOBpeMeHHoM ¢Yl3YlKe rr03BOJIJlT YKa3aTb Yl
Te 3KCrrepYlMeHTaJIbHO Ha6JIIO,LIaeMhIe CYlTyaIJ;YlYl, xo'ropsre yrrpaBJIJlIOTCJI ona-
CaHHOM BhIIIle KBaTepHYlOHHOM TeOpYleM rYlrrep3pMYlTOBhIX MaTpYlIJ;). TPOMKYl
«lR - CC -lHI» Yl «KJIaCChI illTYl¢MJI-YYlTHYl - KJIaCChI L[epHa - KJIaCChI IIoH-
TpJlrYlHa» yKaClhIBaIOT, 'ITO KOMrrJIeKCYl¢YlKaIJ;YleM ,LIByx3JIeMeHTHOM r-pyrmsr
Z2 K03¢¢YlIJ;YleHTOB KJIaCCOB illTYl¢MJI-YYlTHYl J1BJIJleTCJI rpyrrrra IJ;MhIX 'IYl-
CM Z K03¢¢YlIJ;YleHTOB KJIaCCOB L[epHa, HO 'ITO OKa2KeTCJI KBaTepHYlOHHOM
sepcaeii r-pyrmsr Z2 (YlJIYl KOMrrJIeKCHOM sepcaeii r-pyrmsr IJ;MhIX 'IYlCM Z)
noxa eIIJ;e He pemeno (B Ka'IeCTBe KaH,LIYl,LIaTOB BhIcTyrraIOT, B 'IaCTHOCTYl,
Z Yl rpyrrrra Z + iZ IJ;MhIX KOMrrJIeKCHhIX 'IYlCM).

CIII'IHhl 1'1 Koehl

II:JIJI 0603Ha'ieHYlJl ,LIByJIYlCTHOrO HaKphITYlJl r-pyrmsr BpaIIJ;eHYlM 80(3)

3
r-pynnoii CrrYlHOB Spirr(3) 8 8U (2) ¢Yl3YlKYl rrpYl,LIyMaJIYl KpaCYlBhIM Me-
TO,LI, oCHoBaHHhIM na MaTeMaTYl'IeCKOM meopuu 'KOC. Ilycr-s na rroBepXHOCTYl
M 3a,LIaHhI n nonapao pa3JIYl'IHhIX TO'IeK. K ocoti U3 n 'liumeu na noeeptmo-
cmu M HaClhIBaeTCJI rrYTb B npocrpaacrne TaKYlX naoopon, Ha'IYlHaIOIIJ;YlMCJI
Yl KOH'IaIOIIJ;YlMCJI B 3a,LIaHHOM HeyrropJl,LIO'IeHHOM naoope n TO'IeK Yl3 M.

5* 35
 IIpYl ClTOM KOCa paCCMaTpYlBaeTCJI KaK rrYTb C TO'IHOCTbIO ,LIO rOMOTOrrYlYl,
T. e. nenpepsraaas ,LIe¢OpMaLJ;YlJl, COXPaHJlIOIIJ;aJI ero Ha'Ia.JIbHhlM Yl KOHe'IHhlM
naoopsr Yl, KOHe'IHO, ,LIe¢OpMYlpYIOIIJ;aJI rrpOMe2KyTO'IHhle Ha60phl TaK, 'IT06hl
OHYl Bce BpeMJI COCTOJlJIYl Yl3 n Pa3JIYl'IHhlX TO'IeK, C'IYlTaeTCJI He MeHJlIOIIJ;eM
KOCy.
H3 KOC Yl3 n HYlTeM M02KHO rrOCTpOYlTb rpyrrrry, rrpo,LIOJI2KaJI O,LIYlH rrYTb
,LIpyrYlM (06paTHaJI xoca - ClTO rryTb, rrpOM,LIeHHhlM B 06paTHOM nanpaane-
HYlYl).
Hanpmrep, KOCOM a Yl3 ,LIBYX HYlTeM na OpYleHTYlpyelVIOM rrJIOCKOCTYl JlBJIJI-
eTCJI ,LIBYl2KeHYle ClTYlX TO'IeK na rrOJI060pOTa B rrOJI02KYlTMbHYIO CTOpOHy BO-
xpyr- cepemmsr COe,LIYlHJlIOIIJ;erO YlX OTpe3Ka. Bce KOChl a k (k ±1, ±2, ... )
pa3JIYl'IHhl, HeTpYlBYla.JIbHhl (OTJIYl'IHhl OT HerrO,LIBYl2KHOrO rrYTYl aO e) Yl BMe-
CTe C e 06Pa3yIOT (Yl30MOP¢HYIO rpyrrrre IJ;MbIX 'IYlCM Z) rpyrrrry B(2) acex
KOC Yl3 2 HYlTeM na rrJIOCKOCTYl.
Tpyrma B(3) acex KOC na rrJIOCKOCTYl Yl3 Tpex HYlTeM rrOp02K,LIeHa ,LIByMJI
06Pa3YIOIIJ;YlMYl ab, BpaIIJ;aIOIIJ;YlMYl rrapy TO'IeK I, II Yl rrapy TO'IeK II, III
Yl
naoopa JIe2KaIIJ;YlX (B nOM nopamce) na rrpJlMOM TO'IeK (I, II, III), PYlC. 19. 3TYl
,LIBe 06pa3YIOIIJ;Yle y,LIOBJIeTBOpJlIOT COOTHOIIleHYlIO aba bob (,LIOKa3aHHoMY
na PYlC. 19), a ,LIpyrYlX CooTHOIIleHYlM HeT (no ,LIOKa3aTb TpY,LIHee).

