I'

I.

i'

! I

B. B. COKOJIOBCKI1A

/ ( VI"/v(

rrt/ ,,"),\) <""I,

CTATI1KA CbInY4EA CPE,UbI

113.llAHI1E TPETbE, nEPEPA50TAHHOE 11 .llOnOJlHEHHOE

rOCynAPCTBEHHOE H3nATEnbCTBO <1>H3HKO-MATEMATWIECKOti nHTEPATYPbI MOCKBA 1960

12·5·4

~

l ,

1 I' J

\

,

OfJIABJIEHHE

Flpenacnonae K rpersexy I13.ll:aHHIO.

5 7

r JI a B a I. Ilpeneasnoe paBHOBeCHe CbIDY'IeA cpensr .

§ 1. Ilpenensnsre YCJlOBHlI • • • • • • • • .

§ 2. Ilxocxoe npeneasnoe pasaoaecae CbIl1Y'IeH cpenu § 3. YpaBHeHHlI 11J10CKOrO I1pe.ll:eJlbHOrO paBHoBecHlI

§ 4. Ilpeneasnoe pannosecae ocnosaaaa , .

11 11 20 28 41

r JI a B a II. Hecymas CI10C06HOCTb oCHoBaHHA H OTKOCOB

§ 5. Y.ll:eplKHBalOw:ee HOpMaJlbHOe naaneaae aa OCHOBaHHlI § 6. Paspyuraiouiee HOpMaJlbHOe .lI.aBJleHile na OCHOBaHillI •

§ 7. Y.ll:eplKHBalOw:ee II paspymaiouree HaKJlOHHble .ll:aBJleHHlI . § 8. Hecyuias CI10C06HOCTb OTKOCOB •

§ 9. <PopMa KPIlBOJlIlHeHHblx OTKOCOB

§ 10. Pa3pblBHbie peweHHlI. • • . • •

54 54 63 71 77 86 97

r JI a B a III. ,II,aBJleHHe 3aCbIDKH aa 110.ll.I10pHbie CTeHKH

§ 1 I. AKTIIBHoe .ll:aBJleHHe 3aCblI1KH na nonnopnae CTeHKII

§ 12. Ilaccnanoe .ll:aBJleHHe 3aCblI1KH aa 110.ll:110pHble CTeHKH • § 13. Paapasaae peurenas. JIoMaHble 110.ll:110pHble CTeHKH

§ 14. KPHBOJlHHeHHble I10.ll:110pHble CTeHKH .•.••..•

§ 15. Ilapaae I10.ll:110pHble CTeHKH. • . • . • . • . • . .

§ 16. DJlocKoe I1pe.ll:eJlbHOe paBHoBecHe CJlOHCTOH Cpe.ll:b1 ••

106 106 115 121 130 137 143

r JI a B a IV. Ilpenem.noe pasnoaecae CBSl3HOA cpenu ••

149

§ 17. DJlocKoe I1pe.ll:eJlbHOe paBHoBecile I1.ll:eaJlbHo·cB1I3HOH cpe.ll:b1 • 149

§ 18. Hecyrnaa CI10C06HOCTb OCHOBaHHH. • • • • • • • • • • • • 156

§ 19. <PopMa KPHBOJlHHeAHblx OTKOCOB. Paapuaaue pemeana • • • 162

§ 20 . .llaBJleHHe 3aCblI1KII aa I10.ll:110pHble CTeHKH. Paspsraaue peureaaa 172 § 21. Ilnocxoe npeneasuoe pasaosecae CB1I3HOH cpenu 182 § 22. Ilpeneasnoe YCJlOBHe Cl1eL\I1aJlbHOrO BH.ll:3 • • • . • . . • . • • 191

I I

1

1*

4

OrJlABJlEHIlE

r JI a B a V. npeneJlbHOe paauoaecne secoMoro KJlHHa . . . . . . . . § 23. YpaBHeHHlI 11J10CKOrO npeneasnoro panaoaecaa secoxoro KJlHHa • § 24. Hecyutas CI10C06HOcrb oCHoBaHHH. • • • • • • • • • • • • • . § 25. llaBJleHHe 3aCbIl1KH Ha 110.1l.I10pHble CTeHKH. • • • • • • • • • :, § 26. Paapsraasie peureaas. Hecyutas CI10C06HOCTb CJlOHCrblX OCHOBaHHH

Jlareparypa . . • . . I1MeHHoH yxaaareas , Dpe.1l.MerHblH ysaaareas

198 198 205 213 225

237 241 242

r

I ~ I

I

nPE)J.HCJIOBHE K TPEThEMY H3)J.AHHIO

Hacroauiaa xonorpaeaa, nocaautenaas crarnxe cunysea cpenu Il 1l3J1aralOIll,all reopmo npenensnoro paanonecas, suxonnr B rpersea asnaHIlIl B coaeputenno nepepaooranaoa anne. OHa aarpamaaer umpoxart xpyr BonpOCOB, paccxorpeaaux panee, a raxace pan HOBblX BonpOCOB, pasoopanHblX JlllllIb HenaBHO. Kparxoe co.aepacanae xouorpaqia» cnenyiouiee.

r naaa I naer onacanae reopna nJlOCKOrO npene.n.noro paaaosecna cunysea cpenu, acnonsayiouiee 06bllJHOe npenensnoe ycnonne. IlposeneHO nonp06Hoe HCCJlenOBaHlle ypaBHeHllfi nJlOCKOrO npeneJlbHOrO paBHosecas Il npeoopaaosanne HX K KaHOHlllJeCKOfi cacreae. OCBeIll,eH sonpoc o MeXaHlllJeCKOM nonotinn, IlMelOIll,llfi secsaa 60JlbllIOe auaxeune KaK nJill pacueros, rax Il nJill MOneJlllpOBaHllll. Crpopxynaposana OCHOBHble xpaesue aanasn nJill xaaonasecxort cacreau II naHbl 9q,q,eKrIlBHbIe MerOnbI lJllCJleHHOrO IlHrerpllpoBaHlill.

Paccxorpeaa Ba)!{Hall aanasa crarasn csmyxea cpenu - 0 npene.n.noa pasaosecan OCHOBaHllfi. Onpeneaeaae nCKOMblX peurenaa cnonarcs K KOM- 61lHall,llllM xpaesux aanas nJlll KaHOHlllJeCKOfi CIlCreMbI.

r nasa II conepaorr secsxa cymecrseaaue aanasn - 0 HecYIll,efi cnocotiaocrn OCHOBaHllfi Il orKOCOB. Ilocrpoenae IlCKOMblX peutenna anecs onsrs-raxa npnsonar K KOM6IlHall,llllM xpaesux sanas nJlll KaHOHlllJeCKOfi cncreau, Betony KaK OCHOBHOfi 9J1eMeHr sxonar aexoropoe peurenne C oc060fi rOlJKofi, Koropofi Ha nJlOCKOCrll xapaKrepllcrllK coorBercrByer ll,eJlblfi orpesox xapaxrepncrnxa.

Bonsuroe BHIlMaHlle yneneao aaaaue 0 q,opMe orKOCOB, aaanoravuon npenblnYIll,IlM aanavax. Ilonpoouo paccxorpeau aaaasa 0 q,opMe nasncaioIll,I1X orKOCOB, IlMelOIll,lle paapusaue nons aanpsaceann.

r naaa III nocaauiena KJlaCcll'tjecKIlM aanasaa - 0 naBJleHHIl sacsmsn na nonnopaue creaxn. .LlaHa xnaccatpaxauaa nonnopnux creaox B 3aBIiCIlMocrll or HaKJlOHa IlX 3anHIlX rpanea . .LleraJlbHO pasoopanu sanaxa, raioxe 06J1analOIll,lle paspuanuxn nOJIllMIl Hanpll)!{eHllfi.

DpOBeneHO accnenosaune ypaaaeana nJlOCKOrO npene.n.noro paBHOsecna B Y3KIlX norpanasnux CJlOllX BnOJlb 3anHIlX rpaaea Il nOJlYlJeHbI npIl6J1Il)!{eHHble aarerpanu,

Oc060e xecro saanxaer onncanne reopan nJlOCKOrO npenensnoro pasnoaecna cunysea cpenu co cnoncroa crpyxrypon. 3ra reopas noscaena na secsaa mrrepecaoa sanase 0 aecyuren cnocooaocra CJlOacrux ocaosaaan -.

6

rrpE~llcnOBllE K TPETbEMY ll3~AHllID

r naaa IV co.nepacar reopmo nnocxoro rrpeneasnoro pasaosecns nneaRbHO-CBSl3HOfi cpenu, naurenaoa BI'IYTpeHHero rpenas. OHa auanoruuna reopan nnocxoro naacrauecxoro paBHOBeCHlI H .aaer B03MOiKHOCTb rrORYqllTb peureans MHOrHX saaaa 0 necyuren crroc06HOCTH OCHOBaHllfi H OTKOCOB, a raxxe aanas 0 ~aBneH~ll 3aCbIITKll na nonnopnue CTeHKH. Pa30- 6paHbI aanaua, 06Ra~aIDIII.lle pa3pbIBHbIMH rrORSlMH aanpsaceaua,

KpOMe Toro, 3~eCb rrpHBe~eHa TeopHSI rrROCKoro rrp~~enbHoro paBHOBeCHSI CBSl3HOfi cpenu, acnoasayiouias npenexsnoe ycaosne 06III.ero BH~a. naHO rro~p06Hoe llccRe~oBaHHe ypaBHeHHlt rrROCKoro rrpe~eRbHoro paBHoBecHSI H npeoopasoaanae HX K KaHOHHqeCKOfi cacreae. OKa3bIBaeTCSI, qTO ~RSI nexoropux qaCTHbIX BH~OB npeneasaoro YCROBHSI ypaBHeHHSI npenensaoro paanosecaa llMeIDT npocrue anrerpanu. PaCCMOTpeHbI 3a.naqH o CiKaTHll nonocu H npsaoyroasnaxa, pellIeHI:ISI KOTOPbIX llMeIDT 3aMKHyTYID q,OPMY.

I' nasa V OTHOCHTCSI K npeneasnoxy paaaonecmo H~eaRbHO-CbIITyqerO KRHHa. Ocooeanocrn aneaasuo-canysea cpenu, amuenaoa cuennenas. Il03BORSIIDT nonysrrn, HCKOMble peurenas BCTpeqaIDIII.HXCSI snecs sanan 60.Tlee IlPOCTO, qeM ua OCHOBaHHH 06III.efi reopnn. Y .aaercn paccxorpers aexoropue sanasa, B KOTOPblX o.anoapexenuo llMeIDT MeCTO npenensnue H nenpenem.nue 30HbI. Pa306paHbI sanasa 0 pasaoaecan aacsmen, 0 Hecyuiert cIloc06HOCTH ocaoaanna, 0 ~aBReHHH na no.anopuue CTeHKll. Peurenne scex 9TllX sanas ~oCTHraeTcSI B 3aMKHYTofi q,opMe HRH npnBO~HT K HHTerpHpoBaHHID 06bIKHoBeHHbIx HeRHHefiHhIX ~llq,q,epeHUllaRbHblX ypaaaenan.

Oc060e MeCTO 3aHHMaeT npenensnoe pasnoaecae nneansno-cunysero KRHHa co cnoacrca CTPYKTypofi, B qaCTHOCTH, sanasa 0 necyIII.efi cnoc06HoCTH ClIOllCTbIX ocaoaaaart,

Bee r aaast npoaxmocrpnpoaanu npaaepaxa, xoropue cHa6iKeHbI MHOrOqHCneHHblMll rpaq,llKaMH H Ta6RHuaMll, np"qeM B nocnennax, ~RSI xparxocrn, coxpanenu RllllIb .ana ~eCSlTHqHbIX 3HaKa, XOTlI BbIqHCReHHSl npoaonanacs C 60RbllIefi TOqHOCTbID. Hexoropue H3 9TllX npaaepos llMeIDT UeRbID TORbKO nOSlCHHTb asnaraeaue MeTo~hI, npyrne xce MoryT 6bITb aenocpencrsenuo ncnom.sonaau B npaxrasecxnx pacserax.

Ta6RllUbi COCTaBReHbl nYTeM qllCReHHoro anrerpaposaaaa COOTBeTCTBYIDIII.HX ~llq,q,epeHuHaRbHblx ypasnenan, BbIITORHeHHoro B BuxacnaTeRbHOM ueirrpe AKa~eMllH uayx CCCP.

UHTllpOBaHHaSi mrrepa'rypa ~RSI y~06cTBa cseneaa B oT~eRbHblfi crmCOK, npHnOiKeHHblfi B KOHue MOHorpaq,llH. CCbIRKll B TeKCTe na 9TOT crmCOK KaK scerna. OTMeqeHbI uoxepaaa, CTOllIII.HMH B xaanparaux cK06Kax.

B saxmoveaae aBTop aupaacaer HCKpeHHIDID npaaaarensuocrs acex nHuaM, BbICKa3aBllIllM 3aMeqaHHSI H co06paiKeHHSI no nepsoxy II BTOPOMY H3~aHHSlM. ABTop npnuocnr TaKiKe 6naro~apHOCTb A. M. KOqeTKOBY H 3. H. 5YUbKO aa ax nOMOIII.b npa COCTaBneHHll Ta6nllu H npn no~rOTOBKe pYKonHCH K neqaTH.

MOCKBa, 1958.

B. B. CO~OA08C~Ua

BBE)J.EHHE

B CTaTHKe cbIITyqefi cpenu ll3yqaIDTCSI nanpaaceunue COCTOSlHllSi ~ByX Bll~OB: nanpaacemrue COCTOSlHHSI, npn KOTOPbIX He60RbllIoe ll3MeHeHHe 06beMHbIx llnll nosepxnocrnux CHn eIII.e He MOiKeT BbI3BaTb aapyurenae paBHOBeCHSI, H HanpSliKeHHble COCTOSlHHSI, npn KOTOPblX nexoropoe, ~aiKe xanoe, H3MeHeHHe rex iKe 06beMHbiX H nOBepXHOCTHbIX Clln YiKe npaso~HT K nOTepe paBHOBeCHSI.

HanpSliKeHHbIe COCTOSlHHSI sroporo Bll~a - TaK aaausaeaue npene.nsnue nanpaaceaaue COCTOSlHHSI - uenocpencraeuno 3aBllCSlT OT OCHOBHbIX MeXaHllqeCKllX nOCTOSlHHbIX, xapaKTep"3YIDIII.HX conporasaeaae CbII1yqefi cpenu cnaary, H COCTaBRSlIDT conepncanne reopna npene.n.aoro paBHOBeCI1S1.

OCHOBonOROiKHllK 9TOfi reopan K. KYROH (1773) Cq,0PMYRllpoBaR OCHOBHble nOROiKeHHSI npenensnoro paaaonecna II npllMeHlln HX K onpeneneumo ~aBReHHSI 3aCbIITKll, orpaaavennoa ropaaonransuoa nROCKOCTbID, na BepTHKaRbHYID nonnopnyio cTeHKY C a6coRIDTHO r nanxoa sanaea rpausio, HCXO~SI na nonyuieuna 0 cYIII.eCTBOBaHllH naocxon nosepxnocrn cno.taaaas. Te iKe nonOiKeHHSI 6bIRH HCIlORb30BaHbi Bnocm~~CTBHH npn HaXOiK~eHllH ~aBReHllfi sacunxa, orpanauennoa npoaasonsaon nosepxHOCTbID, na HaKROHHbIe II noxanue nonrropnue CTeHKll C urepoxoaaruxa 3a~HHMH rpansaa. nanee B. PeHKHH (1857) paccxorpea npenensnoe paBHOBeCHe 6eCKOHeqHOrO MaCCHBa, OrpaHHqeHHOrO HaKROHHofi nnOCKOCTbID, BBeR nOHSITHe 0 nOBepxHocTSIX CKORbiKeHllSi H aauren npenensaoe YCJIOBHe, KOTopoe D. E. DaYKep npHMeHHR K oueHKe YCTofiqHBOCTH OCHOBaHllfi. 3aTeM B. 11. KYP~IDMOB (1889) nposea pSl~ sxcnepnaeuroa 0 npe~eRbHOM conpoTHBReHHH ocnoaanaa, SlCHO IlOKa3aBllIHX, qTO napyurenne pasnonecaa nponcxo mrr nYTeM cnonaaana no aexoropua xpaeoaanenHbIM nOBepXHOCTSIM.

HOBbie accaenoaaana no reopnn rrpenensnoro paBHOBeCHSI cocrasann ~Ba HanpaBReHllSi.

Ilepsoe aanpasneane CTaBHT cBoefi ueauo cosnaaae ynp0III.eHHOfi 'reopna npenem-uoro paBHOBeCHSI, ~aIDIII.efi B03MOiKHOCTb paaoapan, paaJlllqHble aanasa npocrenurnan cpe~CTBaMH. OHO 6blRO pa3BHTO C. 11. 6eR- 3eUKllM (1914), r. Kpeeu (1918), H. M. Fepceaanoasrx (1923), H. D. Dy- 3bIpeBcKHM (1923) H B. <l>eneHHycoM (1926), xoropue npHHllManH ~OBORbHO eCTeCTBeHHoe nonyuienne 0 cYIII.eCTBOBaHHll nosepxnocrea cnOR3aHHH

I

I

I

I

I'

8

BBEllEHHE

nexoropux npocreaumx <pOPM - nJlOCKHX, npH3MaTHlJeCKHX HJlH xpyrno-

UHJlHHllpHlJeCKHX. .

YKa3aHHOe .aonyureuae, caonsuiee paCCMOTpeHHe KaiKllOfi 3allalJH K BblSlCHeHHIO caxoro aesuronnoro nOJlOiKeHHSI nOBepXHOCTH CnOJl3aHHSI suopaanoa <pOPMbl, XOTSI H He HMeeT llOCTaTOlJHOrO 060CHOBaHHSI, Hepenxo ace iKe aaer npHeMJleMble pesyxsraru. I103TOMY ynpouieanas TeopHSI, euie ooaee paspaooranaaa 11. I1. Ilpcsodn.esua (1934) H H. 11. Beayxosux (1934), a BnOCJlellCTBHH cHa6iKeHHaSi Yll06HblMH rpa<pHKaMH H Ta6J1HuaMH, no CHX nop eme HMeeT llOBOJlbHO urapoxoe pacnpocrpaaenne.

Bropoe uanpaaneaae, nponoaacaiouiee HlleH B. PeHKHHa, nuraercs nOCTpoHTb crporyio TeopHIO npeaensnoro paBHoBecHSI, noasonmouryio paccaarpnaars paanavnue sanasn H HaXOllHTb coornercraytouine cerxn JIHHHfi C){OJlbiKeHHlI. OHO sener csoe HalJaJIO OT <1>. Ker-repa (1903), KOTOPblfi, B3S1B llH<p<pepeHUHaJIbHble ypaBHeHHSI paBHoBecHSI H npene.n.noe yCJIOBHe B KaiKllofi TOlJKe, COCTaBHJI cHcTeMY ypanneaaa npenem.aoro paBHoBecHSI csmysea cpenu, a 3aTeM npeoopaaosan ee K cooTBeTcTBYIOml1M KPHBOJIHHefiHblM soopnanaraa.

130JIblllOe BJlHSlHHe na nansnemuee pa3BHTHe 3Tolt reopan OKa3aJl JI. I1paHllTJIb (1920), KOTOPbllt nOCTaBHJI H paccaorpea pan aanas 0 nnaCTHlJeCKOM paanosecaa, npaxea nnepaue HCnOJlb30BaJl peureaae C ocorion TOlJKOlt H nYlJKOM npaxux JlIIHHlt CKOJIbiKeHHSI, npoxo.asurax xepea nee. 3TH pesym.raru 6blJIH 3aTeM npnaeaenu r. Peacaepox (1925) Ii B. H. Hosoropueaua (1938) K nexoropua lJaCTHblM saaasaa 06 YCTOltlJUBOCTU OCHOB3HUlt, HO JIHlllb llJISI aesecoaon cunysen cpenu, xorna JlUHHH CKOJIbiKeHUSI XOTSI 6bl o.aaoro ceaeacrsa SlBJISIIOTCSI npSlMblMU II pemenas HMelOT 3aMKHYTylO <POp My.

Conepureano HHblM nYTeM lllJIH T. Kapaau (1927) H A. Kaxo (1934), aayxasume cHcTeMY ypaaaeana npenensnoro paBHoBecHSI aaeansao-cunynero KJII1Ha U npennoacaaume npU6JIHiKeHHble npaexu HX peutenns. I3blJIU paccaorpeau nexoropue aarepecnue xacrnue aanasn 0 llaBJIeHHII 3aCblIlKH na nonnopaue CTeHKH, xorna npocrux peureuaa nocrponrs

YiKe HeJlb3S1. .

Onnaxo see 3TH HCCJlellOBaHHSI U3-3a OTCYTCTBUSI oouiero MeTOlla Mor JlH HaXOllHTb JIHlllb OrpaHHlJeHHOe npuaenenae B npaKTl1lJeCKI1X pacxerax. TaK, aanpnaep , paannsaue nonsmcn HCnOJIb30BaHHSI B sanase 06 YCTOltlJUBOCTH OCHoBaHHlt pe3YJIbTaTOB llJISI nesecoaoa cunysen cpensi He HMeJIH ocoooro ycnexa 11 06bllJHO npUBOllHJlH K cosepurenuo HCKaiKeHHblM pe3YJIbTaTaM.

Hcxonnue parioru asropa (1939) B 3TOlt 06JIaCTH 6blJlH uanpasnenu aa nocrpoeane raxoro oouiero MeTOlla, n03BOJlSllOmerO paccxarpnsars OCHOBHble aanasa llJISI secoaon cunysea cpenu, xorna JlHHUU CKOJIbiKeHUSI 060ux ceaencra CYTb xpnsue, H peurenna YiKe He UMelOT npOCToJ;\ aaMKHYTolt <pOpMhl. B HHX C<P0PMYJlUpOBaHbl H paccaorpenu paana-mue 3aJl.alJII o npeneasnoa paBHOBeCHH, npnsea osens untpotco HCnOJIb30BaHO HeKOTOpoe peurenue C ocoooa TOlJKOlt H nYlJKOM KpHBblX JIUHHn CKOJIbiKeHHSI, npo-

BBEllEHHE

9

XOllSlmHX sepea nee, I10JIYlJeHHble peayni.raru YiKe HeCKOJIbKO n03llHee 6bWH cotipansr B OllHO uenoe II COCTaBHJIH nepsoe usnaane HaCTOSImelt MOHorpa<pUH.

BCJIell aa TeM nOSlBHJIOCb MHoro pa3JIHlJHblX HCCJIellOBaHHlt, H3 KOTOpux B ueJISIX KpaTKOCTH OTMeTHM miun, nexoropue. TaK, C. C. I'o.nyutKeBl1lJ (1948) pa3pa60TaJI rpa<pHlJecKIIlt MeTOll IIHTerpl1pOBaHHSI ypaanenaa npene.m.noro paBHOBeCI1S1, B KOTOPOM CTPOSlTCSI cerxa ,1HHHlt CKOJIbiKeHHSI II cneunansnas noaapuas naarpaxaa; OH JlPOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaJI 3TOT MeTOll npeauyurecraenno aa yace paHee paaoripannux aanasax llJISI aesecoaon 11 secoaort CblIlYlJHX cpea. B. f. l3epe3aHueB (1948) H3YlJI1JI TaK aasuBaeMoe nOJIHOe npelleJIbHOe paBHoBecHe npH HaJIHlJUU oceBolt cHMMeTpHH; OH nOCTpOI1JI MeTOll, n03BOJlSllOmHlt paccxorpen, cooTBeTcTBYlOmue aanasn, 11 npOBeJI HeCKOJIbKO ynanaux 3KcnepHMeHToB 0 npeneasno» conpornnJIeHl111 OCHoBaHHlt.

D.aJIbHeltlllHe parioru asropa (1947-1953) B roa iKe 06JIaCTH HMe,lH csoert uensto, C OllHOlt CTOPOHbl, nocrpoeuae oriuiero MeTOlla, naiomer-o B03MOiKHOCTb paccuarpaaan, saaaua 0 npenem.nox paBHOBeCI1H TaKiKe U ll,~SI CBSl3HOlt cpen bl, C npyron CTOPOHbl, nOJlYlJeHHe MeTOlla, n03BO.~51IDmero llOCTaTOlJHO np ocro pasoapan, pa3JIHlJHble sanasn 0 npene.n.HOM paBHOBeCHH I1lleaJIbHO-CblIlYlJerO KJIHHa. 1l0cTHrHYTble pe3YJIbTaTbI 6wIH 06bellHHeHbI B OllHO uenoe H 06pa30BaJII1 BTopoe 113llaHUe llaHHOlt MOHorpa<pHI1.

Bce 3TH I1CCJIellOBaHI1S1 3HalJI1TeJlbHO pa3BI1J111 TeopHIO npenem.aoro paBHOBeCHSI KaK B OTHOllleHHH pacurapenas xpyra aarparasaeaux BOnpOCOB, TaK H nOBbIllleHHSI 3<p<peKTI1BHOCTH npl1MeHSIeMbIX MeTOllOB, lJTO n03BOJIHJIO elt CTaTb HalleiKHolt OCHOBOlt npUKTUlJeCKI1X paClJeTOB B CTaTHKe cunysea cpenu.

llpaana, noxa eute HMelOT MeCTO 113BeCTHble 3aTpYllHeHHSI, CBSl3aHHble C nOCTpoeHHeM ceTOK JlUHl1lt CKOJIbiKeHHSI 113-3a nexoropoa CJlOiKHOCTH H TpYlloeMKOCTI1 BbIlJI1CJIeHl1lt. OllHaKO 3TH 3aTpYllHeHI1S1 MorYT 6bITb 3HalJHTeJIbHO YMeHbllleHbI HJII1 llaiKe BOBce YCTpaHeHbI nYTeM COCTaBJIeHHSI COOTBeTCTBYlOmHX rpadiaxon H Ta6JIHU, a raiose C03llaHI1S1 acsxoro pona npH6JII1iKeHHbIX npHeMOB. YKa3aHHbIe B03MOiKHOCTH ynpouieans BbIlJl1- CJIeHHlt yiKe HalJaJlH peaJlH30BbIBaTbCSI B 111I1POKHX paaxepax.

I10CJlellHHe pa60TbI asropa (1955-1957) 6bIJlH nOCBSlmeHbI llBYM sanalJaM npeneasnoro paBHOBeCHSI llJISI aecoaoa cblIlYlJelt cpeau, HMelOml1M paspuanue nOJISI uanpsxenaa. OllHa 113 HHX OTHOCI1TCSI K onpenenenmo <pOPMbI KPI1BOJIHHeltHblx OTKOCOB, a npyras KacaeTCSI HaXOiKlleHUSI llaBJleHHlt na KPI1BOJIHHeltHble nonnopnsre CTeHKH.

I3Yllymee pa3BHTHe reopan npenensnoro paBHOBeCHSI aenpexenno llOJliKHO COlJeTaTbCSI C nposenenaea 3KcrrepHMeHTOB, naiounrx He TOJIbKO oouiee npencraaneaue 0 <popMax HapYllleHI1S1 paBHOBeCHSI cunysea cpenu, HO H onpeneaeanue, llOCTaTOlJHO HalleiKHble, KOJIUlJeCTBeHHble pesy JIbTaTbI. OCHOBHaSi uens TaKI1X 3KcrrepHMeHTOB, HMelOml1X, KOHelJHO, 60JIblllOe 3HalJeHl1e, COCTOHT B npoaepxe TeOpeTHlJeCKUX BbIBOllOB H BblSlCHeHHI1 rrpelleJIOB HX rrpI1MeHHMOCTH.

I

\

I

j i 1

I

I

j

i

10

BBE.llEHHE

I1pe.llJIaraeMoe rperse nsnanne 9TO~ MOHOrpaq,HH nOCBlIll.I,eHO TeOpHH nJIOCKOrO npenensnoro paBHOBeCHlI H conepsorr 06ll.1,H~ MeTO.ll peurenns COOTBeTcTByIOll.I,HX sanas. OHO, O.llHaKO, He CTaBHT csoea ueJIbIO HCIJepnuaaiouiee ocaeuteane acex OTHOClIll.I,HXClI ctona HCCJIe.llOBaHH~, xpyr KOTOPblX see 60JIee H 60JIee pacumpsercs, TaK KaK MHome H3 HHX 113.rIOiKeHbI B JIHTepaType H MoryT 61>ITb H3yIJeHbl HenOCpe.llCTBeHHO.

r

I

I I

I

I

fJIABA I

nPE)J.EJIhHOE PABHOBECHE ChlnY4EA CPE)J.hl

§ 1. Ilpeneasnue YCJlOBHH

l

I 1 1

II I

PaCCMOTpHM nexoropyio TOlJKY P cblnylJe~ cpenu H rtpencraaax ce6e KaKYIO-HH6Y.llb 9JIeMeHTapHYIO rrnouianxy, npoxonauiyto nepea 9Ty TOIJKy. Ha 9TO~ nnomanxe npHJIO}({eHO oeucmeumessnoe aanpsxeaue p, oopa- 3YIOllI,ee C HOpMaJIbIO n yron 0 H HMeIOll.I,ee HOpMaJIbHYIO H KaCaTeJIbHYIO

KOMnOHeHTbI On H "n (pHC. 1). Z;;

ConpOTHBJIeHHe cnsary no naaaort nnouianxe cunyIJe~ cpe.au C MaJIotl CB1I3HOCTbIO, KaK YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT sxcne pHMeHTbI MO}({eT 6bITb supaaceuo JIHHetlHo~ 3aBHCHMOCTbIO

Ii

",.

I "n I = on tgp+k,

HMeIOll.I,efi MeCTO npn napyurennn paBHOBeCHlI. 3TO COnpOTHBJIeHHe CJIaraeTClI, CJIe.llOBaTeJIbHO, H3 conporusJIeHHlI OT BHYTpeHHero TpeHHlI H H3 conpOTHBJIeHHlI OT CuenJIeHHlI.

I10CTollHHble p H k npe.llCTaBJIlIIOT cocoa YZO.!l Pile. 1.

etcympennezo mpenust H lCoarjJrjJul{ueflm cuen nenust,

HO BMeCTe C TeM me MO}({HO CIJHTarb aa napaxerpu, xapaxrepesyioutae nOJIHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe csmysen cpenu cnanry.

CbmYlJYIO cpeny, B xoropon OTCYTcTByeT cnenneune (k = 0), Yc.'IOBHMCII Ha3bIBaTb uoeasseo-cunynea, a cpeny, B xoropoa OTCYTcTByeT suyrpeanee rpenne (p = 0), - uoeassuo-censnoa. 3TH cpenu 06JIa.llaIOT HeKOTopblMH xapaxrepauxn oc06eHHOCTlIMH, ua xoropue B .llaJIbHefirneM 6Y.lleT oopauieao ocoooe BHHMaHHe.

3afiMeMClI npezcae scero BbIBO.llOM OCHOBHbIX YC.10BHfi, npH KOTOPbIX B03MO}({HO paBHOBeCHe cunysert cpenu B KaKofi-HH6Y.llb ee snyrpennea TOIJKe.

5ICHO, lJTO COCKaJIb3bIBaHHe no paccaarpuaaeaon 9JIeMeHTapHotl TI.'IOuianxe He 6Y.ller HMerb MeCTa, eCJIH

l"nl<Ontgp+k, npHIJeM 0n>-kctgp.

Y09 :pq,HuHeHT

H=kctgp

12

nPE.LlEJlbHOE PABHOBECHE CblI1yqEfi CPE.LlbI

[r JI. I

SlBJlSleTCSI epe.uetocu » conpomue nenue x BCeCTOpoHHeMy paBHOMepHOMY paCTSI)!{eHHIO. 3TOT K09q)(iJHIJ.HeHT 6Y.LleT llIHPOKO npHMeHSlTbCSI B .LlaJlbHefiIlleM H3J10)!{eHHH.

5Y.LleM TaK)!{e CqHTaTb, qTO ua 9J1eMeHTapHOfi nnouiaaxe npHJlO)!{eHO npueeoennoe nanpszceane p', COCTaBJlSlIOlll,ee C nopxam.io n yron 0' H HMelOlll,ee KOMnOHeHTbI On +H H 'tn. IlpHBe.LleHHOe uanpaxenae npenCTaB.rISIeT cooos paBHO.LleficTBYIOlll,YIO .LlefiCTBHTeJIbHOrO HanpSl)!{eHHSI H HOpMaJIbHOrO C)!{HMalOlll,erO HanpSl)!{eHHSI H.

HepaBeHCTBO, ooecneaaaaxnnee OTCYTCTBHe COCKaJlb3bIBaHHSI, npHHHMaeT -reneps BH.Ll

l'tnl-<:(on+H)tgp, npnsex 0n>-H.

Il09TOMY B CblI1yqHX cpenax, B KOTOPbIX H HeBeJlHKO, B03MO)!{HbI JlHillb He60JIbillHe pacrsmaaioume uopaansuue HanpSI)!{eHHSI, a B H.LleJlbHOcunysax cpenax, xor.aa H = 0, TOJlbKO C)!{HMalOlll,He HOpMaJl1:>HbIe nanps)!{eHHSI. 3TO COCTaBJlSleT HX cyutecrnenaoe OTJlHqHe OT TBep.LlbIX cpen, B KOTOPbIX H BeJlHKO, H, CJIe.LlOBaTeJlbHO, MoryT HMeTb· MeCTO 60JlbillHe aopaansnue aanpaaceana 060HX 3HaKOB.

OqeBH.LlHO, qTO paBHOBeCHe cblI1yqefi cpenu B KaKofi-HH6Y.Llb TOqKe P 6Y.LleT ooecneseno. eCJlH npenstayuiee HepaBeHCTBO OCTaHeTCSI cnpasennaBbIM aa JlI060fi 9J1eMeHTapHofi nnouranxe, npoxonsuiert nepea 9Ty TOQKY.

Oc06eHHO 60JlbillOfi nnrepec npencraanner raxoe paBHOBeCHe, xorna aa scex 9J1eMeHTapHb1X nnomaaxax HMeeT MeCTO HepaBeHCTBO

\'tn\-<:(On+H)tgp,

a ua HeKOTopbIX 9JIeMeHTapHbIX naouianxax - paBeHCTBO I 'tn \ = (0 n + H) tg p.

(1.01 )j

1

( 1.02)

Ilo.Ll06HOe paBHOBeCHe npHHSlTO Ha3bIBaTb npeoessnu:«, a 9J1eMeHTapnue naouranxn, ua KOTOPblX BblI10JlHSleTCSI paseacrso (1.02), n nouiait-

lCaMU ctconsocenu«,

Hanacaaaue COOTHOIlleHHSI (1.01) H (1.02) MoryT 6bITb TaK)!{e aupa)!{eHbI B HHOfi rpopae rrpH noxoma O.LlHOrO yCJlOBHSI

max { \ 'tn I - (on +H) tg pI = O.

06bIQHO CYlll,eCTBYIOT ueaue 30HbI, BO scex TOQKaX KOTOPbIX oopa- 3yeTcSI npeneasaoe paBHOBeCHe. OHH Ha3bIBalOTCSI 30HaMH npenensuoro paBHOBeCHSI HilH npeoessnu-xu 301laMU.

OTMeTHM, QTO .LlJlSl H.LleaJlbHO-CBSl3HOfi cpenu, B xoropos p = 0, na scex naouranxax BMeCTO (1.01) HMeeT MeCTO HepaBeHCTBO

\'tnl-<:k,

a na nnouianxax CKOJlb)!{eHHSI BMeCTO (1.02) paseacrao

§ 1]

nPE.LlEJlbHbIE YCJlOBHSI

13

3TH COOTHOIlleHHSI MoryT 6bITb TaK)!{e npencrasaeau npa nOMOlll,H O.LlHOro yCJlOBHSI

maXI'tn I=k.

Harnaanoe npeacraanenae nanpsxeanoro COCTOSlHHSI B uexoropon ToQKe cpeau aaer .LlHarpaMMa HanpSl)!{eHHfi O. Mopa (pHC. 2). Ilo OCH a6CIJ.HCC na 9TOfi naarpaxxe OTKJla.LlbIBaeTCSI aopxaasnas KOMnOHeHTa on'

6"

Puc. 2.

a rro OCH Op.LlHHaT a6COJllOTHaSi BeJlHQHHa xacarexsaort KOMrrOHeHTbI I 'tn I nanpaxcenan, nertcrayiouier-o aa KaKofi-HH6Y.Llb 9J1eMeHTapHol% nnoinanxe.

HarroMHHM H3BeCTHble ¢OpMyJlbI npe06pa30BaHHSI

B KOTOPblX

1 = cos )" m = cos p., ti = cos 'I

CYTb nanpaaamoume KOClIHYCbI yr JlOB A, p., 'I Me)!{.Lly nopaaauo ti K 9J1eMeHTapHOfi nnoutanse H rJlaBHbIMH OCSlMH 1, 2, 3.

H3 ¢OpMyJl npe06pa30BaHHSI H OQeBH.LlHOro COOTHOIlleHHSI

l2+m2+n2= 1

HeTpY.LlHO asrpaaars aanpaanmonnrs KOCHHYCbI 1, m, ti xepea r naanue HOpMaJlbHble nanpssceaus 01' 02' 03 H KOMrrOHeHTbI On' 'tn' a HMeHHO:

l2

(Cln - Cl2) (Cln - Cl3) + 't; (Cll - Cl2) (Cll - Cl3)

(Cln - Cla)(Cln - Cl1) + 't; (Cl2 - CIS) (Cl2 - Cll)

(Cln - Cl1) (Cln - Cl2) + 't;

(Cl3 - Cll) (Cl3 - Cl2)

cnenyioume 0603HaQeHHSI:

1 1

82=2"(03+01)' 83=2(°1+°2)'

BBe.LleM .LlJlSl Y.Ll06CTBa 1

81 = 2 (°2 +(3),

a raiose

I

I

J I

14

rrPE.llEJlbHOE PABHOBECME CbIIIyqEft CPE.llbI

(r JI. I

6 HarrpaBJllIIOw.lle KOCMHYCbI I, m, ti K 60Jlee Y.ll06HOMY

M rrpeo pa3yeM

BM.llY:

HCHO, qTO see TOqKM C KOOp.llMHaTaMM an II "II' M306paiKaIOw.Me narrplliKeHMlI aa 9J1eMeHTapHott naouianxe, JIeiKaT BHYTPM aesoroporo KPMBOJIllHettHoro TpeyrOJIbHMKa. 3TOT TpeyrOJIbHMK llMeeT BepIllMHbI ua ocn an B TOqKaX PI' P2, Pa C a6ClJ,MCCaMM a1, a2, aa II orpaaasea rpeas

rrOJIYOKpYiKHOCTlIMM:

xoropue llMeIOT uenrpu B TOqKaX QI' Q2' Qa·

TIpM HaJIOiKeHMM .llOrrOJIHllTeJIbHOrO BCeCTOpOHHerO uanpaxeuas pannycu rrOJIYOKpYiKHocTett He M3MeHlIIOTClI, M see necrpoenne cnenraerca B na-

rrpaBJIeHMM OCM an·

B.llOJIb O.llHOit M3 9TllX nOJIYOKpYiKHOCTefi

~ 2 2

(an-S2) +"n=t2,

1t

COSp.= 0, V+A=2"'

a 9JIeMeHTapHble nnoiuanxa npoxonsr sepea rJIaBHYIO OCb 2 M HaKJIOHeHbl K rnaaaort ocn 3 non yrJIOM A. <l>OpMyJIbI rrpe06pa30BaHMlI .llJIlI 9TllX nnomanox llMeIOT 3HaqllTeJIbHO 60JIee npocroa Bll.ll

an=S2-t2cos2A, "n= ± t2sin2A. (1.03)

AHaJIoruqHblM 06pa30M B.llOJIb .llBYX .apyr-ax nOJIyoKpYiKHocTett

2+ 2 t2 9+ 2 t2

(an-Sa) "n= a MJIll (an-S1r "n= 1

IlCHO, qTO

O \ + 1t MJIM cos A = 0,

cos v = , 1\ P. = 2"

§ 1]

nPE.llEJIbHhIE YCJIOBllll

15

a 9JIeMeHTapHble nnomanxa npoxonsr xepes r naanue OCM 3 UJIM 1 M HaKJIOHeHbI K r JIaBHbIM OClIM 1 MJIM 2 non yr JIaMM p. MJIM v, <l>0PMYJIhI npeo6pa30BaHllll .llJIlI TaKllX rrJIOllJ,a.llOK onllTb-TaKM 6Y.llYT

an = Sa - ts cos 2p., "n = ± ts sin 2p.

B.1ll

an = S1 -t1 cos 2v, "n = ± t, sin 2v.

Ilpenensnoe pannosecue cunysea cpenu B TOqKe P MOiKeT 6bITb nOKa3aHO na naarpaaxe aanpazcenaa O. Mopa. B caMOM nene, nepaBeHCTBO (1.01) YCTaHaBJIMBaeT, qTO npu paaaosecna cunysert cpenu nOJIyoKpYil<HOCTll HarrplliKeHMtt He .llOJIiKHbl nepecexars TaK Ha3hIBaeMYIO npenensnyio rrpllMyIO

I"n 1 = (an+H)tgp,

npOBe.lleHHYIO na rrJIOCKOCTll nepenennux an M "n. C .llpyrott CTOPOHhI, paBeHcTBO (1.02) na naomansax CKOJlbiKeHMlI npasomrr K BbIBO.llY, qTO npn npenensnoa paBHOBeCMM TOqKa aa naarpaxae HarrplliKeHlltt, COOTBeTCTBYIOW.all 9TllM naouianxax, .llOJIiKHa O.llHOBpeMeHHO JIeiKaTb ua rrpeneJIbHott npsaort M B YKa3aHHOM auure KPMBOJIllHeitHoM TpeyrOJIbHMKe. 3TO B03MOiKHO nnun, Torna, xorna 60JIbillall rrOJIYOKpYiKHOCTb aanpsxeHMit KacaeTClI rrpeneJIbHOfi rrpllMott B HeKoTopott TOqKe R.

.llJIlI aneaasno-cunysea cpenu, xor.aa k = H = 0, npenensnas npsMall npoxonnr xepea HaqaJIO xoopnnnar, a .llJIlI MneaJIbHO-CB1I3Hott cpenu, xor.aa p = 0, napanaeasna ocn aocuncc.

Ilpaaaaas BO BHllMaHMe (1.03) rrOJIyqllM

~=ctg2IAI=tgp,

dan

a BBO.llll 0603HaqeHMe

ctg 21 A I = tg P MJIll I A I = e.

3Tll COOTHOIlleHllll YCTaHaBJIMBaIOT rrOJIOiKeHMe nnomaaox CKOJIbiKeHMlI, npoxo.asumx xepes rJIaBHYIO OCb 2. TaKMX nnouranox scero nae, OHM HaKJIOHeHbI K r JIaBHoit OCM 1 non yr JIaMll + S II nepecexaiorca non yrJIaMM 2s.

OTCIO.lla cnenyer, qTO B 30Hax npenensuoro paBHOBeCMlI sepea KaiKn.yIO TOqKY npoxonsr nse nOBepXHOCTM, xacareasnue rrJIOCKOCTM K KOTOPblM COBrranaIOT C naouianxaxa CKOJIbiKeHMlI. TaKMe nosepxnocru 06pa3yIOT CMCTeMy nayx M30rOHaJIbHblX ceaencrs M, 06blqHO, Ha3biBaIOTClI noeep xnocms su cuo.uoceuu«.

Hopxansaas II xacarensnas KOMnOHeHTbI uanpaaceaaa an M "n na nnouianxax CKOJIbiKeHllll aupaacaiorcs B anne

I,

I

: I

(1.04)

16

[r JI. 1

rrPE.LlEJIbHOE P ABHOBECHE CblIIyqElt CPE.Llbl

Teneps HeTpY.LlHO BbIBeCTH npeneasaoe YCJIOBHe, rrpe.LlCTaBJIeHHOe xepea S2 H t2• B CaMOM nene, BHOCSI (1.04) B paBeHcTBO (1.02), cpasy )l(e rroilyqHM

t2 =1 t21 = (S2+H) sin p.

(1.05)

DPH .LlPymx nopsnxax HyMepa11.HH r JIaBHblX aopaansuux uanpaace-

HH" /' ~ /' ° HJIH ° ~ a ~ 02 nnoutanxn CKOJlb)l(eHHSI rrpOXO.Ll5lT

Y1 02 ~ V3 ~ 1 3 """ 1"<::::

nepea r nasuue OCH 3 HJIH 1, a BMeCTO (1. 05) 6Y.LleM HMeTb

I t31 = (S3 + H) sin p HJIH I tl I = (Sl + H) sin p.

Ka)l(.Lloe H3 9THX YCJIOBHlt B OT.LleJIbHOCTH 3aBHCHT OT rrOpSl.LlKa HyMepa11.HH rJIaBHblX HOpMaJIbHblX HarrpSl)l(eHHlt. D09TOMY HX CJIe.LlyeT 06be.LlHHHTb B O.LlHO rrpe.LleJIbHOe YCJIOBHe

lit I-(s +H)sinp]llt21-(s2+H)5inp]llt31-(s3+H)sinpl=O, 1 1 . (1.06)

oo.naaaiouiee cHMMeTpHlJHolt ¢opMolL

lla.LlHM reOMeTpHqecKYIO HHTeprrpeTa11.HIO npenensnoro YCJlOBHSI B BH.Lle TaK aasueaeaoa npeoensno« noeep xuocmu, nocrpoenaon B rpexaepnox rrpOCTpaHCTBe °1°2°3.

C 9TOlt 11. eJIbIO npcaenex OCb 01 = 02 = 03, O.LlHHaKOBO HaKJIOHeHHYIO K rJIaBHblM OCSIM I, 2, 3, H HOpMaJIbHYIO rrJIOCKOCTb

01 +°2+°3=0,

npoxonsmyio xepes HalJaJIO KOOp.LlHHaT. 0603HalJHM lJepe3 I, II, III npoex- 11.HH raasnux ocea I, 2, 3 aa YKa3aHHYIO rrJlOCKOCTb (pHC. 3).

o lJeB H.LlHO , 'ITO eCJIH OT6poCHTb orpauaxenae °1'::;;;: °2'::;;;: °3, TO rrpenensnoe YCJIOBHe MO)l(eT 6blTb rrpe.LlCTaBJIeHO B BH.Lle urecrarpanaon napaMH.Llbl, 06pa30BaHHolt TpeMSI napaxn CJIe.LlYIOlll,HX rrJIOCKOCTen:

102-031 = (02+03+ 2H)sin p, Itl1 = (Sl + H) sin p,

103 - 011 = (03+01 + 2H) sin p, It21 = (S2+H) sin p,

1°1- 021 = (01 +02+2H)sinp, I t3\ =(S3+H)sin p,

O HaKJlOHeHHolt K rJlaBHblM OCSIM I, 2, 3, H C aepuia-

C OCbIO, O.LlHHaK BO

HOlt B TOlJKe

Ilepecesenne STolt rrHpaMH.Llbl C rrJIOCKOCTbIO 01 +02+03=0 naer IllecTHyrOJIbHHK CO CTOPOHOlt

- . V3+Sinllp

a=6Y2Hsmp 9-Sinllp

§ 1]

17

rrPE.LlEJIbHbIE YCJIOBHSI

H paaaycox BrrHcaHHOn OKPY)I(HOCTH

r= Vir Hsln p V3 +sinllp

OTMeTHM, 'ITO .LlJlSl H.LleaJlbHO-CBSl3HOn cpensr npeneasnoe YCJIOBHe MO)l(eT 6bITb rrpe.LlCTaBJIeHO B BH.Lle rrpaBHJlbHOn IlleCTHrpaHHoj;\ npnaau, 06pa30BaHHolt TpeMSI rrapaMH TaKHX rrJlOCKOCTefi:

1°2-°31 = 2k, /tll = k,

I °3 - 01 I = 2k, / t21 = k,

1 °1 - °2 I = 2k, I t31 = k

C OCbIO, O.LlHHaKOBO HaKJlOHeHHOn K rJlaBHbIM OCSIM I, 2, 3.

Ilepeceueane 9TOn rrpH3MbI C rrJIOCKOCTbIO

°1+°2+°3=0 .LlaeT rrpaBHJIbHbln IllecTHyrOJlbHHK co CTOPOHOfi

a=2Y'{k

H pa.LlHYCOM snacanuon OKPY)I(HOCTH r = Y2 k.

ConpOTHBJIeHHe C.LlBHry no nanaort nJIOlll,a.LlKe cpensr C 60JIbillOn CBSl3HOCTbIO, KaK rrOKa3bIBaIOT 9KcrrepHMeHTbI 117], MO)l(eT 6bITb supa)l(eHO HeKOTopofi HeJIHHefiHolt 3aBHCH-

~~IO N

I "n 1= P (On),

HMCIOlll,efi MeCTO npn HapYIlleHHH paBHOBeCHSI.

OC06bIlt HHTepeC rrpe.LlCTaBJI5IeT CO- 60n TaKOe paBHOBeCHe CBSl3HOlt Cpe.LlbI B paCCMaTpHBaeMofi TOlJKe P, xorna aa BCeX nnomanxax BbIIIOJIHeHO aepa-

BeHCTBO

l/

I

1 1 "n I -< P (On), (1.07) /

\ I a na HeKOTopbIX rrJIOlll,a.LlKaX paBeHCTBO

l I "n! = peOn)· (1.0S)

j 3TO paBHOBeCHe rrO-rrpe)l(HeMY CJIe.LlyeT Ha3bIBaTb npeoellbHbl.M, a rrJIO-

j ma.LlKH, aa KOTOPblX C06JIIO.LlaeTCSI paBeHCTBO (1.08), - n-aotuaoxa x« CICOllb-

t· I »cetuui,

11 anecs HarrHcaHHble COOTHOIlleHH5I (1.07) H (1.08) MorYT 6bITb

! rrpe.LlCTaBJIeHbI npn noxoum O.LlHOrO YCJIOBHSI

'1' max{I"nl-P(on)}=O.

Ilpeaeasnoe paBHoBecHe CBSl3HOfi cpeasr B TOlJKe P Y.Ll06HO H306paI )f{aTb na nnarpaxae HarrpSl)l(eHHlt O. Mopa. llencTBHTeJIbHo, uepaseaCTBO (1.07) noxaasrsaer, 'ITO npa 06bIlJHOM paBHOBeCHH rrOJlYOKpY)l(HOCTH I· HarrpSI)I(eHHn He .LlOJI)I(HbI nepecexari, npenensuyio KPHBYIO

!"n!=P(On),

PHc.3.

2 3aK. 1288. B. B. COKOJIOBCKHi!

18

nPEllEJlbHOE PABHOBECHE CbInYlJER CPEllbI

[r JI. I

npOBelleHHYIO na nJIOCKOCTH nepeseunux on H "n' Bxecre C TeM paseaCTBO (1.08) na naoiuaaxax CKOJlbiKeHHlI n03BOJllleT 3aKJlIOlJHTb, lJTO npa npelleJlbHOM paBHOBeCHH 60JlbllJall nOJlYOKpYiKHOCTb HanplliKeHHt! xacaercs npelleJlbHolt KPHBOlt B nexoropon TOlJKe R (pHC. 4).

Bee llaJlbHeltllIHe paCCYiKlleHHlI MoryT 6bITb nposenenu aHaJlOrHlJHO

BBeCTH BcnOMOraTeJlbHYIO BeJlHlJHHY p, KOTopall na npenunyuiexy. eCJlH

Pile. 4.

llHarpaMMe HanplliKeHHlt H306paiKaeT yron MeiKllY «acareaenoa K npelleJlbHot! KPHBOtl B TOlJKe R H OCbIO a6CUHCC. I1Mell B BHllY (1.03), no-npenc-

HeMY Hat!lleM

dl'tnl =ctg2IAI=tgp. dan

3TH COOTHOllIeHHlI cpasy iKe onpelleJlllIOT nOJlOiKeHHe llBYX naouianox CKOJlbiKeHHlI. CJlellOBaTeJlbHO, B 30He npelleJlbHOrO paBHOBeCHlI cymecrsyer

cncreaa llBYX ceaencrs nOBepXHOCTelt CKOJlbiKeHHlI. j

HOpMaJlbHall H KaCaTeJlbHall KOMnOHeHTbI nanpaacena» on H "n na I nnouianxax CKOJlbiKeHHlI BblpaiKaIOTClI npa noxounr (1.04).

Tarose nerxo BbIBeCTH npelleJlbHOe yCJlOBHe, npellCTaBJleHHOe sepea S2 I H t2• .llet!CTBHTe.~bHO, nOllCTaBJllIlI (1.04) B paBeHCTBO (1.08) H YlJH- j

TbIBa5I, lJTO pI (on) = tg p, nOJlYlJHM j

t2 = I t21 = / (S2)' (1.09) I

TIpH llPymx nopanxax HYMepaUHH rJlaBHbIX HOpMaJlbHbIX uanpmxeHHt! 02 -< 03 -< 01 HJlH 03 -< 01 -< 02 BMeCTO (1.09) 6YlleM HMeTb

It31=/(S3) HJlH It11=/(Sl)'

'::\ H snecs HeTpYllHO 06bellHHHTb B OllHO

aTH YCJlOBHlI

rrpenensnoe . ,

(1.10) II

! I

YCJlOBHe

HMeIOlll,ee CHMMeTpHlJHYIO ¢OPMY· OCTaHOBHMClI reneps ua cuny-rea Hero TpeHHlI Ul no ropH30HTaJlbHbIM

cpelle, Y KOTOPOtl yroJl BHYTpeHnJlOCKOCTlIM MeHbllIe, lJeM yron '

~

I

§ 1]

nPEllEJlbHbIE YCJlOBHlI

19

BHYTpeHHero TpeHHlI p no llpyrHM nJlOCKOCTlIM Ul< p,

Il 6YlleM Ha3bIBaTb ee cnoucmoti csmysert cpenon.

5lCHO, lJTO COCKaJlb3bIBaH'He no KaKolt-HH6Yllb 9J1eMeHTapHolt nnomaaxe C HopMaJlbIO n, npoxonsuiea sepea 9TY TOlJKY, 6YlleT OTCYTcTBoBaTb,

eCMI

I "n 1 -< (on +H)tgp I "y I -< (Oy+H)tgUl,

B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT roro, 6YlleT JlH naouianxa HaK,10HHa HJlH ropH30HTaJlbHa.

OlJeBHllHO, lJTO paBHOBeCHe CJlOHCTOfi cunysea cpenu B KaKolt-HH6Yllb TOlJKe 3aBHCHT OT BbInOJlHeHHlI nepsoro H3 HanHcaHHbIX HepaBeHCTB na JlI060lt nnouianxe, npoxo.asuiert xepes STy TOlJKY. Oc06eHHO HHTepeCHO raxoe paBHOBeCHe, xor.aa na scex HaKJIOHHbIX nnouranxax HMeeT MeCTO HepaBeHCTBO

l"nl-«on+H)tgp, a ua ropH30HTaJIbHbIX nnouiaaxax - paaeacrao

I "y I = (Oy+H)tgUl.

(1.11)

( 1.12)

3TO pasnoaecne 6YlleM Ha3bIBaTb cneuuassnu u npeoessuu », a ropH30HTaJIbHbIe nnoiuaaxa, na KOTOPbIX C06JIIOlleHO paseacrao (1.12), rro- npeacueay naotuaotca su: CICOllbJICe nun,

06bIlJHO HMeIOT MeCTO uenue 30HbI, BO scex TOlJKaX KOTOPbIX no- 5IB.l5IeTC5I cneunansaoe npenensnoe paBHOBeCHe. OHH Ha3bIBaIOTClI 30HaMH CneUHaJIbHOrO npenensnor-o paBHOBeCHlI HJIH cneuuassnu uu npeoessnu uu 30flaMU.

B 30He CrreUHaJIbHOrO npenensaoro paBHOBeCHlI lJepe3 KaiKllYIO TOlJKY npOXOllHT nJIOCKOCTb CKOJIbiKeHHlI, napaJIJIeJIbHall nJIOCKOCTH ZX.

.llaJlee caenyer HanOMHHTb, lJTO npHMeHHTeJIbHO K rrplIMOJIHHettHofi 11 npaaoyroasnort CHCTeMe xoopnauar X, y, Z aanpsacennoe COCTOllHHe B KaKofi-HH6Yllb TOlJKe MOiKeT 6bITb orrpeneneao rpeas HOpMaJIbHbIMH Ox' 0y, 0z 11 rpexs KaCaTeJlbHbIMH "yz' 'tzx' 'i: xy KOMnOHeHTaMH aanpsxeaas.

DPH 9TOM r naansre aopxansuue uanpaacenaa 01' 02' 03 lIBJllIIOTClI KOpHlIMH Ky6HlJeCKOrO ypaBHeHHlI

ax-aj 'tyx 'tzr

'txy ay - at 'tzy = 0,

'txz 'tyz az-crj

KOTOpbIe seer na nencrnarensuu.

Haor.aa Yll06HO' rrOJIb30BaTbClI raroxe npyrnxu KPI1BOJIHHettHbIMH H OpTOrOHaJlbHbIMH CHCTeMaMH KOOpllHHaT.

TIpl1MeHHTeJIbHO K UHJlHHllpHlJeCKolt CHCTeMe KOOpllHHaT r, e, Z uanpaiKeHHOe COCTOllHHe B TOlJKe MOiKeT 6bITb naao rpexs HOpMaJIbHbIMH Or' OS, OZ H TpeMlI KaCaTeJIbHbIMH "~z' "zr' "rO KOMnOHeHTaMH uanpascenas.

I

2*

[rJI. I I COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.ee Ky61llJeCKOe ypaanenae .lI.JIlI onpenenenaa r JIaBHblX HOp- I MaJIbHblX Harrpll)!{eHlllt aI' O2, 03 cnenyer 113 npenuaymero rrOCJIe saxenu llH.lI.eKCOB x, y, Z na r, a, z.

To )!{e canoe OTHOCllTClI 11 K npyrua KPIlBOJIllHeltHblM 11 oproroaaxs- I !

20

rrPE.lI.EJIbHOE P ABHOBECIlE CblIIYlJElt CPE.lI.bl

HblM CllCTeMaM xoopnasar.

§ 2. nJIOCKOe npeaeasuoe pasuosecae cbIDY'Ieii cpenu

n.!lOCICU.M paanonecaea 6Y.ll.eM aasuaars pasnoaecne 6eCKOHelJHO .lI.JIIlHnoro UIlJIIlH.lI.p"lJeCKOrO IlJIIl npaaaarnseceoro TeJIa non .lI.eltcTBlleM CIlJI, nepnenaaxynapnux K oopaayiouiaa 11 pacnpenenenaux B ax aanpasaenna

paBHoMepHo. I

06bllJHO rrpll 113YlJeHIlIl rrJIOCKorO paaaoaecas npnnnro rrpllMeHlITb ~ rrpllMOJIIlHeltHYIO cacrexy xoopnauar x .y.z, OCb Z KOTOPOlt aanpaanena . I

rrapaJIJIeJIbHO o6pa3YIOlll.llM. r

Koxnoueirru aanpsxenaa 'tyz = 'tz x = 0, a OCTaJIbHble KOMrrOHeHTbF 11

Ox' 0Y' Oz 11 'txy He 3aBilClIT OT xoopnnaaru Z. llJIlI 9TIlX KOMrrOHeHT , npnnsro raxoe npaaano 3HaKOB, lJTo6bl C)!{IlMalOlll.lle nanpaacennn 6bl JIlt 1 rrOJIO)!{IlTeJIbHbIMIl, a pacrsraaatouute orpnuaTeJIbHblMll. 3TO npaanno 3HaKOB lICHO 1l3- puc. 5, aa KOTOPOM 11306pa)!{eHbi rrOJIO)!{Ilrensnue aanpaanenus KOMrrOHeHT.

TaKIlM o6pa30M, npn rrJIOCKOM paauoseCIlIl BMeCTO Harrpll)!{eHlllt B npocrpancrse I .lI.OCTaTOlJHO paccMaTp"BaTb pacrrpe.ll.eJIeHlle 1 Harrpll)!{eHlllt na rrJIOCKOCTIl xy, a BMeCTO 1 Harrpll)!{eHlllt na xaxoa- HIl6Y.ll.b 9JIeMeHTapHolt . nnouianxe MO)!{HO rosopars 0 uanpancenuax

na HeKOTopOM 9JIeMeHTapHOM OTpe3Ke.

Il pescne scero rrOJIYlJllM r nasnue aopaansuue aanpaxenaa 113 npasenennoro suure Ky61llJeCKOrO ypaeueana, xoropoe renepi- CYlll.eCTBeHHO ynpomaercs,

sr E

PHc.5.

a rperse auasenae Oz 3aKJIIOlJeHO Me)!{.lI.Y HIlMIl ornin -<. Oz -<. 0rnax·

CJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHO, 03 11 01 nepexonar B 0rnax Il 0min, a BeJIlllJllHbI

§ 2]

rrJIOCKOE nPE.lI.EJIbHOE PABHOBECIlE CbIIIYlJElt CPE.lI.bl

21

Bblpa)!{alOTClI B KOMrrOHeHTax Harrpll)!{eHllll

s = ~ (0 x + 0y)' t = V-O!-(-0-x--0-y-)2-+-'t-~-y-.

Hepe.ll.KO npn paccaorpenna rrJIOCKOrO paeaosecna Y.ll.06HO rarose HcrrOJIb30BaTb UIlJIIlH.lI.p"lJecKYIO cacrexy xoopnnaar r,a,z, OCb Z KOTOPOlt HarrpaBJIeHa rrapaJIJIeJIbHO ocpaayiomaa. Tor.aa KOMrrOHeHTbI aanpaaceaaa "'IZ = 'tzr = 0, a OCTaJIbHble KOMrrOHeHThI or' o~, Oz 11 'trl He 3aBllClIT OT' KOOp.lI.llHaTbl Z. TIpaBIlJIO 3HaKOB .lI.JIlI 9TIlX KOMrrOHeHT oseaanno 113 puc. 6, aa KOTOPOM noxaaanu nOJIO)!{IlTeJIbHble nanpaaneHIIH KOMrrOHeHT.

Iloaropsa npenunyuiae paccyacaenna, JIerKO y6e.ll.llTbClI, 'ITO BeJIlllJllHbI S 11 t Bblpa311TClI B KOMrrOHeHTax Hanpll)!{eHllll

1 + ~rl 9

S='2(oroa), t=V 4(or-00)2+'t;6.

PaCCMOTpllM TOlJKY P cbIIIYlJelt cpenu Il npenCTaBllM ce6e KaKolt-H1l6Y.ll.b 9JIeMeHTapHbIlt OTpe30K, npoxonsuian lJepe3 9Ty TOlJKy. Ha 9TOM OTpe3Ke rrpHJIO)!{eHO oeucmsumensnoe aanpsacenae p, oopasyiouiee C HOpMaJIblO ti yro.t 0 Il IlMelOlll.ee HOpMaJIbHYIO Il KaCaTeJIbHYIO KOMrrOHeHTbI on 11 'tn' Tall! xce np"JIO)!{eHO npuseoenuoe nanpaxcenne p', COCTaBJIlIlOlll.ee C HOPMa.~blO n yroa 0' 11 orinaaaiouiee KOMrrOHeHTaMll a + H

n r

Ii 'tn (puc. 7). n

YTo6bI onpeneaars KOMnOHeHTbl on 11 'tn' npnxeHllM npenunynme ¢OPMYJIbl (1.03), nepenncanaue CJIe.lI.YIOlll.IlM 06pa30M:

AHaJIOrlllJHblM 06pa30M, lJTo6bI HaltTIl KOMrrOHeHTbl a = S 11 l't 1.= T

n "

ua orpesxax CKOJIb)!{eHllll, IlCrrOJIb3yeM ¢OpMyJIbl (1.04), a IlMeHHO

S=s-tsinp, T=tcosp. (1.14)-

Har JIlI.lI.HOe npencraaaeaae rrJIOCKOrO uanpsnceauoro COCT05lHllll B HeKOTOPOlt TOlJKe P naer naarpaaxa Hanpll)!{eHlllt O. Mopa (puc. 8). TIo OCIl aocuacc na 9TOlt naarpaxse no-npesoreay OTKJIa.ll.bIBaeTClI nopxansnaa KOMrrOHeHTa on' a rro OCII opnnnar - xacarensnaa KOMrrOHeHTa 'tn nanpaseeH1l5l, np"JIO)!{eHHOrO aa KaKoM-HIl6Y.ll.b 9JIeMeHTapHoM orpease. HCHO, 'ITO, ace TOlJKIl P C xoopnanaraxn On 11 'tn JIe)!{aT aa OKPY)!{HOCTIl Hanpll)!{eHlllt.

(On-s)2+'t~ =t2, KOTOpall IlMeeT ueHTp B TOlJKe Q.

On = S - t COS 2)" 'tn = t sin 21.

1I 6Y.lI.eM rrOMHIlTb, 'ITO 'yr JIbl 'I Il ), CB1I3aHbI TaK:

7t '1=2-)"

I I I

r :

I

PHe.6.

(1.13)

Ifl i

PHc.7.

:22

rrPE.LlEJlbHOE PABHOBECHE CbIIIyqElt CPE.Llbl

[r JI. J

OJlOCKOe npenensaoe paBHOBeCHe cunysert cpensr B TOqKe P TaK)J{e MO)J{eT 6blTb H306pa)J{eHO na nnarpaaae Harrpll)J{eHHlt O. Mopa. OPH 9TOM OKPY)J{HOCTb Hanpll)J{eHHlt KaCaeTClI npenem.nux rrpllMblX

nposeneanux aa rrJlOCKOCTH nepexeanux an H tn' B .LlByX CHMMeTpHqHblX TOqKaX R.

BMeCTO nnoutanox CKOJlb)J{eHHlI He06xo.LlHMO paCCMaTpHBaTb Ompe3ICU ctco uocenu«. TaKHX OTpe3KOB ana, OHH HaKJlOHeHbl K aanpaanenmo amax no a yrnaxn =+= 6 H nepecexaiorca non. yrnox 26.

L

OTClO.1la cne.ayer, 'ITO B 30He npene.n.aoro paBHOBeCHlI qepe3 Ka)J{.LlYIO

-ronxy npoxonar .LlBe JIHHHH, xacarensaue K KOTOPblM COBna.LlaIOT C OTpe3KaMH CKOJlb)J{eHHlI. 8TH JlHHHH 06pa3ylOT CHCTeMY .LlByX H30rOHaJlbHbiX (;PMeltcTB Ii Ha3bIBaIOTC5I .IlUflUfl.M!l ctco.uoceuusi.

Ilpenensaoe YCJlOBHe (1.05) YCTaHaBJlHBaeT JIHHeUHYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb Me)J{.LlY S H t BH.Lla:

Pile. 8.

t= (s+H) sin p

HJlH euie 60JIee npocryio JlHHefiHYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb Me)J{.LlY a = S + H H t,

t=asinp.

Ha OCHOBaHHH (1.13) uopxam-aaa H xacare.n.aaa KOMrrOHeHTbl nanpll)J{eHHlI all H tn aa JII060M 9JIeMeHTapHOM OTpe3Ke onpeneamorcs TaK:

an =:l (1- sin p cos 2),,) -H,

tn = a sin p sin 2)",

( 1.15)

a BCJle.LlCTBHe (1.14) KOMnOHeHTbl S H T aa orpesxax CKOJlb)J{eHHlI 6y nyr

S = a cos- p - H.

( 1.16)

T=asinpcosp.

§ 2]

nJlOCKOE nPE.LlEJlbHOE PABHOBECHE CblITyqElt CPE.LlbI

naJlee BbIBe.LleM 3aBHCHMOCTH, cesauaatouiae a H ).. C npaaeneanua Hanpll)J{eHHeM p' H yr JlOM ero OTKJlOHeHHlI 0'.

B uensx npocroru 3anHCH oT6poCHM llITPHXH y 6yKB. T. e. OCTaBHM .11.151 npHBe.LleHHbIX Hanp5l)J{eHHlt re xce 0603HaqeHH5I, 'ITO H .LlJlll .LleUCTBIlTeJJ.bHbIX. TaKHM 06pa30M.

an+H=pcoso, tn=psino HJlH tn=(an+H)tgo.

OqeBH.LlHO, 'ITO yroa ).. 6e3 scnxoro rpyna MO)J{eT 6blTb Bblpa)J{eH uepea yroJl O. B caMOM .LleJle, ypaanenas

sin p sin 2)" = (1 - sin p cos 2),,) tg 0 HJlH

sin (2)" + 0) = s~n 0 sm r

nOCJIe npocrux npeoopasoaanaa naior

)..=(I-x) ~ +- ~ (x~-o)+mr:,

x=±I,

rne m - KaKoe-HH6Y.Llb uenoe qHCJlO. 3.LleCb BBe.LleHO 0603HaqeHHe, npenJlO)J{eHHoe eiue A. Kaxo [61], a HMeHHO

• A sin 0

slnu=-i-' s n p

Kpoxe roro, lICHO, 'ITO BeJlHqHHa npasenennoro nanpaaceuns p .LlOJl)J{Ha 6blTb npencraaneaa qepe3 cpennee npnaeneauoe HOpMaJlbHOe Hanpll)J{e-~ HHe a H yroJl O. nefiCTBHTeJIbHO, BeJlHqHHa

p = a sin Cd ~ %0) = a (cos 0 - x -v COS2 0 - cos- p) sin

H, eCTeCTBeHHO, BOBce He 3aBHCHT OT 3HaKa yraa O.

CJle.LlOBaTeJlbHO, ).. H a npHHHMalOT raxoa BH.Ll:

1t 1

)..= (1-x) 4+2(x~-0)+mr:,

1

j

i I

I

j

a B qaCTHOM caysae 0 = 0 6Y.LlYT )..= (1-x) ~ +m7t.

a= p •

1- v: Sin p

( 1.18)

Llenoe tJHCJlO m HY)J{HO q,HKCHpOBaTb; 06blqHO Y.Ll06HO CqHTaTb, 'ITO m = 0 HJlH m = ± 1.

Ilpenunymne paccyacnenas MorYT 6hiTb 3aMeHeHbI reOMeTpHqeCKHMH nOCTpoeHHlIMH ua naarpaaxe Harrpll)J{eHHlt. neUCTBHTeJlbHOe nanpaxeaae P If )TOJI 0 H306pa)J{eHbl OTpe3KoM OP H yr JlOM ero HaKJlOHa KOCH a6cUHCC. AHaJlOrHtJHblM 06pa30M npaseneaaoe nanpaisenae p' H yron 0' H306pa)J{eHbl OTpe3KOM 0' P H yrJloM ero HaKJlOHa K roa )J{e OCH a6cUl1CC. YrJlbl 'I, ).. H ~ rrpe.LlCTaBJllIIOT cooon nexoropsre yrJlbI na TOlt ')J{e naarpaxae. Bee nocrpoenas OqeBH.LlHbI H, KOHeqHO, He rpeoyior KaKHXJIu60 .LlOrrOJlHHTeJlbHbIX noscneaan.

24

rrPE.LlEJIbHOE PABHOBECHE CbIIIYlJElt CPE.LlbI

[r JI. I

0PH .LlaHHbIX 3HalJeHHSlX p H 0 cyurecrnytor naa pa3JIHlJHbIX nanp aJKeHHbIX COCTOSlHHSI: O.LlHO H3 HHX COOTBeTcTByeT Y. = - I, TaK 'ITO

sin Il

a npyroe OTBelJaeT Y. = + I, H .LlJISI Hero

'/ + = ; _ ~ (~- 0), ),+ = ~ (~- 0),

sin Il

O+=Psin(ll-o)'

3TH aanpsaceaaue COCTOSlHHSI yCJIOBHMCSI Ha3bIBaTb .MUftU.Ma.llbllblM H uaxcu uassnu », TaK KaK

<l+ = sin (Il + 0) :?: 1.

s : sin (Il - 0) ,y

Bce BeJIHlJHHbI, BXO.LlSlmHe B npensrnyuiae <P0PMYJIbI, xoryr 6bITb nOKa3aHbI aa .LlHarpaMMe aanpsaceanrt O. Mopa. OKPYJKHOCTH nanpsoseHHlt, npoxonsuine nepea .LlaHHYIO TO'lKY P, HMelOT uetrrpu B TO'lKaX Q_ H Q+ C a6Cu.HccaMH 8_ H 8+, a TaKJKe paanycu t_ H t ; (pHC. 9).

PHe.9.

O'leBH.LlHO, 'ITO .LlJISI H.LleaJIbHO-CBSl3Hotl cpenu npenensnoe YCJIOBHe

nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO

t=k.

Bee npenunyuine COOTHOllleHHSI TaKJKe MoryT 6bITb 3Ha'lHTeJlbHO

ynpouieau, eCJIH npansrs a = 8 + H H nOJIOJKHTb P = o. tj' I,

TaKHM 06pa30M, HOpMaJIbHaSi H KaCaTeJIbHaSi KOMnOHeHTbI aanpazce-

HHSI on H "n aa JII060M 9.'JeMeHTapHOM OTpe3Ke .LlaIOTCSI TaK:

On = 8 - k COS 2A,

"n = k sin 2A,

a KOMnOHeHTbI S H T na orpeaxax CKOJIbJKeHHSI 6Y.LlYT

S=8, T=k.

§ 21

nJIOCKOE nPE.LlEJIbHOE PABHOBECHE CbIIIY'IElt CPE.LlbI

25

I1HOr.Lla BMeCTO xacareasaon KOMnOHeHTbI HanpSlJKeHHSI "n YMecTHo Hcno.~b30BaTb HOBbIlt yro.r 0, npHHHMaSi BO BHHMaHHe, 'ITO

"n = k sin 20,

I '

i

OlJeBI1.LlHO, 'ITO yroa A onSlTb-TaKI1 MOJKeT 6bITb ssrpaxcen sepea yrO.1 o. B caMOM nene, ypasaeaae

sin 2A = sin 20

Y.= ± I,

cue m - JII060e uenoe '1HC,10.

Kpoxe roro, SlCHO, 'ITO HOpMaJIbHaSi KOMnOHeHTa HanpSl)KeHHSI On = n ,UO.l}l{Ha 6b1Tb npencrasneaa '1epe3 cpennee HOpMaJIbHOe aanpnmeuae 8 II yro.'l O. neltcTBHTeJIbHO, KOMnOHeHTa

n = 8-y.k cos20

H, KOHe'lHO, COBceM He 3aBHCHT OT 3HaKa yrJIa O.

I1TaK, OKOH'IaTeJIbHO A 11 8 HMelOT BI1.Ll

8 = n +y.k cos 20,

( 1.19)

a B lJaCTHOM cnysae 0 = 0 6Y.LlyT A=(1-y.): +m7t,

8=n+y.k.

( 1.20)

Lle.noe '1HCJIO m HY}l{HO qJHKCHpOBaTb; 'lame scero 6Y.LleM C'IHTaTb, 'ITO III = 0 HJIH III = ± 1.

OPH .LlaHHbIX 3Ha'leHHSlX n H 0 cymecTBYIOT nsa pa3JIHlJHbIX aanps}l{eHHbIX COCTOSlHHSI: O.LlHO H3 HHX coorsercrayer Y. = - I, TaK 'ITO

7t .

A =--0

_ 2 '

8_=n-kcos20,

'I_=o,

a npyroe orsesaer Y. = +- I, H .LlJISI Hero

s., = n + k cos 20.

3TH uanpsnceanue COCTOSlHHSI 6Y.LleM Ha3bIBaTb MUIlUMa.llbllblM H MaICcu uassuu », TaK KaK

8+-8_ = 2kcos 20 >0.

I1JIOCKOe npenensaoe paaaosecne CBSl3HOlt cpenu B KaKolt-HH6Y.Llb TO 'IKe P raioxe MOJKeT 6bITb H306pa}l{eHO na naarpaaxe aanpsacenart

26

nPE.lI.EJlbHOE PABHOBECHE CbInyqEIt CPE.lI.bI

[r JI. I

( 10). flpll 9TOM OKPYiKHOCTb Hanp5liKeHHlt KaCaeTC5I npe-

O. Mopa pHC.

.ueJlbHbiX KpHB!>IX

T= peS).

npOBe.ll.eHHblX na nJlOCKOCTH nepeMeHHblx (In H "n. II .lI.BYX CHMMeTpHqHblX TOqKaX R. nyio OTClO.lI.a 51CHO. qTO B 30He npe.ll.eJlbHOrO IJaBHOBeCH5I. -repes KaiK

TOqKY npOXO.ll.51T nne JlHHHH. xoropue COCTaBJl5IIOT CHCTeMY .lI.BYX ceMeltcTB H Ha3bIBaIOTC5I .IlUfl!lflJrtU C/cO.llbJICeflUfl.

PHe. 10.

flpe.ll.eJlbHOe YCJlOBHe (1.09) YCTaHaBJlHBaeT He,1HHeltHYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb MeiK.lI.Y S H t BH.lI.a

t= 1(8).

BnOJlHe onpe.ll.eJleHHYIO

CJle.ll.yeT HMeTb B BH.lI.Y. qTO

dt = If (8) = sin p, ds

~~ = P' (S) = tg p,

,f,,f, eHT H rrepeMeHHbl H CB5I3aHbl

a yro.T1 BHyTpeHHero TpeHH5I p H K09't''t'HUH .1' I,

.lI.Hq,q,epeHUHaJlbHbIM COOTHOllIeHHeM

d_H =_ (J ctg p. dp

TaKHM 06pa30M no-npeaorexy CrrpaBe.ll.JlHBbl BblpaiKeHH5I (1.15) 6HJlH 1

• iKe H5I (J H" na JlIO blX11

(1 16) orrpe.ll.eJl5l1Olll,He KOMnOHeHTbl aanps H n n.

9J1·eMe~TapHblx orpeaxax HJlH aa OTpe3Kax CKOJlbiKeHH5I. AHaJlOrHqH~M l 06pa30M OCTaIOTC5I 6e3 H3MeHeHH5I BblpaiKeHH5I (1.17) HJlH (1.18) • na - ,

ume A B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT P H a.

Te iKe paccyxaeuan MorYT 6blTb 3aMeHeHbi reOMeTpHqeCKHMH rr~-

cTpOeHH5IMH na .lI.HarpaMMe Harrp5liKeHHlt. OHH He rrpe.ll.CTaBJl5IIOT qerO-JlH xO HOBOrO H. CJle.ll.OBaTeJlbHO, He HYiK.lI.aIOTC5I B .lI.OrrOJlHHTeJlbHblX rr05lCHeHH5I •

§ 21

nJlOCKOE nPE.lI.EJlbHOE PABHOBECHE CbInyqElt CPE.lI.bl

27

BBe.lI.eM rrp5lMOJlHHeltHYIO cHcTeMY KOOp.ll.HHaT x ; y H 0603HaqHM. qepe3 cp yroJl MeiK.lI.Y uanpaaneaaea (Jmax H OCblO x. a qepe3 cp + 6 yr JlbI HaKJlOHa JlHHHlt CKOJlbiKeHH5I K Tolt xce OCH x (pHC. 11).

flpHMeH5I5I BblpaiKeHH5I (in H "n • npencranasr KOMrrOHeHTbl uarrpsnceHH5I (J x' cry H "xy sepea nse nepeaennue (J H cp cneayiouta» 06pa30M:

(Jx}=(J(1 ± sinpcos2cp)-H, "Xy=(Jsinpsin2cp. (1.21}

(Jy

OTMeTHM, qTO eCJlH snauenne (J .lI.OCTaTOqHO BeJlHKO, TO K09q,q,HUneHT H nepecraer OKa3bIBaTb CYlll,eCTBeHHOe BJlH5IHHe ua KOMrrOHeHTbI Harrp5liKeHH5I. fl09TOMY npn B03paCTaHHH (J npenexsnoe paBHOBeCHe CTpeMHTC5I K COOTBeTcTBylOlll,eMY npeneasnoxy paBHOBeCHIO aneansnoCbInyqelt cpenu.

1

j ! I

I jl

\

Z' r /vf
« 9'1(/ a:
...
97\:/811
~ / r I
p/.
% t i
L
PRe. 11. PRe. 12. 11

. 1

06paTHMC5I reneps K nonapnon CHCTeMe KOOp.ll.HHaT r, a, KOTOPOlt anorna Y.ll.06HO nOJlb30BaTbC5I, H 0603HaqHM sepea tjJ yroJi MeiK.lI.Y nanpaaneaaex (Jmax H npsxort 0 P, xepea tjJ + I; yr Jlbl HaKJlOHa JlHHHlt CKO.'1biKeHH5I K ron iKe np5lMolt OP (pHC. 12) •

Hcnom.sya supaxeaaa (In H "n. npencrasaa TpH KOMrrOHeHTbl nanpsacenas (Jr' (Jo H "rO sepea (J H tjJ TaK:

(Jr } = (J (1 ± sin p cos 2tjJ) - H, "rij = (J sin p sin 2tjJ. (Js

(1.22)

5ICHO. qTO .lI.JlSI H.lI.eaJlbHO-CBSl3Holt cpenu npenunyuine COOTHOllIeHHSI MoryT 6bITb CYlll,eCTBeHHo ynpoinenu, eCJlH nO.ll.CTaBHTb (J = S + H H rroJlOiKHTb p =, O. Torna BMeCTO (1.21) Halt.ll.eM

(Jx}

= S ± k cos2cp.

(Jy

(1.23)

"xy = k sin 2cp,

a BMeCTO (1.22) 6Y.ll.eM HMeTb

(Jr} = s ± k cos 2~. "rO = k sin 2tjJ.