PMC. 19. KOChl M3 Tpex HMTeM na IIJIOCKOCTM.

Kocsr na rrJIOCKOCTYl y,LI06HO Yl306pa2KaTb KpYlBhlMYl B TpexMepHOM rrpoc-

TpaHCTBe-BpeMeHYl: ,LIJIJI KOChl Yl3 n HYlTeM r-parpax ,LIBYl2KeHYlJl TO'IeK naoopa
COCTOYlT Yl3 n xpaasrx (xo-ropsae Yl Ha3hlBaIOTCJI HYlTJlMYl), rrpYl'IeM, no Tpa-
,LIYlIJ;YlYl, OCb aricnacc pacnoaar-aercs BepTYlKa.JIbHO Yl OpYleHTYlpOBaHa caepxy
BHYl3 (ara Tpa,LIYlIJ;YlJl 06'hJlCHJleTCJI 06hl'IHhlM pacrrOJI02KeHYleM 3arrJIeTaeMOM
cnepxy BHYl3 KOChl).
H,LI6JI 06'hJlCHeHYlJl ,LIBYJIYlCTHOrO HaKPhlTYlJl BpaIIJ;eHYlM CrrYlHaMYl COCTOYlT
2
B TOM, 'IT06hl paCCMOTpeTb KOChl Yl3 n HYlTeM na ccpepe 8 (aanpmcep,
npa n 4).