(J9

(1.24)

OlJeBHllHO, 'ITO B sanasax, xapaxrepasyeaux pa3J1HlJHb1MH BeJlHlJHHaMH p, k H "(, nocnenaae ypaBHeHHSI TO}({lleCTBeHHO coananaior, eCJlH B 9THX sanasax 6e3pa3MepHbie lJHCJla p H "( lip OllHHaKOBbl.

TaKHM o6pa30M, 3aKOH MeXaHHlJeCKOrO nOllo6HSI MO}({eT 6blTb BbICKa- 3aH cnenyroruax 06pa30M: 8 eeo uempusecxu noooiinu» otinacmnx npu OOUftaIC08blX «ucsax p, kip U "(lip nanpstocetuin 8 COOm8emcme ylO Ul,U X mO'lICaX noootiuu, ec iu ouu noaootu: na zp anuuax . PaCCMOTpHM, nanpnaep, HeKOTOpylO 06J1aCTb npenensnoro paBHO-

(1.25) BeCHSI H reOMeTpHlJeCKH nonoonyto elt MOlleJlb, xapaxrepuaa llJlHHa l

I KOTOPOlt yxensurena B N pas. 5IcHO, 'ITO B nonoono pacnonoacennux

TOlJKaX 06J1aCTH H ee MOlleJiH KOMnOHeHTbI HanpSl}({eHHSI 0 0 H t

I 6 x» y xy

, YllYT coananars. eCJlH 06beMHbilt sec , xonena oyner YBeJlHlJeH

t B N pa3.

, I OTMeTHM, 'ITO nexoropue C006pa}({eHHSI 0 MOlleJlHpOBaHHH rtpenens-

1 ner-o paBHOBeCHSI cunysert cpeau 6blJlH npellJlO}({eHbl r. 11. I10KPOB-

1 CKHM [26], a 3aTeM HCnOJlb30BaHbi HM B ij3BeCTHOM xerone nenrporieacnoro MOlleJlHpOBaHHSI.

TOT }({e 3aKOH MeXaHHlJeCKOrO nOllo6HSI MO}({eT 6bITb Cq,0PMYJlHpOBaH

-41 (ox_Oy)2+t;y=sln;p(Ox+cry+2H)2. (1.26) j HeCKOJlbKO naase: 8 zeo uempunecuu noootiuu» otinacmnx npu oouua-

1 IC08blX «uc.aax p U ,lip npuseoenuue «anpnocenu« 8 coomeemcmeyto-

, ' Ui,UX montcax noootinu , ecnu onu nooosnu ua zpanuuax,

CHCTeMa rpex ypaBHeHHJ;\ (1.25) H (1.26) COllep}({HT KaK paa TpH B Ka}({llolt TOlJKe MOlleJiH KOMnOHeHTbl npaaeneauoro HanpSl}({eHHSI

HeH3BecTHbie KOMnOHeHTbl HanpSl}({eHHSI Ox' 0y H t xv: I109TOMY MO}({HO :; x + H, cry + H H tXY 6YllYT B N paa xensure, lJeM B nonoono pac-

CKa3aTb, 'ITO aanasa 0 HaXO)f(lleHHH 9THX KOMnOHeHT HanpSl}({eHHSI npa 1 nonoaceanort TOlJKe 06J1aCTH, eCJlH npnsenennue HanpSl}({eHHSI na rpannuax nmamuwectcu x KOHTYPHblX nanaux cmamU'lecICU onpeoe.!lu.Ma. ! MOlleJiH raiose 6YllYT B N paa MeHbllIe. YBeJlHlJeHHe }({e o6beMHoro seca

OCTaHoBHMcSI na aonpoce 0 MeXaHHlJeCKOM nOllo6HH, KOTOPbllt HMeeT ~ B N paa npn HeH3MeHHbiX reOMeTpHlJeCKHX pasxepax paccsarpaaaeaoa 60JlbllIOe 3HalJeHHe llJlSl llaJlbHeltllIHX paccY}({lleHHJ;\. OH n03BOJlSleT BbISlC- 1 06J1aCTH sneser sa co6olt YBeJlHlJeHHe KOMnOHeHT npnaenenuoro uanpsHHTb, npa KaKHX YCJlOBHSlX npelleJlbHble nOJiSI HanpSl}({eHHlt reouerpa- j }({eHHSI OX +H, 0y +H H txy B N paa, eCJlH npaseneanue HanpSl}({eHHSI lJeCKH nOllo6HbiX o6J1acrelt MexaHHlJeCKH nonocnu, a .TIHHHH CKOJlb}({eHHSI I na rpannuax TaK}({e YBeJlHlJeHbI B N paa.

reoMeTpHlJeCKH nOllo6HbI. ' 3altMeMcSI reneps HCCJlellOBaHHeM OCHOBHOlt CHCTeMbI ypaaaeaan

I1PH paccxorpenan KaKolt-JlH60 KOHKpeTHolt 3allalJH Yllo6HO BBOllHTb nJlOCKOro npenensaoro paBHoBecHSI csmysert cpenu. BHOCSI B llHq,q,epeH-

xapaxrepuue ll.'lSi Hee llJlHHY l H npHBelleHHoe HanpSI}({eHHe p, a raroxe ll,HaJlbHble ypaBHeHHSI paBHoBecHSI (1.25) supaxena» (1.21), TO}({lleCTBeHHO

28

nPEllEJlbHOE PABHOBECHE CbmYlJElt CPEllbI

[r JI. I

CKa}({eM reneps HeCKOJlbKO CJlOB 0 CJlOHCTOlt CbITIYlJelt cpene, KOTOpas y}({e paCCMaTpHBaJlaCb panee.

I1J10CKOe cneUHaJlbHOe npenensuoe paBHOBeCHe TaKoJ;\ cpellbI scnen-

CTBHe (1.12) onpelleJ1S1eTcSI npn nOMOlll,H pasencraa

I txy I = (cry+H) tg (0.

r OpH30HTaJlbHble 9J1eMeHTapHble oTpe3KH, na KOTOPbIX BbITIo.1HeHO I 9TO paBeHcTBO, no-npexneay Ha3blBalOTcSI ompeexauu CICO.!lbJICeftUfl.

B 30He cneUHaJlbHOrO npelleJlbHOrO paBHOBecHSI lJepe3 Ka}({llYIO TOlJKY

aa nJlOCKOCTH x y npoxonar npaaas JlHHHSI CKOJlb}({eHHSI, napaJlJleJlbHaSi I

OCH X'\ I

§ 3. YpaBHeHHH nJlOCKorO npe~eJlbHOrO paBHoBecHH I

06paTHMcSI reneps K ypaBHeHHSlM, onpelleJlSlIOlll,HM nJ10CKOe npeneae- 1 Hoe paBHOBeCHe CbITIYlJelt cpenu, npHMeHSISI 06bllJHYIO CHCTeMY npSlMO- t JlHHeltHblX npSlMoyrOJlbHblX xoopnanar x, Y H ClJHTaSi llJlSl 06lll,HOCTH, 'ITO OCb x HaKJlOHeHa K ropH30HTY nOll yrJlOM a.

OCHOBHblMH ypaBHeHHSlMH npexne scero SlB.'lSiIOTCSI llHq,q,epeHUHaJlb-

Hhle ypaBHeHHSI nJlOCKOrO paBHOBeCHSI

aax a~xy . a~xy aay .

-+-a-=,sma, -a-+-a = (cosa,

ax Y x Y

COllep}({alll,He 06beMHbIlt sec cunyxett cpenu T:

KpOMe roro, aaece HMeeT MeCTO npelleJlbHOe yc.'lOBHe

t=(s+H)sinp,

xoropoe Mo}({eT 6blTb Bblpa}({eHO TaK:

§ 3]

YPABHEHHSI nJlOCKOrO nPEllEJlbHOrO PABHOBECHSI

29

6e3pa3MepHbie nepexeanue

-; =ax+H

x p'

- _Cly+H

0y ,

p

- Y

y=T'

- ~ t=...:!L

xy p

I1peo6pa3yeM cHcTeMY ypasneaurt (1.25) H (1.26) nYTeM nepexo.aa ]{ 9THM 6e3pa3MepHbiM nepeaeansm, a 3aTeM oT6poCHM lJepTOlJKH Hall 6YKBaMH. OKOHlJaTeJlbHO 6YlleM HMeTb

1 ( sin',) p

- 0 -0 )2 +t2 = __ (- +0)2 4 x y xy 4 ~x y'

30

[rn·1

oCHOBH011

) ,

II I

:f (1.271

;1 1

) 1

I

rrPE.llEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CbIIIYlJElt CPE.llbl

ynoaxeraopmomae ycnOBHIO (1.26), npanea K TaK aasuaaexort CHCTeMe ypaBHeHHlt:

(l + sin p cos 2cp) :; + sin p sin 2cp :; -

- 2:J sin p (sin 2cp :~ - cos 2cp ~;) = r sin ex, sin p sin 2cp ~; + (l - sin p cos 2cp) ~; +

+ 20 sin p (cos 2cp ~; + sin 2cp ~~) = I cos ex.

D peoopaayex 9Ty cHcTeMY, acnonssya yron

2e=; -p

Me)J{.llY nHHHSlMH CKonb)J{eHHSI, KOTOPbllt nosaonaer .llOCTHI'HyTb CHM~eTi pHH ypasnenaa (43).

YMHO)J{aSi nepsoe ypasnenae na sin (cp ± e), a sropoe ypaanenn na - cos (cp ± e) H cxnanusan, 6Y.lleM HMeTb

[~cr + 20tgp ~'I' _I sin (a. =+ P)] cos(cp = e)+

ox ox cos P

+[~cr +2etgp~'I'-"( COS(a.=+P)]sin(cp+e)=O. (1.28

uy uy cos P

BblSlCHHM Cne.llYIOlll,Hlt sonpoc: B03MO)J{HO nH npn noxouia cacreau ypaaaennn (1.28) onpenemm, 3HalJeHHSI nepaux npoasaonaux OT HCKOMbl~ q,YHKUHlt 0 H cp rro KOOp.llHHaTaM X H Y B.llOnb KaKolt-HH6Y.llb nHHH~ y = y (x), nposenennoa na rrnOCKOCTH X y. IlnSi sroro Boooonb3yeMCl cncreaoa .aayx ypaaaeana (1.28) H nnyx ypasnenaa I

Ocr Ocr 0'1' 0'1'

de = 71dx +;;- dy, dcp =;;- dx +71dy,

uX oy uX uy .

cnpaaennaasrx B.llO.'lb yxasannoa nHHHH. Jlerxo HaltTH COOTHOllIeHHSI cnenyioutero anna:

Ocr' 0'1' sin (a. =+ p) !l sin ('I' =+= s)

OX + 2atgp Ox = "( cos p + sin ('I' =+= e) dx- cos ('I' =+ e) dy'

Ocr 0'1' cos (ex += p)

oy + 20 tg P oy = "( cos p

!l cos ('I' =+= E)

I

I

! I

Ecaa B npaaux lJaCTSIX 9TH{C paaeacrn 3HaMeHaTenH OTnHlJHbl OT Hynll~ TO 3HalJeHHlI npoassonnux 6YllYT onpenexenu ellHHCTBeHHblM 06pa30M, ecaa 3HaMeHaTenH oopauiaiorcs B Hynb OllHOBpeMeHHO C lJHcnHTenSlMHl

1

- sin ('I' += E) d x - cos ('I' + E) dy'

6. = do + 2a tg pdcp- _I_ [sin (ex + p)dx +cos(ex + p)dy), cos P

§ 3]

YP~BHEHHSI nnOCKoro nPEllEnbHoro PABHOBECHSI

31

TO 3HalJeHHSI npoaaaonuux He ellHHCTBeHHbl, a nHHHlI y = y (X) Ha3b1- BaeTCSI xapalCmepucmUlcou; ecna )J{e 3HaMeHaTenH oopamatorca B nyns, Tor)la KaK lJHCnHTenH OTnHlJHbl OT HynSl, TO 3HalJeHHSI npOH3BOllHbiX 6eCKOHelJHbl, a nHHHSI y = y (x) Ha3bIBaeTClI nunuet: paspuea.

DpHpaBHHBall HynlO OllHOBpeMeHHO lJHCnHTenH H 3HaMeHaTenH B rrpaBblX lJaCTlIX aanncannux paBeHCTB, YCTaHOBHM llHq,q,epeHUHanbHble ypaaHeHHlI xapaKTepHCTHK. OHH COCTOllT H3 CHCTeMbl ypaaaenna

dy=dxtg(cp+e)

( 1.29)

H CHCTeMbl

do + 20 tg P dcp = _I_ [sin (ex + p) dx+ cos (ex + p) dy]. (1.30)

cos p

Cexencreo xapaxrepncrax, onpeaeasesoe BepxHHMH 3HaKaMH, ycnoBHMCSI Ha3b1BaTb nepeu u, a ceaeacrso. nasaeaoe HH)J{HHMH 3HaKaMH,BmOpbl.M.

OCHoBHall CHCTeMa ypaaaeann HMeeT, TaKHM 06pa30M, oea oeacmeume.llbflblX passusuax ce ueacmea xapatcmepucmutc; OHa npnaanaexon-, cneaoaarensno, K zuneptio suwectcouy rnny.

HCHO, lJTO xapaxrepacraxn HaKJlOHeHbI KOCH x non yr JlaMH cp + e, T. e. non TeMH )J{e yr JlaMH, lJTO H nHHHH CKonb)J{eHHlI. Orciona Herrocpe)lCTBeHHO cnenyer, lJTO xapascmepucmutcu «a n.noctcocmu xy sessuomcs; .uinusisu: ctco.uacenu«.

-lepes Ka)J{llYIO TOlJKY paccxarpnaaeaort 06J1aCTH na nJlOCKOCTH x y npoxonsr nne xapaKTepHCTHKH, nepecexaiouiaecn non yr.10M 2e, H, cnenosarem.no, BCSI sra 06J1aCTb noxpsrra cerxon xapaKTepHCTHK.

Ilpapaanasaa HyJlIO TOJlbKO 3HaMeHaTeJlH B npaaux lJaCTlIX rex xce paBeHCTB, aHaJlOrHlJHO npenunyuiexy Haltll.eM llHq,q,epeHUHanbHble ypasHeHHSI JlHHHlt pa3pblBa

dy=dxtg(cp + e).

I1TaK, JlHHHH paapusa 06pa3ylOT C OCblO X yrau cp + e. 3TO noxa- 3bIBaeT, lJTO JlHHHlI paapusa MO)J{eT 6blTb JlHHHelt CKOJlb)J{eHHlI HJlH orH6alOlll,elt JlHHHelt CKOJlb)J{eHHSI.

OTMeTHM, lJTO rrpHMeHSIeMbllt snecs MeTOll suaona ypasaeaaa xapaxTepHCTHK H KaHOHHlJeCKolt CHCTeMbl ypaanenaa 6blJl npenaoaceu B runpaanaxe C. A. XpHCTHaHOBHlJeM [58).

Ha JlHHHSlX paapusa nponaaonnue OT :J H cp HnH OT KOMnOHeHT nanp lI)J{eHHlI OX' 0y H "xy rro xoopnnnaraa x, y oopauiaiorcs B 6ecKOHelJHOCTb, a caua 0 H cp HnH KOMrrOHeHTbl aanpsncenaa ax' 0y H "Xy rrperepneaajor xouexnue CKalJKH. D09TOMY ncxonaue ypaaneaas naior OnHCaHHe rrpellenbHoro paBHOBeCHlI TOJlbKO llO 9THX nHHHlt.

IlonYCTHM, lJTO nepsoe H sropoe cexencraa xapaKTepHCTHK orrpell.eJllllOTCSI COOTBeTCTBeHHO napaaerpaxn A H p.. TIpHMeM ceTKY xapaxrePHCTHK sa KpHBonHHeltHYIO cucrexy xoopnnaar na rrJlOCKOCTH X y H 6y lleM paccaarpasars x, y, 0, cp KaK q,yHKUHH OT A H p._.

nPE.II.EJlbHOE PABHOBECHE CbInyqEfi CPE.II.bI [r-a. ~

Torna ypasaenaa xapaxrepncrnx (1.29) H (1.30) xoryr 6bIT nepenncanu B BH.II.e Y.ll.06HOfi KaHOHHqeCKOfi CHCTeMbI, cocrosiuea H3 .asy

ypaBHeHHfi I

oy ox oy ox _j

OA =OA tg(cp-c), op. = op. tg (cp +10) (1.3q

32

H .ll.ByX .ll.pyrHx ypaBHeHHfi

Ocr 0'1' _ r [. ox OYJ 1 (jf- 2crtgp OA - cos p sin (a -p)(jf+cos(a -p)~ , I

J}

~'J + 2crtgp ~'f =_1_ [Sin (a +p) ~x +cos(a +p) ~YJ.

up. up. cos p up. up.

3aMeTHM, qTO B BbI60pe A H f1 cyiuecrsyer H3BeCTHall cnooona eCJIH BMeCTO A H f1 BBeCTH HOBbie He3aBHCHMbie nepeaennue A* H f1* np I noaouia npOH3BOJIbHbiX q,yHKUHfi

)'* = )'* (1:), f1* = f1* (f1),

(1.32

TO CHCTeMa He H3MeHHTClI.

<l>YHKUHOHaJIbHblfi onpenenarens npe06pa30BaHHlI

o(x,y) ox oy ox oy

o (A, p.) = oj, Op. - Op. ~

npH nepexone OT nepeaeanux x H y K nepeueumaa 6bITb npencraanea B BH.II.e

o (x, y) cos p ox ox

o (A, p.) = cos ('1' + e) cos ('1' - e ) 7fA a;-'

HeTpY.II.HO y6e.ll.HTbclI. qTO: petueuue IWflOflU1ieCICOii cucmeuu ypae nenut: (1.31) u (1.32), O.llfl «omopozo onpeiie numens npeotipasoeanui

D- o (x, y) +- 0

- O(A, p.) •

flB.IlflemCfl petueuue u ypaenenui; (1.28).

Kpoue roro, MO)J{HO YCTaHoBHTb, qTO: O.llfl none.nenus: paspueo. eoos» lCalCoii-flu6YOb .IlUflUU «eoo xoou uo U oocmamoano, «moti

I

eoon» flee onpeoe.nume ns npeotipusoeanun D = O.

Haxoneu, JIerKO noxasan., qTO: eoos» oeutiatouieti xapatcmepucmu na n.aoctcocmu xy onpeiienume.ns npeosp asoeanun D = O.

Pasoepea aarepecnun qaCTHblfi cJIyqafi, xorna c06CTBeHHblfi Be OTCYTCTByeT, T. e. xorna 'I = O.

YpaBHeHHlI xapaKTepHCTHK (1.29) OCTaIOTClI TeMH )J{e

dy=dxtg(cp =+= c). a ypaanenaa (1.30) 3HaqHTeJIbHO ynpouiaiorcs do =+= 2crtgpdcp=0.

(L3 II

§ 3] yp A BHEHHII nJlOCKOrO nPE.II.EJlbHOrO P ABHOBECHII

3TH ypaBHeHllll nOCJle BBe.ll.eHHlI HOBOfi q,yHKUHH

ctg Pia

'1..=-2- nk

MoryT 6blTb npoaarerpapoaaau, a HMeHHO

33

x =+= cp = const. (1.34)
KaHoHHqeCKHe yp aBHeHHlI (1. 31) H (1.32) reneps naior
oy ox . oy ox
ae = ar tg (cp -c), a1j = all tg (cp+s), (1.35)
TaK KaK sa napaaerpu A H f1 eCTeCTBeHHO npHHlITb
~=X+cp. "l='1..-cp· (1.36) KOHeqHo, TaKofi Bb160p He3aBHCHMbIX nepeaenuux 3aKOHeH TOJIbKO eCJIH ~ H "l nepexennu. O.ll.HaKO cYlll.eCTBYIOT sacruue peuieaaa, COOTBeTcTByIOlll.He nOCTOllHHblM ~ H "l, TaK aaauaaeaue anrerpaau ypanaeHHfi npenensuoro paBHOBeCHlI. 3TH pemeaas qaCTO BCTpeqaIOTClI B npnJIO)J{eHHlIX II .ll.OJI)J{Hbl 6blTb paccxorpenu OT.II.eJIbHO.

I. ECJIH ~ nOCTOllHHO, rorna KaK "l nepexeaao, TO na OCHOBa" HHH (1.36) BeJIHqHHa cp ecrs q,yHKUHlI TOJIbKO onaoa nepeseaaoa "l' CJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHO, B.II.OJIb nepBoro ceMeltcTBa xapaKTepHCTHK

dy=dxtg(cp-s), cp=const.

I109TOMY

x sin (cp - e) - y cos (cp - e) = const,

cp = const,

a HCKOMbllt HHTerpaJI 6Y.ll.eT

x sin (cp - s):_ y cos (cp - e) = I (cp).

TaKIiM o6pa30M anrerpanu ypasneaaa npenensaoro paBHoBecHSI '1

'1..+cp=eo llJIH cr=ceXP(-2cptgp),}

x sin (cp - e) - y cos (cp - s) = I (cp) (1.37)

conepscar npOH3BOJIbHble nocrosaaue ~ HJIH C H npOH3BOJIbHYIO q,YHKUHIO I (cp).

Ilepsoe cexeacrao xapaxrepacrux na nJlOCKOCTH x y cocroar H3 npllMbIX cp = const, a aropoe ceaeacrso MO)J{eT 6blTb onpeneneao B pe- 3YJIbTaTe HHTerpHpoBaHHlI ypaBHeHHlI

dy=dxtg(cp+s).

Ilocrpoeaaoe peureune HMeeT MeCTO JlHIllb .11.0 OrH6aIOlll.efi npsaux xapaKTepHcTHK • .II.JllI roro qTo6bl HafiTH 9Ty ofH6aIOlll.YIO, caenyer npo.lI.Hq,q,epeHUHpoBaTb unrerpaa (1.37) no cp TaK:

xcos (cp - e) + y sin(cp - s)= If (cp)

3 3aK. 1288. B. B. COKOJIOBCKIIA

34

nPE.lI.EJlbHOE PABHOBECHE chlnYlJEA CPE.lI.bI

I r JI. I

H .lI.06aBHTb TOT iKe anrerpaa (1.37). OKOHlJaTeJlbHO, HCKOMaSi orH6aIOLUaSi onpe.ll.eJlSleTCSI ypaBHeHHSlMH

x=cOS2(cp-E)[ j(ep) ]' y=sin2(cp-E)[ j(ep) ]'.

cos (ep - E) , sin (ep - E)

Oc06eHHO lJaCTO BCTpelJaeTCSI BblpOiK.lI.eHHbltt CJlYlJatt, xorna npsaue xapaKTepHCTHKH npoxonsr sepea O.ll.HY TOlJKY 0 H, caenoaarensno, COCTaBJlSlIOT nYlJOK.

3.l1.eCb Y.lI.06HO BBO.ll.HTb noxspmre KOOp.ll.HHaTbI r, a C nOJlIOCOM B roa iKe TOlJKe 0, HMeSi B BH.lI.Y, lJTO

X = r COS a, y = r sin a.

113 YCJlOBHtt X = Y = 0 OlJeBH.lI.HO, lJTO npOH3BOJlbHaSi <PYHKUHSI f (cp) = 0, a npenunymae aarerpaau (1.37) elll.e 60Jlee ynpouiaiorca

cr=Cexp(-2cptgp), tg(cp-E)--:- ~ llJlH cp= a+E (1.38)

H 3aBllCSlT TOJlbKO OT O.ll.HOtt npOH3BOJlbHott nOCTOSlHHott C.

Kpasue xapaxrepacraxa reneps oc06eHHO npOCThI - OHH npencras- 'II JlSlIOT c060tt JlOrapH<pMHlJeCKHe CnHpaJlH

r exp (- a tg p) = const,

xoropue C YBeJlHlJeHHeM yrna a Y.lI.aJlSlIOTCSI OT TOlJKH O.

2. ECJlH iKe 1) nOCTOSlHHO, ror.aa KaK ~ nepeveano, TO ncnencrsae (1.36) BeJllllJHHa cp ecrs <PYHKUHSI onaoa nepexennort ~. AHa)I0flllJHO npenunyuieay nnrerpanu ypaauenan npeneasaoro pasnoaecaa

X - cp = 1)0 llJlll o = D exp (2cp tg p), }

x sin (cp +E) - Y cos (cp + E) = g (cp)

( 1.39)

Il.MeIOT rrpOH3BOJlbHble nOCTOSlHHble 1)0 HJlH D H npOll3BOJlbHYIO <PYHK- ! "

U"IO g (cp). ~

Ilepsoe cexeacrso xapaxrepucrax aa nJlOCKOCTll xy MOiKeT 6bITb

Hafi.ll.eHO nYTeM HHTerpHpoBaHHSI ypaBHeHHSI

dy = d x tg(cp - E),

a sropoe ceaeacrso COCTOHT H3 npsxux cp = const.

Ornoaiouiaa npnxux xapaxrepacrax .lI.aeTCSI reneps cJle.ll.yIOlll.HMH

ypaBHeHHSlMH:

x = cos- (cp +E) [ g (ep) ]'

cos (ep + E) ,

Hepenxo BCTpelJaeTCSI BblpOiK.lI.eHHbltt cnysan, xorna npsxue xapax-

-repHcTHKH npoxonsr lJepe3 (,.lI.HY TOlJKY 0 H 06pa3YIOT nYlJOK. I"

3.l1.eCb eCTeCTBeHHO npaaeaars nonapaue xoopnunaru r, a C no- •.

JIIOCOM B TOlJKe O. 113 ycnoann x = Y = 0 SlCHO, 'ITO rrpOH3BOJlbHaSl .11

III

~

I '

I

,

§ 3) YPABHEHHSI nJlOCKOrO nPE.lI.EJlbHOrO PABHOBECllSi 35

<PYHKUllSi g (cp) = 0, a mrrerpaau (1.39) ynpouiatorca

cr=Dexp(2cptgp), tg(cp+E)= ~ HJlH cp=a-E (l.40)

II 3aBHCSlT JlHllIb OT o.aaort npoasaoxsnoa nOCTOSlHHott D.

Kpasue xapaxrepucrnxa SlBJlSlIOTCSI JlOrap"<pMHlJeCKHM" CrrHpaJISIMll

r exp (a tg p) = const,

«oropsre C ysenaseaaea yr na a npH6J1HiKaIOTCSI K TOlJKe O.

3. ECJlH, aaxoaeu, ~ H 1) nOCTOSlHHbI, TO cr II cp rarose nOCTOSlHHbI.

TIepBoe H sropoe cexeacrsa xapaKTepHCTHK 06pa3YIOT aa nJlOCKOCTH xy nse aaoroaam-aste CllCTeMbI napan,1eJIbHbIX npsnux.

B .lI.aJlbHettllIeM lJaCTO npH.lI.eTCSI

BCTpelJaTbCSI C peurenaex : 06h1lJHb1X kpaesux sanas .lI.JISI ypasnennrt (1.35) II C onpeneaenaex npOH3BOJlbHbIX

<PYHKUlltt, sxonsunrx B aarerpaau ~

(1.37) H (1.39).

TIPH 9TOM cnenyer HMeTb B BH.lI.Y, lJTO xapaxrepacraxn na nJlOCKOCTH ~1) MorYT 6bITb asoripaaceuu npaxu-

Mll, napaane.n.nusm KOOp.ll.HHaTHbIM PHC. 13.

OCSlM, a paaencrsa cp = const H

(j = const - npSlMbIMll, rrapaJlJleJlbHblMH 6HcceKTpHcaM xoopnanarnsrx

yr JIOB (pHC. 13).

TIoKaiKeM reneps, KaK npeoopasoaan, ypaBHeHHSI xapaxrepacrnx II xanoaauecxae ypasnenas K HeKoTophlM HOBbIM nepexenaua U II V. C 9TOfi uem.io BMeCTO KOOp.lI.HHaT x H y asenea Yll

- 1 .

x = cos [> Ix SIn (cp +E) - Y cos (cp +E»),

- 1

Y= --[y cos (a;> - E) - x sin (m- E»)

cos P' T'

I

u v .. r

-=- = -= = V cr sin p cos p • x y

HeTpY.ll.HO saaert., lJTO X II Y npencraanmor PHC. 14.

c060tt xoopnnuaru KaKott-HH6Y.ll.b TOqKH OTHO-

CHTeJIbHO ocea, npoxo.aaurax xepea aasaao 0 II nap annem.nux narrpaaneHI1S1M JlHHHtt CKOJlbiKeHHSI B ToR iKe TOqKe (puc, 14).

B pesyasrare YKa33HHoR 3aMeHbI ypaBHeHHSI xapaxrepacrax (1.33) rrpl1HHMaIOT 60Jlee npocToR BH.lI.

du+ vdX =0

cos p ,

(1.41)

3*

a ypaBHeHIISI (1.34) cyutecrsenao yrrpoCTSlTCSI

do + 20 tg P dcp =. (dy + tg P dx).

AHaJIOrHqHbIM 06pa30M KaHOHHqeCKlie ypaBHeHHSI (1.35) 6y.u.YT

j_l_ _ ox oy Ox

O'J.. -ax-tg(cp-s), -ap:-=a;Ltg(cp+s),

a KaHOHHqeCKHe ypaBHeHHSI (1.36) HarrHlIIYTCSI TaK

Ocr ocp (Oy OX) 1

ax- - 20 tg P ax- = 'I dr' - tg Pax-'

Ocr ocp ( oy . OX) JI}

a+20tgp -0 =. -0 +tgp- •

fJ. fJ.. fJ. 0fJ.

B .u.aJIbHefiweM rrOCTOSlHHO npaaercs iu.ieTb .u.eJIO C pelIIeHHeM 06bIqHbIX xpaeaux sanas .u.JISI ypaanenna (1.45) H (1.46).

TIPH 9TOM, onuaxo. HYJKHd rrOMHIItb, qto renepu xapaxrepacraxa aa nJIOCKOCTH e1j YJKe He SlBJIlIIOTCSI rrpllMblMH, rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIMlI KOOP..nIlHaTHbIM OCSlM, KaK npn OTCYTCTBHH 06beMHbIX ClIJI, a H306paJKaIOTCSI fleKOTopbIMH KpHBbIMH.

113 CHCTeMbi ypaaueaaa (1.44) Moryt OblTb 6e3 rpyna BbIB enensr H3- eecraue ypaanennn <1>. Kerrepa, co nepisaume panaycu KpHBH3HbI R}.. II Rp. xapaxrepucrmc - JIlIHHn CKOJIbJKeHHlI nepsoro If sroporo cexeacrs. TaK, nepBoe ypaBHeHHe

do-20tgpdcp='I(dy-tgpdx) . _ rdx cos(cp+s) cos P cos (cp - e)

36

nPE.u.EJIbHOE PABHOBECHE CblI1yqEn CPE.u.bI

a KaHOHHqeCKHe ypaBHeHHH (1.35) 6y.u.YT

ov U OU v

ar+ 2cosp =0, Ihj+ 2cosp =0.

06paTHMCSI Terrepb K 06b1qHOMY CJIyqaIO, xorna c06cTBeHHbIfi aanpaaaea napaJIJIeJIbHO OCH y, T. e. xorna yrOJI a = 0.

YpaBHeHHSI xapaKTepHCTHK (1.33) OCT1\HYTCSI 6e3 H3MeHeHHSI

dy = d x tg (cp + e),

n~HHHMaeT cJIe.u.YIOmHfi BH.u.

da 2 cos (cp + s)

dcp - 0 tg P = - IR}.. cos P ,

a BTopoe ypaBHeHHe 6y.u.eT

dcr

di +20tgp . iR~

cos (cp- s)

, cos p

OqeBH.u.HO, qTO eCJIH <popMa JIHHHfi Cl<OJIbJKeHHlI sanaaa sapanee, ,.. e. eCJIH R}.. H Rp. cyrs H3BeCTHbI~ <pyHKll.HH OT cp, TO rrpe.u.bI.u.ymHe

ypaBHeHHlI MoryT 6bITb rrpOHHTerpHposaHbI. .

(1.43)

(1.44)

(1.45)

( 1.46)

( 1.47)

(1.48)

[r JI. I

(1.42)

Bec

II

§ 3)

37

YPABHEHIIlI rrJIOCKoro rrPE,U.EJIbHOrO PABHOBECHII

YaCTHbIfi caysaa, xorna JIHHlIH CKOJIbJKeHHlI CYTb OKPYJKHOCTH, 6b1JI paccMoTpeH A. KaKO [61), a npyroa qaCTHbIn CJIyqan, xorna JIHHHH CKOJIbJKeHHSI CYTb JIOrapH<pMHqeCKHe CrrHpaJIH,- C. C. rOJIYlIIKeBHqeM [1').

TIpHMeM, aanpnaep, R}..=Rexp(-ncp) H rrpOHHTerpHpyeM ypanueane (1.47) CJIe.u.yIOmHM 06pa30M:

cos Po

0= 00 exp (2cptg p) -.R),. -- sin (cp+s- Po)' cos P

r.u.e 0603HaqeHO

AHaJIOmqHbIM 06pa30M nOJIOJKHM Rp. = R exp (ncp) H npomrrerpapyeM ypaaueuae (1.48) TaK:

0= 00 exp (- 2cp tg p) +. R; cos Po sin (cp - e + Po), r- cos p

3TH pe3YJIbTaTbI, oc06eHHO npu n = 0, xoryt 6bITb C ycnexox npnaeaenu .u.JIlI rrp"6JIHJKeHHblX BbIqHCJIeHHfi.

Teneps He06xo.u.HMO npnnecra npH6JIHJKeHHbIn MeTo.u. peureaas OCHOBHbIX xpaesux sanas, KOTOPbIfi 06JIa.u.aJI 6bI .u.OCTaTOqHOfi 9<p<peKTHBHOCTbIO. Taxon MeTO.u., n03BOJIlIIOmHfi onpenenart, HCKOMbIe <pyHKIJ.HH B KOHeqHOM qHCJIe Y3JIOBbIX TOqeK ceTKH xapaKTepHCTHK, 6y.u.eT H3JIOJKeH rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO K .u.H<p<pepeHIJ.HaJIbHbIM ypaBHeHHlIM (1.43) If (1.44).

YHCJIeHHOe peureuae KOHKpeTHbIx aanax cnenyer npoaonars B 6e3- paaaepnux nepeaeanux, xoropue xor-yr 6bITb BbI6paHbI TaK:

x - y - cr

x =T. y =7" 0 = lfo

OqeBlI.u.HO, qTO .u.JIlI sanax, Y: KOTOPbIX HeT xapaxrepnon .u.JIHHbI l, HO ecrs xapaxrepnoe npnaeneaaoe uanpnxeaae p, HYJKHO rrpHHHMaTb 1 = ott. TaK qTO 6e3pa3MepHble nepeaenaue HMeIOT BH.u.

- "(

x=-x,

p

- "(

y = - y, p

cr

o=p.

.llJIlI aanav, He HMeIOmHX HlI npnseneanoro uanpancenas p,

- r

x=/ix,

xapaxrepuon .u.JIHHbl l, HlI xapaxrepnoro cnenyer CqHTaTb 1 = kl., TaK qTO

- r a

Y:=/iy, 0 =7i.

B ~ IJ.eJIlIX rrpOCTOTbI aanncn OT6poCHM qepTOqKH nan 6YKBaMH, T. e.

COxpaHHM .u.JIlI 6e3pa3MepHbIx nepeaenaux re JKe 0603HaqeHHSI, qTO II oUJISI pasaepnux. TaKHM 06pa30M, qT06bI nepertrn K 9THM 6e3pa3MepHbiM nepeaeanux, .u.OCTaTOqHO BO BCeX <p0pMYJIaX nOJIOJKHTb p = 1, k = 1 II 1= 1.

TIpoBe.u.eM Ha nJIOCKOCTlI A~ xapaKTepHCTHKH

(t, j= 1,2, ... )

38

rrpE.lI.EJIbHOE PABHOBECHE CbIrrYlJEt! CPE.lI.bI

[r JI. J

~ COCTaBllM Ta6JIHUY, B KOTOPOtl xapaxrepucrnxe A = Ai COOTBeTcTByeT l-t! aepraxam.asrrt psn K.~eTOK - cronoeu, a xapaxrepucraxe p. = p.j OTBelJaeT l-tl ropasoaransuurt pll.ll. KJIeTOK - crpoxa. TOlJKY nepecesenaa

TaKHX xapaxrepacrnx aa rrJIOCKOCTH AP. H COOTBeTCTBYIOJlJ,YIO KJIeTKY Ta6JIHUbI 6Y.ll.eM 0603HalJaTb sepea i j,

Paccxorpaa KaKYIO-Hu6Y.ll.b Y3JIOBYlO

TOlJKY ceTKH xapaxrepacrnk H COCe.ll.HUe TOlJKU 1 H 2, pacnoaoacennae COOTBeTCTBeHHO na ropH30HTaJIbHot! H aepruxansnoa xapaxrepacrnxax, rrpOXO.ll.lIJlJ,HX sepea :ny Y3JIOBYlO TOlJKy. Iloxasceu, KaK onpenenars 3HalJeHHlI x ; Y, 0, 9 B yxaaannon y3JIO::?--------~-2 BOtl TOlJKe, eCJIH H3BeCTHbI 3HalJeHHiI Xl> o A Yl' 0t, CPl H x2, Y2' °2, CP2 B COCe.ll.HHX Y3JIOBbIX TOlJKaX 1 U 2.

llJIll npH6JIH)!{eHHOrO HaXO)!{.lI.eHHlI HCKOMbIX BeJIHlJHH cnenyer B .lI.Hq,q,epeHUHaJIbHbiX ypaaneaasx xapaKTepHCTHK (1.43) 3aMeHHTb .lI.Hq,q,epeHUHaJIbI d x ; dy, do, dcp KOHelJHbIMH pa3HocTlIMH

Puc. 15.

X-Xl' Y-Yl' 0-°1, CP-CPl'

a B .lI.Hq,q,epeHUUaJIbHbIX ypaBHeHHlIX xapaKTepHCTHK (1.44) 3aMeHHTb. .lI.Hq,q,epeHUHaJibI dx, dy, do, dcp KOHelJHbIMH pa3HocTlIMH

X-X2' Y-Y2' 0-°2, CP-CP2'

TaKUM 06pa30M, ilMeCTO .lI.Hq,q,epeHUHa.1bHbIX ypaaaeaun (1.43) noJIYlJHM

Y-Yl=(X-Xl)tg(CPl-8), }

a -°1 - 201 (CP--CPl) tgp = Y - Yl -(X - Xl) tgp,

(1.49)

a BMeCTO .lI.uq,q,epeH~Ha.JIbHbIX ypasuenaa (1.44) 6Y.ll.eM HMeTb

Y-Y2=(x-x2)tg(CP2+8), }

° -- °2 + 202 (cp - CP2) tg p = Y - Y2 + (X - X2) tg p.

(1.50)

Il e p s a s x p a e a a s s a n a u a. B.lI.OJIb OTpe3Ka AB sananu 3HalJeHHlI x, Y H 0, cp. Pa3.l1.eJIHM OTpe30K AB aa HeCKOJIbKO sacrert H nocrpona aa rrJIOCKOCTH AP. KOOp.ll.l1HaTHYIO ceTKy xapaKTepHCTHK, KOTOpotl COOTBeTcTByeT HeKOTopall Ta6JIHua.

Ilpasenennsre pexyppenrnue rpopay JIbI (1.49) H (1.50) BMeCTe C rpaHHlJHbIMH .lI.aHHbIMH rr03BOJIlIIOT nposecrn BbllJHCJIeHl1l1 BO scex Y3JIOBbIX TOlJKaX «oopnaaarnort ceTKH xapaKTepHCTHK H BMeCTe C TeM 3arrOJIHHTb cooraercrayioume KJIeTKH Ta6,1HUbI.

Cxexa onpeneneaas 3HalJeHHtl X, Y, 0, cP B KaKotl-HH6Y.ll.b BHYTpeHHet! Y3JIOBOtl TOlJKe ITO 3HalJeHHlIM Xl' Yl' °1, CPl H X2, Y2' °2, CP2 B COCe.ll.HUX TOlJKaX 1 Ii 2 H306pa)!{eHa aa pHC. 15.

§ 3]

39

YPABHEHHII rrJIOCKOrO rrPE.lI.EJIbHOrO PABHOBECHII

BCJIe.ll.CTBHe cYJlJ,eCTBOBaHl1l1 H e.ll.HHCTBeHHOCTH peurennrt MO)!{HO YTBep)!{.lI.aTb, lJTO npa .lI.OCTaTOlJHot! rycrore soopnanarnon ceTKH xapaxTepHcTHK nonyseunue 3HalJeHHlI X, Y H 0, cP naior rrpH6JIH)!{eHHOe peureBHe nepBotl KpaeBotl 3a.ll.alJH.

B TOp a II K P a e B a II 3 a n a lJ a. B.lI.OJIb OTpe3KOB xapaxrepncrnx OA 11 OB sanaau 3HalJeHHlI X, Y H 0, cP, Pa3.l1.eJIHM OTpe3KH OA 11 OB na fJeCKOJlbKO sacrea H rrOCTpOHM na rrJIOCKOCTH AP. KOOp.ll.HHaTHYIO ceTKY xapaKTepHCTHK, xoroport OTBelJaeT HeKOTO- tt

pail Ta6JIHua.

Y CTaHOBJIeHHble pexyppearnue q,OpMy.1bl (1. 49) H (1.50) BMeCTe C rpaHHlJHbIMH .lI.aHHblMH rr03BOJIlIIOT OCYJlJ,eCTBHTb BbIlJHCJIeBUll BO scex BHyTpeHHHx Y3JIOBbIX TOlJKaX KOOp.ll.l1HaTHOfi ceTKH xapaKTepHCTHK H TeM caMblM 3anOJIHHTb ace KJIeTKH Ta6JIHUbI.

Cxexa HaXO)!{.lI.eHHlI 3HalJeHHfi X, Y, 0, cP B KaKofi-HIf6Y.ll.b BHYTpeHHefi Y3JIOBOfi TOlJKe no 3HalJeHHlIM Xl' Yl' 01> CPl H X2, Y2' 02' CP2 B COCe.ll.HHX TOlJKaX 1 H 2 rrpe.ll.CTaBJIeHa Ha puc. 16.

Ocaoausaacs na cYJlJ,eCTBOBaHHI1 H e.ll.HHCTBeHHOCTH peureaun, MO)!{HO yraepacaart., lJTO npa .lI.OCTaTOlJHOfi rycrore KOOp.ll.HHaTHOfi ceTKH xapaxrepucrax aaaneanue 3HalJeHHlI X, Y H 0, cP .aaior rrpH6JIH)!{eHHOe peurenne BTOPOlt xpaeaort sanasa.

Hepenxo BCTpelJalOTClI raiose suponcaennue CJlYlJaH, xor aa B.lI.OJIb O.ll.HOrO H3 orpesxos xapaxrepncrux X = Y = O. Torna 9TH OTpe3KH xapaKTepHCTHK Ha nJIOCKOCTH xy CTlIrHBalOTClI B O.ll.HY TOlJKy.

T p e r bilK P a e B a II 3 a n a lJ a. B.lI.OJIb OTpe3Ka OA 6HcceKTpIfCbI !{OOp.ll.HHaTHOro yr JIa 113BeCTHbI nsa KOHelJHbIX IfJIH .lI.Ifq,q,epeHUIfaJIbHbIX COOTHorneHHiI Me)!{.lI.Y X, Y If 0, cP, a B.lI.OJIb OTpe3Ka OB xapaxrepnCTHKI1 sroporo cexeacrsa 3 anaau 3HalJeHIfll X, Y H 0, cp. Pa3.l1.eJIHM OTpe30K OA aa HeCKOJIbKO nacrea H rrOCTpOHM na rrJIOCKOCTIf AP. KOOP-' .lI.uHaTHYIO ceTKY xapaKTepIfcTHK, KOTOPOlt cooTBeTcTByeT HeKoTopall Ta6JIl1ua.

Y CTaHOBJIeHHble paHee q,0pMy.1Jbl (1.49) H rpanasnue nannue no- 3BOJIlIIOT npoaecra BbIlJHCJIeHHlI BO scex Y3JIOBbIX TOlJKaX orpeaxa 0 A 11 3arrOJIHIfTb KJIeTKH .lI.HarOHaJIbHOrO pana Ta6JIIfUbI, coorsercreyiomero 3TOMY orpesxy.

Cxexa onpenenenns 3HalJeHult X, Y, 0, cP B KaKofi-HIf6Y.ll.b Y3JIOBOlt TOlJKe orpesxa OA no 3HalJeHHlIM Xl' Yl' 01' CPl H Xa' Ya, 0a' CPa B COCe.ll.HHX TOlJKaX 1 H a noxaaana na pHC. 17.

OlJeBH.lI.HO, lJTO nOJIYlJeHHbIe TaKIfM 06pa30M 3HalJeHIf.1I X, Y 11 0, cP npencraaaaior c060lt rrpH6JIH)!{eHHOe peuienae rpersen xpaeaort aanasa. 3HalJeHIfll X, Y If 0, cP MoryT 6bITb sananu TaK)!{e B.lI.OJIb orpesxa OA xapaxrepncruxn nepsoro ceaencrsa, a naa KOHelJHbIX IfJIH .lI.Hq,q,epeHUUaJIbHbIX COOTHorneHHlI Me)!{.lI.Y X, Y H 0, cP H3BeCTHbI B.lI.OJIb orpeaxa OB

A

PIIC. 16.

40

rrPE.n.EJIbHOE PABHOBECHE CbInY'IEit CPE.n.bI

[r JI. I

6HcceKTpHCbI KOOp.n.HHaTHOro yr JIa. ITPH 9TOM cj>OpMyJIbI (1.50) H rpaHH'IHble .n.aHHble rr03BOJISIIOT rrpOBeCTH BbI'IHCJIeHHSI BO scex Y3JIOBbIX ~ TO'lKaX orpesxa OB H 3arrOJIHHTb KJIeTKH .n.HarOHaJIbHOro psna,

Cxeaa HaXQ)K.n.eHHSI 3Ha'leHHit x, y, a, <P B Y3JIOBOit TO'lKe OTpe3Ka OB rro . 3Ha'leHHSlM x2, Y2' a2• <P2 H xb, Yb' ab, <Pb B cocennnx TO'lKaX 2 H b He CO.n.eP)l{HT '1ero-JIH60 noaoro.

4eTBepTaSi x p a e a a s a a n a s a, B.n.OJIb OTpe3KOB OA H OB

sananu rro nsa KOHe'lHbIX HJIH ,llHcj>cj>epeHIJ.HaJIbHbIX COOTHOllIeHHSI Me)l{.n.y

x, Y H a, <p. Pa3.n.eJIHM OTpe3KH OA H OB na HeCKOJIbKO sacrert If rrOCTpOHM aa rrJIOCKOCTH Af1 Koop.n.HHaTHYIO ceTKY xapaKTepHCTHK, KOTOPOit rro-rrpe)l{HeMY OTBe'laeT HeKOTopaSi Ta6JIHIJ.a.

ITpHBe.n.eHHbIe asnue cj>0pMyJIbI (1.49) H rpaaaunsre nannsre rr03BOJISIIOT oCYlll,eCTBHTh BbI'IHCJIeHHSI BO acex Y3JIOBbIX TO'lKaX OTpesxa OA, a cj>OpMyJIbI (1.50) H rpannsnue .n.aHHbIe - BO acex Y3JIOBbIX TO'lKaX OT-

..,J:f._~ ~A peaxa OB. TeM caMbIM OHH .n.aIOT B03MO)l{-

HOCTb 3arrOJIHHTb KJIeTKH nsyx naarouaas-

PHC. 17. HbIX PSl.n.OB Ta6JIHIJ.bI, cooTBeTCTBYIOllI,HX 9THM orpeaxaa.

Cxexa rrOJIY'leHHSI 3Ha'leHHit x, y, a, <P B Y3JIOBbIX rosxax orpesKOB OA HJIH OB rro 3Ha'leHHSlM Xl' Yl' al, <Pl H Xa' Ya, aa' <Pa B COcennax TO'lKaX 1 H a HJIH rro 3Ha'leHHSlM x2, Y2' a2• <P2 H xb, Yb' ab, <PI>

ft 1 B TO'lKaX 2 H b noxaaaaa aa pHC. 18.

5ICHO, 'ITO Hait.n.eHHbIe TaKHM nyrex 3Ha-

'1eHHSI X, Y, a, <P .n.aIOT rrpH6JIH)I{eHHOe pellIeHHe '1eTBepToit KpaeBoit 3a.n.a'lH. 06palll,aeM BHHMaHHe, 'ITO BO BCeX 9THX sanasax aa rrJIOCKOCTH Af1 rrpHHSlTbI npocremnae 06JIaCTH, OrpaHH'IeHHbIe rrpSlMbIMH. O.n.HaKO BCJIe.n.CTBHe CB060.n.bI BbI60pa rrapaxerpoa A H f1 re )I{e xpaeaue aanasn JIerKO MoryT 6bITb pacrrpocTpaHeHbI H aa

..""...._ ·'_~A 60JIee CJIO)l{Hble 06JIaCTH.

Haaecex reneps na rrJIOCKOCTH X Y TO'l-

PHC. 18. KH C BbI'IHCJIeHHbIMH «oopnnuaraan H coenn-

HHM Me)l{.n.y coooa re H3 HHX, KOop.n.HHaTbI KOTOPbIX pacnoaoxenu B O.n.HOM ropH30HTaJIbHOM HJIH B O.n.HOM sepTHKaJIbHOM psaax. TeM caMbIM na rrJIOCKOCTH X Y 6y.n.YT nocrpoenu nse CHCTeMbI JIHHHit, naiouine H306pa)l{eHHe' ceTKH xapaKTepHCTHK.

B Y3JIOBbIX TO'lKaX 9TOit ceTKH naaneau 3Ha'leHHSI a H <P, a caenosa., TeJIbHO, 3Ha'leHHSI scex KOMrrOHeHT nanp axeaaa. ITpH nocrarosnoa ryCTOTe ceTKH MO)l{HO C'IHTaTb, 'ITO KOMrrOHeHTbI nanpaxenas H3BeCTHh\ B JII060ti TO'lKe BHyTpH H aa rpanaue paccaarpaeaeaoa 06JIaCTH.

§ 4]

41

rrPE.n.EJIbHOE PABHOBECHE OCHOBAHHit

OTMeTHM, 'ITO .n.JISI YBeJIH'IeHHSI TO'lHOCTH BbI'IHCJIeHHit cnenyer B peKyppeHTHbIX cj>opMyJIaX (1.49) H (1.50) BMeCTO <Pl H <P2 noncraans'n,

1 1

"2 (<Pl +<p) H "2 (<P2 +<p).

Kpoxe Toro, cnenyer HMeTb B sany, 'ITO CYlll,eCTByIOT npyrae nyra nOBblweHHSI TO'lHOCTH BbI'IHCJIeHHit, xoropue secsaa nonpooao H3JIO)l{eHbI B MOHorpacj>HH .u. 1O. ITaHoBa [25].

4HCJIeHHbiit MeTO.n. peurenns xpaesux aanas, H3JIO)l{eHHbIit B suue , MO)l{eT 6bITb 3aMeHeH .n.pyrHMH rrpH6JIH)I{eHHbIMH npaexaxn, nanpaxep rp arpn'1eCKHM Tason rtpaex B CTaTHKe cunysert cpeau rrOJIy'lHJI 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOe pa3BHT~e 6JIaro.n.apSi HCCJIe.n.OllaHHSlM C. C. rOJIYllIKeBH'Ia [14].

B .n.aJIbHeitllleM 6y.n.eT rrpHMeHSlTbCSI TOJIbKO H3JIO)l{eHHbIit ssuue '1HCJIeHHblit MeTO.n., TaK KaK OH; KOHe'lHO, 60Jlee ynooea H 3cj>cj>eKTHBeH, qeM KaKHe 6bI TO HH 6b1JIO rpaqmsecxae rrpHe~bI.

§ 4. npe.n.enbHoe paBHoBecHe oCHoBaHHH

I1cCJIe.n.OBaHHe nonert HarrpSl)l{eHHit B OCHOBaHHSlX cnenyer nasare C npocreamea aanasn 06 onpenenennn HarrpSl)l{eHHit BHyTpH aesoropoa

06JIaCTH rro HX rpaHH'IHbIM 3Ha'leHHSlM. ,

CMblCJI 3TOit aanasa y.n.06HO BblSlCHHTb aa Mo.n.eJIH B anne 06b1KHOBeHHblX rrpY)l{HHHbIX BeCOB, y KOTOPhIX BepTHKaJIbHOe nepexeuteaae '1allIKH aarpynneao TpeHHeM B HarrpaBJISIIOllI,HX.

ECJIH aa qallIKY BeCOB rrOJIO)l{HTb He60JIbllloit rpy3, TO OHa OCTaHeTCSI B paBHOBeCHH BCJIe.n.CTBHe 3Ha'lHTeJIbHorO TpeHHSI B HarrpaBJISIIOllI,HX; eCJIH )I{e rpY3 .n.OCTaTO'lHO BeJIHK, TO .n.JISI paBHOBeCHSI He06xo.1l.HMa .n.orrOJIHHTeJIbHaSi CHJIa aepruxansnoa npyaomu, IT penensHblM paBHOBeCHeM 3THX BeCOB 6y.n.eM Ha3b1BaTb TaKoe HX COCTOSlHHe, npn KOTOPOM CKQJIb yr onno MaJIOe YBeJIH'IeHHe rpy3a HJIH CHJIbI rrpY)l{HHbl auausaer napymenae rrOKOSI. JIerKHe, rro cpasne-. HHIO C rpY30M, BeCbI COOTBeTCTBYIOT aesecoaoa CbIIIY'leit cp ene , a TSI)I{eJIbIe BeCbI OTBe'laIOT cuny'1eit cpene C 061>eMHbIMH CHJIaMH.

PaCCMaTpHBaeMaSi HH)I{e 3a.n.a'la 0 rrpe.n.eJIbHOM paBHOBeCHH OCHoBaHHit aHaJIOrH'IHa cnenyrouiert aanase C aecaxa: aa xauncy rrOJIO)l{eH .n.OCTaTO'lHO

P 6 P .n.eJIHTb CHJIY rrpy)l{HHbI F, '1T06bI

60JIblllOit rpy3 ; rpe yercs orr e .

aecu 6b1JIH B npenensnox paanosecan. O'leBH.n.HO, 'ITO 3Ta saaasa HMeeT .n.Ba peruenaa, O.n.HO H3 KOTOPblX YCTaHaBJIHBaeT CHJIY npyaoma, MeHbruyio rpysa, a npyroe - 60JIbllIyIO CHJIy. Ilepexemenae '1allIKH npa napYllIeHHH npenensnoro paBHOBeCHSI npoacxonar B 3THX CJIY'laSix B pa3HbIX HarrpaBJIeHHSlX, KaK 9TO rrOKa3aHO na pHC. 19 H 20 rryHKTHpOM.

Fpanasasre 3Ha'leHHSI .n.eitcTBHTeJIbHOrO H npnseneanoro HarrpSl)l{eHHit YCJIOBHMCSI B .n.aJIbHeitllleM Ha3bIBaTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO oeacmeumessnu u If npUBeOellllblM .n.aBJIeHHSlMH.

PHC. 19.

PRC. 20 .

42

nPE.n.EJlbHOE PABHOBECIfE CbInY'IEtt CPE.n.bl

[r JI. I

I1pe.n.BapIfTeJIbHO paCCMOTplfM '1aCTHYIO aanaxy, a IfMeHHO: npenem,Hoe pasnosecae OCHOBaHIfSl, OrpaHII'IeHHOro OCblO x, B.n.OJIb KOTOPOtii paBHOMepHO pacrrpe.n.eJIeHO rrplfBe.n.eHHoe HOpMaJIbHOe .n.aBJIeHlfe p.

Boanmcaroutee B OCHOBaHlf1f none HarrpmKeHlftt 6y.n.eM Ha3bIBaTb rrpocreaunnr. OHO He aaaacnr OT xoopnaaaru x If onacusaercs .n.lfcpcpepeHIllfaJIbHblMIf ypasnennsxa paBHOBeCIfSl

xoropue MoryT 6blTb npoanrerpnponanu , TaK 'ITO OKOH'IaTCJIbHO

0y+H=P+1Y, 'tXy=O. (1.51)

I109TOMY 1f3 (1.18) nerpynno nOJIy'lIfTb

0= P+IY (1 )~+

1 - 'I. sin p' <jl = - x 4" mTC,

x= ±1,

(1.52)

a BMeCTe C TeM

o + H = (+ ) 1 + ox. sin p

x P lY 1 - ox. sin p •

3aMeTlfM, 'ITO nozryvennue cpOpMyJIbI If nonoonue cpOpMyJIbI B naasHettweM BCJIe.n.CTBlfe TO)l(.n.eCTBa

1 - ox. sin p = (t S)2X

1 + ox. sin p g

xoryr 6blTb npencraaaeau B HeCKOJIbKO If HOM BIf.n.e.

113 npenunymero cnenyer, - 'ITO cpenaee npnaenenaoe HOpMaJIbHOe nanpsaceaae

o=l(o +0 )+H= P+IY •

2 x y l-ox.sinp

JIerKO aanen., 'ITO 3HaK x = - I naer MeHbWlfe, a 3HaK x = + 1 66JIbWlfe anasenaa cpennero upneeneanoro HOpMaJIbHOrO aanpazceaas. I109TOMY aanpsxcennoe COCTOSlHlfe, coornercrayromee x = - 1, 6y.n.eM aaausan, .MUIlU.Ma.llbllbt.M, a oraeuarouiee x = + 1 .MaICCU.Ma.llbllbt.M. JIIfHIfIf CKOJIb)l(eHIfSl anecs ocooenno npocru, TaK KaK OHIf 06pa30BaHbl rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIMIf rrpSlMblMIf.

113 ananorun C Mo.n.eJIblO SlCHO, 'ITO MIfHIfMaJIbHOe nanp ascennoe COCT05lnae COOTBeTcTByeT npenensnoay paBHOBeCIfIO, napyurenae xoroporo npuBO.n.IfT K ocenamno OCHOBaHIfSl (onycxanae '1aWKIf na pnc, 19), a MaKCHMaJlbHOe - npenensnoxy paanoaecmo, aapyurenne xoroporo BJIe'leT nunnpauae OCHOB<iHIfSl (nonasrne '1aWKIf na pac. 20).

B nepaox cay-rae BHYTpeHHee rpenne npensrcrnyer ocenaumo OCHOBaHIfSl If, CJIe.n.oBaTeJIbHO, yaensuraer HarrpSI)I(eHIfSl, nocrarosnue .n.JISI roro, '1T06bI He nonycrtrn, sroro ocenanaa: BO BTOPOM cnysae snyrpeunee rpeuae npenarcrnyer asmapanmo OCHOBaHIfSl If TeM CaMbIM yaennsnaaernanpaxenaa, neooxonaaue .n.JISI roro, '1T06bl OCYlll,eCTBIfTb rauoe

~

1 :

I

§ 41

nPE.n.EJlbHOE PABHOBECIfE OCHOBAHlftt

43

BDlnlfpaHlfe. Hanpasnenae, B KOTOPOM npoacxonar napyuienne npe.n.eJlbHOrO paanosecaa, 06bl'lHO 6bIBaeT O'leBIf.n.HbIM 1f3 rrOCTaHOBKIf aanasa.

Oc06eHHo saaoroe anasenae If xeer oouias aanasa, a IfMeHHO npe.n.eJlbHOe paBHOBeClfe OCHOBaHIfSl, OrpaHIf'leHHOro OCblO x, B.n.OJIb KOTOPOtt pacnpe.n.eJIeHO npaaenennoe HOpMaJIbHOe naanenae p = p (x).

Bynex npennonarari., 'ITO CPYHKIlIfSl p (x) nenpepunna If nonycxaer HerIpepbIBHYIO rrpOIf3Bo.n.HYIO na scea Y'laCTKe, 3a IfCKJIIO'IeHlfeM KOHe'luoro '1IfCJIa TO'leK, B KOTOPbIX p' (x) MO)l(eT nperepneaars paapuaa.

HOpMaJIbHaSl If KaCaTeJIbHaSl KOMrrOHeHTbI .n.aB.rleHIfSl B.n.OJIb OCIf x sstp asceasr snecs CJIe.n.YlOllI,IfM 06p a30M:

0y+H=p, 'tXy=O.

Eha aanasa If xeer .n.Ba peureaas: O.n.HO 1f3 HIfX onpeneaser .MUIlU.Ma.llbIl0e, a npyroe .MaICCU.Ma.llbIl0e nanpsacennste COCTOSlHIfSl.

3afiMeMCSI cnasana onpenenesnex MIfHIfMaJIbHoro nanpsacennoro COCTOSlHIfSl, npennoxaras, 'ITO HapyweHlfe npeaeasnoro paBHOBeCIfSl npasomrr K OCe.n.aHIfIO OCHOBaHIfSl.

TaKIfM 06p a30M, B.n.OJIb OCIf x BCJIe.n.CTBlfe (1.18) npn x = - 1

HY)l(HO npnasrt,

p (x) ~

o = 1 + sin p' <jl = "2 .

( 1.53)

II

I

PaCCMOTplfM caaxana rrOCTaBJIeHHYIO aanasy .n.JISI nesecoxoa cpenu, C'IIfTaSl .n.JISI onpenenennocrn, 'ITO paccaarpnaaeaurt Y'laCTOK OCIf X MO)l(HO

pa36lfTb aa nsa Y'laCTKa AooAu If AUA22' .4.

B Ka)l(.n.OM 1f3 KOTOPbIX COOTBeTCTBeHHO P?

p'(x»O If p'(x)<O.

BbInOJIHIfM PSl.n. no-

crpoenan na rrJIOCKOCTIf ~'Y), KOTopaSl, . aooome rOBOpSl, npennonaraercs MHoro.IIIfCTHott, a B srort aanase C'IIfTaeTCSI cocroauiea 1f3 Tpex JIIfCTOB.

Ha JIIfCTaX l v: III npo- »:

Be.n.eM OTpe3KIf AooAu If AUA22 npsaort (1.53), co-

PHC. 2l.

PHC. 22.

II

()TBeTCTBYlOllI,lfe o.n.HOIfMeH-

HbIM ysacrxax OCIf x. I1pIfHIfMaSl 9TIf orpesxa 3a rI1rrOTeHY3bI, nocrpoax aa JIIfCTaX I If III npsxoyroasnue TpeyrOJIbHIfKIf AooAlOAU If AUA21A22' a aa JIIfCTe II npaaoyroxsna« AlOA20A21Al1' 8TIf 06JIaCTIf coenanenu B onny Tpex.'IIfCTHYIO KOM6lfHlfpoBaHHYlO 06JIaCTb, 1f306pa)l(eHHYlO aa puc, 21, rryTeM cxpenaenns JIIfCTOB B.n.OJIb orpesxon xapaxrepacrux AlOAU If AUA21'

Ba)l(HO OTMeTIfTb, 'ITO raxas TpeXJIIfCTHaSl 06JIaCTb MO)l(eT 6bITb paasepnyra B O.n.HOJIIfCTHYIO, npe.n.CTaBJIeHHYIO aa pnc, 22, eCJIIf nepernyrs npsxoyroasnnx AlOA2oA21An soxpyr AlOAn, a 3aTeM nepernyrs npsxoyro.'IbHbltt TpeyrOJIbHIfK Al1A21A22 soxpyr AllA21.

44

rrPE.n.EJJbHOE PABHOBECHE CbIIIY'IEtt CPE.n.bI

[r JI. I

OTpeSKH AooAu H AUA22 na JIHCTaX I H, II I COOTBeTCTBYIOT O.n.HOHMeHHbIM Y'laCTKaM OCM X, a rrOTOMY B.n.OJIb 9THX OTpeSKOB HSBeCTHbI

x=x(,). y=O.

ITo 9THM .n.aHHbIM nepsoa xpaeson aanasa MO)l(eT 6bITb onpeneaeso pemenae ypaanennn (1.35) B rrpSiMoyrOJIbHbIX TpeyrOJIbHHKaX A A A

H AUA21A22 na JIHCTax I HIlI. BMeCTe C TeM 6y.n.YT YCTaHOBJIe~~1 1~H;~ '1eHHSI ~I H § B.n.OJIb nsyx OTpeSKOB xapaKTepHCTHK AlOAU H AUA21 na

JIHCTe • TH)I(e .n.aHHble BTOPOtt KpaeBott aanasa, B CBOIO osepem.,

rrOSBOJISIIOT HattTH petnenne ypaBHeHHtt 'j (1.35) B rrpSiMoyrOJIbHHKe

AlOA20A21 Au.

TaKHM 06pasoM, B TpeXJIHCTHott KOM6HHHpoBaHHott 06JIaCTIf aa lIJIO-

CKOCTH ~"Ij 6y.n.YT orrpe.n.eJIeHbI nenpepuanue ljJyHKIlHH x = x (;, 'Y/).

Y = Y (~, "Ij), SlBJISIIOllI,HeCSI perneHHeM ypaBHeHHtt (1.35) B Ka)l(.n.ott HS O.n.HOJIHCTHbIX 06JIaCTett AooAlOAU'

:c 0 $UA21A22 H AlOA20A21AU' Ha OT-

~--:-I"""".J....L-J_y • ...J...J-I-.J.....L-J_.I....I.-'-,~...Q::.- pesKax xapaKTepHCTHK AlOAU It

AllA21 lIPOHSBo.n.Hble ox/o~, 0 Y/o~ H oX/O"lj, 0y/o"lj HMeIOT xoneuaue CKa'lKH.

ITOCTp oennue anecs CPYHKIlHIf x = X (~, "fl), Y = Y (~, "Ij) oT06pa)l(aIOT TpeXJIHCTHYIO KOM6HHHpoBaHHyIO 06JIaCTb B o.n.HoHMeHHYIO 06- JIaCTb na lIJIOCKOCTH x y, lIpHBe.n.eHHyIO na pHC. 23, eCJIH --B 9TOtt yy 06JIaCTH HeT JIHHIfH pasPbIBa.~I1Ha'le

raxoe oT06pa)l(eHHe HMeeT" MeCTO

JIHrnb . .11.0 JIHHHH paap u aa. .. '

HeTpy.n.Ho HattTH IjJYHKlllfOHaJIbHbltt orrpe.n.eJIHTeJIb rrpe06pasoBaHIf-Si na rpanaue, HMeSi B snny, 'ITO B.n.OJIb OCH x yrOJI rp = rr./2. OKOH'IaTeJIbHO

9TOT orrpe.n.eJIHTeJIb 6y.n.eT .

~o PRC. 23.

a (x, y) = _ 2 1 + sin p t 2 [P (x) ]2

a (e, 1) cos p g p p' (x) < 0,

TaK 'ITO oT06pa)l(eHHe 1f3MeHSIeT aanpaaaenns spautenaa na otiparnoe, KpOMe roro, SlCHO, 'ITO na rpaHH'IHOM Y'laCTKe paapusos HeT. O.n.HaKO JIHHHH paspuaa, Bo06ll1,e rOBOpSl, MorYT lIOSlBHTbCSI BHyTpH nocrpoennoa 06JIaCTH.

o HarrpaBJIeHHH BOrHYTOCTH xapaKTepHCTHK - JIHHHtt CKOJIb)l(eHHSI na lIJIOCKOCTH x Y MO)l(HO cynan, rro HX Hs06pa)l(eHHSlM aa rrJIOCKOCTH e"lj. PaCCMOTpHM, aanpaxep, xapaKTepHCTHKY AOOAlOA20' na KOTOPOtt "fl = "flo = const. ITPH .n.BH)I(eHHH B.n.OJIb nee OT TO'lKH Aoo K TO'lKe AlO na JIHCTe I BeJIH'IHHa ~ aospacraer, a npn .n.aJIbHettrneM .n.BH)I(eHHH OT TO'lKH AlO

§ 4)

rrPE.n.EJIbHOE PABHOBECHE OCHOBAHHtt

45

K TO'lKe A20 aa JIHCTe II BeJIH'IHHa a ytiusaer. OTCIO.n.a cnenyer, 'ITO na nJIOCKOCTH x y yrOJI HaKJIOHa

xapaKTepHCTHKH AOOAlOA20 KOCH x aospacraer npn .n.BH)I(eHHH OT TO'lKH Aoo K TO'lKe AlO H yousaer npa .n.BH)I(eHHH OT TO'lKH AlO K TO 'IKe A20• CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, paccxarpnaaeuaa xapaxrepacraxa - JIHHHSI CKOJIb)l(eHIfSi - coxpanser HarrpaBJIeHHe BorHYTOCTH Ha Y'laCTKax AooAlO H A10A20, a B TO'lKe AlO HMeeT neperao. I10.n.06Hble paCCY)l(.n.eHHSI OKaSblBaIOT SHa-

lJHTeJIbHYIO noxoun, npa rrOCTpoeHHH ceTKH ,JL A2z

xapaKTepHCT!IK - JIHHHtt CKOJIb)l(eHHSI na

rrJIOCKOCTH x y.

06paTHMCSI reneps K pemenmo ron )l(e sa.n.alJH .n.JISI secoaoa cpenu, He rpecys, '1T06bI ljJyHKIlHSl P (x) aa ysacrxax AooAll

If AllA22 6blJIa MOHOTOHHOtt. C 9TOtt nenuo ~

nOCTpOHM Ha rrJIOCKOCTH A~ KOM6HHHpOBaH-

HyIO 06JIaCTb. Hso6pa)l(eHHYIO aa pHC'. 24. _j.t:!::..._ +- . A

Panee, B § 3. Y)l(e YKaSbIBaJIOCb, 'ITO Aoo 4,0 ,420

B BbI60pe napauerpoa A H ~ cytnecrsyer PRC. 24.

HSBeCTHaSl cB060.n.a, KOTopaSi rrOSBOJISleT '

B.n.OJIb rpanauu - OCH x sanan, A = ~ = x - xo. Toraa ysacrxaa AooAu H AUA22 6y.n.YT aa rrJIOCKOCTH A~ COOTBeTCTBOBaTb nexoropue onnoaxeanue orpesxa AooAll H AUA22' TaKHM oopasox, B.n.OJIb AOOAllA22 BCJIe.n.CTBHe (1.53) HSBeCTHbl

X=XO+A,

y=O,

cr- p(x)1 - 1 + sin p'

ITo 9THM naanux nepaon xpaeaon sanasa xoryr 6blTb nonyseau pemenas ypaanenan (1.45) H (1.46) B npsaoyrom.aux TpeyrOJIbHH~ xax A A AHA A A 2 TeM CaMbIM 6y.n.YT yCTaHOBJIeHbl 3Ha'leHHSI X. y

00 10 11 U 21 2' ,

H a rp B.n.OJIb OTpeSKOB xapaKTepHCTHK AlOAU H AUA21' 9TH nanaue BTOpo~ kpaeaon aanasa rr03BOJISIIOT HattTH peurenaa ypasaeaaa (1.45) H (1.46) B npaxoyronsnase AlOA20A21All'

CJIe.n.oBaTeJIbHO, B KOM6HHHpOBaHHott 06JIaCTH 6y.n.yT orr penenenu nenpepusnue IjJYHKIlHH x = x (A, ~), Y = Y (A, ~), cr= a (A, ~), rp=rp (A, ~). SlBJISlIDllI,HeCSI peureuasaa ypasuenaa (1.45) H (1.46) B Ka)l(.n.ott HS o6JIacren AooAlOAU' A11A21A22 H AlOA20A21AU' Ha orpesxax xapaxrepacrax

A A H A A npoaasonaue OX/OA, 0 Y/OA, ocr/o).., Orp/OA H Ox/O~.

10, 11 n 21

oy/o~, ocr/o~, orp/o~ nperepneaaior xonesnue paspuau.

Jlerxo TaK)I(e HattTH IjJYHKIlHOHaJIbHbItt onpenenareas npeoopasosaaas aa rpanaue, HMeSl B sany, 'ITO A = x - Xo H rp = rr./2. OKOH'IaTeJIbHO 9TOT onpe.n.eJIHTeJIb 6y.n.eT

a (x, y) __ 1 + sin p < 0,

-ij (A. f-L) - 2 cos p .

46

rrPE.n.EJIbHOE PABHOBECHE CblrryqEit CPE.n.bl

[rJI. I

TaK '16TO rrO-rrpe)l{HeMY oT06pa)l{eHHe H3MeHSleT

na 0 parnoe. HarrpaBJIeHUe Bpalll,eHIHI

XapaKTepHCTHKH - JIHHHH CKOJIb)l{eHHH H

rpanausr COBrra.n.aIOT C xapaxre HCTHKaM _ a rrJIOCKOCTH x Y B6JIH3H HeBeCOMOfi cpensr Ilo Me e P H JIHHHHMIf CKOJIb)l{eHIfH .n.JIH

. p ynaneaaa OT rpananu re

TepHCTHKH - JIHHHH CKOJIb)l{eHHH see 6 If npyrae xapax-

xapaxrep HX pacrrOJIO)l{eHHH .n.JIH Bec~:~: ~pa~;~I.n.HTCH. Onnaxo 06ll1,Hfi OCTaHeTCH rrpe)l{HHM.

OCTaHOBHMC5I reneps na '1aCTHOM CJIY'lae, Kor.n.a rrplfBe.n.eHHoe HOpMaJIbHOe .n.aBJIeHHe B.n.OJIb Y'laCT.T xa AllA22 OCH x paBHOMepHO pac~~~~~~~~~LlJLLl~~'~O rrpe.n.eJIeHO H paBHO CBoeMY 3Ha'leHHIO P B TO'lKe Au. .

LlJIH HeBeCOMOfi cpenu na rrJIOCKOCTH x Y He06xo.n.HMO OT.n.eJIbHO paccMoTpeTb 06JIaCTH A A A H

A A A U 21 22

10 20 21Au. H306pa)l{eHHble na

pHC. 25.

B 06JIaCTH A A A

U 21 22 BeJIH'IHHbI

(J H rp rrOCTOHHHbI

L

(J= P

1 + sin P ,

PHC. 25.

1f3 nnyx H30rOHaJIbHbIX a cerxa JIIfHHfi CKOJIb)l{eHHH COCTOHT

B 06JIaCTH A A A ~MefiCTB rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIX rrpHMhIX.

10 20 21 U na rrJIOCKOCTIf xy 6

HHTerpaJIbI (1.37) ypaBHeHHfi IIp MoryT bITb rrpHMeHeHbI

e.n.eJIbHoro paBHoBecHH

(J=Cexp (- 2cotgp), x' (

T SIn rp-e)-ycOS(rp-e)=!(rp).

rIpoH3BOJIbHaH rrocTOHHHaH C

B 06JIaCTH A A A BhIpa)l{aeTCH sepea 3Ha'leHHH (J H CD

U 21 22' a rrpOH3BOJIbHaH <l>y ! ( ) T

3Ha'leHHHM x = x (rp) H _ () HKUHH rp orrpe.n.eJIHeTCH rro

TaKHM 06pa30M y - y rp B.n.OJIb OTpe3Ka xapaKTepHCTHKH A A

• 10 U·

(J= P

1 + sin p exp [ (7t - 2rp) tg p], tg (rp _ e) = y - y ('f')

x-x ('f') ,

a cerxa JIHHlffi CKOJIb)l{eHHH 6

rrpH~bIX H H30rOHaJIbHbIM ceMefi~T~~~O:~H:Bb~:MefiCTBOM HerrapaJIJIeJIbHbIX

oM6HHlfpoBaHlIaH 06JIaCTb na rrJIOCKOCT~ ~

ynpouraercn H MO)l{eT 6blTb pacrrOJIO)l{eHa H > 'Y/ reneps 3Ha'lHTeJfbHO HbIfi TpeyrOJIbHHK A A A a O.n.HOM JIIfCTe. rIPHMoyrOJIbyrOJIbHHK A A A X 21 22 rrpeBpalll,aeTCH B O.n.HY TO'lKY Au, a rrpHMO-

T 160 20 21 n - B O.n.HH oTpe30K xapaKTepHcTHKIf A A

aKIfM 0 pa30M, 06JIaCTH A A A 10 11'

na rrJIOCKOCTH ~1j 0 n 21 22 na rrJIOCKOCTH x y COOTBeTCTByeT

xapaKTepHcTHKH A A.n.Ha TO'lKa All' a 06JIaCTIf AlOA2nA21Au -- OTP"30K

10 11' - ~

, ,

I

S 41

rrPE.n.EJIbHOE PABHOBECHE OCHOBAHHfi

47

ll.1H BeCOMofi cpenu B 06JIaCTH AllA21A22 na rrJIOCKOCTH xy COrJIaCHO (1.52) npn :1.=- 1 BeJIH'IHHbl

(J= P+U

1 + sin p ,

'It rp=2'

(1.54)

a cerxa JIHHHfi CKOJIb)l{eHHH OCTaeTCSI Tofi )I{e, 'ITO If .n.JIH HeBeCOMoR cpe.n.bI.

[JOJIb3YHCb CB060.n.ofi B BbI60pe napaserpoa ).. H 11, MO)l{HO B.n.OJIb xa-

paKTepHCTHKH

3a.n.aTb ).. = x - xo' Torna OTpe3KY AllA21 na rrJIOCKOCTIf xy 6y.n.eT OTBe'laTb nesoropua OTpe30K xapaxrepacraxn AllA21 na rrJIOCKOCTH "fl.

KOM6HHHpOBaHHaH 06JIaCTb aa rrJIOCKOCTH )..11 He HMeeT reneps npaMoyrOJIbHOrO rpeyroasnaxa AllA21A22' a B.n.OJIb AllA21 .n.aHbl

(J- P+U - 1 + sin p'

PeIlleHHH ypaaaenaa (1.45) H (1.46) MoryT 6blTb rrOJIY'leHbI caauaaa B rrpHMoyrOJIbHOM rpeyronsnmce AOOAlOAll na rrJIOCKOCTH )..fL, a 3aTeM B npaxoyronsnaxe AlOA20A21All no .n.aHHbIM B.n.OJIb orpesxoa xapaxrePHCTHK AlO Au H A11A21.

3.n.ecb, B OTJIH'IHe OT aesecoaon cpenu, JIHHHH CKOJIb)l{eHHH na rrJIOCKOCTH x y OCTaIOTCH rrpHMbIMIf JIIfIllb B 06JIaCTH AllA21A22' a B npyrax 06JIaCTHX JIHHIfH CKOJIb)l{eHHH 060HX cexeacrn CTaHOBHTCH KpIfBbIMH.

HH)I{e npaaeaeao 'lHCJleHHoe pemeaae paccaorpennoa aanasa ,n:JI5I p = 30° H P=Po+,x

B 6e3pa3MepHblx nepeaeaaax C xapaxrepaoa ,n:JIHHOH 1 = Poli.

4T06bI nepeara K 9THM 6e3pa3MepHblM uepeaenaua. ,n:OCTaTO'lHO BO scex rpopayaax nOJIOlKHTb Po = 1 H ,= 1. Ha060poT, 'lT06bI BepHYTbcH K paaaepaua nepeaeaaux, He06xo,n:HMO YMHOlKHTb 6e3pa3MepHble xoopnaaaru x H y na Pol"~ a 6e3pa3MepHYIO BeJIH'lHHY o na Po.

4HCJIeHHOe peurenue aanaxa npH6JIHlKeHHblM MeTo,n:OM § 3 COCTOHT B sanoaHeHHH *) Ta6JI. 1 no cxexe nepaoa xpaesoa aanaxa.

KJIeTKH, cooTBeTcTBYIOII(He Y3JIOBblM TO'lKaM na nJIOCKOCTH AfL, 0603Ha'leHbI ,n:BYMH U;HcjJpaMH i, j, nepsaa H3 KOTOPblX YKa3b1BaeT HOMep BepTHKaJIbHOrO pH,n:a - crontiua, a BTopaH - HOMep ropH30HTaJIbHOrO pH,n:a - CTpOKH.

B naaronansnae KJIeTKH 0.10, 1.9, ... , 10.0 COOTBeTcTBYIOII(He TO'lKaM OCH x, aanacansr y = 0 H npOH3BOJIbHble 3Ha'leHH5I x, BbI6paHHble B nopsnxe HX B03- paCTaHHH, a raxxe 3Ha'leHH5I

cr=

l+x

1 + sin p'

BWIHCJleHHlI 3Ha'leHHH x, y H c, <p BO BHYTpeHHHx rKJIeTKaX npoaenenu no peKKypeHTHbIM qro{iMyJIaM (1.49) H (1.50).

*) Bo acex Ta6J1HU;aX ,n:JIH KpaTKocTH coxpaaenu JIHlllb nsa ,n:eCHTH'lHbIX 3HaKa, XOTH BbI'lHCJleHHH npOBo.n.HJIHCb co 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO 60JIbilleH TO'lHOCTblO.