36
 B rpyrrrre KOC na rrJIOCKOCTYl HeT ClJIeMeHTOB KOHe'IHOrO nopaaxa: eCJIYl
m-JI creneas KaKOM-JIYl60 KOCbI TPYlBYlaJIbHa, TO OHa Yl cava TPYlBYlaJIbHa. II:JIJI
KOC Yl3 ,LIBYX HYlTeM ClTO O'ieBYl,LIHO, HO Y2Ke npa Tpex HYlTJlX ,LIOKa3aTeJIbCTBO
He CTOJIb rrpOCTO.
Y,LIYlBYlTeJIbHbIM MaTeMaTYl'IeCKYlM ¢aKTOM TeOpYlYl crpepa-recxnx KOC
8 2 6bIBaIOT ClJIeMeHTbI KOHe'IHOrO
JlBJIJleTCJI TO, 'ITO B rpyrrrre KOC na crpepe
nopsmca (aanpauep, BToporo - ,LIJIJI KOC Yl3 'IeTbIpeX HYlTeM).
dTOT TOrrOJIOrYl'IeCKYlM pmyJIbTaT O'IeHb 6JIYl30K K TOMy, 'ITO ¢yH,LIaMeH-
TaJIbHaJI rpyrrrra MHoroo6pa3YlJl 80(3) ~ lRp3 COCTOYlT Yl3 ,LIBYX ClJIeMeHTOB,
TaK 'ITO CrrYlHOBOe narcpsrrae 8 3 ---+ 80(3), COrrOCTaBJIJlIOII:\ee KBaTepHYlOHy
e,LIYlHYl'IHOM HOpMbI 3a,LIaHHOe YlM apameaae, ,LIBYJIYlCTHO.
II. II:YlpaK, KOTOpbIM Yl306p6JI ClTOT MeTO,LI 06'bJlCHeHYlJl CrrYlHOB, npo.ae-
MOHCTpYlpOBaJI ¢Yl3YlKaM ClKCrrepYlMeHTaJIbHOe ,LIOKa3aTeJIbCTBO C¢OPMYJIYlPO-
BaHHoM TeopeMbI 0 crpepa-recxax KOCax. II:JIJI ClTOrO OH peaJIYl30BaJI Hy2KHyIO
c¢epYl'IecKYIO KOCy Yl3 'IeTbIpeX HYlTeM, HeTpYlBYlaJIbHO CBJl3aB ,LIBe KOHIJ;eH-
TpYl'IeCKYle crpepsr 'IeTbIpbMJI BepeBKaMYl B OrpaHYl'IeHHOM YlMYl CJIoe (ClTOT
CJIOM 3aMeHJleT B c¢epYl'IeCKOM CJIy'Iae TpexMepHoe rrpOCTpaHCTBO-BpeMJI,
B KOTOpOM JIe2KaJIYl HYlTYl KOCbI, cooTBeTcTBYIOII:\eM ,LIBYl2KeHYlIO naoopa n TO-
'IeK na rrJIOCKOCTYl).
3aTeM BHYTpYl mapa, OrpaHYl'IeHHOrO MeHbII1eM c¢epoM, rrOMeII:\aeTCJI
eme MeHbII1aJI crpepa, COe,LIYlHeHHaJI C YlCXO,LIHO MeHbII1eM (Terrepb Cpe,LIHeM)
c¢epoM TaK 2Ke, KaK Ta 6bIJIa COe,LIYlHeHa C caMoM 60JIbII10M c¢epoM.
If, HaKOHeIJ;, Cpe,LIHJIJI crpepa YHYl'IT02KaeTCJI. IIocJIe ClTOrO 60JIbII1aJI Yl ca-
MaJI MeHbII1aJI crpepa OKa3bIBaIOTCJI CBJl3aHHbIMYl 4 BepeBKaMYl TPYlBYlaJIbHbIM
06pa30M (nocae ,LIe¢OpMaIJ;YlYl nepeaxa CTaHOBJlTCJI pa,LIYlaJIbHbIMYl), XOTJI YlC-
XO,LIHOe COe,LIYlHeHYle 6bIJIO COBepII1eHHO HeTpYlBYlaJIbHbIM Yl He MOrJIO 6bITb
pacny-raao (C,LIeJIaHO pa,LIYlaJIbHbIM rrOCpe,LICTBOM ,LIe¢OpMaIJ;YlYl B CJIoe Me2K,LIy
OrpaHYl'IYlBaIOII:\YlMYl ero KOHIJ;eHTpYl'IeCKYlMYl C¢epaMYl).
B OTJIYl'IYle OT ¢Yl3YlKOB, MaTeMaTYlKYl ClTOM TeopeMbI TeOpYlYl crpepa-re-
CKYlX KOC 06bI'IHO He 3HaIOT, TaK KaK OHYl cnaaasor He YlHTepeCYIOTCJI.

,.lJ;o6aBJIeHHe
OIIpe~eJIeHHe. <f:>yHKIJ;YlJl, rrepeBO,LIJlII:\aJI BCJlKOe HeHyJIeBOe KOMrrJIeKC-
Hoe 'IYlCJIO Z B

F(z)

Ha3bIBaeTCJI ¢Y'Ii'K'U,ueu JKy'K06C'KOZO.

Teopexra 1. etJy'li'K'U,uJ! JKy'K06C'KOZO nepeeodum O'Kpy'JIC'liocmb Izl r
'lia ruiocxocrm: 'KOMnJl,e'KC'liOU nepescewnot: z 6 ;:JJl,JI,unc C 'U,e'limpOM 6 'liYJl,e C no-

37
Jl,yOCJ!MU a, b, zde 2a r + r- 1 , 2b r - r- 1 , 'lia noocxocmu '1WMnJl,e'KC'liOU
nepeMe'li'liOU w F (z) .
,ZJ;OKa3aTeJIhCTBO. BeII:\eCTBeHHaH Yl MHYlMaH 'IaCTYl 'IYlCJIa Z paaasr
r cos 'P Yl r sin 'P, nOClToMY