48

rrPE,UEJIbHOE PABHOBECIiE CbIIIYlIEtI: CPE,UbI

[rJI. I

Ta6J1Hqa 1

I'AI ° I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 ! 7 I 8 I 9 I
10

x
y ° 1,00
a 0,00
'f' 1,33
I I 1,57
X
I 0,90 0,95
Y 1 I 0,00 0,09
a "
'f' 1,27 1,36
1,57 1,59
X 0,80
Y 0,85 0,90
2 0,00 0,09 0,17
a
'f' 1,20 1,29 1,38
1,.57 1,59 1,61
X 0,70 0,75
Y 0,79 0,84
3 0,00 0,09 0,17 0,26
a
0,13 1,23 1,32 1,41
'f' 1,57 1,59 1,61 1,63
X 0,60 0,65
Y 0,69 0,74 0,78
4 0,00 0,09 0,17 0,26 0,35
a
1,07 1,16 1,25 1,34 1,43
'f' 1,57 1,59 1,62 1,63 1,65
X 0,50 0,55
Y 0,59 0,64 0,68 0,72
5 0,00 0,09 0,17 0,26 0,35 0,43
a
'f' 1,00 1,09 1,18 1,27 1,36 1,45
1,57 1,60 1,62 1,64 1,65 1,67
X 0,40 0,45 0,66
0,49 0,54 0,58 0,62
Y 6 0,00 0,09 0,17 0,26 0,85 0,52
a 0,43
0,93 1,03 1,12 1,21 1,30 1,38 1,47
'f'
1,57 1,60 1,62 1,64 1,66 1,67 1,68
X 0,30 0,85 0,39
0,44 0,48 0,52 0,55 0,59
Y 7 0,00 0,09 0,17 0,26 0,35 0,43 0,52 0,61
a
0,87 0,96 1,05 1,14 1,23 1,32 1,41 1,49
'f' 1,57 1,60 1,62 1,64 1,66 1,68 1,70
1,69
X 0,20 0,25 0,29 0,34 0,38
0,41 0,45 0,49 0,52
Y 8 0,00 0,09 0,17 0,26 0,85 0,43 0,52
a 0,80 0,89 0,98 0,61 0,69
1,07 1,16 1,25 1,34 1,43 1,51
'f' 1,57 1,60 1,63
1,65 1,67 1,68 1,70 1,71 1,72
X 0,10 0,15 0,19 0,23 I 0,27 I
0,31 0,85 0,38 0,42 0,45
Y 9 0,00 0,09 0,17 0,26 "
0,85 0,43 0,52 0,61 0,69 0,78
a I 0,73 I
0,83 0,92 1,01 1,10 1,18 1,27 1,36 1,45 1,53
'f' 1,57 1,60 1,63 I
1,65 1,67 0,69 1,70 1,71 1,72 1,73
X 0,00 0,05 0,09 0,13 0,17
0,21 0,25 0,28 0,31
Y 10 0,00 0,09 0,17 0,26 0,35 0,35 0,38
a 0,67 0,76 0,43 0,52 0,61 0,69 0,78 0,87
0,85 0,94 1,03 1,12 1,21 1,29 1,38 1,46 1,55
'f' 1,57 1,61 1,64 1,6611,681 1,691
1,71 1,72 1,73 1,74 1,75 § 4]

rrPE,UEJIbHOE PABHOBECIiE OCHOBAHlitl:

49

Ha pHC. 26 nocrpoena cerxa xapaKTepHCTHK - JlHHHH CKOJlblKeHHlI no KOOp)lHHaTaM Y3J10BblX TO'leK, npHBe.n:eHHblM B Ta6J1. 1.

3aitMeMClI reneps orrpe,UeJIeHlieM MaKCIiMaJIbHorO HarrpllmeHHoro COCTOll- 111151, cuaras. sro napyruesae rrpe,UeJIbHOrO pasuoaecna rrpIiBO,UIiT K BbI-

IIllpamilO OCHOBaHllli.

CJIe,UOBaTeJIbHO, B,UOJIb OCII X 110

corJlaCHO (1.18) npn x = + 1

p (x)

a = I-sin p '

rp = O. (1.55)

MomHO rrOJIOmllTb

',112

PaCCMOTpllM cnanaaa 3a,Ua4Y ,llJl51 HeBecoMoit cpenu, rro-rrpemHeMY cuaras, sro na YlIaCTKax AooAll II AllA22 COOTBeTCTBeHHO p'(x) > 0 Ii p'(x) < o.

BblIIOJIHIiM pan nocrpoenna Ha rrJIOCKOCTIi ~~, CliliTali ee COcrosuiea 1i3 rpex JIIiCTOB. 9TIl JIIiCTbI 'coe,UIlHeHbI B,UOJIb OTpe3- KOB xapaxrepacrax AOlAH Ii

AUA12 B O,UHY TpeXJIIlCTHYIO KOM6liHIlpOBaHHYIO 06JIaCTb. rrpe,UCTaBJIeHHYIO

na pnc, 27, a B paaaepnyrox BIl,Ue - aa pllC. 28.

PHC. 26.

'1'~\----ff----,~----~42

.401------1'

I

I Aal

PHC. 27.

PHC. 28.

OTpe3KIl AooAll II AllA22 na JIIlCTaX I II III OTBellaIOT o,UHOIlMeHHbIM YlIacTKaM OCIi x, a noroxy S,UOJlb 3TIlX OTpe3KoB 1l3BeCTHbI x=x(a). y=O.

<l>YHKIlIlOHaJIbHbIit orrpe,UeJIIlTeJIb rrpeo6pa30BaHIl1i aa rpannue 6y,UeT

i) (x, Y) _ 2 1 - sin p t 2 [p (x) ]2 > 0

i) (e. 1J) - cos p g p p' (x) ,

TaK lITO orocpaxenae reneps He 1l3MeHlIeT nanpaaaenae npamenas.

4 3aK. 1288. B. B. COKOJlOBCKHi!

lIPE.lI.EJIbHOE PABHOBECHE CblIIyqEit CPE.lI.bI [r JI ••

OCTaJIbHble pacCY)I(.lI.eHHSI, npaaenenaue BbIlIIe, rrepeHOCSlTCSI crena oe~~ .. l

KaKHX-JIH60 H3MeHeHHit. OT06pa)l(eHHe TpeXJIHCTHOit KOM6HHlfpOBaHH0"1 .

06JIaCTH aa lIJIOCKOCTb xy 1f306pa)l(eHO na pnc. 29. 1

Tlepeanea K pelIIeHHIO roa )l(e aanasn .lI.JISI secoaort cpenu, He rpe- 6ySI MOHOTOHHOCTH CPYHKUIfH P (x) na yvacrxax AOOAll H AllA22• f10- CTPOHM, KaK 06blqHO, na rrJIOCKOCTH Af1 KOM6HHHpOBaHHYlO 06JIaCTb, no-j

Ka3aHHYlO na pHC. 30. P ~

!I " A

. 02 ,r------r/2 __ ~ 12'

50

A-1I<-----·,---/t 00

PHC. 29.

PHC. 30.

Torna aa ysacrxe AooAuA22 OCIf x BCJIe.ll.CTBHe (1.55) nansr

a= p(x) 1- sin p'

<l>YHKIlHOHaJIbHblit onpenennrezn, aa rpanaue 6Y.ll.eT i) (x, y) _ 1 - sin p > 0

i) (ii, fL) - 2 cos p ,

rp= O.

TaK 'ITO oroopaxeane He H3MeHSIeT aanpaaaeaae BpaIlleHHSI. ,UaJIbHeitlllHe paCCY)l(.lI.eHHSI TaK)I(e He conepacar qerO-JIH60 nosoro.

OCTaHoBHMCSI reneps na qaCTHOM cnysae, xorna npnseneaaoe HOpMaJIbHOe naanenne B.lI.OJIb ysacrxa AllA22 OCH x paBHOMepHO pacnpeneJIeHO H paBHO CBoeMY 3HaqeHHIO p B TOqKe All'

,UJISI aesecoaon cpenu na lIJIOCKOCTH x Y HY)l(HO paccaorpers 06- JIaCTH AllA12A22 H A01Ao2A12All' npencraaaennue aa pHC. 31.

B 06JIaCTH Au A12A22 na rrJIOCKOCTH x Y BeJIHqHHbI a H rp rrOCTOSlHHbI

(J

a= P

1- sin p •

rp= O.

PHc.3I.

a cerxa JIHHlfit CKOJIb)l(eHHSI COCTaBJIeHa H3 .lI.ByX H30rOHaJIbHbIX cexeacra rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIX lIpSiMbIX.

1

III 1

§ 41

lIPE.lI.EJIbHOE PABHOBECHE OCHOBAHlfit

51

B 06JIaCTH A01Ao2A12AU aa lIJIOCKOCT If x Y .lI.OJI)I(HbI 6bITb lIpHMeHeHbI lfHTerpaJIbI (1.39) ypaaaenan npeneasaoro paBHoBecHSI. f1poH3BOJIbHaSi noCToSlHHaSi D supaacaercs qepe3 a H rp B 06JIaCTH AUA12A22' a lIPOH3- BOJlbHaSi cpyHKUHSI g(rp) HaXO.ll.HTCSI no 3HaqeHHSlM x=x(rp) H y=y(rp) B,!J.OJlb orpesxa xapasrepacraxa A01Au. I1TaK,

a = I p. exp (2rp tg p),

-sm p

tg(rp+s) = y - y (<p) x-x(<p)'

a cerxa JIHHHit CKOJIb)l(eHHSI 06pa30BaHa. ceaencrsox nenapaaaexsnax np51MbIX If H30rOHaJIbHbIM ceaeacrsou KpHBbIX.

KOM6lfHHpOBaHHaSi 06JIaCTb na lIJIOCKOCTH ~1j aaecs CHJIbHO ynpouiaerca H MO)l{eT 6bITb pacnonozceaa na O.ll.HOM JIHCTe. Flpaxoyronsnua TpeyrOJIbHHK AUA12A22 CTSJrHBaeTCSI B TOqKY Au, a npaaoyro m.nax AOIAo2A12AU C)I{HMaeTCSI B oTpe30K xapaxrepacraxn AOl Au.

CJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHO, 06JIaCTH Au A12A22 aa rrJIOCKOCTIf x Y orseuaer

TOlJKa Au na lIJIOCKOCTH ~'Y), a 06JIaCTH A01Ao2A12AU - oTpe30K xapaxTep IfCTHKH AOl Au.

,UJISI aecoxort cpenu B 06JIaCTIf AUA12A22 aa rrJIOCKOCTIf x Y BCJIe]lCTBHe (1.52) npn x = + 1 BeJIHlJlfHbI

a= P+U 0

I - sin p , rp = .

(1.56)

a cerxa JIHHHit CKOJIb)l(eHHSI cosnanaer C ron )l(e cerxon .lI.JISI aesecoaort

Cpe.ll.bI. .

KOM6HHlfpOBaHHaSi 06JIaCTb aa rrJIOCKOCTIf Af1 He conepaorr lIpSlMOyro.rsuoro TpeyrOJIbHHKa AUA12A22' a B.lI.OJIb AUA12 .lI.aHbI

X +\ Y=(X-Xl)tgS, a= P+U, (0=0.

x = 0 A, 1 _ sin p T

3.l1.eCb, B OTJIHqHe OT neaecoxort cpenu, JIIfHHH CKOJIb)l(eHHSI na rrJIOCKOCTH X Y OCTalOTCSI rrpSiMbIMH JIlflllb B 06JIaCTH Au A12A22• a B OCTaJIbHbIX 06JIaCTSIX 6Y.ll.YT KpIfBbIMH.

HHlKe naao 'lHCJleHHOe peuieaae rrpe.n:b1.n:ymefi 3a.n:a'lH .n:JlSI p = 30° H P=Po+"(x

B 6e3pa3MepHblx nepexenaux C xapaxrepaoa .n:JlHHOfi 1 = Po/"(.

.fiJlSl nepexona K 9THM 6e3pa3MepHbIM nepeaeanax HylKHO BO scex £POPMYaax nOJlOlKHTb Po = 1 H "( = I. Ha060poT • .n:JlSI B03BpameHHSI K paaxepaua rrepeMeHHbIM cnenyer YMHOlKHTb 6e3pa3MepHble KOOp.n:HHaTbi x H y na Po/"(, a 6e3- pasxepayio BeJlH'lHHY (I na Po.

4HCJleHHOe peureuae 3a.n:a'lH rrpH6J1H)I{eHHbIM MeTo.n:OM § 3 CBO.n:HTCSI K sanoalleHHIO Ta6J1. 2 no cxexe nepaoa spaesott sanaxa.

B naaroaaasaue KJleTKH 10.0, 9.1, ... , 0.10, orsesaiomae TOlJKaM OCH x, noMemeHbI y = 0 H npoasaoasnue 3Ha'leHHlI x, a raxxe 3Ha'leHHlI

l+x 1- sin p'

'1'=0.

(1=

82 TIPE,UEJIbHOE PABHOBECIiE CblTIyqElt CPE,Ubl [rJI'. TIPE,UEJIbHOE PABHOBECIiE OCHOBAHlilt 53-
§ 41
Ta6JIHl\a ~ BblQHCJIeHHlI 3HaQeHHH x, Y H a, 'f BO BHYTpeHHHX KJIeTKaX nposenena no
I~I I I I I I I I I I I i peKyppeHTHbiM <jJopMYJIaM (1.49) H (1.50).
° 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I z l,tl all 08 tJ,7 at! ao

I I 1
j
X 0,00 I - aT
y ° 0,00
a 2,00
-'I' 0,00 ,
-ar
X 0,10 0,05
y 0,00 0,03 LJ!
a 2,20 2,16
-'I' 0,00 0,04 PHc.32.
X 0,20 0,15 0,11
y , 0,00 I 0,03 0,06 Ha pHc.32 nOCTpOeHa cerxa xapaKTepHCTHK - JIHHHH CKOJIblKeHHlI no KOOP-
2
a 2,40 2,36 2,31 .nHHaTaM Y3JIOBbiX TOQeK, nOMelll,eHHblM B Ta6JI. 2.
-'I' 0,00 0,04 0,07
X, 0,30 0,25 0,21 0,17
Y 3 0,00 0,03 0,06 0,08
a 2,60 2,56 2,51 2,46
-'I' 0,00 0,03 0,07 0,10
X 0,40 I 0,35 0,31 0,27 0,23
Y 4 0,00 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,11 \ I
a 2,80 2,76 2,71 2,66 2,60
-'I' 0,00 0,03 0,06 0,10 0,13
0,50 0,45 , 0,30
x' 0,41 0,37 0,33
Y 5 0,00 0,03 , 0,06 0,09 0,11 0,14
a 3,00 2,96 2,91 2,86 I 2,80 2,74
-'I' 0,00 0,03 0,06 ' 0,09 0,12 0,16
X 0,60 0,55 0,51 0,46 0,43 0,39 0,36
Y 6 0,00 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,11 0,14 0,16
a 3,20 i 3,16 3,11 3,06 3,00 2,94 2,87
-'I' 0,00 0,03 0,06 , 0,08 , 0,11 0,14 0,18 !I
X 0,70 0,65 0,61 0,56 0,53 0,49 0,46 0,43
Y .1 0,00 ,I 0,03 0,06 0,09 , 0,11 0,14 0,16 0,19
7
a 3,40 3,36 3,31 3,26 3,21 3,15 3,08 3,01 r 1
-'I' 0,00 0,03 0,05 0,08 0,11 0,14 0,17 0,20
X 0,80 0,75 0,71 0,66 0,62 0,59 0,56 0,53 0,50
Y 8 0,00 0,03 0,06 0,09 ' 0,11 I 0,14 0,17 0,19 0,21
a 3,60 3,56 3,51 3,46 3,41 3,35 3,28 3,21 3,14
-'I' 0,00 0,02 0,05 0,07 0,10 0,13 0,16 0,18 0,22 , I
X 0,90 0,85 0,81 0,76 0,72 0,69 0,65 0,62 0,60 0,58 II
y , 9 0,00 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,11 0,14 0,17 , 0,19 0,21 ' 0,23
a 3,80 3,76 ;, 3,71 3,66 3,61 3,55 3,49 3,42 3,35 3,27
, -'I' 0,00 0,02 0,05 0,07 'i 0,10 0,121 0,15 ! 0,17 0,20 0,23 IJ
X 1,00 0,95 0,91 0,86 0,82 0,78 0,75 0,72 0,69 0,67 0,65 !
y I 10 0,00 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,11 0,14 0,17 0,19 0,21 0,24 0,25 l
a 400 ' 3,96 3,91 3,86 3,81 3,751 3,69 3,63 3,55 3,48 3,39
-'I' 0:00 1 0,021 0,04 0,07 \ 0,09 l 0,11 0,141 0,16 0,19 0,22 I 0,25 r J] A B A II

HECYlUA5I CnOC06HOCTb OCHOBAHliH Ii OTKOCOB

§ 5. Y,'I.ep}I{MBalOlll.ee HOp\1aJIbHOe ,'I.aBJleHMe na OCHOBaHMSI

Half60Jlee Tlfrrlf4Hotl 3ana4ctl 0 npenensnou paBHOBeCI1H cbrrrY4etl cpenhl RBJlReTCR orrpeneJleHlfe Hecymetl cnoc06HoCTIf OCHoBaHHtl rron netlCfBHeM HOpMaJlbHOro HJlH HaKJIOHHOro naBJIeHlftl.

Cyurecrso 3TOtl aa.ravn MO)l{eT 6bITb nORCHeHO aa Mo.neJlH, H.neR KOTOPOtl nplfHalJ,ne)l{HT C. A. XpHcTlfaHoBH4Y, npencraanarouren corion 06blKHoBeHHble pbl4a)l{Hble aecu , y KOTOPhlX nepeaeuienae 4aweK H KOPOMblCJla 3aTpYllHeHo rpenaex B aanpaensnonmx H no.atuanaaxe.

ECJlH aa OlJ,Hy H3 4allleK BeCOB rrOJlOIKHTb He60.lJblllotl rpy3, TO OHM ! I OCTaHYTCSI B paBHOBeCHIf H3-3a 3Ha4lfTeJlbHOrO TpeHH51; ec.m IKe rpya .nOCTaT04HO Be.~HK, TO n.'1S1 paBHOBeCIfSi HylKHO no.aoaorrs HeKOTOPbltll' [ nonOJlHHTeJlbHbltl rpya H na npyryio 4alllKy. TIpeneJlbHblM paBHOBeCHeM BeCOB 6y.neT raxoe I1X COCTOSlHHe, rrpn KOTOPOM CKOJlb yronuo na.roe ' YBe.1H4eHHe rpyaa aa onHotl H3 4aLUeK auaunacr aapyinenue nOKOR. JlerKHe, rro cpaBHeHHIO C rpY30M, aecu COOTBeTCTBYIOT !leBecoMotl cuny sea cpe.ae, a TRlKe.'1ble aecu OTBe4alOT CbIl1Y4etl cpene C 06beMHblMIf CI1.'1a~lI1.

PaCCMaTplfBaeMaR HlflKe sana 4a 0 Hecymetl crroc06HOCTIf OCHoBaHHtl auanoruvna c.lenYlOmetl aanase C aecaan: na neayto 4alllKY nO,101KeH nOCTaT04HO 60.'1blllOtl rpy3 P; rpeoyercs onpe.aenars rpya Q, xoropurt naao no.noxorn, aa npaayio 4aWKY n.'1R roro, 4T06bl secu naxo.aunnct, B npene.n.aoa paBHOBeCI1H. 04eBHllHO, 4ro sra aanaxa HMeeT .aaa peureHIfR, onJ:lo H3 KOTOPblX onpene.taer rpy3, MeHblllHtl .aaunor-o, a .npyroe _ 60JlbLUHtl rpya. B03MO)l{HOe napymeane npenensnoro paBHOBeCHR B 3TlfX CJlY4aRX 6y.ner npOHCXOnHTb R pa3J1H4Hb1X HarrpaBJleHI1S1X, KaK 3TO noxaaano na pHC. 33 11 34 nyHKTHpOM.

TIpl1CrynHM reneps K nOllp06HOMY HCc.~ellOBaHHIO aecyrnea CI10C06- aocrn ocuoaanus, orpanasennoro OCblO x . 3anallHM BllO.1b rronoaorrens!lotl nOJlYOCH x npHBCneHrlOe 1I0pMaJlbHOe nan.ienae p = p (x) H onpene.~HM rrpHBenelIHoe HopMaJlblloc naBJleHHe q B!l:O.'Ib orpnuare.n.son nOJlYOCH x, npn KOTOpO~1 ocuo aanue COXpall51eT npene.rsnoe paBlloBecHe 6e3 BbIl1HpaHHR HJlH ocenanns. 6yncM CClHTaTb, -rro ¢YHKUHR p (x) HerrpepblBHa H HMe~T nerrpcpuauvio npOH3BOiI.HYIO.

§ 5]

y nEPIKHBAlOmEE HOPMAJlbHOE nABJlEHHE HA OCHOBAHHSI

HopManbHaR 11 kacare.rsnaa KOMnOHelITbl npnsenennoro naBJleHHR B,10:1b no.10lKHTeJlbHotl l1 orpnnarensnoa nonyocen x Bblpa)l{eHbl c.1enylOllLIDI 06pa30M:

't =0 11 0y+H=q, 'tXy=O. xy

3Ta sanava HMeeT nsa perueans: O.nHO H3 Hl1X onpe.aenaer yoepocuBal014ee naB.1eHlfe, npn KOTOPOM He 6yneT BbIl1lfpaHHSI BnO.'1b orpnuare.lbHOtl nOJlYOCH x, a npyr oe -. pa3pYUlalO14ee .naBJleHl1e, nplf KOTOpO~1 He 6y.neT ocenaans B.nO.'1b rott IKe - OTpl1UaTeJlbHotl- no nyocn x;

f/

-----.0

Pnc. 33.

Puc. 34.

y,1eplKHBalOmee naanenne 06bl4HO B HeCKOJlbKO paa MeHbllle COOTBeTcrnvioutero paapyuraiourero naBJleHl1R.

'Ha4HeM C onpenexeuna yneplKl1BalOmero naBJleHIfR aa oCHOBaHl1e, npennonaras, 4TO aapyurenne npenem.noro paBHoBecHSI npnaonar K ocenal!lllO OCHOBaHIfR B.nOJlb nOJlOIKl1Te.1bHotl nOJlyocH x (onycxaune neaoa 4alllKH secoa) M BblTIMpaHl110 ero B.nOJlb orpauarexsuort nonyocn x (nollH51THe npasott 4alllKI1 aecos). TI03TOMY B 30He, npaxuxaronien K no.ioIKHTeJlbHotl noayocn x, 6y .aer HMeTb MeCTO MHHHMaJlbHoe, a B soue, npHMblKalOmetl K orpnuarensnon no.tyocn X, - MaKCHMaJlbHOe aanpazceunue COCTORHHR.

TaKHM 06pa30M, B.nOJlb rrO.'IOIKHTeJlbHotl nonyocn x BCJlellCTBHe (1.18) npl1 v: = - 1 HylKHO npHH51Tb

p (x)

0=

1 + sin p ,

(2.01)

" C x cor ~aCHO (1.18) npH x = + 1

a B,10Jlb orpnuare.u-noa no.1Yo H "

.lO.liKHO 6bITb

q = 0(1 - sin p), 9 = 7:.

(2.02)

PaCCMOTpHM caanana nocTaB.lJeHHYIO sanasy nJIR ueaecoxon cpe.ru, C'l!lTaSl, 4TO ¢yHKUHR P (x) MOHOTOHHa, HanpHMep, 4TO pi (x) > o. Bl1p04eM, 3TO orpannuenne necyurecrneaao 11 MOlKeT 6blTb nerxo CHRTO.

BblTIOJlHHM pan nocrpoeaan aa nJlOCKOCTH ~'Y/, C4HTaR ee COCTORmetl H3 ,1BYX JlHCTOB.

Ha ,1HCTe I aanecex TpaneUHIO Ao0102A2' Y KOTOPOtl cropoua AOOl eCTb oTpe30K npsxoa (2.0 I), a aa J1HCTe 1I - npsaoyroasnutt rpeyruns-

.1

II' I

[r JI. It I HIfK A202A3, OrpaHIf'leHHblit npsaon (2.02), KOTopaH crsevaer orpnna, II TeJIbHoit nOJIYOCIf x. 8TIf 06JIaCTIf coennnenu B O)J.IIY KOM6IfHIfPOBaHHYIO, I!

{ )J.BYXJIIfCTHYIO 06JIaCTb, 1f306pa)l{eHHYIO na pnc, 35., '

~ t nYTeM CKpenJIeHIfH JIIfCTOB B)J.O.'1b OTpe3Ka xapaxrs,' II

, PIfCTIfKIf 02A2'

I

: 'E TaKaH )J.BYXJIIfCTHaH 06J1aCTb MO)l{eT 6bITb pa3Bep., II

,0,,..' ----{A,-~ HYTa B O)J.HO.'1IfCTHYIO, npe)J.CTaB.leHHYIO aa pnc, 36, : eCJIIf neperuyn, npsaoyroxsuua rpeyro.n.nnx A202AII: I

BOKpyr 02A2' '

TaK KaK oTpe30K A001 aa nJIOCKOCTIf ;1) COOT~" BeTCTByeT yxacrxy AoO nOnO)l{IfTe.'1bHoli: nOJIYOCIf x :

TO B)J.onb A001 Bcne)J.CTBHe (2.01) H3BeCTHbI '

x=x(o), y=O.

HECYlllAH cnOC05HOCTb OCHOBAHlfit If OTKOCOB

Y'!r

/ / /

..:

''7

IA

II

TIo 9THM )J.aHHbIM nepaon xpaesoa aaaaun MO)l{eN, 6bITb Hali:)J.eHO peurenne ypaaaenan (1.35) B npauoyronsnov rpeyr-oxsnnke A001A1 aa nnOCKOCTII E1).

Caenoaarensno, 3Ha'leHIfH x If Y Y)l{e 1f3BeCTHbI B)J.onb orpesxa xap axrepacruxa 0lA1' a B)J.O.% npyror o orpesxa xapaxrepacrnxa °1°2 HY)I{HO nplfHHTb

PHC. 35.

x=y=o,

TaK, 'lT06bI OH COOTBeTCTBOBan O)J.HOit TO'lKe 0. 8TIf )J.aHHble BTOpOli: xpaeaon 3a)J.a'llf )J.alOT B03MO)l{HOCTb noCTPOIfTb peweHHe ypaauenna (1.35) B npHMoyronbHIfKe A10102A2 Ha nJIOCKOCTIf E~.

Tenepi, 3Ha'leHHH x If Y Hali:)J.eHbI B)J.OJIb orpesxa xapaKTepHCTHKH 02A2' a B)J.onb orpesxa 02A3 cnenyer

.l

noaoxom,

y=o,

nOTOMY 'ITO OH orneuaer HeKOTopOMY yxacrxy orpnuaTeJIbHoit nonyoca x. TIo 3THM )J.aHHbIM rpersen xpaeBOit 3a)J.a'llf y.aaercs HaitTIf peuienne ypaBHeHHit (1. 35) B npaxoyroasaox rpeyroxsuaxe A202A3 aa naoCKOCTIf ~~.

TaKIfM 06pa30M, B nsyxnacrnort KOM6lfHlfpOBaHHoit 06JIaCTIf aa nnOCKOCTIf ~~ 6Y)J.YT onpenenenu nenpe-

psrsnue ¢YHKUIfH x = X (~, ~), y = y (~, ~), HBJIHIOuraecs peurenneu ypaanenna (1.35) B Ka)l{)J.oit 1f3 06nacTeit A ° A A10102A2 If A202A3. Ha orpesxax xapaxrepncrnx OjA1 H 02A2 ~P~If;~ BO)J.Hble oxlo~ H oy/oYj nperepnesaior KOHe'lHble paapuusr.

OTMeTIfM, 'ITO B)J.onb OTpe3Ka xapaxrepacmxn 0 tD2 onpenemrre as npe06pa30BaHlfH

PHC. 36.

§ 5]

Y)J.EP)I{IfBAlOlllEE HOPMAJIbHOE )J.ABJIEHIfE HA OCHOBAHIfH

51'

raK KaK B)J.onb Hero x = y = 0, a BMeCTe C TeM npoaaaonnue ox/o~ = = oy/oYj = 0. OTCIO)J.a HCHO, 'ITO OTpe30K xapaxrepacraxn 0102 na nJIOCKOCTI! xy aupoacnaercs B O)J.HY ocotiyto motuo) 0, B KOTOPOit KOMnolleHTbI nanp H)I{eHIfH HMelOT KOHe'lHble paapussr.

DOcTpoeHHble ¢YHKUIfIf x = X (~, ~), y = y (~,~) oroopaacaer )J.Byx;1I!CTHYIO KOM6lfHlfpoBaHHYlO 06JIacTb na nnOCKOCTIf ~~ B O)J.HOJIIfCTHYIO' o6.'1aCTb aa nnOCKOCTIf xy, npnaeneaayto aa pac. 37, eCJIIf BHYTPHO ::nott 06JIaCTIf HeT JIlfHlfit paapsma.

1'.7

PHC, 37.

o aanpaaaenaa BomYTOCTIf xap arcrepncrnx - JIIfHHit CKOJIb)l{eHIfH Ha' n.lOCKOCTIf x y MO)l{HO CY)J.IfTb no If X 1f306pa)l{eHlfHM aa nJIOCKOCTH ~~. Paccuorpaa, nanpaxep , xapaxrepacrnxy AoA1 A2A3, aa KOTOPOit ~ =- 20 = const. Ilpn )J.BIf)l{eHHIf B)J.onb aee OT TO'lKIf Ao K TO'lKe A2 na miCTe I BeJllf'lIfHa ~ yrisrsaer. a npH )J.aJIbHeitweM )J.BH)I{eHHH OT TOlJKH A2 K TO'lKe A3 aa nncre II BenH'IIfHa ~ soapacraer. OTclO)J.a C!Ic.uyeT, 'ITO na nnOCKOCTIf xy yron HaKJIOHa

1

9+s= 2(~0-~)+s

xapaxrepacrnxa AoA1A2A3 KOCH x npn )J.BH)I{eHHH OT TO'lKI1 Ao K TOlJKe A2 aospacraer, a npa )J.BH)I{eHIfIf OT TO'lKIf A2 K TO'lKe A3 yGLIBaeT, TaK 'ITO nanpaanenae BOruYTOCTIf na ysacrxax AoA2 If A2A3 OCTaeTcH HeIf3MeHHbIM.

TaKIfM 06pa30M, HeTpY)J.Ho BI1)J.eTb, 'ITO xapakrepncraxn - nl1Hlf1f CKOJIb)!\UIlIH nepaoro cexencrna coxpanmor uanpaaaenae BOruYTOCTI1, a BTOporo cexertcraa I1MelOT TO'lKI1 neper noa npn nepeceuemm C xapaxrePI1CTI1KOit OA2.

Becsxa Ba)l{HO OTMeTI1Tb, 'ITO ace xapaxrepucrnxa - JIIfHIlIf cxons}f,eHIfH nepaoro ceaencraa B uenrpam.noa 06.1aCTI1 A10A2 aa n.roCKOCTIf xy npOXO)J.HT '1epe3 TO'lKY ° If, CJIe)J.OBaTenbHO, 06pa3YlOT HeKOTOPblit nyso« KpIfBbIX.

58

HECYLUAH CnOC05HOCTb OCHOBAHH~ H OTKOCOB

Y,UEP}KHBAlOll\EE HOPMAJIbHOE nABllEHHE HA OCHOBAHlfH

3Ha4eHlfe npaaeneauoro .uaBJIeHHH q = qo B T04Ke ° MO}l{eT 6bl1'b nupaaceuo 4epe3 3Ha4eHHe nplfBe.ueHHOrO .uaBJIeHlfH P = Po B ron )l{e 1'04Ke 0.

3THM 3Ha4eHIf HM Po H qo COOTBeTCTBYIOT na nJIOCKOCTIf E1J T04KIf if 02' JIe}l{aLUHe aa O.uHOtt If ron }l{e xapaxrepncrnxe

E = x. + 9 = const

sroporo ceMettCTBa. IT03TOMY anecs cne.ayer npHMeHlfTb cooruoureane 0= C exp (- 29 tg p).

ITpoH3BOJIbHaH nOCTOHHHaH C aa OCHOBaHlf1f (2.01) MO}l{eT 6bITb supaxena 4epe3 3Ha4eHlfH 0 If c.p B T04Ke 01' TaKlfM 06pa30M, B.uOJlb xapaxrepncrnxa 0102 1f3BeCTHO

0= 1 ;~in p exp [(T: - 2r.p) tg pl.

Eho COOTHOllleHHe IlUle,UCTBHe (2.02) .naer B03MO}l{HOCTb onpenenan, .3Ha4eHlfe o B T04Ke 02' a TaK}I{e

1 - sin p

%=Po 1+' exp(-7ttgp). om p

Paanocrs Po - qo nOKa3bIBaeT IleJIH4HHY CKa4Ka npnsenennoro HOpNaJIbHOro .uaBJIeHHH B Ha4aJIe Koop.ulfHaT 0.

ITepett.ueM rerreps K peuieamo ron }l{e 3a.ll.a4H .uJIH aecoxon cpenu, ue rpeoya, 4T06bI ¢YHKUHH P (x) 6bIJIa MOHOTOHHa. ITOCTPOlfM aa nJIOCKOCTH Afl- 06JIaCTb AoOI02A3, KaK 3TO 1f306pa}l{eHO aa pHC. 38.

ITOJIb3YHCb caorionon BbI60pa napaxerpoa A H fl-, MO}l{HO B.uOJIb nOJIO}l{HTeJlbHO~ noxyocn X sanars ), = - fl- = x. Tor na Y4acTKY AoO 6y.ueT aa n noCKOCTH )'fl- COOTBeTCTBOBaTb aexoropun oTpe30K npsaon Ao01• CJIe.uoBaTeJIbHO, B.uO,lb AoOI Ha OCHO-

BaHHH (2.01) H3BecrHbI

(2.03)

x=)" y=O,

0= p(x)

1 + sin p ,

3TH .ll.aHHble nepaon kpaeson aanasn naror B03- MO}l{HOCTb nocrpoars peurenne ypasuenan (1.45) If (1.46) B npHMoyrOJIbHOM rpeyronsnaxe AoOIAI aa nJIOCKOCTH )'fl-.

Au OTMeTHM, 4TO B T04Ke °1 3Ha4eHHH 0 If 9 COB-

Puc. 38. nanaior C COOTBeTcTBYIOLUHMH 3Ha4eHlfHMIf .uJIH He-

aecoxon cpcnu, If HanOMHHM, 4TO .uJIH TaKO~ cpe.au O.uHOtt T04Ke ° cOOTBeTCTByeT aa nJIOCKOCTH ~1J ueJlbltt oTpe30K xapaxTepHCTHKH 0102'

04eBIf.uHO, 4TO c06CTBeHHhI~ nee He OKa3bIBaeT KaKOrO-JIH60 BJIliHHlfH na nOJIe HanpH}I{eHH~ B6JIH3H T04KH 0. IT03TOMY OTpe30K xapaxrepn-

° a n.l0CKOCTH ~'l, COOTBeTcTByIOIUH~ T04Ke 0, C.1Y}l{HT OTKII 01 2 H

eTII aKTepHCTHKH H n,lH BeCOMO~ cpe.au.

pe3KOM xaPbKy T04Ka 01 C Koop.uHHaTaMH ~ = ;0' .~ = 'fJo nepexo.aur Ha

OOCKO.1) B onHOHMeHHYIO T04KY 01 C KOOp.IlHHaTaMH ), = fl- = 0, TO

n.l0CKOC III 'fl-. ~._ ~ nepexo aar aa n,10CKOCTH ),tL B xapaxrepn-

ap3KTepllC1HKa '-'0 '

II X' .'. __ 0 ITO,lh3\"HCb OCTaBwe~CH CB060lLO~ BbI60pa ll" nOJIO}l{HM

CTIIK) I.·~· ,

TOlJ!{e ° COOTBeTcTIlyeT ua n.'IOCKOC1'H I'll, o1'pe30K xapaxrepnCTIlKIl 0\°2, Cne..JOBaTe.'IbHO B.IlOnb sroro OTpe3Ka

x=y=O,

J = . Po exp [(" - 2:;;) tg p].

1 + ,111 P

J l rax , 311a4eHHH x, Y II 0, c.p Y}l{e Ha~neHbI BnOJIb OTpe3Ka xapaxre-

° A a sno.n- apyruro oTpe3Ka xapaKTepHCTHKH 0102 H3BeCTHbI

PIlCTIIKH 1 I' ,..,. .u; J

x=y=O,

el = Po exp [(T: - 2:;;) tg p],

1 + sin p

3T11 nallHble BTOPOtt kpaeson 3a.ua4H onHTb-TaKH n03BO.1HIOT nocrpoars pewelille ypaBHeHH~ (1.45) H (1.46) B npHMO)TOJIbHHKe A10102A2 aa

n.10CKOCTH )'fL·

!l0.lb3YHCb euie ocraBwetlcH CB060.Il0~ Bbl60pa f1 B.Ilonh orpauareas-

HOti no.rycc» x, nOJIO}l{HM \1 = I, + ,,/2.

Tcnep s 3Ha4eHlfH x, Y H el, 9 H3BeCTHbi Il.lO.lb orpeaxa xapaxrepn-

CTIIKII 02A2' a Il.Il0.1b orpesxa 02A3 aanaau

y=O, cp=T:.

no 3THM .uaHHbHI rpersert xpaeaon 3ana4H MO}l{eT 6blTb aaa.aeno " (1 45) H (1 46) B npHMoyro.lbHoM Tpeyro.1bHHKe

pcwe!lI1e ypaBHeHHl'l. .

A.)O.,A3 ua n.l0CKOCTH i,p ..

- ()6paTHM BHHMalllle, 4TO aa o rpcakax xapaKTepHcTHK OIAI H 02A2.

;:, ,;:, ;:,y/au. ael/oll ocn/au. nperepneaaior KOHe4Hble

npOl13BOnHb1e ux/ufl-, U \' r: T'

paspuuu. 01°2 onpe.ae-

OTMeTllM TaK}I{e, 4TO BnO.lb OTpe3Ka xapaKTep HCTHKll

JIITeJb npe06pa30BaHHH

a (x, y) = 0, a (A, 1'-)

. _ y - 0 a BMecre C TeM, npOH3BonHbie

1 ax KaK B.Il0.1b Hero x - - , °

ax au. . a /0 l, = O. OTClOna cnenyer. 41'0 OTpe30K xapaKTepHCTHKH 01 2

, Y I 6 mO'l";y ° B KOTOpO~

ua IIJIOCKOCTH x y nepexo.aar B onny oco y/O ,

KOMnOHeHThl HanpH}I{eHHll HMelOT KOHe4Hbie pa3pblBb!.

60

HECYLUAH CrrOCOBHOCTb OCHOBAHH~ H OTKOCOB

[nr

XOTH non BJIHHHHeM c06CTBeHHoro seca xapaxrepncraxn _ Jill CKOJIb)l(eHHH na rrJIOCKOCTH x Y HeCKOJIbKO H3MeHHIOTCH, HO 00' xapaxrep HX pacrrOJIO)l(eHHH .LJ.JIH BeCOBO~ Cpe.LJ.bI OCTaHeTCH rrpe)l(IUIM. 3Ha'leHHH rrpHBe.LJ.eHHOro .LJ.aBJIeHHH q = % B TO 'IKe ° npa. HaJIIfJlJIH OTCyTCTBHH C06CTBeHHoro seca Cpe.LJ.bI O.LJ.HHaKOBbI H orrpe.LJ.eJiHIO rro cj>opMYJIe (2.03).

B 'laCTHOM cayuae, xorna B.LJ.OJIb rrOJIO)l(HTeJIbHO~ rrOJIYOCH x paD MepHO pacrrpe.LJ.eJIeHO npaaenenaoe HOpMaJIbHOe .LJ.aBJIeHHe p, paCCMaT BaeMaH 3a.LJ.a'la BeCbMa rrpOCTa.

ll.JIH HeBeCOMO~ Cpe.LJ.bI na rrJIOCKOCTH x Y pa3JIH'laIOTCH AoOAl' AlOA2 H A20A3, H306pa)l(eHHbIe aa pHC. 39.

P

II

Puc. 39.

B 06JIaCTHX AoOAl H A20A3, cooTBeTCTBYIOLUHX TO'lKaM 01 H BeJIll'lllHbI cr H <p rrOCTOHHHbI H pasna CBOHM 3Ha'leHHHM B TO'lKaX H 02' TaK 'ITO

cr= P

1 + sin p ,

c.p= 27t H cr= q <p=7t',

1- sln p ,

a ceTKH JIHHH~ CKOJIb)l(eHHH 06pa30BaHbI .LJ.ByMH H30rOHaJIbHbIMH ceMe~.J CTBaMH rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIX npsxux. I

B 06JIaCTH AlOA2 na rrJIOCKOCTH xy, OTBe'lalOLUe~ oTpe3KY xapaKTe-1 PHCTHKH °1°2, BeJIll'lllHa ~ rrOCTOHHHa. I103TOMY 3.LJ.eCb HMelOT MeCTol HHTerpaJIbI (l.38) ypaanenaa npeaeasnoro paBHOBeCHH .LJ.JIH BbIPO)l(.LJ.eH-! noro CJIY'laH, a HMeHHO

a = C exp (- 2<p tg p),

tg(<p-s) =.1.. HJIH <p = 6 +s.

x

I1POH3BOJIbHaH rrOCTOHHHaH C MO)l(eT 6bITb aupaxena nepea HHH a If <p B 06JIaCTH AoOAl' TaKHM 06pa30M, OKOH'IaTeJIbHO

I"

I

Y.LJ.EP)I(HBAIOLUEE HOPMAJIbHOE .LJ.AB JIEHHE HA OCHOBAHHH

61

HuH CKOJIb)l(eHHH COCTOHT H3 nysxa npsxux, rrpOXO.LJ.HLUHX TKa JIll uYl

a ce xy ° H H3 cexencraa JIOrapHcj>MH'IeCKHX cnapanen

<jepe3 TO'l ,

rexp(-6tgp)= const.

IT pe.LJ.bI.LJ.YLUee COOTHOlIIeHlle

a = p. exp [(r; - 2~) tg p]

1 +510 P

I3CJlenCTBHe (2.02) rr03BOJIHeT onpenenars 3Ha'leHHH a B 06JIaCTH A20A3, a BMeCTe C TeM

1- sin p ( )

q = P 1 . exp - 7t' tg P .

+510 P

(2.04)

, I

hOM6HHHpOBaHHaH 06JIacTb na rrJIOCKOCTH ~'lj reneps 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO ynpo!.UaeTcH H MO)l(eT 6bITb pacnoaoacena na O.LJ.HOM JIllCTe. I1pHMoyrOJIbHble TpeyrOJIbHHKH AOOlAl H A202A3 npenpauiaiorcs B TO'lKH 01 H 02. a np5lMoyrOJIbHHK AlOl02A2 - B O.LJ.llH OTpe30K xapaKTepHCTHKH 0102'

Cne.LJ.OBaTeJIbHO, 06JIaCTHM AoOAl H A20A3 na rrJIOCKOCTH xy CO{)TBeTCTBYIOT aa IlJIOCKOCTH ~'lj TO'lKH 01 II 02' a 06JIaCTH AlOA2- {)Tpe30K xapaxrepacrnxn °1°2,

I13JIo)l(eHHaH 3.LJ.eCb '1aCTHaH 3 ana '1a 6bIJIa snepnue paCCMOTpeHa

JI. I1paH.LJ.TJIeM [27] H r. Pe~CHepOM [75].

[l,JI5I BeCOMO~ Cpe.LJ.bI B 06JIaCTH AoOAl na IlJIOCKOCTH xy COrJIaCHO (1.52) rrpH )( = - 1 BeJIH'IHHbI

P + iY 7t

cr- CP=-2 '

- 1 +sin p'

a cerxa JIllHH~ CKOJIb)l(eHHH OCTaeTCH TOJ;t )l(e 'ITO H .LJ.JIH HeBeCOMO~ CpCi1bI.

I10JIb3YHCb CB060.LJ.0~ B BbI60pe napaxerpoa A H (1, MO)l(HO B.LJ.OJIb xapaxrepncrnxa y = x ctg e 3 a.LJ. ars (1 = O. Torna oTpe3KY OAI 6Y.LJ.eT ua IWOCKOCTH Ap. COOTBeTCTBOBaTb Hel(OTOPbI~ oTpe30K xapaxrepuCTlIKll 0lAl.

KOM6HHllpoBaHHaH 06JIaCTb aa rrJIOCKOCTH A(1 reneps He CO.LJ.eP)l(HT np5IMoyrOJlbHOrO rpeyrom-nnxa AOOlAl' a B.LJ.OJIb OlAl H3BeCTHbI

X=)"

cr= p+U , • 1 + sin p

y= x ctg e,

PeweHHH ypaaaeann (1.45) H (1.46) MoryT 6bITb Ha~.LJ.eHbI cnepsa B I1p5lMoyrOJIbHHKe AlOl02A2 aa I1JIOCI{OCTH A(1 110 .LJ.aHHbIM B.LJ.OJIb {)Tpe3KOB xapaxrepncrax OlAl H °1°2, a 3aTeM B I1pHMoyrOJIbHOM TpeyrOJIbHHKe A202Aa 110 .LJ.aHHblM B.LJ.OJIb OTpe3Ka xapaKTepHCTHKH 02A2 II OTpe3Ka 02A3'

3neCb, B OTJIH'IHe OT HeBeCOMO~ Cpe.LJ.LI, JIllHHll CKOJIb)l(eHHH aa I1JIOCKOCTI1 xy OCTalOTCH IlpHMbIMH JIHlllb B 06JIaCTH AoOAl' a B OCTaJIbHbIX {)6.1aCTllx JII1Hl1ll CKOJIb)l(eHHH 060HX ceMePlCTB CTaHOBHTCH KpHBbIMH.

62

HECYmAH CnOCOBHOCTb OCHOBAHHfi H OTKOCOB

[r JI.

DpenCTaBJIHeT TaK)I{e HHTepeC c.tysaa, kor n a npaaenenuoe HOpMaJI

Hoe naBJIeHHe p paBHOMepHO pacnpeneJIeHO JIHWb na HeKOTopOM "

CTKe ° AlO nJIHHbl a nOJIO)l{HTeJIbHotl nOJIYOCH x. Y'I

PaCCMOTpHM 3Ty 3ana'lY nJIH HeBeCOMofi cpenu H 6yneM pa3.~H'Ia1'

na ~~OCKOCTH xy 06JIaCTH, H306pa)l{eHHble ua pHC. 40. ,

06JIaCTHX AlOOA11, A1ZOA13 H A110A1Z aa nJIOCKOCTH xy nOJI'111

HanpH)I{eHHfi 11 CeTKI1 JII1HHtl CKO,1b)l{eHI1H OCTalOTCH TeMI1 »ce, 'ITO ' ,

paHblue. 3nlM 06.~aCTHM COOTBeTCTBYIOT aa n.l0CKOCTH ;'1 nBe T04KH 0

11 0z H OTpe30K xapaKTepHcnlKH °1°2'

!I

III

OfIpeneJIeHHe nonen p Hil

Han 51)1{eHHn H ceTOK JIHHHtl CKOJIb)l{eHHH B (I I

OCTaJIbHbIX 06JIaCT5IX npnso.mrr K nOO'lepenHOMY peWeHl110 nepson BTO- 'I

poa H tl '

rperse xpaeaux aanau nm ypaBHeHHtl (1.35) COBMeCTHO C IlI!Te-

rpaJIaMH (1.39).

B 06,1acTI1 AzoAlOA11Azl nOJI)I{HbI 6bITb npnaeneuu HHTerpaJIbI (1.39) ypaBHeHHfi npe,lleJIbHOrO paBHOBeCHH. DPOH3BOJIbHaH nOCTOHHHaH D Bblpa)l{aeTcH sepea 3Ha'leHHH a 11 cp B 06JIaCTI1 AlOOA11 , a npOH3BO.~bHaH ¢YHKUHH g (cp) onpene,1HeTcH no 3Ha4eHHHM x = x (c.p) H y= V (c.p)'

BnOJIb OTpe3Ka xapaKTepHcTlfKlf AlOAzo. Taxua 06pa30M, -

a-=l+~illP exp[(2cp-1:)tgp], tg(cp+s)= y-y(cp) I

x-x(cp)

a cerxa JIHHHfi CKO.~b)l{eHHH COCTOHT H3 cexencraa HenapaJIJIeJIbHbIX npa- I' MbIX H ceMetlCTBa lf30rOHa,1bHbIX KpHBbIX. Vl3 nocrpoeaaoro peWeHlf5l 6yneT, B '1aCTHOCTH, H3BeCTHO ypaaxeune nvra A A

B . J 11 21'

06.~aCTI1 A21AllA12A22 peureans ypaaneautt (1.35) MO)l{eT 6bITb

onpeneJIeHO no 3Ha'leHH5IM x H y, HatlneHHbIM BnOJIb OTpe3Ka xapaxrePHCTlfKH AllAzl' H cJIe,llYlOml1M ,llaHHbIM

Pile, 40.

x=acOS2(s~r-;:E) exp[(cp- ;)tgpJ. y=xtg(cp-s) B,llOJIb orpeaxa xapaKTepHCTHKH AllAI2.

PA3PYWAIO ll1.EE HOPMAJIbHOE nABJIEHHE HA OCHOBAHHH

63

§ 6]

B o6JIaCTH A22AIZA13Az3 .ILOJI)I{HbI 6blTb HCnOJIb30BaHbl HHTe-

a 7j bl (1. 39) ypaBHeHlffi npc.ueJIbHoro paaaoaecas. DPOH3BOJIbHaH norp . HI'la51 D aupaac.aer ca '1epe3 3Ha'leHHH a H <jl B 06J1aCTH A1ZOAI3, -CT05lp Olf3BOJIbHaH ¢YHKUHH g (9) rraxonarca no 3Ha'leHHHM x = X (cp) H a n

\' = Y (cp) B.uOJIb or p esxa xapasrep acraxa A1ZA22. TaK 'ITO

- a 1 q, exp[2(c.?-1:)tgol], tg(m+s)=Y-Y~Cp~,

- SIn P' T X - X cp

I

'I

,1 ccTKa JIHHHfi CKonb)J{eHHH COCTO liT H3 cexeacma nenapaanem.nstx rrpsMblX II ceMeficTBa Ii aor-onaasnux KpIlBbIX.

13 06JIaCTI1 AZ3A13AZ4 MO)l{eT 6bITb Hatl.ueHO peurenne ypaBHeHHfi (1.35) no 3Ha'lCHHHM x H y B.uOJIb OTpe3Ka xapaxrepncmxa A13A23 H npciKHI1M .uaHHblM B.lI.OJIb Y'lacTKa A13A2.! OTpHUaTeJIbHOfi nonyocn x.

ChMeTHM, 41'0 npn a = 0 06JIaCTb, OrpaHH'IeHHaH xapaxrepacraKOti AlOA11A12A!3 Ha nJIOCKOCTH xy, CTHrHBaeTCH B O,llHY TO'lKY 0, a 06naCTlf A20AlOAll A21 H A22A12A13A23 C)I{HMalOTCH B OTpe3KH KpHBblX xapa KTep HCTHK A11 A2! H A12Az2'

OlJeBI1;1,HO, 'ITO S.uOJIb OTpe3Ka xapaKTepHCTHKH 0102 n a n,10CKoCTH ~'1

I'

Tcnepb

x=y=o,

'YaK KaK 31'01' OTpe30K COOTBcTCTByeT 06JIaCTH A110A1Z' a 3Ta 06,laCTb BblpOiK.uaeTCSI B onuy TO'lKY 0.

§ 6. Paapyur atomee HOpMaJIbHOe naanenne na OCHOBaHHSl

Fl ep ennex K ortpeneneamo MaKCHMa.1bHOrO naB,leHHH na OCHoBaHHC. llonycTHM, 41'0 nap ytueane npeaensuoro paBHOBeCHH npHBO.!lHT K BbInHpanrno OCHOBaHHH B.!lOJIb nOJlO)l{IiTeJIbHotl nOJIYOCH x (nonnsrne .'IeBofi lJaWKII BeCOB) H ocenaamo BnOJIb OTpHuaTCJlbHOfi nO,lYOCH x (onycKaHHe npano a 4aWKI1 BeeOB). 5lCHO, 'ITO B 30He, npnxuxaiouiea K fIOJIO)l{HTC.lh HOti no.'IYOCH X, 6yneT I1MeTb MCCTO MaKCHMa,lbHOC, a B 30He, fIPH \lhIKalOlll,etl K orpnuar-e.n.aott nO·'IYOCH x, - - MHHHMaJlbHOe HanpH)I{eHHbIC

COCT05l111l5l.

11 TaK, B.uOJlb nOJIO)l{HTe,lbHOfi + 1 MO)l{I!O nOJIO)l{HTb

nOJIYOCH x BCJIe.uCTBHe (1.18) npa

0==

p (x) 1- sin p ,

(2.05)

a Bl1.0.'1b OTpl1UaTeJIbHOfi nOJIyoCH x cor nacao (1.18) npn x = - 1 .uOJl}KIlO 6b1Tb

q=a(l+sinp),

(2.06)

PaeCMOTpl1M caasana nocr aaneanyro sanasy ,llJIH aesecoxort cpenu, C4lf'f'a5l, 41'0 CPYHKUHH p(x) MOHOTOHHa, aanpaxep , 'ITO p' (x) > O.

BbInOJIHHM paa nocrpoen aa Ha nJIOCKOCTH ~'1, C'IHTaH ee COCTOH-

Juett H3 nBYX .~HCTOB. OTpe30K npaxon AoO! aa JIHCTe I onpe.nenen

64

HECYLUAH CnOCOBHOCTb OCHOBAHH~ H OTKOCOB

[rJI. Il

1paBHeHHeM (2.05), a npsxaa 02A3 aa .~HCTe II - yp aanenaeu (2 06)

HCTbl coennueau B,llOJIb orpesxa xapaKTepHCTI1KH 0lA1 H 06 a~ 10' ,llBYXJIHCTHYIO 06JIacTb, npe,llCTaBJIeHHYIO na pHC. 41 a B pa3BepP HYY T BH,lle - na pHC. 42. ,TOM

'l'A

I

I

1[7' v,'

0. -----~

I q

Pnc. 41.

ll.aHHble B,llO.rlb orpeaxos 6blTb CcjJ0PMYJIHpOBaHbI 6e3 BCJIe,llCTBHe (2.05) H3BeCTHbI

Pac. 42.

Ao01' °1°2 H 02Aa na nJIOCKOCTH E'1) MorYT BCHKoro TpY,lla. TaK, B,llOJIb OTpe3Ka AoO}

X=X(O), y=O.

KaK H p anee, B,llOJIb OTpe3Ka xapaKTepHCTHKH 0102 04eBH.llHO, 4TO x=y=O,

y=O.

Ilocrpoennas ,llBYXJIHCTHaH 06,~aCTb oT06pa)KaeTCH B O.uHOHMeHHYIO 06JIaCTb aa nJIOCKOCTH xy, npe,llCTaBJIeHHYIO Ha pHC. 43. OTpe30K xapaxTepl1CTHKH °1°2, KaK scerna, nepexonnr B O,llHY o cotiyto mO'l1<y 0.

Pac. 43.

CYLUeCTBeHHO oTMeTHTb, 4TO see xapaxrepacrmor - JIHHHH CKOJIb)KeHH5I BTOporo CeMe~CTBa B ueHTpaJIbHO~ 06JIaCTH A10A2 na nJIOCKOCTH xy

§ 6]

PA3PYllIAIOLUEE HOPMAJIbHOE ,llABJIEHI1E HA OCHOBAHHH

65

nepexo.uHT 4epe3 T04KY ° H, CJIe.uOBaTeJIbHO, COCTaBJIHIOT HeKoToPbI~ ny40K KpHBbIX.

3Ha4eHHe npnaenennoro .uaBl1eHHH q = qo B T04Ke ° KaK H paHee ,1erKO aupaxaercs xepea 3Ha4eHHe npnaenennoro .uaBJIeHHH P = Po B TO~ )l{e T04Ke 0.

3Tl1M 3Ha4eHHHM Po H qo OTBe4alOT aa nJIOCKOCTl1 ~'1) T04KH 01 11 °2, .1e)KaLUHe aa O.uHO~ xap axrepucrnxe

'1) = X .- c.p = const

nepaoro cexencma. TI03TOMY 3.ueCb Hy)KHO I1cnOJIb30BaTb COOTHOllIeHHe 0= D exp (2'f tg p).

TIPOH3BOJIbHaH rrOCTOHHHaH D npn rrOMOLUH (2.05) ,llOJI)KHa 6bITb aupa)l{eHa qepe3 3Ha4eHHH 0 H <p B TOQKe 01' TaKHM 06pa30M, B.uOJIb xapaxTepHCTHKH 010~ H3BeCTHO, QTO

0= 1 pOexp(2<ptgp). -Sin P

3TO COOTHOllleHHe BCJIe.u-

CTBl1e (2.06) n03BOJIHeT Ha~TH 3Ha4eHHe 0 B T04Ke 02' a 3aTeM

1 + sin p

qo=Po 1 . exp m tg p),

- Sill P

(2.07)

Pnc, 44.

Pa3HOCTb qo - Po .naer Be,1H4HHY CKa4Ka npnse.aeiraoro HopMa.%HOrO .uaBJIeHHH B Ha4aJIe KOOp.uHHaT 0.

06paTHMcH reneps K pemcnmo nOCTaBJIeHHO~ 3a.ua4H C yQeTOM c06- CTBeHHoro aeca cpenu, He rpeoys OT cjJyHKUHH P (x) MOHOTOHHOCTH. Hanecex na nJIOCKOCTH )'f1 rpaneumo A00102A3' KaK 9TO rrOKa3aHO aa pHC. 44. 3aMeTHM, 4TO oTpe3KY xapaxrepncraxa 0lA2 aa nJIOCKOCTH Af1 cOOTBeTCTByeT o.ana ocooas T04Ka ° aa rrJIOCKOCTH xy.

D.aHHbIe B.uOJIb orpeaxos A001' 0102 H 0203 na nJIOCKOCTH Af1 MorYT 6bITb narracaau 6e3 BCHKorO rpyna. TaK, B.uOJlb OTpe3Ka AoAI BCJIe.uCTBHe (2.05) sananu

X=t" y=O,

p(x)

0=

1 - sin p ,

<p=0.

KaK II B snne , B,llOJIb OTpe3Ka xap axrepucraxa 0102 llMelOT MeCTO

X = Y = 0, 0 = Po exp (2[0 tg 0)

1- sin p T' '

a B.uOJIb OTpe3Ka 02A3 6y.uyT

7t

y=O, <P=:r'

06LUllil xapaxrep p acnonoaceaas xapaxrepacrux - JIllHH~ CKOJIb)KeHllH na nJIOCKOCTll xy OCTaeTCH TeM )Ke, QTO H ,llJIH aesecoxon cpenu, XOTH rpopxa I1X HeCKOJIbKO ll3MeHHeTCH.

5 38K. 12BA. B B. COKOJIOBCKHiI

66

HECymAH cnOC05HOCTb OCHOBAHHn H OTKOCOB

[r JI. II

3Ha4eHHH npnseneanoro naBJleHHH q = qo B T04Ke ° npa HaJlH4HH H OTCYTCTBHH C06CTBeHHOrO seca cpenu coananaior H no-npeacneay supa)!{aIOTCH no cpopMyJle (2.07).

B 4aCTHOM caysae, xorna BnOJIb nonoxcnrensnon no.nyocn x pasaoMepHo pacnpene.neno npaaeneunoe HOpMaJlbHOe naBneHHe p, aanasa oco- 6eHHo npocra,

D.nH neaecoaon cpe.au aa nJlOCKOCTH xy, KaK 06bI4HO, pa3.~H4aIOTcH TpH 06JlaCTH AoOAl' AlOA2 H A20A3, npencraa.tenaue aa pHC. 45.

B 06!laCTHX AoOAl H A20A3, coornercrayiourax T04KaM 01 H °2, BenH4HHbI 0 H Cf nOCTOHHHbI H pasnu CBOHM 3Ha4eHHHM B T04Kax 01 H 02' TaK 4TO

0= P

1- sin p ,

q 9=0 H 0=...,--,--'--- 1 + sin p ,

y=; ,

a ceTKH nHHHti CKOJlb)l{eHHH 06pa30BaHbI nByMH ceMetiCTBaMH napaJinenbHbIX npHMbIX.

PI1C. 45.

B 06JIaCTH AlOA2 cnpanennasu mrrerp anu (l.40) ypaBHeHHti npene.1bIIOfO paaaosecaa n.~H BblpO)l{neHI-IOrO CJlY4aH. DpOH3Bo.7bHaH nOCTOHHHaH D nO.l)1{Ha 6bITb onpenenena 4epe3 3Ha4eHHH 0 H 9 B 06nacTH AoOAl' MTaK, OKOH4aTenbHO

0= 1 P exp (2c.p tg p),

- ~1I1 P

a cerxa .'1HHHti CKOJlb)l{eHHH COCTOHT H3 nyuxa npsuux, npoxo.asuiax 4cpe3 T04KY 0, H H3 ceMetiCTBa .10rapHcpMH4ecKHx cnupanen

r exp (B tg p) = con st.

Ilpenunyuiee COOTHoweHHe BCJlenCTBHe (2.06) rr03BOJIlleT HatiTH 3Ha'-Jelme 0 B 06.13CTH A20A3, a TaK)I{e

1 + sin p

q=:» 1 exp tx tg p).

-sin p

(2.08)

§ 6]

PA3PYWAIOmEE HOPMAJlbHOE nABJlEHHE HA OCHOBAHHH

67

J{oM6HHHpOBaHHall 06.1aCTb na nJIOCKOCTH ~1J snecs CH.1bHO ynpouiaercs H MO)l{eT 6bITb p acno.noaceaa na onHOM JlHCTe. Ilpsaoyroasnue TpeyrOJIbHHKH AOOlAl H A202A3 npeapauraiorca B T04KH 01 H 02' a npm,lOyroJlbHHK AlOl02A2 B OTpe30K xapaKTepHCTHKH 0102'

06J1aCTHM AoOAl H A20A3 aa nnOCKOCTH xy COOTBeTcTBylOT T04KH 01 H O2 na nJlOCKOCTH ~1J, a 06,13CTH AlOA2 OTBe4aeT OTpe30K xapaxrepa-

CTHKH 0102'

llnll secoxoa cpenst B 06J1aCTH AoOAI aa n.~OCKOCTH xy BUlen-

CTBHe (1.52) npH v: = + 1 Be.1H4HHbl

P+'(Y 0= I-sin p

9== 0,

\

I.

a cerxa JIHHHti CKO,lb)l{eHHll ra )l{e, 4TO H nJl11 neaecoxon CpC.::(bI.

J{oM6HHHpOBaHHaH 06J1aCTb aa nJIOCKOCTH Aft He co.nepaorr npnxoyro.1bHoro TpeyrOJIbHHKa A001Al' a BnOJIb OlAl nauu

t 0= P+IY '!!,=O.

Y=ft, y=x g e. I-sinp'

3;I.eCb, B OT.1H4He OT HeBecoMoti cpenu, JlHHHlI C!{OJIb)l{eHHll Hit n.l0CKOCTH xY OCTalOTCH npllMb!MH ,1HWb B 06JIaCTH AoOAl' a II OCTaJlbHblX 06.1aCTllx 6ynyT KpHBbIMH.

II

HH}Ke npnaeneao 'IHCJIeHHOe peurenae paCCMOTpe!,IHOH 3au)]'aQH )],JIl! P = 30° H P = H B 6e3pa3MepHbix nepexeanax C xapaxrepnou )],JIHHOH I = k/l'

Ilepexon K 3THM 6e3pa3MepHbiM nepeMeHHbIM ocy~eCTBJIl!eTCl! cpasv. eCJIH BO scex !lJ0PMY nax nOJIO}]{HTb k = 1 H I = 1. 06paTHblll nepexon K pa3MepHbiM nepeMeHHblM CBO)],HTCl! K YMHO}]{eHHIO 6e3pa3MepHblx Koop)],I1HaT x 11 Y na kj-r, a 6e3pa3MepHoH BeJIH'IHHbI cr Ha k.

411CJIeHHOe peurenae 3a)],a4H npH6JII1}]{eHHbIM MeTO)],OM § 3 COCTOHT B 3anOJI-

HeHHH Ta6JI. 3 no cxexax BTOPOH H rpersef KpaeBbix sanav.

B KJIeTl(l1 0.0, 0.1, ... , 0.10, cooTBeTcTBYlOwHe TO'lKaM xapaKTepHCTI1KH GAl, sanacanu pa3JII14Hble 3H1l4eHI111 x Ii Y, a BMeCTe C TeM

ctg p + Y

cr = 1 _ sin p' 'i' = O.

jaJIee, B KJIeTKH 0.0, 1.0, .. ,' 10.0 saeceau x = Y = 0 U 3Ha4eHI111 'f B nOpl!}\Ke HX B03pacTaHHlI, a raioxe

a = ctg? exp (2'( tg p).

1- sin p

HaKOHel.\, B )],HarOHaJIbHbIX KJIeTKaX 10.0, 11.1, "', 20.10, OTBe4aIOWl1X TO'!Kayl OTpHl.\aTe.%HOH no.tyocn x, noaeurensr Y = 0, 'i' = rc/2.

BbIQI1CJIeIlHl! 3Ha4eHI1H x, Y H cr, 'i' BO scex suyrpenaax KJIeTKaX npoae;(ellbI no peKyppellTllbIM ¢opMyJIaM (1.49) 11 (1.50), a B )],uarOHaJIbHbIX K.1eTKax-no pexyppenrnua ¢opMyJIaM (1.4~1).

3HaQeHI111 6e3pa3MepHoH BeJIH411HbI

Ta6[:n~:: 3 I

:1 I~ I 0 I I' I 3 I ' I 5 I 6 7 5 9 I 10 I i·1 I~ I 10 I "

'1-:-'-1-~_:'1-~-:~-~71-~:-~~-:--1-~-:~-0__:'1-~-:~-0':"_1-~:-~~_':"__! -~-:~-~-'-I-~-:~-o -'--~-:-~-'--~-:~-~_:_-o-o:-~__:_-~-:~-o...!i\l- ; 1 :::

a I 0 3,46 4,15 4,98 5,971' 7,16 I, 8,58 \' 10,3 12,3 14,8 17,7 21,2 a 0 21'2

'i' 0,00 0,16 0,31 0,47 0,63.. 0,78 0,94 1,10 1,26 1,41 1,57 'i' 1:57 I,

X , 0,87 0,73 0,59 0,46, 0,33, 0,21' 0,11 0,01 -0,07 -0,14 -0,20, X ' -0,20 I -0,48

Y 0,50 0,57" 0,62 0,64 0,65 0,64 0,62 0,58 0,53 0,48 0,41 Y 0,41 000

a , 4,46 5,32 6,32 7,50, 8,90 10,6 12,6 15,0 17,8 21,2 25,4 a 25,4 29:6

'i' 0,00 0,12: 0,26 0,39 0,53 0,67 0,82 0,97 1,12 1,27 1,43 l' 1,43 1,57'

o 09 -0,09 -0,24 -0,37, 1

1:23 1,14 1.04' 0,92 ~

17,4 20,6 24,5 29,1

0,88 1,02 1,17 1,32

0,24 -0,04

1,90 1,80

19,7 ' 23,2

0,80 0,94

0,43 0,05

2,60 2,49

21,9 25,7

0,75 0,88

0,67 0,18

3,31 3,19

24,0 28,1

0,70 0,83

0,94 0,36

4,02 3,90

26,0 30,4

0,66 0)9

68

HECYLUAH CnOCOBHOCTb OCHOBAHH~ H OTKOCOB

X Y

2

a

X I

2,60 1,50 ' 6,46 0,00

3,46 2,00 ,

7,46 \ 0,00

i 4,33 2,50, 8,46 '

0,00" 5,20 3,00 9,46 0,00

6,06 3,50

10,5 0,00 '

Y

3

a

X Y

4

X Y

5

a

x Y

6

a

X Y

7

a

'i'

'I X

1,73 1,00 .. 5,46 0,00

1,48 1,13 \' 6,45

0,10

2,26 1,68 7,56 0,09

3,04 2,22 8,66 0,08

3,83 " 2,76 9,75 0,07

4,64 3,30 10,8 0,06

1,23 1,22 7,61 0,22

0,98 1,29 8,96 0,34

1,56 : 1,92

10,4 0,30

2,16 2,55

11,7 0,27

2,79 3,17 13,0

0,24

3,44 3,78

14,3 0,22

4,10 I' 4,39 I 15,6

0,21

0,74 I, 1,32 10,6 0,46

1,21 1,98 12,1

0,41 ,

1,71 2,64 13,6 0,38

2,25 3,30

15,1 , 0,34

2,82 3,94

16,6 0,32

0,51 0,29

1,31 1,28

12,4 14,7

0,60 0,73

0,87 0,54

2,00 1,97

14,2 16,7

0,54 0,67

1,27 0,84'

2,68 2,67

15,9 18,6

0,49 0,62

1,71 1,18

3,36 3,37 Ii

17,6 " 20,5

0,46 0,57

2,18 1,56

4,04 4,07

19,2 22,3

0,42 0,54

5,44 4,79

3,83 4,14

11,9 13,6

0,06 i 0,13

1,91 1,82 , 8,85 0,19

2,60 2,41 10,1

0,17

3,32 I 2,99

11,3 0,15 :

4,05 3,57 12,4 0,14

3,40' 2,68:'

4,59 4,72

18,0 20,8

0,30 0,40'

1,96 4,77 24,0 0,51

2,39

6,93 I 6,26 5,54 4,79 4,00 3,20

, -0,29 1,67 ' 27,5 1,09

-0,51 1,50 32,6 1,24

-0,61 2,12 35,9 1,17

69

§ 6}

PA3PYlIIAIOLUEE HOPMAnbHOE .llABnEHHE HA OCHOBAHHH

T a 6 JJ H U a 3 (npOaOJl:JICeHue)

2

-0,37 0,92 29,1 1,32

2,78

1,46 , -0,95 1,06 38,0 1,38

-1,14 1,67 41,7 1,30

-1,28 2,30 45,3 1,24

-1,40 2,97 48,7 1,19

-1,48 3,65 51,9 1,15

-0,73 0,50 33,9

\' -2,39

0,00 55,3

1,57

-2,29 -2,72 1,22" 0,62

55,8 60,4

1,43 -2,54 1,87 I 59,9

, 1,38

-2,75 2,54 63,9 1,33

-2,93

-3,28 1,93 69,0 1,40

1-3,52

-3,02 1,27 64,8 1,45

15 I 16 \17 I 18 \ 19 I

I I,

1 \

20 I

-0,30 2,33 30,3 1,02

-0,51 1,50

! 32,6 1,24

-0,61 2,12 35,9 1,17

I -0,67

, -1,06 0,00 " 38,1 1,57

-1,35 -1,70

0,55 0,00

42,7 46,7

1,481 1,57

-1,60 ! -2,01 1,15, 0,59

46,9 51,5

1,41 1,50

,! -1,82 , 1,78 50,8 1,35

-2,00 2,44 54,6 1,30

-2,16

I 3,11 , 58,2

, 1,25

-1,54

-2,28

-0,26 -0,67

3,01 2,78

33,0 39,0

0,97 i.n

-0,19 -0,70

3,71 3,451'

35,6 42,0

0,92 1,06

-0,09 -0,69

4,42 4,15,

38,2 44,8'

0,88 1,02

0,05 ' -0,66

X Y

3

1,25 4,74 28,0 0,62

1,59

0,56 4,62 32,6 0,75

0,80

a

1,51

-3,11 0,00

': 64,1 I 1,57 '

4

X Y

X Y

5

_3,85 0,00'1 72,9 1,57

, 39,0 , I,ll

-0,70 I 3,45 , 42,0

1 1,06

, -0,69 4.15 44,8

I 1,02

1-0,66

-3,45 0,64 69,3 1,51 '

X I

y

6

-3 77 _4,21 -4,611

1:30 0,66 0,00

73,8 :1 78,3" 81,~, I"

1,47 1,52' 1,07: "

, 'I

-405 ',I _4,54 -4,98 -5,39

" 134 067j 0001

y I " 4,00 \ 4,36 4,70 4,991 5,22 5,38 5,46 5,45 5,34 5,15 4,85 I 4,85 4,35 3,80 3,22 2,61 1,98 , -6,181 i
8 \ y 87,3 , 90,7 :
a 11,5 13,0 14,8 I 16,9 19,4 22,3 25,8 29,9 34,8 40,6 47,6 8 55,1 61,7 67,7 73,1 78,2 82,9
a 47,6
'f' 0,00 ' 0,05 0,12 0,19 0,281 0,38 0,48 0,59 0,72 0,85 0,99 I 1,11 1,21 1,29 1,36 1,42 1,48 1,53 1,57
I 'i' , 0,99 i
, I 1\ ' -431 I _4,84 -5,32 -5,77
X 7,79 7,07 6,30 5,48 4,62 3,74 2,84 1,94 , 1,06 0,21 -0,60 , -1,57 ' -2,38 -3,09 -3,73 0,00!1
, X -0,60 , 2:67· 2,02 1,36 0,68
Y 9 4,50, 4,89 5,26 5,59 5,85 6,05 6,15 6,16 6,07 I 5,87 5,57 Y 5,57 5,06 4,50 3,91 3,30 99,7 1 I
a 12,5 14,0 15,9 18,1 20,7 23,8 , 27,4 31,7 36,8 43,0 50,3 9 58,1 65,0 71,3 I 77,00 82,4 87,3 92,0 96,4
! a 50,3 1,49 1,53 1,571
'i' , 0,00 0,05 0,11 0,18, 0,26 0,36 0,46 0,57 0,69 0,81 0,95 'f 0,95 1,07 1,17 1 25 1 32 1 38 1,44 I
, -3:241-3:92 '1-4:54 _5,12 -6,58 -6,991
X I 8,66 7,89 7,06 ' 6,18 5,26 4,30 3,31 2,32 1,34 0,39 -0,51 X -0,51 -1,58 -2,46 -5,64, -6,12 0,69 0,00'
cY 5,00 5,42 5,82 6,18 6,48 6,71 6,84 6,81 6,79 6,60 6,29 I i 6,29 5,77 5,21 4 61 4 00 3 37 I 2,72 2,051 1,38 105 I, 108
10 y I 74:8 'i 80:8 86:4· 91,6 965 101
a 13,5 15,1 17,0 19,3 22,0 25,2 29,0 33,5 38,9 45,2 52,9 , 10 52,9 61,1 68,3
a I " 1,40 1,45, 1,49 1,531 1,57\
'f' 0,00 0,05 0,10 0,17 I 0,25 0,34 0,44 0,54 0,66 0,78 0,92 'i' 0,92 1,04 1,14 1,22 I 1,29 1,35
I ! I ! I
"- !
I
, X Y

7

XI

70

HECYLUAH CnOCOBHOCTb OCHOBAHHfi H OTKOCOB

[rJI. II

--,
,
),
<:::0
:0 I
-,~
u
~ § 71

Y)LEP)J{HBAIOLUEE H PA3PYWAIOLUEE HAKJlOHHbIE )LABJJIOHHH

71

onpe;I,e.1eHbI no 3HaqeHHHM cr B )J,HarOHaJIbHbIX KJIeTKax 10.0, 11.1, ... , 20. 10,
TaK, xro:
-x= 0,00 0,48 1,06 1,70 2,39 3,11 3,85 4,61 5,39 6,18 6,99
t: =21,2 29,6 38,1 46,7 55,3 64,1 72,9 81,8 90,7 99,7 108
q = 31,9 44,4 57,2 70,0 83,0 96,2 109 123 136 150 162 Ha pHC. 46 nocrpoeaa cerxa xapaxrepacrnx - JIHHHll CKOJIblKeHHlI no KOOP)J,I1Hara~1 Y3JIOBbiX ro sex, npaseaeaaux B ra6JI. 3.

AHaJIOrl14HO npenuayineay BbllIOJIHeHO 4I1c.~eHHoe pcmenae rOll lKe aanasn )J,m'I pa3.1114HblX yrJIOB aayrpeaaero rpenas p. 3Ha4eHH51 6e3pa3MepHoro )J,aBJIeHIIH Jy = q - clg P B)J,OJIb OTpH!~areJIbHOH nOJIYOCH x CBC)J,eHbl B ra6J1. 4.

Ta6J1H~a 4
<. p \ s> 10' 15° 20° 25° 30° 35° 40°
-x "<,
0,0 I 6,49 8,34 11,0 14,8 20,7 30,1 46,1 I 75,3
0,5 6,73 9,02 12,5 17,9 27,0 43,0 73,8 139
1,0 i 6,95 i 9,64 13,8 20,6 32,3 53,9 97,1 193
1,5 7,17 10,2 15,1 23,1 37,3 64,0 119 243
2,0 7,38 10,8 16,2 25,4 41,9 73,6 140 292
2,5 7,56 11,3 17,3 27,7 46,4 82,9 160 339
3,0 7,77 11,8 I 18,4 29,8 50,8 91,8 , 179 386
3,5 7,96 12,3 19,4 31,9 55,0 101 199 432
4,0 8,15 12,8 20,5 34,0 59,2 109 218 478
4.5 8,33 13,2 21,4 36,0 63,3 118 237 523
5,0 8,50 13,7 22,4 38,0 67,3 127 256 568
.5,.5 8,67 14,1 23,3 39,9 71,3 135 275 613
6,0 8,84 14,5 24,3 , 41,8 75,3 143 293 658
§ 7. Y)Lep}I{HBalOllI,ee H paap yuraiouree HaKJlOHHble )LaBJleHHSl ITpe)LBapI1Te.'1bHO paccaorpna npe.aensuoe paBHOBeCI1e OCHOBaHI1H, orp aHI14eHHOro OCblO X, B)LO,lb KOTOPOli: pasnoaepuo pacnpene.reno npnae)LCHHOe )LaBJleHI1e p C nOCTOHHHbIM yr JIOM 0.

HOpMaJIbHaH H xacare.tsaaa KOMnOHeHTbl npI1Be)LeHHorO )LaBJIeHI1H supaxenu 3.TJ.eCb TaKI1M o6pa30M:

0y+H=pcoso, 'tXy=psino, npuvex lol<;:p.

B03HI1KaIOLUee B MaCCHBe nOJIe lIanpH)J{eHI1li: He 3aBI1CI1T OT X 11 onaCblBaeTCH )LI1rprpepeHUHaJIbHbIMH ypaBHeHHHMI1

d~~y = 0, ~"; = 1,

xoro p ue MoryT 6bITb nponnrer-pupoaaau, a I1MeHHO

0y +H = pcas ° +IY, 'txy = psino.

I

I

I

(2.09)

72

HECYLUAH CrrOCOBHOCTb OCHOBAHHfi H OTKOCOB

[rJI. II

CJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHO, npnaenenaue HarrpH)I{eHJ1H, .lI.efiCTBYIOLUHe aa ropn- 30HTa.TlbHbIX npsxux, rrapaanensnux OCH x, Orrpe.ll.eJIHIOTCH BeJIJ1'1HHaMH

t ° = p sin (\ (0 ~ ~

g y pcos(\+U' Py=pCOS -uy)+IYcosuy• (2.10)

Bxecre C TeM H3 (1.17) HCHO, 'ITO

sin Ay 7t 1

s=-», sin (Ay-'X.(\y) , cp=(1-x)i+2(:.<Lly-o)+m7i, (2.11)

a Y asrpazcaerca '1epe3 oy H.~H cp B BH.lI.e

p sin (0 - Oy) P sin (\ - sin r sin (2'f + 0)

Y = "1 sin Oy r sin r sin 2\,

(2.12)

. sin Oy

smLly=-- , sin p

ilBa 3HaKa x = - 1 H x = + 1, axonaume B 3TO pemeune, COOTBeTCTBYIOT .lI.ByM HarrpH)I{eHHbIM COCTOHHHHM - .MUllU.MaJlbllO.My H .MalCCU.MaJlb1l0.MY· 4T06hl HafiTH JIHHHH HHfi, HY)l{HO B 06bI'IHbIX

CKOJIb)l{eHHH paccaarpnaaeaor o rrOJIH .lI.HcpcpepeHl-LHaJIbHbIX ypaBHeHHHX

dy

dx =tg(cp =+= e)

aupaanrs y xepea cp H npeoripaaoaari, HX CJIe.ll.YIOll\HM o6pa30M:

dx 2p. ~ sin 2'f + cos p

-den = =;:' Sill U

T I sin p sin" 2'1'

a 3aTeM Y)I{e npoanrerpnponars p sin (\

X =- -.- (In tgT' =+= cos P ctg 2f) +const. "( sin p

0606ll\HM npenunyunre sanava, C'IHTaH, 'ITO npnaeneanoe .lI.aBJIeHHe, nefiCTBYIOll\ee na OCHOBaHHe, aanpaaneno HaKJIOHHO. 3a.ll.a.llHM BnOJIb noJIO)l{HTeJIbHOfi no.nyoca X npnaenennoe .lI.aBJIeHHe P = P (X) 11 yrOJI 01' a B.lI.OJIb OTpHuaTeJIbHOfi rrOJIYOCH X TOJIbKO yrOJI 02; onpenenna COOTBeTCTBYIOll\ee npnaeneanoe .lI.aBJIeHHe q, npa KOTOPOM OCHOBaHHe coxpaHHeT npenensnoe paBHOBeCHe 6e3 BblITHpaHHH H OCenaHHH. 5Y.ll.eM npennonarart., 'ITO CPYHKUHH P (X) aenpepuana H HMeeT nenpepusuyio npoH3BO.llHYIO, a TaK)I{e, 'ITO yrJIbI 01 H 02 rrOCTOHHHbI.

HOpMaJIbHaH H KaCaTeJIbHaH KOMrrOHeHTbI npasenennoro .lI.aBJIeHHH B.lI.OJIb rrOJIO)l{HTeJIbHofi H orpnuarensnon nonyocert X supazsenu TaK:

Cly+H=pcoso1, 'txy=psino1 H cry+H=qcos02, 'txy=qsin02'

rrpavex

§ 7)

Y.lI.EP)I{HBAIOIUEE 1-1 PA3PYlIIAIOLUEE HAKJlOHHbIE .lI.ABJIEHHH

73

ilorrycTHM caa-tana. 'ITO napytueaue npenensncro paBHOBeCHH npnsener K ocenamno OCHOBaHHSI B.lI.O.Tlb rrOJIO)l{HTeJIbHOfi nOJlYOCH X (onycxaHHe JIeBofi '1aWKH BeCOB) Ii BblITHpaHHIO ero B.lI.OJIb orpnuarem.noa nOJIyOCH X (rronHHTHe npason 'IalIIKH BeCOB).