1 1
- ( cos 'P - i sin 'P),
Z r
oTKy,LIa

'ITO Yl yTBepLK,LIaJIOCb. D
<f:>YHKIJ;RlI )[(yKoBcKoro ar-paer or-posrayto POJIb B TeXHYlKe, Yl )[(yKOB-
CKYlM BBeJI ee pa,LIYl BhI'IYlCJIeHYlJl nO,LI'helVIHOM CYlJIhI KphIJIa CaMOJIeTa (r-ne OCHO-
BaHHaH na HeM ¢opMyJIa )[(yKoBcKoro oCTaeTCJI ¢YH,LIaMeHTaJIbHoM).
Ho OHa YlMeeT Yl MHOrO ,LIpyrYlX npYlJIOLKeHYlM.
Teopexra 2 (Boznraa}, Omotipaucensie eoeeedeuu» 'KOMnJl,e'KC'libIX wu-
ceJl, 6 »eaopcm, CC ---+ CC, nepeeodsusee Z 6 W Z2, nepeeoinun Zy'K06 ;:JJl,JI,unc
C v,e'limpOM 6 'liYJl,e 6 'libWmO'li06 ;:JJl,JI,unc C ¢O'KyCOM 6 'liYJl,e.
,ZJ;OKa3aTeJIhCTBO. IIYCTb KOMnJIeKCHOe 'IYlCJIO u npooer-aer OKpyLK-
HOCTb lui r. Tor-na KOMnJIeKCHOe 'IYlCJIO Z U + u- 1 nporier-ae-r (no
TeopeMe 1) ryxoa ClJIJIYlnC C no.ayocmor 2a Yl 2b (c IJ;eHTpOM B HyJIe). 3TYlM
cnocofiose MOLKHO nOJIy'IYlTb ClJIJIYlnC C JII06hIM OTHOIIleHYleM ,LIJIYlH no.nyoceii.
KBa,LIpaT 'IYlCJIa Z eCTb
(1)
Ilepnsre ,LIBa CJIaraeMhIX B cyMMe OnYlChIBaIOT (onJlTb no TeopeMe 1)
CHOBa ryxoa ClJIJIYlnC. Ero noayoca YlMeIOT ,LIJIYlHhI 2A r 2 - r- 2 . KBa-
,LIpaT paCCTOJlHYlJl OT IJ;eHTpa ClTOrO ClJIJIYlnCa ,LIO ero ¢oKyca BhI'IYlCJIJleTCJI
no TeopeMe Ilarparopa:

TO eCTb paCCTOJlHYle OT IJ;eHTpa ClJIJIYlnCa {u 2 + u- 2 } ,LIO ero rpoxyca eCTb

20 2. D
CJIe,LIOBaTeJIbHO, nOCJIe yKa3aHHOrO B ¢opMyJIe (1) C,LIBYlra ClJIJIYlnCa na +2
Ha'IaJIO KOOp,LIYlHaT CTaHeT ¢OKyCOM nepeaeceaaoro ClJIJIYlnCa, 'ITO Yl ,LIOKa3hI-
aaer TeopeMy.
3aMe~aHHe. 3TOT pe3YJIbTaT MOLKHO nepecpopwyzapoaam, B ¢Yl3Yl'Ie-
CKYlX TepMYlHax: TpaeKTOpYlYl rapMOHYl'IeCKOrO KOJIe6aHYlJl no aaxony Tyxa

38
aoxpyr Ha'Ia.JIa KOOp,LI¥'lHaT na rrJIOCKOCTYl KOMrrJIeKCHOrO rrepexeemror-o rrepe-
XO,LIJIT npa B03Be,LIeHYlYl KOMrrJIeKCHhIX 'IYlCeJI B KBa,LIpaT B TpaeKTOpYlYl ,LIBYl-
2KeHYlJl no 3aKOHy BCeMYlpHOrO TJlrOTeHYlJl (YlJIYl no 3aKOHy rrpYlTJl2KeHYlJl Ky-
JIOHa) , CYlJIa KOTOpOrO 06paTHO rrporrOPQYlOHa.JIbHa KBa,LIpaTy paCCTOJlHYlJl
,LIO npa'rnr-aaaromer-o nerrrpa. CalVIO ,LIBYl2KeHYle B Hy2KHOe ,LIBYl2KeHYle npa
ClTOM He nepexomrr: CKOpOCTYl rrpOX02K,LIeHYlJl O,LIHOM Op6YlTbI 060YlMYl ,LIBYl2Ke-
HYlJlMYl paaasre,
3aMe~aHl'le. 1I:0Ka3aHHaJI TeopeMa BOJIYlHa YlMeeT 3aMe'IaTeJIbHOe 06-
06II:\eHYle na CJIy'IaM, KOr,LIa B03Be,LIeHYle B KBa,LIpaT 3aMeHeHO na B03Be,LIeHYle
B ,LIpyryIO crenem, 0:. B ClTOM CJIy'Iae Op6YlTbI ,LIBYl2KeHYlJl B none rrpYlTJl2KeHYlJl
(YlJIYl OTTa.JIKYlBaHYlJl) creneaa A nepexonar B Op6YlTbI ,LIJIJI rrOJIJI c'reneaa B,
r,LIe 'IYlCJIa A Yl B CBJl3aHbI COOTHOIIleHYleM ,LIBOMCTBeHHOCTYl,