TaKHM 06pa30M, BIlOJIb rrOJIO)l{HTeJIbHOfi nOJIyoCH X BCJIe.ll.CTBHe

(1.17) npn x=-l Hyll{HO npHHHTb

(2.13)

a B]lO.% oTpHuaTeJIbHOfi rroayocn X COrJIaCHO (1.17) npu %=+1 .lI.OJI)l{HO 6bITb

(2.14)

3aMeTHM, 'ITO rrpHBe.u.eHHble cpopMyJIbI H aHaJIOrR'IHble rrOCJIe.ll.yIOLUHe cpOpMyJIbl na OCHOBaHHH TO)J{.lI.eCTBa

sinCA ± 0) <:> + Vcos20-COS2p

sin A =COSu_

MoryT 6blTb rrpeo6pa30BaHbI K HeCKOJIbKO HHOMY BHIlY·

PaCCMoTpHM caauana nOCTaBJIeHHYIO aanasy .lI.JI5I HeBeCOMOfi cpenu, npennonaras, 'ITO CPYHKUIiH p (X) MOHOTOHHa, nanpnuep, 'ITO p' (X) > o. Tor.aa BCe rrOCTpOeHHH ua rrJIOCKOCTH ~'Y) B OCHOBHOM COXpaHHIOTCH, TOllbKO OTpe3KH npHMbIX A001 H 02A3 nepeMeLUaIOTCH rrapaJIJIeJIbHO CaMHM ce6e.

3Ha'leHHe npaaenenuor o .lI.aBJIeHHH q = qo B TO 'IKe 0 MO)J{eT 6bITb nupaxceao '1epe3 anaueaae npasenennoro .lI.aBJIeHHH p= Po B roa )l{e TO'lKe O.

Xon pacCY)l{.lI.eHHfi sneci, TOT )l{e, 'ITO H B § 5, HO 3Ha'leHHH cr H cp B TO'lKaX 01 H O2 renept, HaXO.ll.HTCH H3 (2.13) H (2.14). OKOH'IaTeJIbHO nonYllHM

sin Al sin (A2-02) ( +Ll +0 +Ll o)t I

qo = Po sin A2 sin (A1 + (1) exp [- rt 1 1 . 2 - 2 g P .

(2.15)

OCTaHOBHMCH renepi, na peweHHH ron )l{e 3a.ll.a'lH .lI.JIH aecoxca cpenu, He HaKJIanbIBaH aa CPYHKUHIO p (X) KaKHX-JIH60 OrpaHH'IeHHfi. I1OCJIe.uyIOll\He paccyx.aeaas anecs re )l{e, 'ITO H B § 5, a rpaaannue naHHble OTJIH'IaIOTCH JIHlllb Bblpa)l{eHHHMH cr H 9 aa yqaCTKaX AoO H OA3 OCH X.

06ll\Hfi xap axrep p acnonoaceans xapaKTepHCTHK - JIHHHfi CKOJIb)l{eHHH Ha rrJIOCKOCTH xy OCTaeTCH TeM )l{e, 'ITO H nJIH nesecoxoa cpensi, XOTH rpopxa HX CYLUeCTBeHHO H3MeHHeTCH.

B qaCTHOM cay-rae. Korna B.lI.OJIb rrOJIO)l{HTeJlbHOfi rrOJIYOCH X paBHOMepHO pacrrpeneJIeHO npasenenaoe .lI.aBJIeHHe p, paCCMaTpHBaeMaH sanava 6yneT Gonee npOCTofi.

:1 I

74

HECYLUAH CnOCOBHOCTb OCHOBAHHn H OTKOCOB

[r JI. II

,UJIH aesecoaon cpenu na nJIOCKOCTH xy pa3JIH'IaIOTCH TpH 06JIaCTH:

AOOAl, ArOA2 H A20A3, H306pa)l{eHHble aa pHC. 47. ITo.'IO)I{eHHH npaMblX OAI H OA2 onpe,lleJIeHbI yrJIaMH

~ 1 1

al ="2- 10 -:F(Lll +°1), a2 = rr -10+2" (Ll2- (2)'

B 06JIaCTHX AoOAl H A20A3 ceTKH .~HHHtl CKO.lb)l{eHHH 06pa30BaHbl ,llByMH ceMetlCTBaMH napaJI.leJIbHblX npHMbIX, a B 06JIaCTH AlOA2 TaKaSJ

a:

TY

Puc. 47.

cerxa COCTaB.1eHa nyuxox npaxux, npOXO,llHLUHX '1epe3 TO'lKy 0, H ceMetlCTBoM JIOrapHcpMH'IeCKHX cnnpaaea

r exp (- 6 tg p) = const.

O'leBH,llHO, 'ITO npasenenace aaaneuue q B,llO.% OTpHuaTe.lbHotl no.ryOCH x paBHOMepHO pacnpeneneno H MO)l{eT 6bITb aupasceno CJIe,llYIOlll.HM 06pa30M:

_ sin Al sin (d2 - 02)

q-p sinA2sin(A1+01) exp[-(rr+..11+01+ Ll2-(2)tgp]. (2.16)

TOJIbKO 'ITO paaoopaaaun '1aCTHbltl CJ1Y'latl ,ll.~H HeBeCOMOtl cpenu 6bIJI snepsue paCOIOTpeH B. YI. HOBOTopueBbIM [24] B npe.llnO,10)l{eHHH, 'ITO, yrOJI 02 = O.

'uJIH aecoxoa cpenu B 06.~aCTH AoOAl, npHMbIKalOlll.etl K nOJIOiKHTeJIbHotl nOJIYOCH X, nOJIe HanpH)I{eHHtl naercs cpopMyJIaMH (2.11) H (2.12), B KOTOPbIX cP H3MeHHeTCH OT

~ 1

9 = 2 - 2" (..11 + 01)

aa rpauaue no 9 = rr/2 aa 6eCI{OHe'lllOCTH, a cerxa .1HHHtl cxo.noseHHH - COOTBeTcTBYIOLUHMH ypaBHeHHHMH.

ECJIH 01 = 0, 02 = - p, TO B.llOJIb orpuuarem.non nO.'IYOCH X yro.n cp = 7t - E, a CJ1enOBaTeJIbHO, xapaKTepHCTHKH - JIHHHH CKOJIb)l{eHHH BTOporo cexencrna CJIHBaIOTCH C TOtl )l{e OTpHUaTeJIbHotl nOJIYOCbIO X.

§ 7]

Y,llEP)I{HBAIOlll.EE H PA3PYlIIAIOlll.EE HAKJIOHHbIE ,llABJIEHHH

75

Torna H3 sroporo ypaBHeHHH (1.28) npn r.p = 7t - e nOCJIe npeo6pa- 30BaHHtl cnenyer, 'ITO

3TO ypaBHeHHe ,llOJI)I{HO 6bITb npOHHTerpHpOBaHO C Y'leTOM rpaanvaoro YCJIOBHH o = qo/cos p npn X = 0, TaK 'ITO OKOH'IaTeJIbHO

o = ___ll'Q_ + 'I X tg P H q = qo + 'I X sin p.

cos p

TaKHM o6pa30M, npnseneuaoe naanenne q BCJIe,llCTBHe (2.15) HBJIHeTCH :IHHetlHotl CPYHKUHetl OT X cnenyiomero anna:

cos p sin A .

q=po sin(A+o) exp [-(r:-2e+Ll+O)tgp]+'Ixsmp, (2.17)

a npa 0=0 TO )l{e npnaeneanoe nasaesae q oyner

q = Po tg 10 exp [ - (7t - 210) tg p] + 'I X sin p.

(2.18)

nonYCTHM Tenepb, 'ITO HapYlIIeHHe npenem.noro paBHOBeCHH npnaener i{ BblTIHpaHHIO OCHOBaHHH B.llOJIb nOJIO)l{HTeJIbHotl nOJIYOCH X (nO,llHHTHe JIeBotl '1alIIKH BeCOB) H OCe,llaHHIO ero B,llOJIb orpauarem.aort noayocn X (onYCKaHHe npaaon '1alIIKH BeCOB).

YITaK, B,llOJIb nO.~O)l{HTeJIbHotl rrOJlYOCH X BCJIe.llCTBHe (1.17) npa ')I. = + 1 MO)l{HO nOJIO)l{HTb

sin Al 1

cr=p(x) sin(AI-oI), <P=2"(Ll1-01) (2.19)

a B,llOJIb orpauarem.nort no.tyocn X COrJlaCHO (1.17) npn x=-1 noxiKHO 6bITb

q = o sin ~~ ~ O2), cP = ; - ~ (Ll2 +02)' (2.20)

Paccsorpaa cuasana aanasy ,llJIH nesecoxott cpenu, npennoaar as 'ITO $yHKUHH P (X) MOHOTOHHa, nanpnaep, 'ITO p' (X) > o. Tor,lla nocrpoeHHH aa nJIOCKOCTH bl He H3MeHHIOTCH, HO OTpe3KH npHMbIX A001 H 02A3 nepeMeLUaIOTCH napannensno CaMHM ce6e.

3Ha'leHHe npasenennoro ,llaBJIeHHH q = qo B TO'lKe 0 MO)l{eT 6bITb aupaxeno xepea anasenae p = Po B TOtl »ce TO'lKe O. OKOH'IaTeJIbHO Hatl.lleM

,slnA2sin(AI+oI) A ~ A 0;..) ] (221)

qo=Po . A • (A ') exp [(7t-Ul +u1-u2-u2 tgp. .

Sill "'1 Slll "'2 - u2

Ilepexons K pelIIeHHIO TOtl )l{e 3a,lla'lH ,llJlH aecoaott cpe.au, OT6poCHM npenunyume OrpaHH'IeHHH, HaJIO)l{eHHble aa CPYHKUHIO P (X). OCTaJIbHble paccyacnenaa TaKHe )l{e, KaK H B § 6, a rpanasnue ,llaHHble OTmI'IaIOTCH JIHWb Bblpa)l{eHHHMH o H cp aa ynacrxax AoO H OA3 OCH x.

06lll.Hli: xapaxrep pacnOJIO)l{eHHH xapaKTepHCTHK - JIHHHli: CKOJIb)l{eHHH aa nJl0CKOCTH xy, KaK 06bI'IHO, OCTaeTCH TeM )l{e, 'ITO H ,llJIH aesecoaort cpenu, XOTH cpopMa HX H3MeHHeTCH.

76

HECYLUAH CrrOCOBHOCTb OCHOBAHH~ H OTKOCOB

[r Jr. r

B '1aCTHOM CJIY'lae, xorna B,llOJIb rrOJIO)l{HTeJIbHO~ rrOJIYOCH x paBHOMepHO pacnpenezeno npnaeneaaoe naanenae p, paaoapaexas aanasa 60JIee npocra,

ll.JIH HeBeCOMO~ cpenu na rrJIOCKOCTll xy, KaK scerna, pa3J1H'IaIOTCH TpH 06JIaCTH: AOOA1, A10A2 H A20Aa, aaueceunue aa pHC. 48. I10JIO)I{eHHH npsxux OA1 H OA2 ,llaHbl yr JIaMH

1 <;, 7t 1

a1 =e+2 (lll - VI)' a2 = 2 +e-2(ll2+02)'

I

B 06JIaCTHX AoOAl H A20Aa ceTKH JIHHH~ CKOJIb)l{eHHH COCTOHT H3

nnyx ceMe~CTB rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIX npsxux, a B 06JIaCTH A10A2 3Ta cerxa

!7

!J

PHC. 48.

oripasoaana rry'lKOM .npsxux, npOXO,llHLUHX '1epe3 TO'lKY 0, H cexeacrsoa JIOrapll¢Mll'leCKHX CnHpaJIe~

r exp (B tg p) = const.

5ICHO, 'ITO npuaenennoe naaneune q B,llOJIb orpuuarensnon nOJIYOCII x paBHOMepHO pacnpeneneao H MO)l{eT 6bITb npencraaxeno

q = p sin A2 sin (AI + Ot) exp [(TC _ Ll1 + 01 - ll2 - (2) tg pl. (2.22) sin At sin (A2 - 02)

lJ,JIH secoxon cpenu B 06JIaCTll AoOA1, npHMblKalOLUe~ K rrO.TIQ)I{HTeJIbHO~ nOJIYOCll x, nOJIe HanpH)I{eHll~ naercs ¢opMY.TlaMll (2.11) H (2.12), B KOTOPbIX 9 H3MeHHeTCH OT

1

9 = '2 (ll1 - (1)

aa rpannue no 9 = 0 na 6eCKOHe'lHOCTll, a cerxa JIHHll~ CKOJJb)l{eHllH-cooTBeTcTBYIOLUllMH ypaBHeHHHMH.

ECJIH 01 = 0, O2 = p, TO B,llOJIb OTpllUaTeJIbHO~ nonyoca x yron 9 = 10, a noroxy xapaKTepHCTHKH - JIHHHH CKOJIb)l{eHllH sroporo ceMe~CTBa CJIHBaIOTC5I C 3TO~ no nyocsto x. Torna 113 nepsoro ypaBHeHIl51 (1.28) npn

9 = 10 asrrexaer , 'ITO

dcr -=-,tgp, dx

§ 81

HECYLUAH crrOCOBHOCTb OTKOCOB

77

TaK 'ITO OKOH'IaTeJIbHO

cr = _!l_Q_ - j x tg P 11 q = qo - ,x sin p.

cos p

I1TaK, npusenennoe naanenae q BCJIe,llCTBHe (2.21) ecrs JIHHetlHaSl ¢yHKUHH OT x BH,lla

q=~ sin(~+o) exp [(2e-ll+o)tgpl-,xsinp, (2.23)

cos p sin A

a npn 0=0 TO )I{e npaseneanoe ,llaBJIeHHe q 6Y,lleT

q = podge exp (210 tg p) -Ix sin p.

(2.24)

I1pe,llnOJIO)l{HM reneps, 'ITO yr JlbI

01 = 01 (x), 02 = O2 (x)

B,llOJIb rrOJIO)l{HTeJIbHO~ H OTpHuaTeJIbHOfi nonyocen x He rrOCTOHHHbl, a HBJIHIOTCH ¢YHKUHHMH OT x. Bynex C'IHTaTb, 'ITO 3TH ¢yHKUHH nenpepblBHbl H HMelOT aenpepusnue npoaanonaae.

O'leBH,llHO, 'ITO B OTJIH'IHe OT npenunyinero rrOJIO)l{llTeJlbHaH H OTPlluarexsnas rrOJlyOCH x H306pa)l{alOTCH aa rrJIOCKOCTH hi B Bll,lle aexoropux KpllBbIX. 8TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO, O,llHaKO, He ausuaaer KaKHX-JIIl60 CyLUeCTBeHHbIX OCJlO)l{HeHH~.

§ 8. Hecyuras cnocctinocrs OTKOCOB

OCTaHOBllMCH caaxana na npenem.nox pasaoaecna MaCCllBa, orpana'IeHHOrO OCblO x, HaKJIOHeHHotl K ropH30HTY non yr JlOM a, B,llOJIb KOTOpon paaaoaepno pacnpeneneno npuaenenaoe ,llaBJIeHHe p C rrOCTOHHHbIM yr aoa 0 (puc. 49).

HOpMaJIbHaH H KaCaTeJIbHaH KOMrrOHeHTbI ,llaBJIeHHH B,llOJIb OCH x MoryT 6blTb aupaacensi, KaK 06bI'IHO, B anne

cry+H=pcoso, "xy=psino, npnxex lol<;:p. 06pa3YlOLUeecH B MaCCHBe none Harrp5l)l{eHlltl He aaancar OT x H onHCbIBaeTCH ,ll1l¢¢epeHUllaJIbHbIMH ypaaaeaasaa paBHOBeCllH

I

d'txy .

--=1 sin «, dy

dJy

-=, cos «, dy

xoropue MoryT 6bITb npoaaterpnpoaanu, a HMeHHO

cy +H = p coso +,y cos a, "xy = P sin o+,y sin a.

(2.25)

I1TaK, npnaenenaoe nanpsoxenae, ,lle~CTJ3yIOLUee na HaKJIOHHblX npsMbIX, napaaaensnsix OCH x, onpene.rserca Be.'lI1'1I1HaMI1

tg oy = :c~~:! ~~ ~~~:, Py = P cos (0 - oy) + 1Y cos (a - Oy). (2.26)

I

78

HECYLUAH CnOCOBHOCTb OCHOBAHH~ H OTKOCOB

BMeCTe C TeM H3 (1.17) O'leBH)J,HO, 'ITO

sin ~y

a Y supaacaerca '1epe3 ay HJIH cP CJIe)J,YIOLUHM 06pa30M:

p sin (0 - Oy) __ !__ sin 0 - sin p sin (2'f + 0)

Y=-r sin(rJ.-oy) '( sin ex-sinp sin (2'f+ex)'

rae 0603Ha'leHO

sin Oy sinL'ly=--' sin P

[rJI. II

(2.27)

(2.28)

ll.Ba 3HaKa )( = - 1 H )( = + I, BXO)J,HLUHe B 9TO peurenne, COOTBerCTBYIOT )J,BYM HanpH)J{eHHbiM COCTOHHHHM - .MUH,U.Ma.llbIl0.MY H .MaICCU.Ma.llbIl0.My.

Pnc. 49.

J1erKo npoaecra npHMYlO, aa KOTOpO~ "xy = 0; OHa orsevae'r

Oy = 0, TaK 'ITO

p sin [, Y = Yo = - -r sin ex .

ECJIH a -< p , TO npenem.noe paBHOBeCHe B03MO)J{HO BO Bce~ no.tynJIOCKOCTH 0 « Y -< 00, TaK KaK HepaBeHCTBO I ay I -; P BblTIOJIHHeTCH aBTOMaTH'IeCKH; eCJIH )J{e a> p, TO npene.n.noe paBHOBeCHe B03MO)J{HO TOJIbKO B HeKOTOpo~ no.roce 0 <. Y <. Y*, B KOTOpO~ cnpaaennnao HepaBeHCTBO lay 1<. p.

Op.raaara Y*, COOTBeTCTBYIOLUaH Oy = p, paana

p sin (p - 0) Y*=-r oin(a-p)'

a umpnna acett nOJIOCbI Yo <. Y -; Y*, B KOTOpO~ 0 « Oy < P O'leBH)J,HO.

/

HECYLUAH cnOCOBHOCTb OTKOCOB

79

§ 8]

6Y)J,eT

p sinpsin(a-o) b=Y*-Yo=-r sin ex sin (ex-p)

HeTpY)J,HO TaK)J{e HafiTH JIHHHH CKOJIb)J{eHHH paCCMOTpeHHoro nOJIH HanpH)J{eHH~. C 3T0l1 ue.%10 HY)J{HO B )J,HcpcpepeHuHa,1bHbIX ypaBHeHHHX

!.0'_ = tg (C!! + e)

d x '

npH nOMOLUH COOTHoweIlHH sin 29

Y - Yo = b sin (a - p) sin a - sin p sin (29 + a)

Bblpa3HTb Y '1epe3 9. BblBe)J,eHHble ypaBHeHI1H

dx .. sin 2'1' ± cos P

[[f = - 2b sin a sm (a - p) [sin ex - sin p sin (2'1' + ex)P

MoryT 6bITb npOHHTerpHpOBaHbI B 9JIeMeHTapHbiX CPYHKUHHX.

TaKHe JIHHHH CKOJIb)J{eHHH, npHMeHHTeJIbHO K MHHHMaJIbHOMY HanpH)l{eHHOMY COCTOHHHIO, )J,JIH yr JIa BHyTpeHHero TpeHHH p = 30° H yr JIa a = 45° H306pa)l{eHbI aa pHC. 50.

/ /

/ / /

Pl1c.50.

3aMeTHM, 'ITO npsuaa Y = Y., napaJIJIeJIbHaH rpannue, CJIy)l{HT OrH- 6alOLUe~ aroporo ceMe~CTBa JIHHHli CKOJIb)l{eHHH, a CJIe)J,OBaTeJIbHO, HBJIHeTCH npHMO~ JIHHHel1 paspusa. ll.e~cTBHTeJIbHO, aa 9TO~ npHMO~ yr JIOBol1

I

80

HECY~AH CnOCOBHOCTb OCHOBAHHfi H OTKOCOB

[r JI. II

K03~¢HUHeHT nepBOro ceMeficTBa JIHHHfi CKOJIbmeHHH

~~ = tg (:p - S)

06paJl(aeTCH B HYJIb, TaK KaK yrOJI cp = e.

OTMeTI1M sacrnua caysan, xor.na npasenennoe HanpaBileHO BepTHKaJIbHO HJIH xoraa yroa 0 = c. l.JTO

\ •

.IlaBJIeHHe p Ha OCH x Ilpn 3TOM Ol.JeBH.IlHO,

0y + H = (p+,y) cos c, "xy = (p+ ,y) sin «,

yITaK, npl1Be.IleHHOe HanpHmeHHe aa HaKJIOHHbIX npHMbIX, napaJIJIeJIbMbIX OCH x, rarose HanpaBJIeHO BepTHKaJIbHO, a HMeHHO

Py = p+,y, Oy =~.

J{poMe roro, H3 (1.17) CJIe.IlyeT, l.JTO

sin A o=(p+,y) sin (A-x.a)

r.Ile 0603Hal.JeHO

11: 1

CP=(1-x)4+2 (1(A-~)+mrr, (2.29)

. A sin a

Sln..tl..=-. -, sm p

a JIHHHH CKOJIbmeHHH 06pa3YIOT naa H30rOHaJIbHbIX ceMeficTBa napaa.re.n,HbIX npsxsrx.

ECJIH npn 3TOM OCb x HaKJIOHeHa K ropH30HTY non yrJIaMH ~ = ± p, TO a H cP He conepxar 3HaKa 1(, TaK l.JTO

(2.30)

C1e.IlOBaTeJIbHO, 06a HanpHmeHHbIX COCTOHHHH - MHHI1MaJIbHOe H MaKCHMaJIbHOe - COB nanaior , a JIHHHHMH CKOJIbmeHH5I HBJIHIOTCH HaK.10HHble npsaue, napanneasnue OCH X, H BepTHKaJIbHble npsaue.

06paTHM BHHMaHHe aa netcoropos 0606~eHHe npe.IlbI.Ily~HX paccym.IleHllit. Ilpennoaoxax, l.JTO MaCCHB orpaaaseu KPHBOJII1HefiHbIM KOHTyPOM, HaKJIOHeHHbIM K ropH30HTY non nepeaennua yrJIOM c, B.IlOJIb KOroporo pacnpeneaeno npnsenenuoe .IlaBJIeHHe p = p (~) C yrJIOM /) = /) (e). BMeCTe C TeM 6Y.IleM Cl.JHTaTb, l.JTO 3TH ¢YHKUHH nenpep smnu H HMeIOT aenpepuauue npOH3BO.IlHble.

HOpMaJIbHaH H KaCaTeJIbHaH KOMnOHeHTbI npHBe.IleHHOrO .IlaBJIeHHH.

KaK Beer na, BblpamaIOTCH B BI1.Ile

°n+H=pCOS/), ",,=psino.

Ta]{HM 06pa30M, H3 (1.17) Ol.JeBH.IlHO, l.JTO

Sin 11 _ I

o=i p sin (Il-'X.o) • cp=~+(l-'l.)-~:_'+ :i(1(~-O) +mrr,

§ 8]

HECY~AH cnOCOBHOCTb OTKOCOB

81

OTCIO.Ila cnenyer, l.JTO B OTJIHl.JHe OT npenunyuier-o KOHTYP MaCCHBa H306pamaeTcH reneps aa nJIOCKOCTH ~I] B BH.Ile aexoropon KpHBOfi. BTO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO, O.IlHaKO, He BbI3bIBaeT KaKHX-JIH60 cyntecraeunux aaTPY.IlHeHHfi.

Bonpocy 0 Hecy~efi cnoc06HOCTH OT-

Ilepefi.IleM Tenepb K BamHOMY

Koca, OrpaHHl.JeHHOro COOTBe~ CTByIO~HMH nOJIYOCHMH x H x, 3a.Ila.IlHM nOJIOmeHHe CB060.IlHOfi

OT .IlaBJIeHHfi nOJIOmHTeJIbHOfi no- a:

~----~~~~~~~~ JlYOCH X H onpeneana npase-

.lleHHOe HOpMaJIbHOe llaBJIeHHe q B,UOJIb OTpHuaTeJIbHOfi nOJlYOCH X, npa KOTOPOM OTKOC HaXOllHTCH B npelleJIbHOM paBHOBeCHH.

TaK KaK napyureuae sroro npelleJIbHOrO paBHOBeCHH conpoBOmllaeTCH CnOJI3aHHeM BHH3, TO B 30He, npaxuxaiourea K nOJIO-

JKI1TeJIbHOfi nOJIYOCH X, 6YlleT HMeTb MeCTO MaKCI1MaJIbHOe,

a B 30He, npnxuxatoutea K OTpHuaTeJIbHOfi nonyoca x, - MHHHMaJIbHOe

nanpsacennue COCTOHHHH. 51 e nanpaacenaa He

B 06JIaCTH AoOA, H306pameHHofi aa pHC. ,nOJI

I I

PHC. 51.

3aBHCHT OT x, TaK l.JTO

H sin p sin 2~

Y=-

"( sin a - sin P sin (2'1' + a)

(2.31)

H+ iY cos a

a==. ,

1 - sin p cos 2'1'

CKOJIbmeHHH OA onpeneaaercs llmp<pepeHXapaKTepHCTI1Ka - JIHHH5I

Ul1aJIbHbIM ypasnenaea

- 2H sin 2~ - cos p

dx .. ---'r'--_-==~-:::

--=- = - - Sin P Sin ~ [sin a _ sin p sin (2'1' + a)p'

d'f "(

KOTOpOe MomeT 6bITb npOI1HTerpl1pOBaHO B 3JIeMeHTapHbIX <PYHKUHHX, H YCJIOBHeM '9 = 0 npn X = 2. _

J{OOpllHHaTbI x, Y H x, y CBH3aHbI MemllY cocoa 06bIl.JHbIMH <pOp-

OTe ocefi Ha yroJI ~, TaK l.JTO MYJIaMH npe06pa30BaHI1H npl1 nOBop

(2.32)

X = X cos ~ + y sin c, y = y cos o: - x sin c,

a BeJIHl.JHHhl 9 H ~ y,UoBJIeTBOpHIOT npocToMY CP=9-~· Ila.n.nenume paccyacaenas MoryT 6bITb OCTaIOTC51 TeMI1 me, l.JTO H B § 6.

onyuteuu, TaK KaK OHH

COOTHoweHHIO

6 3aK. U~.~. B. B. COKO.'OBCKHi!

82

HECYll(AlI CrrOCOEHOCTb OCHOBAHIHt If OTKOCOB

[r JI. II

3Ha4eHlfe rrplfBe.ueHHOrO HOpMaJIbHOro .uaBJIeHlfll q = qo B T04Ke 0 6e3 BClIKOro rpyna MO)l{eT 6bITb Bblpa)l{eHO 4epe3 yro.r a, a IfMeHHo

1 -l+sm p

qo=H 1 . exp [(7t"-2a) tgp]. (2.33)

- sin p

J{oM6IfHlfpOBaHHall 06JIacTb na rrJIOCKOCTI1 ),[1 B sron 3a,lla4e HH4eM He OT JIH4aeTClI OT Tot! )l{e 06JIaCTH B § 6. Ilpu 3TOM c"}€,llyeT HMeTb B BH.uy, 4TO B.uO.% xapaKTepHCTIfKIf 0102 H3BeCTI-IO, 4TO

H

0= . eXp[2(CD-a)tao].

1 - sm p 1 b I·

06paTHM BHHMaHHe, 4TO ,llJIH HeBeCOMot! cpeau paccMaTpHBaeMall 3a,lla4a ocorienao npocra, IlOBTOPHlI 06bI4Hbie paccY)l{,lleHHlI, Hafi.ueM

q = H : + sin p exp [(7t" - 2a) tg 0]. (2.34)

- sm p 1

HmKe I13JIOlKeHO 'lIlCJIeHHoe peurenne paCCMOTpeHHOH 3a,lla'lil ,llJIlI p = 300 H CI = 20° B 06bI'lHbIX 6e3pa3MepHbIX nepeMeHHblx C xapaKTepHoH ,llJIIIHoti l = k/""(. OHO COCTOHT B 3anOJIHeHHil Ta6JI. 5 no cxexaa BTOPOH II rpersea xpaeasrx aa)(a'l, npIlBel(eHHbIM B § 3.

B KJIeTKil 0.0, 0.1, ... , 0.10, COoTBeTcTBYIOrn:He TO'lKaM xapaKTepIlcTllfm OA, eneceau 3Ha'leHHlI x, Y H c, 'f. OHII Orrpe)(elIeHbI no <jJ0pMYJIaM

a = clg p + Y cos CI 1 - Sin p cos 2,? a TaK2!{e I13 ypaBHeHillI

d"; 2 cos p Sin CI (sin 2~ - cos p) £i = - [sin a - sin p sin (2,? + a)p

cos p sin 2~

Y= ,

sin a - Sin P sin (2,? + a)

II YCJIOBillI q; = 0 npn X = O.

,UaJIee B KJIeTKil 0.0, 1.0, ... , 10.0 3anIlcaHbI X = Y = 0 II 3Ha'leHillI 'f B nopll)(Ke I1X B03paCTaHIIlI, a TaKlKe

cr= 1 clgp exp [2(,?-a) tgp).

- S111 P

HaKoHe~, B )(I1arOHaJIbHble KJIeTKil 8.0, 9.1, ... , 20.12, OTBe'lmorn:I1e TO'.!KaM OTpIl~aTeJIbHOH no.ryocn X, nOMern:eHbI Y = 0, 'f = n/2.

BbI'lIlCJIeHile 3Ha'leHIIH X, Y II c, 'P BO scex aayrpenunx KJIeTKax npoaeneau no peKyppeHTHbiM <jJ0pMYJIaM (1.49) H (1.50), a B )(I1arOHaJIbHbIX KJIeTKax no peKyppeHTHbiM <jJOPMY JIaM (1.49).

3Ha'leHillI 6e3pa3MepHoH BeIIII'lIlHbI

q = cr (1 + Sin p)

HaH)(eHbI no 3Ha'leHHlIM c B )(I1arOHaJIbHhIX x.rerxax 8.0, 9.1, ••• , 20.12, TaK 'lTO - X = 0,00 0,53 i.n 1,71 2,35 2,98 3,67 4,30 5,01 5,65 6,39 7,04 7,79 cr = 14,2 17,6 20,9 24,3 27,4 30,7 33,7 37,0 39,9 43,3 46,3 49,6 52,5 q = 21,3 26,5 31,4 36,4 41,1 46,0 50,6 55,6 59,9 65,0 69,4 74,4 78,7

Ha pnc. 52 nocrpoeaa cerxa xapaKTepIlCTHK _ JIIIHHH CKO.lhlKeHillI no KOOp.llilHaTaM Y3JIOBbiX TO'leK, rrpHBe.ueHHbIM B Ta6JI. 5.

§ 8]

HECYll(AlI crrOCOEHOCTb OTKOCOB

:1 c.::.
.,
1
II 6* 83

84

HECYlQAH CrrOCOBHOCTb OCHOBAHHfi H OTKOCOB

[r JI. II

§ 8]

HECYlQAH crrOCOBHOCTb OTKOCOB

85

II X \L___10 _L_ll ___L_12_j____L_13 ___l14 \ ----,15 1,-----16 \,---17 \!.--18 \T--19 ~\ 20

~: \

~ I

I~I I I , I I I
° 1 2 I 3 ! 4 5 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 11\
x 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 I 0,00 0,00 I r;
y ° 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
a 3,46 4,13 4,93 5,88 7,01 8,37 9,98 11,9 14,2
'I' 0,35 0,50 0,65 0,81 0,96 1,11 1,27 1,42 1,57 !
1 ,
X 0,60 0,45 0,32 0,19 0,08 --0,02 ! -0,11 -0,t8 -0,24 -0,53
y 0,75 0,76 0,76 0,73 0,70 0,651 0,59 0,53 0,46 0,00
a 1 4,39 5,21 6,08 7,11 8,34 9,80 lJ,6 13,7 16,2 17,6
'I' 0,39 0,52 0,64 0,77 0,90 1,04 1,18 1,33 1,48 1,57
: I
X 1,16 0,88 0,64 0,41 0,19 0,00 -0,18 -0,33 -0,45 -0,80 -1,11 I 1
y 1,49 1,50 1,49 1,45 1,39 1,31 1,21 1,09 0,96 0,50 0,00
a 2 5,30 6,23 7,15 8,25 9,57 11,1 13,0 15,2 17,9 19,5 20,9
<; 0,41 0,53 0,63 0,74 0,86 0,99 1,12 1,26 1,41 1,50 1,57 \
X 1,68 1,29 0,96 0,64 0,34 0,05 -0,21 -0,44 -0,63 -1,04 -1,39 1
Y 2,21 2,22 2,21 2,16 2,08 1,97 1,83 1,67 1,49 1,02 0,52
a 3 6,20 7,22 8,19 9,36 10,7 12,4 14,4 16,8 19,6 21,3 22,9
'I' 0,43 0,53 0,62 0,72 0,83 0,95 1,08 1,21 1,35 1,44 1,5,1
X 2,17 1,69 1,29 0,88 0,49 0,12 -0,22 -0,53 -0,80 -1,25 -1,65 I
Y 4 2,92 2,93 2,91 2,86 2,77 2,64 2,48 2,28 2,05 1,57 1,06 I
a 7,09 8,18 9,20 10,4 11,9 13,6 15,7 18,2 21,2 23,0 24,7
'I' 0,45 0,54 0,61 0,70 0,81 0,92 1,04 1,17 1,30 1,39 1,46
X 2,65 2,09 ]'61 1,14 0,67 0,22 -0,21 -0,59 -0,94 -1,43 -1,88 I \
y 3,62 3,64 3,62 3,55 3,45 3,31 3,12 2,88 2,61 2,12 1,61
a 5 7,98 9,14 10,2 11,5 13,0 14,8 17,0 19,6 22,7 24,7 26,4
'I' 0,46 0,54 0,61 0,69 0,79 0,89 1,01 1,13 1,26 1,34 1,41
X 3,12 2,48 1,94 1,39 0,85 0,32 -0,18 -0,65 -1,07 -1,61 -2,09
Y 4,33 4,34 4,31 4,25 4,14 3,98 3,77 3,51 3,21 2,70 2,19
a 6 8,86 10,1 11,2 13,5 14,1 15,9 18,2 20,9 24,2 26,2 28,0
'I' 0,47 0,54 0,61 0,68 0,77 0,87 0,98 1,10 1,23 1,31 1,38
X 3,58 2,86 2,27 1,66 1,05 0,45 -0,13 -0,67 -1,16 -1,75 -2,28 I
Y 5,03 5.04 5,01 4,94 4,82 4,65 4,42 4,14 3,80 3,29 2,76
a 7 9,74 11,0 12,1 13,5 15,1 17,1 19,4 22,2 25,6 27,8 29,7
\' 0,47 0,54 0,60 0,67 0,76 0,85 0,96 1,07 1,20 1,27 1,34 ,
X 4,02 3,24 2,60 1,93 1,25 0,58 -0,07 -0,69 -1,26 -1,89 -2,46
Y 8 5,72 5,73 5,70 5,63 5,50 5,32 5,08 4,77 4,40 3,88 3,35
a 10,6 12,0 13,1 14,5 16,2 18,2 20,6 23,5 27,0 29,2 31,2
'I' 0,48 0,,54 0,60 0,67 0,74 0,84 0,94 1,05 1,17 1,25 1,31
X I 4,45 3,62 2,93 2,21 1,47 0,73 0,01 -0,68 -1,32 -2,01 -2,61
Y 9 6,41 6,41 6,38 6,31 6,18 5,99 5,73 5,41 5,01 4,48 3,94
a 11 ,5 12,9 14,0 15,5 17,2 19,3 21,8 24,8 28,4 30,8 32,8
'I' 0,48 0,55 0,60 0,66 0,73 0,82 0,92 1,03 1,14 1,22 1,28
X 4,89 4,00 3,26 2,49 1,69 0,88 0,09 -0,67 -1,39 -2,11 -2,75
Y 10 7,10 7,10 7,07 6,99 6,86 6,67 6,40 6,06 5,64 5,10 4,56
a 12,4 13,8 15,0 16,4 18,2 20,4 22,9 26,0 29,7 32,1 34,2
'!' 0,49 0,55 0,59 0,65 0,72 0,81 0,90 1,01 1,12 1,20 1,26
X 5,32 4,37 3,60 2,77 1,92 1,05 0,19 -0,64 -1,43 -2,20 -2,88
y 11 7,79 7,79 7,76 7,68 7,54 7,34 7,06 6,70 6,25 5,71 5,16
a 13,3 14,7 15,9 17,4 19,2 21,4 24,1 27,2 31,0 33,6 35,8
'I' 0,49 0,55 0,59 0,65 0,72 0,80 0,89 0,99 1,10 1,17 1,23
X 5,74 4,74 3,93 3,06 2,15 1,23 0,30 -0,60 -1,46 -2,28 -2,99
Y 12 8,47 8,47 8,44 8,36 8,22 8,02 7,73 7,35 6,89 6,33 5,78
a 14,1 15,6 16,9 18,4 20,2 22,5 25,2 28,4 32,3 34,8 37,1
'I' 0,50 0,55 0,59 0,64 0,71 0,79 0,87 0,98 1,09 1,16 1,21 -1,88 --2,27

1,61 1,10

26,4 I 28,0 II

1,41 1,47"

-2,09 ';, -2,52

2,19 1,67

28,0 29,7

1,38 1,43

X Y

a

-1,71 0,00 24,3 1,57

-2,01 0,55 26,1 1,52

-2,35 0,00 27,4 1,57

-4,30 I

0,00 \

37,0

1,57

-4,64 . -5,01 0,60' 0,00

38,9 39,9

1,54 1,57

-4,82 2,33 41,1

I

-4,93 .-5,32 '-5,65

1,16 0,56 0,00

40,8 42,0 43,3

1,50 1 54 1,57

\ '

-5,22 -5,65

1,78 1,18

42,6 43,8

-6,01 '.-6,39 ' 0,63 I 000

45,2 46:3

54 157

X Y

-1,11 0,00 20,9 1,57

-1,39 0,59 22,S

1,

-2,28 2,76 29,7 1,34

\ -2,74 ,I 2,25 I 31,5

I 1,40

-2,98 0,00 30,7 1,57

a 1 34,2 1:a1 u , 1:40 1,44 1,48 1,51 1, I
'I' 1,26 1,36
-4,54 -5,05 -~:~~ -5,92 -6,30 -6,70 -7,04 !
-2,88 " -3,46 -4,05 1,75 1,19 0,56 0,00
X 3,51 2,90
5,16 I 4,63 4,05 42,9 44,5 45,7 47,2 48,3 49,6 I
Y 11 35,8 37,9 39,6 41,4 1,45 1,48 1,51 1,54 1,57 ,I
a 1,37 1,41
\-::: 1,29 1,33
'I' -7,05 -7,40 _7,79 \
-3,60 -4,23 -4,74 -5,29 -5,73 -6,22 -6,61 1,19 0,64 0,00
X \ 5,25 4,66 4,13 3,53 2,98 2,38 1,83 50,1 51,4 52,5
5,78 46,1 47,4 48,9
Y 12 37,1 39,3 41,1 42,9 44,4 1,43 1,46 1,49 1,52 1,55 1,57
I a I 1,21 1,27 1,31 1,35 1,39
I '!' 2

'I'

x y

'I'

-1,65 1,06 24,7 1,46

3

X Y

a

4

X Y

5

X Y

a

6

'I'

7

X Y

a

'I'

9

X Y

a

'I'

8

X Y

a

'I'

X Y

°

-2,46 3,35 31,2 1,31

-2,61 : -3,13

3,94 3,42

32,8 34,8

1,28 1,34

-2,75 4,56

-2,65 0,54 29,3 1,52

-2'94 " -3,30

1:11 0,58

31,1 32,5

1,48 1,53

-3,19 -3,58

1,68 i 1,14

33,0 I 34,5

1,44, 1,49

-3,67 0,00 33,7 1,57

-3,97 0,55 35,7 1,53 !