(A+3)(B+3) 4.
Hanpmrep, 3aKOH Tyxa, ,LIJIJI xo'roporo A I , JlBJIJleTCJI ,LIBOMCTBeHHbIM aa-
KOHy BCeMYlpHOrO TJlrOTeHYlJl, ,LIJIJI xo'ropor-o B-2. B Ka'IeCTBe noxaaa-
TeJIJI creneaa 0: Hy2KHO B 06II:\eM cay-rae BbI6YlpaTb 3Ha'IeHYle 0: (A + 3)/2
(,LIBOMCTBeHHoMy 3aKOHy coo'r-ae-rcr-ayer oripa-raoe npeotipaaoaaaae, 06paT-
HOM creneaa (3 (B + 3)/2 1/0:).
3a~a~a. HaMTYl aBTO,LIBOMCTBeHHbIe 3aKOHbI. (HbIOTOH YlX Y2Ke YlCCJIe-
,LIOBa.JI!)
Y,LIYlBYlTeJIbHbIM 06pa30M, BCJI ara TeOpYlJl ,LIBOMCTBeHHOCTYl rrepeHOCYlTCJI
na CJIy'IaM, KOr,LIa MeCTO CTerreHHOrO npeoopaaoaaaaa W z'" 3aHYlMaeT
JII060M MHOrO'IJIeH (YlJIYl ,LIa2Ke JII06aJI rJIa,LIKaJI B KOMrrJIeKCHOM 06JIaCTYl KOM-
rrJIeKCHaJI ¢YHKQYlJl) W (z) (aarrpauep, W e" YlJIYl W z).
Irr
II:BoMcTBeHHbIe rrOTeHQYla.JIbI na rrJIOCKOCTJlX {z} Yl {w} ,LIaIOTCJI ¢OPMY-
JIaMYl ,LIBYX orrpenenaexcsrx npeoopaaoaanaen BeII:\eCTBeHHbIX ¢YHKQYlM KOM-
rrJIeKCHhIX rrepexsenmax,
U(z)
Ilpeotipaaonaaxe nepeecmrr Op6YlTbI ,LIBYl2KeHYlJl TO'IKYl z C rrOCTOJlHHOM
rrOJIHOM ClHeprYleME B none C rrOTeHQYla.JIbHOM ClHeprYleM U B Op6YlTbI ,LIBYl2Ke-
HYlJl TO'IKYl W C rrOCTOJlHHOM rrOJIHOM ClHeprYleM -1/ E B none C rrOTeHQYla.JIbHOM
ClHeprYleM V.
::::ha y,LIYlBYlTeJIbHaJI ,LIBOMCTBeHHocTb ,LIBYl2KeHYlM B CTOJIb pa3HhIX ,LIByMep-
HhIX rrOJIJlX cOXpaHJleTCJI ,LIJIJI KBaHTOBO-MeXaHYl'IeCKOrO ypaaaenas Illpenna-
repa (R. Faure). Ho HYl KaKYle-JIYl60 0606II:\eHYlJl na ,LIBYl2KeHYlJl B npocrpaa-
CTBax ,LIpyroro 'IYlCJIa Yl3MepeHYlM, HYl KBaTepHYlOHHbIe 0606II:\eHYlJl yKa3aHHOM
,LIBOMCTBeHHOCTYl He Yl3BeCTHbI.

39
JIHTepaTypa K ~06aBJIeHHIO

1. E. Kasner, Differential-Geometric Aspects of Dynamics, AMS, 1913

2. T. Needham, Newton and Transmutation of Force, Amer. Math. Monthly,
100, N~2 (1993), 119-137.
3. B. H. AP'liOJ/,bd, IIceB,LIoKBaTepHMoHHaH reOMeTpMJI, <f>yHKU;. aHa.JIM3 Mero
npMJI., N~l (2002).

40