-2,95 2,83 33,1 1,37

-3,44

2,27 I 34,6

I 1,41

;. -3,65 I 2,85 :1 36,4

1,38

-3,85 1,73 36,2 1,46

-4,28 1,15 375 1:50

-4,09 -4,54 2,31 1,71 38,0 1 39,4

1,43 1,47

-4,33 2,92 396

-3,30 ' -3,86

4,03 I 3,46

363 ' "79

86

HECY~A~ CnOCOBHOCTb OCHOBAHHfi H OTKOCOB

[rJI. II

AHaJIOrH'IHO rrpe,LIbI.llymeMY rrpOBe,LIeHO 'IHCJIeHHoe peuieaae TOll }f{e 3a,LIa'Ill ,LIJili pa3JIIl'IHbIX yrJIOB BHYTpeHHero TpeHHlI P H yrJIOB HaKJIOHa a 'Iepe3 10°. 3Ha'IeH1l1i 6e3pa3MepHOrO ,LIaBJIeHllli cry = q - ctg P B,LIOJIb orpauareasnok noayoca X noaeutensr B Ta6Ji. 6.

p J00 20" 300 40°
~ 00 I we ~ 00 I we 1200 1300 ~ we 1200 I 300 1400
0,0 8,34 7,51 14,8 12,7 10,9 30,1 24,3 19,6 15,7 75,3 55,91 41,4 30,6 22,5
0,5 9,02 7,90 17,9 14,8 12,0 43,0 32,6 24,4 18,1 139 94,0 62,6 41,3 27,1
1,0 9,64 8,26 20,6 16,6 13,1 53,9 39,8 28,8 20,3 193 126 81,1 50,9 31,0
1,5 10,2 8,62 23,1 18,2 14,1 64,0 46,5 32,8 22,3 243 157 98,5 59,8 34,7
2,0 10,8 8,95 25,4 19,9 15,0 73,6 52,9 36,7 24,2 292 186 115 68,4 38,1
2,5 11,3 9,28 27,7 21,4 15,8 82,9 59,0 40,4 26,0 339 215 132 76,7 41,3
3,0 11,8 9,59 29,8 23,0 16,7 91,8 65,1 44,1 27,8 386 243 148 84,9 44,4
3,5 12,3 9,89 31,9 24,4 17,5 101 71,0 47,6 29,4 432 271 164 93,0 47,5
4,0 12,8 10,2 34,0 25,8 18,3 109 76,8 51,2 31,1 478 299 179 101 50,4
4,5 13,2 10,5 36,0 27,2 19,1 118 82,6 54,7 32,71523 327 195 109 53,3
5,0 13,7 10,8 38,0 28,7 19,9 127 88,3 58,1 34,31568 354 211 117 56,2
5,5 14,1 11,0 39,9 30,0 20,6 135 94,0 61,6 35,8613 381 226 125 59,0
6,0 14,5 11,3 41,8 31,4 21,4 143 99,6 65,0 37,41658 409 241 132 61,7 § 9. <fJopMa KPHBOJIHHeHHbIX OTKOCOB

3afiMeMClI Tenepb HCCJIenOBaHHeM OTKoca, orpaHH4eHHoro nOJIOmHTeJIbHofi nOJIYOCblO X H Kpl1BOJIHHetlHbIM KOHTYPOM, HaKJIOHeHHbIM K ropa- 30HTY non TynbIM yrJIOM~. 3ananHM BnOJIb sron nonyocn x npaae.aennoe HOpMaJIbHOe naBJIeHHe p = p (x) H onpeneaaa ¢OpMy caooonnoro OT naBJIeHHtl KPHBOJIHHeilHOro KOHTypa, npa KOTOPOM OTKOC naxonurcs B npeneJIbHOM paBHOBecHI1·

1l0nycTHM, 4TO HapyweHHe raxoro npenezsuoro pasaoaecaa conpoBomnaeTCli CnOJI3aHHeM orxoca BHH3. 003TOMY B 30He, rrpHMbIKalO~efi K nOJIOmHTeJIbHOfi nOJlyocH x, 6y nYT HMeTb MeCTO MHHHMaJIbHOe, a B 30He, npuauxaiouien K KOHTypy orxoca, MaKCHMaJIbHOe nanpaxennue COCTOllHl1l1.

TaKHM 06pa30M, nnOJIb nOJIOmHTeJIbHotl nOJIyoCI1 x, KaK 06bI4HO,

p (x) rt

a = I + sin p' <p = 2' '

(2.35)

a BnOJIb KOHTypa orxoca COfJIaCHO (1.18) npn p=H, x=-t 6bITb

nOJImHO

H

(2.36)

tp =~.

0= ..,---- 1- sin P ,

§ 9]

<POPMA KPHBOJIIHIEfiHbIX OTKOCOB

87

PaCCMOTpHM CHa4aJIa naury aanasy nJIli HeBecoMoti cpenbI, npenno.naras. 4TO p' (x) > 0, H BbITIO.1HHM pan nocTpoeHHtl na nJIOCKOCTH ~1J, xoropaa B OTJIH4He OT IIpenbIny~ero C4HTaeTCli npocro OnHOJIHCTHOtl. OTpe:lOK npliMoti AOOI onpeneaen ypaBHeHHeM (2.35), a npsxaa 02A3 ypaBHeHHeM (2.36). OOJIY4eHHaSi raKI1M 06pa30M onao-

JIHCTHaSi 06JIaCTb - rpaneuaa AOOI02A3 npencra- ~A A'o

BJIeHa na pHC. 53. \

llaHHbIe BnOJIb AOOI 11 0102 OCTalOTCSI TeMH me, \

4TO H panee, a BnO,'Ib OzA3 HMelOT Bl1n I,

1'----' A'-1.

!!..L = to' cp. I, 1

dx b

TIo 3THM naHHbIM xoryr 6bITb nocrpceuu peure- q,"_---4 HHlI ypaBHeHHtl (1.35) rroc.le.uoBaTeJIbHO B np51MOyrOJIbHO~l TpeyrOJIbHHKe AOOIAI' B np sxoyroasHHKe A10102A2 H B npliMoyro.lbHoM TpeyrOJIbHHKe

AP2A3'

3.uecb npennoaaraercs. 4TO 3Ha4eHHe 9 = t.pl = ;;/2

B T04Ke 01 MeHbwe 3Ha4emiSi 9 = 92 B T04Ke O2 I1JIH, 4TO 92 7./2. vIHa4e npliMoyrOJIbHbIe Tpeyro,lbHHKH AOOIAI H A202A3 na nJIOCKOCTI1 ~1J I1MeJIH 6bI 06~He 4aCTH, KaK 31'0 nOKa3aHO na pHC. 54.

HepaBeHcTBo 92> ",/2 BCJIe.uCTBHe (2.36) YCTaHaBJIllBaeT yCJIOBl1e

1\

PIlC. 53.

\ I

xoropoe HaKJIa.ubIBaeT H3BeCTHoe orpaHH4eHHe aa 3Ha4eHHe yrxa ~ = ~o B BepxHeti T04Ke 0.

!A'o .:r
7Jf I 40
I \42
;4-£
\ J
A. !I 4J
PHC. 54. PIlC. 55. OT06pameHI1e KOM611HI1pOBaHHotl 06JIaCTH na IIJIOCKOCTb xy npencraBJIeHO na pHC. 55. OTpe3KY xapaKTepl1CTHKI1 °1°2, KaK 06bI4HO, COOTBeTcTByeT onaa ocotian mo-uca 0.

06paTHM BHI1MaHl1e, 4TO eCJJlI ~o < ",/2, TO 06JIacTH AoOAl 11 A20As

B6JIll3H T04KH ° 6y.uyT l1i1ieTb 06~He 4aCTH, a cJIenOBaTe,lbHO, nepexo.n

88

HECY~AH CnOCOEHOCTb OCHOBAHHfi H OTKOCOB

[r JI. II

B npeneasaos paBHOBeCHe 06H3aTeJIbHO CBH3aH

PbIBOB nanpaacenaa. C B03HflKHOBeHHeM pas-

3Hal.JeHfle yr JIa ~ = ~o B sepxuert ynoMHHaJIOCb, MO)J{eT 6blTb Bblpa)J{eHO TOl.JKe 0.

XO)l paccY)J{)leHflfi anecs TOT )J{e, l.JTO H 'B< § 5, HO

° 3Hal.JeHflH a fI ~

B TOl.JKax 1 fI °2, Onpe)leJIHIOTCH aa (2.35) fI (2.36). TIo3TOMY B)lOJIb

xapaKTepflCTHKfI 0102 no-npeiKHeMY

TOl.JKe 0, 0 KOTOPOM TOJIbKO l.JTO sepea anaxenne P = Po B ron )J{e

0= 1 ;~in p exp [(TC - 29) tg pl.

Eho cooraourenne BCJIe)lCTBfle (2.36) n03BOJIHeT HafiTH 3Hal.JeHHe ~ B TOl.JKe O2 H, TaKHM 06pa30M, )laeT

~o = ~ + _ct_g_p In (_P_O 1 - sin p )

2 2 H 71~+--si-n~p .

(2.37)

113 YCJIOBHH ~o >- TC!2 cne.ayer, l.JTO anaseaae npaBe)leHHOrO HOpMaJIbHOrO )laBJIeHlIH P = Po 6Y)leT

P :::?: H 1 + sin p

o -:? 1 - sin p •

Ilepennex K peureamo ron xce aanasa )lJIH secoxort cpenu fI HaHeCeM na nJIOCKOCTH AfL rpanenjuo A00102A3' nOKa3aHHYIO aa puc. 56. .aaHHble B)l0.1b AoOI fI 0102 OCTaIOTCH npe)J{HI1MH, a B)lO.% 02A3 6Y.llYT

dy

([X = tg9,

H

0= -,----- 1- sin p

KOHTYP OTKOCa 11 06~l1tl xapaxTep pacnOJ10)J{eHI1H xapaxrepnCTI1K - JII1Hl1fi CKOJIb)J{eHI1H aa nJIOCKOCTI1 xy OCTaIOTC5J TeMH )J{e, l.JTO 11 )lJl5! HeBeCOMOtl cpenu, XOTH ¢opMa I1X HeCKOJIbKO 113MeHHeTCH.

B l.JaCTHOM CJIYl.Jae, KOr)la B)lOJIb nOJIO)J{I1TeJIbHotl nOJIyocl1 x paBHOMepHO pacnpene.reno npl1Be)leHHOe HOpMaJIbHOe :r,aB.1eHl1e p, aaaasa

ocooenno npOCTa .

.aJIH aeaecoaon cpensr B 06JIaCTHX AoOAl 11 A20A3 Ha nJIOCKOCTI1 xy cerxa JIHHl1fi CKOJIb)J{eHI1H COCTaBJIeHa 113 .anyx ceaencra napaJIJIeJIbHbIX npHMbIX, a B 06JIaCTI1 AIOA2 O)lHO cexeacrso JII1Hl1fi CKO.rlb)J{eHHH COCTOHT H3 nysxa npsxux, npOXO)lH~HX sepes TOl.JKY 0, a npyroe _ H3 lIorapH¢MHl.JeCKHX cnnpaaen, KaK 3TO nOKa3aHO aa puc. 57.

PHC. 57.

§ 9]

~OPMA KPHBOJIHHEfiHblX OTKOCOB

89

OrpaHHl.JHBaIO~ee yroa ~.

06JIaCTHM AoOAI H A20A3, KaK H B npenunyumx sanauax, COOTBeTcTBYIOT na nJIOCKOCTH ~1J TOl.JKI1 °1 H °2, a 06JlaCTH AIOA2 OTBel.JaeT OTpe30K xapaKTepHCTI1KH °1°2•

Ol.JeBH)lHO, l.JTO KOHTYPOM orxoca C.1Y}f{!1T npaaas, a yrOJI ee HaKJIOHa KOCH x MO)J{eT 6blTb Bblpa)J{eH TaK:

~=~+ ctgp In(L I-Sinp). (2.38)

2 2 H 1 + sin p

113 YCJIOBHH ~ >- TC!2 BbITeKaeT, l.JTO npaaenennce HOpMaJIbHOe naaneHl1e P 6Y)leT

:::?: H 1 + sin p

P;:;/ 1 - sin p •

cpensr B 06JIaCTH AoOAI aa nJIOCKOCTI1 xy BeJIHl.JHHbl

~= P+IY , rt

v ~=-2'

1 + sin p

a cerxa JIHHHfi CKOJlb)J{eHH5J OCTaeTCH ron )J{e.

KOM6HHHpOBaHHaH 06JIaCTb aa nJIOCKOCTH l'fL' H306pa)J{eHHaH aa pHC. 56, He CO)lep)J{HT npHMoyrOJIbHOrO rpeyro.asnaxa A001A1' a B)lOJIb 0lA1 nano

a = ~p,--'+-'(~y-

1 + sin p ,

X=A, y=xctgs,

3)leCb B OTJII1l.JHe OT aesecoaon cpeau JIHHHH CKOJIb)J{eHHH aa nJIOCKOCTH xy OCTaIOTCH npHMbIMH TOJIbKO B 06JIaCTH AoOA1' a B OCTaJIbHblX 06.1JaCTHX JIHHHH CKOJIb)J{eHHH CTaHOBHTCH KpHBbIMH; KOHTYP orxoca TaK)J{e 6Y)leT KPHBOJIHHefiHbIM (cp. C pHC. 55).

Haace )laHO 'lIICJIeHHOe pemenae paccaorpeanoa aanaxa )lJIH p = 30° II ~o ,,~ 1200 B 06bl'lHblX 6e3pa3MepHbix nepeaeaasrx C xapaxrepnori )lJIIIHOH 1 = kll· 0HO CBO)lIITCH K 3anOJIHeHIIlO Ta6JI. 7 no cxeaax BTOPOH II rpersen spaessrx aaaax, npuseaeaaax B § 3.

B KJIeTKII 0.0, 1.0, ... , 10.0, cooTBeTcTBYIOIIIlIe TO'lKaM xapaKTeplIcTIIKII OAI, anecensr pa3JII1l.JHble 3Ha'leHIIH x II y, a TaKIKe

p+y n

a = 1 + sin p' 'f = "2 .

llaJIee, B KJIeTKII 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 aanacansr 3Hal.JeHIIH x = y = 0 II 3Ha'leH1I1I 'f B nopanxe IIX soapacraans, a TaKIKe

cr= I+P exp[(n-2'f)tgp].

Sill P

HaKOHeL\, B )llIarOHaJIbHble KJIeTKII 0.2, 1.3, ... , 10.12, OTBe'laIOIIIlIe TO'lKaM xonrypa, nOMeIIIeHbl 3Hal.JeH1I1I a = ctg p!(l - sin p).

Bbl'lIICJIeHlIlI BO BHYTpeHHlIx KJIeTKaX, KaK scer.aa, npOBo)lHTCH no pexyppeHTHblM <jJopMYJIaM (1.49) II (1.50), a B )llIarOHaJIbHblX KJIeTKaX no pexyppeurnuv

90

HECymAH CrrOCOEHOCTb OCHOBAHHfi H OTKOCOB

[rJI. II

Ta6JIIIl.\a7

I~I 0 I 1 I 2 \ 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 I 10
x 0,00 0,12 0,23 0,35 0,46 0,58 0,69 0,81 0,92 1,04 1,15
I y 0 0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20 1,40 1.60 1,80 2,00
a 6,34 6,47 6,61 6,74 6,87 7,01 7,14 7,27 7,41 7,54 7,67
'i' 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57
X 0,00 0,07 0,14 0,22 0,29 0,37 0,45 0,53 0,61 0,69 0,78
Y 1 0,00 0,26 0,52 0,77 1,03 1,28 1,53 1,78 2,0.3 2,28 2,53
a 4,69 4,86 5,03 5,20 5,38 5,54 5,71 5,88 6,0.5 6,22 6,38
'i' 1,83 1,82 1,82 1,81 1,80 1,79 1,79 1,78 1,78 1,77 1,77
X 0,00 0,00 0,02 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,12 , 0,16 0,20 0,25 0,29
Y 2 0,00 0,31 0,62 0,93 1,23 1,53 1,83 2,12 2,41 2,70 2,99
, 3,46 3,68 3,89 4,09 4,30 4,50 4,70 4,90 5,10 5,30 5,49
'" 2,09 2,07 2,05 2,02 2,01 1,99 1,97 1,96 1,95 1,93 1,92
X -0,29 -0,29 -0,28 -0,27 -0,25 -0,23 -O~20 -0,16 -0,13 -0,08
Y 3 0,48 0,81 1,13 1,45 1,77 2,08 1,39 2,70 3,00 3,31
a 3,46 3,69 3,91 4,13 4,35 4,57 4,78 4,99 5,20 5,40
'" 2,12 2,09 2,07 2,04 2,03 ~,01 1,99 1,98 1,96 1,95
X -0,60 -0,61 -0,61 -0,61 -0,59 -0,57 -0,55 -0,52 -0,49
Y 4 0,98 1,32 1,66 2,00 2,33 2,66 2,98 3,30 3,61
a 3,46 3,71 3,94 4,18 4,41 4,63 4,86 5,08 5,29
'Y 2,14 2,11 2,09 2,07 2,04 2,03 2,01 1,99 1,98
X -0,94 -0,96 -0,97 -0,97 -0,97 -0,95 -0,93 -0,91
y 5 1,49 1,86 2,22 2,57 2,91 3,25 3,59 3,92
, 3,46 3,72 3,97 4,22 4,46 4,70 4,94 5,17
'" 2,17 2,14 2,11 2,08 2,06 2,04 2,03 2,01
X -1,32 -1,35 -1,37 -1,38 -1,37 -1,37 -1,35
Y 6 2,03 2,41 2,79 3,15 3,51 3,87 4,21
, 3,46 3,7'1 4,01 4,27 4,52 4,77 5,02
r~ I 2,19 2,16 2,13 2,10 2,08 2,06 2,04
I
X I -173 -177 -1,79 -1,81 -1,81 -1.81
Y 7 2;59 2'99 3,38 3,76 4,13 4,50
o 3.46 3;76 4,04 4,32 4,58 4,85
c 2,21 2,18 2,15 2,12 2,10 2,08
X -2,17 -2,22 -2,26 -2,28 -2,29
y 8 3,16 3,.58 3,99 4,39 4,78
J 3,46 3,78 4,07 4,36 4,65
Q 2,24 2,20 2,17 2,14 2,11
X -2,65 -2,71 -2,75 -2,78
Y 9 3,76 4,20 4,62 5,04
a i 3,46 3,79 4,11 4.42
>;) I 2,26 2 ')0 2,18 2,15
,--
X -3,16 -3,21 -3.29
Y 10 4,37 4,83 5,28
J 3,46 3,81 4,15
r; I 2,27 2,23 2,20
_\; I I -3,72 -3,80
Y 11 5,01 5,49
J 3,46 3,83
c I 2,29 2,25
X -4,31
Y 12 5,67
a I 3,46
? 2,31 § 9]

~OPMA KPHBOJIHHEAHYX OTKOCOB

91

<p0pMYJIaM (1.50) II <popMYJIe

Y = Y b + (X - X b) tg r.p o'

C.le,ll,YlOmen 113 KOHTypHblX ,lI,aHHbIX.

3Ha1.JeH1I1I X, Y II ~, onpeneasrouure KOHTYP OTKOCa, TaKOBbI:

-X =0,00 0,29 0,60 0,94 1,32 1,73 2,17 2,65 3,16 3,72 4,31

-000 048 098 149 203 259 3,16 3,76 4,37 5,01 5,67

~;: 2:09 2:12 2:14 2)7 2:19 2:21 2,24 2,26 2,27 2,29 2,31

Ha pnc. 58 nocrpoena cerxa xapaKTeplIcTIIK - JIIIHl1ll CKOJIb}!{eHIIH no KOOP.:\llH3TaM Y3JIOBbIX T01.JeK, rrplIBe,ll,eHHbIM B Ta6J1. 7.

PIIC. 58.

KOr,lla yroJI ~o = rr/2 H.1H, KaCaTeJIbHYIO .

OCTaHOBHMCH na Ba)!{HOM 1JaCTHOM CJIy1Jae,

O BepTHKaJIbH"1O xor na KOHTYP orxoca HMeeT B T01JKe J .

IT pH 3TOM B,llO;1b nOJIOiKHTe,TIbHOA nonyoca x npHJIOiKeHO ~

1 + sin p Cly+H=H~'

HiIl!

2Hsinp _~. 1 - sin p - 1 - sin p

Cl = y

92

HECY~AH CrrOCOEHOCTb OCHOBAHHfi H OTKOCOB

[r JI. II

Taxoe naBJIeHHe MO)l{HO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK aosnencrnae HeKOTOpOro CJIOH BbICOTbI h, pacnoaoxennoro Han rrOJIO)l{HTeJIbHofi nOJIYOCblO x

(pHC. 59). Ilo ne HanpH)I{eHl1fi B 3TOM CJIoe onpeneJIHeTCH TaK;

CiX=O, Ciy=1'(h+y), 'txy=O. 113 YCJIOBHH HerrpepbIBHOCTH xoanoHeHTbI Ciy aa nOJIO)l{HTeJIbHOfi nOJIYOCH x HeTPY nHO HafiTH

n-: 2Hsin p "( (1- sin p)

2k cos p

8

"( (1 - sin p)

BTa BeJ1H1JI1Ha naer TaK)I{e MaKCI1- MaJIbHYIO BbICOTY BepTHKaJIbHOro OTKOCa H Ha3bIBaeTCH tcpumuuectcoa eucomoa,

TaKI1M 06pa30M, anecs npHXOnl1TCH paCCMaTpHBaTb .ase 30HbI; flenpeiJe.llbflYfO. 3aHHMalO~ylO cnon Han nOJIO)l{HTeJIbHofi IIOJIYOCblO X, H npeoess« YfO, 3anOJIHHIO~ylO MaCCHB non 'llOfi )l{e rrOJIO)l{HTeJIbHofi noayocsio x.

B uenpeneasaoa 30He KOMrrOHeHTbI HanpH)I{eHHH HMelOT BHn

PIiC. 59.

2Hsin p

l-sinp +1'y, 'txy=O,

(2.39)

a B 06JIaCTH AoOA npeneJIbHOfi 30HbI KOMnOHeHTbI HarrpH)I{eHHH 6ynYT

(2.40)

Ha 06~efi rpaaaue 3TI1X 30H _. nOJIO)l{HTeJlbHOfi nonYOCI1 x, BKil101JaH T01JKY 0, see KOMnOHeHTbI HanpH)I{eHI111 nenpepusnu.

06paTI1M BHI1MaHl1e, 1JTO sees MaCCI1B HI1KaK He.rlb3H C1JI1TaTb npeneJIbHbIM. Taxoe oWH601JHOe npennOJIO)l{eHl1e, K CO)l{a,leHHIO, nOBOJIbHO WHpOKO pacrrpocTpaHeHO H naeT ynBoeHHoe 3Ha1JeHl1e Kpl1TI11JeCKofi BbICOTbI.

Hmue .LIaHO 'IIICJleHHOe peruenne paccxorpemron aana or .LIJllI P = 30° B 6e3- paaaepnsrx nepexeaasrx C xapaxrepaon .LIJlIIHoii I = kil. OHO CBO.!(IITClI K aanonHeHll10 Ta6J1. 8 no cxesre rpersen spaesojt sanava, npl1Be.!(eHHoH B § 3.

B KJleTKaX 0.0, 1.0, ..... , 10.0, cooTBeTcTBYIOInIiX TO'lKaM xapaKTeplicTIlKIl GA, II B .LIl1arOHaJlbHbIX xnertcax 0.0, 1.1, ..... , 10.10, OTBe'lalOInIiX TO'lKaM KOHTypa, noueuicnsr re )J{e 3Ha'leH1I1I, 'ITO II panee.

BbI'IIICJleHIIH BO BHyTpeHHIIX x.nerxax nonpexaeay npOBO.LIHTCH no peKyppeHTHbIM ¢opMyJlaM (1.49) II (1.50), a B naarouaasnux xnerxax no pexyppcnr, HbiM ¢opMYJlaM (1.50) 11 ¢opMYJle

Y = Yb + (x - Xb) tg 'fb. asrrexaiouren 1I3 KOHTYpHblX .LIaHHbIX.

§ 9J

~OPMA KPHBOJIHHEfiHblX OTKOCOB

Ta6J1l1ua 8

93

9

10

y
a
'I'
x
Y
a
'I'
x
Y
cr
'i'
x
Y
o
'i'
,
III x
y
o
:1 ,I 'I'
,I
x
I y
I a
II 'I'
x
y
'II o
'!'
I .l:
, Y
cr
'I'
x
Y
a
'I' x y

x

°

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0,00 0.00 3,46 1,57

0,23 0,40 3,73

11,57

-0,05 " 0,83

3,46 1,70

:; I! I 1

0,46 I 0,69 'I 0,92' 1,15, 1,39 1,62 1,85,

0,80 I 1,20 1,60', 2,00 2,40 I 2,80 3,20

4,00 ,I 4,26 4,53 II 4,80 5,06 5,33 ~,'~~ II

1,57 'I 1,57 1,57 II 1,57 1,57 1,57

"

0,75 0,96 1,16 1,37

2,63 3,08 3,52 3,96,

4,7°1 5,01 5,30 5,60

1,66, 1,66 1,65 1,65

0,14 0,34 0,54,
1,28 1,74 2,19
3,78 4,09 4,39
1,68 1,68 1,67 -0,22 -0,06

1,71 2,23

I 3,46 3,82

1,81 I 1,79

:-0,50 2,66 3,46 1,91

0,11 0,28 0,45 0,63, 0,82

2,74 3,24 3,73 4,22 4,70

4,17 4,52 4,86 5,19 'I' 5,52

1,77 ,I 1,76 1,74 1,73' 1,72

-0,39 11-0,26 -0,11 0,04 0,19

3,24 ,i 3,80 4,35 4,89 5,42

3,87' 4,27, 4,65 5,02 5,39

1,88 1,851 1,83 1,82, 1,80

I _ , I

-0,84-0,70 1-0,64 ,:-0,52

4,31 4,93 5,53 I~ 6,12

3,93 4,37 'I 4,79 5,20

1,96 i 1,93 I 1,90 1,88

-1,47 -1,44 !-1,38 -1,30

4,73 I 5,45 6,13 6,79

3,46; 3,99' 4,48 I 4,94' 2,08 2,03 1,9911 1,96,

-2,18 -2,20 -2,17

5,87 6,67 7,41'

3,46 4,05 4,60',

2,15 2,09 ,I 2,04

-3,10 7,96 4,14 2,14

'1,-4,07 , 8,38

: 3,46 , 2,26

2,08 3,60 , 5,86 " 1,57 i

1,58 ' 4,39 5,89 1,64 ,

1,01 5,18 i 5,84 "

1,72 I

0,35 5,95 5,75 1,79

-0,39 6,70 5,60 1,86

-1,21 7,42 5,40 1,93

-2,12 8,12 5,11 2,00

-3,l! 8,77 , 4,74 2,08

-4,19 ' 9,35 4,22 2,17

-5,30 9,78 3,46 , 2,30 '

2,31 4,00 6,13 1,57

1,80 i 4,82 ' 6,19 1,64

1,20 5,65 6,17 1,71

0,52 I 6,46 i 6,10

I 1,78 !

-0,24 7,26 5,99 1,84

-1,10 8,04 5,83 1,91

-3,04 7,08 3,46 2,21

-2,05 8,81 5,61 1,97

-309 !

9:54 II

5,31 ,

2,04 i,

-4,23 10,2 4,89 2,12

: -5,461 10,8 ' 4,33 2,211

-6,741 11,3

3,46 ,I 2,34 [

I I

94 HECymA5I cnOCOEHOCTb OCHOBAHHfi H OTKOCOB [r JI. II § 9] $OPMA KPHBOJIHHEAHNX OTKOCOB 95
3Ha'leHlI51 x, y H ~, naioume KOHTYP orxoca, TaKOBN: Ta6Jlllua 9
-x=O,OO 0,05 0,22 0,50 0,92 1,47 2,18 3,04 4,07 5,30 6,74 i~1 5° 10° 150 20° 25° 30° 3.5° 40°
Y = 0,00 0,83 1,71 2,66 3,66 4,73 5,87 7,08 8,38 9,78 11,3
P = 1,57 1,70 1,81 1,91 2,00 2,08 2,15 2,21 2,26 2,30 2,34
Ha pnc. 60 nocrpoena ce rxa xapaxreprrcrnx - JlIlHllll CKOJlb}KeHIl51 no KOOp- I 0,0 I 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
JVlHaTaM Y3JlOBbIX TO'leK, npaaenennsnr B Ta6J1. 8. i 0,2 0,Dl 0,Dl 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
I 0,4 0,D3 0,02 0,02 0,D2 0,01 0,Dl 0,Dl 0,D1
.T 2 7 0 -7 -2 -3 -4 -5 -8 -1 ,
i 0,6 0,07 0,06 0,05 ! 0,04 0,03 0,03 0,02 0,02
0,8 0,13 0,10 0,08 0,D7 0,06 0,05 0,04 0,03
1,0 0,22 0,16 0,13 0,12 0,09 0,D7 0,06 0,05
1,2 0,29 0,24 0,19 0,16 0,13 0,11 0,09 0,07
1,4 0,40 0,32 0,26 0,22 0,18 0,14 0,12 0,10
1.6 0,54 0,43 0,34 0,28 0,23 0,19 0,15 0,12
1,8 0,69 0,54 0,44 0,36 0,29 0,24 0,19 0,16
2,0 0,86 0,67 0,54 0,44 0,36 0,29 0,24 0,19
2,2 1,07 0,82 0,65 0,53 0,43 0,35 0,28 0,23
2,4 1,29 0,97 0,77 0,62 0,51 0,41 0,34 0,27
2,6 1,55 1,15 0,90 0,73 0,59 0,48 0,39 0,31
2,8 1,84 1,34 1,05 0,84 0,68 0,55 0,45 0,36
3,0 2,16 1,56 1,20 0,96 0,77 0,63 0,51 0,41
3,2 2,52 1,78 1,36 1,08 0,87 0,71 0,58 0,46 !
3,4 2,93 2,01 1,54 1,22 0,98 0,79 0,64 0,52
3,6 3,38 2,27 1,72 1,36 1,09 0,88 0,72 0,57
3,8 3,89 2,55 1,91 1,51 1.21 0,98 0,79 0,63
4,0 4,45 2,84 2,12 1,66 1.33 1,07 0,86 0,70
T a6 JI H U a 10
~I 5° 100 15° 20° 250 30° 35° 40°
8
° 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
-9 2 2,90 3,39 3,89 4,41 5,00 5,66 6,40 7,26
4 3,84 4,69 5,54 6,41 7,35 8,39 9,55 10,9
6 4,46 5,65 6,81 7,99 9,25 I 10,6 12,2 14,0
-!/O 8 4,95 6,46 7,90 9,37 10,9 I 12,6 14,6 16,7
1: 10 5,39 7,19 8,90 10,7 12,5 14,5 16,8 19,4
12 5,80 7,88 9,83 11,8 14,0 16,3 18,9 21,9
14 6,17 8,51 10,8 13,0 15,4 18,0 20,9 24,2
16 6,71 9,13 11,6 14,1 16,8 19,6 22,9 26,5
PIlC. 60. 18 9,72 12,4 15,2 18,1 I 21,2 24,8 28,8
20 10,3 13,2 16,2 19,4 22,8 26,6 31,0
Aaaaorasao npensmyuiexy VI. C. 1'l1YXIlHblM H A. VI. CparOBl1'I [23] BbIIIOJl- 22 10,8 14,0 17,2 I 20,6 I 24,3 28,4 33,1
HeHO 'lHCJleHHOe pememre TOll }I{e 3a.lla'lll ,LIJI5I paanaxnsrx yrJIOB snyrpeaaero I, 24 14,8 18,2 21,9 25,8 30,3 35,3
TpeH1U1 p 'lepe3 5°. 3Ha'leHIl51 6e3pa3~lepHblx IWOp,D,IlHaT x, Y KOHTypOB OTKOCOB
CBe,D,eHbI B Ta6J1. 9 H 10; npn 3TOM B Ta6Jl. 9 nouemeusr 3Ha'leHHH - x, COOTBeT- 26 15,5 19,2 23,1 27,3 32,1 37,4
CTBYIOIi\He Bbl6paHHbiM 3Ha'leHH5IM y, a B Ta6,1. 10 - 3Ha'leHI151 y, OTBelJalOIi\He 28 16,3 20,1 24,3 28,8 I 33,8 39,5
I
3HalJeHH5IM - x. ct:>OpMbl KOHTypOB OTKOCOB B ue nax HarJI5I,D,HOCTH npencraaaeusr 30 17,0 21,1 25,5 30,2 35,5 I 41,5
na puc. 61 Il 62. 96

HECYLUAH CnOCOEHOCTb OCHOBAHllfi H OTKOCOB

[rJI. II

§ 10]

PA3PblBllbiE PEIUEHIl51

97

§ 10. Pa3pbIBHbie peurenas

Pacnpe.le,Teime Hallp511KellHtl B o rxoce , H3Y4el1HOe auuie, )l)IH Tynblx yr .'IOB 00 6L1.TO HenpepblBHbl}1 BCIOJY, sa I1CK.lI04eHHeM .THUlb onHotl T04KH O. Ha060pOT, .J:,lH OCTpblX yr.l0B ~o 00pa3)'lOTCH ue.rue /lUHUU pa3- piu:«, BO,1113l1 KOTOPblX XOT51 II co:-;:paH51eTCH paBHOBeCl1e, HO HeT no.nton (ICnpepbIDlIOCTH Hanp511Kelllll1.

Osenunno, 4TO npl1 nepexo.ie 4epe:> :IHIIHIO paapusa, HaK,lOlleHH),lO I( OC\1 x nOJ yL10~1 o., xounoueuru ~/I 11 -=n H,m BeilI14111IbI p 11 -0 .io.ijlmbl 6blTb lIenpepblBlIbI, r-or.ta KaK cpetnee 1I0pMa.TbHOe nanpsoxeune J M01KeT !DIeTL KOHC4Hbltl paapus.

C:IC.J:OBaTClbIlQ.

~ n __'__. -== :; Il - , .. tl - === ": /1 _ II G __ ~ G -,

Il.HI Illla4e

, ,

]I _ = p_, o ; = u_,

npuuexr anaxasu _ 11 + Onle4CHbI pa3!lbie CTOPOHbl OT .'lllllHI1 paapuna.

Hcrpynuo BblBeCTI1 COOnlOUleHIUI ~!e1KJ.y J _. c;: _ 11 J." 9 _- TaK nasusaeaue yc noeur: paspue a, B cano» ne,le, 113 (1.17) IIpll v. = - 1 II 'l..= _J__ 1

J'

c.te ryer, 4TO

;: 1 \ -+ -v-, I

9-=::<+1-:2("'\ ,u)+l71 .. , I

9 -i- = ::< + ~ (} - 0) + 112... J

(2.41 )

a TaK1Ke, 4TO

(2.42)

TIpl1CTynl1M reneps [01] K 1l3Yl.JelIlllO

uasucaiouiero orxoca, orpauusenaoro nO,TO-

1KI1Te,i1blIotl no nyoci.ro x 11 KPI1BOJIl1Hetl- PIlC, 63.

HblM KOHTypOM, HaK:IOHeHHbIM K rOpl130HTY

non OCTpblM yr :IOM ~. 3a.lall,I1M B)l,OJlb sron no.ryoca x pannoaepuo pacnpeneneunoe npnaeneuuoe HOpMaJlbHOe ll,aBJleHHe p H onpene.ma <P0PMY CBOoOll,HOrO OT ll,aB,1eHHfi xpuaoanaeauor-o KOHTypa, npn KOTOPOM OTKOC coxpaHHeT npe)l,eJIbHOe paBHoBeclle.

5Yll,eM paccxarpnaars ocrpue yr.Tbl ~o, xor na npenensuoe pas- 1I0BeCHe orxoca conpoaosxnaercs nexoropon JII1HHet1 paapusa, na xoropon XOTH H coxpaaserca paBHOBeCl1e, HO HeT noanon HenpepblBHOCTI1 nanpaxcenaa.

B 06J1aCTH AoOA, fI306pa1KeHHot1 aa puc. 63, B03HllKaeT npocrenwee no.te Hanp511KeHI1t1, xoropoe yj]{e HeOll,HOKpaTHo acrpesanocs pauee II He Hy1Kll,aeTCH B ll,onOJlHUTeJlbHbIX nOHCHeHI1HX.

7 3aK. 1288. B. B. COKOJlOBCKHA

98

HECYmAlI CnOCOEHOCTb OCHOBAHIUl H OTKOCOB

[rJI, II

Teneps B.IlOJIb JIHHHH paspuaa OA BCJIe.IlCTBHe (2.41) H (2,42) HY)J{HO npHHlITb

~;=tga, a=~(6+o), )

P+IY sin (Ll + 0)

o cD = 6,

l+slnp sin(Ll-o), T

(2.43)

a B.IlOJIb KOHTypa orxoca OB, KaK 06WIHO,

dy H

dx=tg~, 0= 1-~inp' r.p=~,

(2.44)

B 06JIaCTH AOB MO)l{eT 6blTb Hafi.IleHO peureune ypaanenna (1.45) H (1.46) no .uaHHbIM (2.43) H (2.44) l.JeTBepTotl KpaeBotl aanann.

3Hal.JeHHlI yr JIOB a = ao H ~ = ~o B BepxHel1 TOl.JKe 0 .IlOJI)I{Hbl 6blTb Bblpa)l{eHbl sepea npHBe.IleHHOe HopMa.%HOe naa.renne p, B caMOM neae,

a npHBe.IleHHOe HOpMaJIbHOe .IlaB,1JeIlHe p npHHHMaeT BH.Il =H l+sinp sin(Ll-o)

p I-sinp ~in(a+o)'

5ICHO, l.JTO yr JIbl ao H ~o ll3MeHlIIOTClI B npenenax

a rrpllBe,Il.eHHOe HOpMaJIbHOe naaaeane

H -: <: H 1 + sin p ~- p "'" 1- sin p

HeTpY.IlHO noxaaan; [76], l.JTO npn MaJIblX 3Hal.JeHHlIX ao II ~o npa- 6JIll)l{eHHO cnpaaenaasu rr pocrue COOTHOllleHHlI

p = H (1 + sin p~~), ao = (1 + sin p) ~ ,

xoropue ,YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT, 4TO B.IlOJIb nOJIO)l{HTeJIbHol1 nonYOCH x HOpMaJIbHOe .IlaBJIeHHe

OTCIO.Ila BH.IlHO, l.JTO npa qmKcHpoBaHHoM (p-H)/k yr au ao 11 ~o B03pacTalOT C YBeJIHl.JeHHeM yraa anyrpennero TpeHHlI p.

06paTI1M BHHMaHHe, l.JTO JIHHH5J paspuaa OA H KOHTYP OB rtpenCTaBJIlIlOT cooon xpasue, a yr JIbl HX HaKJIOHa a H ~ npa .IlBH)I{eHHI1 OT TOl.JKH 0 YBeJIlll.JHBaIOTC5J OT a = ao H ~ = ~o .IlO a = rrj2 - E H ~ = = rr - P aa 6eCKOHel.JHOCTH, DpI1 3TOM paap us cpenner-o npI1Be.IleHHOrO HOpMaJIbHOro .IlaBneHHlI 0 nOCTerreHHO YMeHbWaeTC5J .IlO Hynll,

§ 10]

PA3PblBHbIE PEllIEHHlI

99

Ta6JIIIl\a II

!

,

x

y

o

x y

c

x y

a

x y

a

'f'

x y

a

'!'

x y

a

x y

a

x y

x y

a

'f'

x y

a

x y

x y

a

8

3

0,27 0,32 0,29 0,32 3,46 3,50

, 090 0,91 I

I ' ,

: 0,33

, 038

! 3'46 " 0:93

0,38 0,34 3,52 0,91

0,40 ' 0,47 3,46 0,96

0,44 0,37 3,54 0,92

0,521 0,60 0,40 : 0,44 3,57 , 3,61

0,93 0,94 1

I I[ I I I I I

X 0,09 0,13 0,18

Y ° 0,096 °'41°8 °3'4129

3,4 3, , ,

0,81 0,82 0,83 I I I

0,14 0,19 0,25 I 0,30 I I

0,15 0,17 0,19 0,21

3,46 3,48 ;1,51 3,:;5 I

0,84 0,84 0,86 0,87

° 20 0,26, 0,31 037 i 043 0:22 ,0,24 0,26 0'28 I 0'30

346 350' 3,53 I 3:55 3;57, 0:86 0:87 0,88 I 0,89 : 0,90 '

10

11

12

5

o 39 : 0,45 0,53 0,61 'I' 0,70 0,79 0:40 0,43 0,47, 0,50 0,55 0,59 3,49 , 351 ' 3,54 i 3,58 361 I, 3,65 0,94 0:95 0,96 0,97 0;98 I' 0,99

0,46 0,54 0,50 I' 0,54 3,49 3,52

0,97 I 0,98

0,46 I 0,54 , 0,56 I 0,60 3,46 I 3,50 0,99 1,00

0,54 0,70 3,46 1,03

0,62 I 0,71 0,80 0,90
0,58 0,62 0,67 0,73
3,56 3,60 3,64 3,68
0,99 1,00 1,01 1,02
g:~~ 0,71 0,80 ' 0,90
0,69 0,74 0,80
3,54 3,58 3,62 3,67
1,01 1,02 1,03 , 1,05 I ,

1,01 I 079 '

3)3

1,04 ,I

1,01 0,87 : 372 I 1;06

6

9

062 : 0,71 0,80 0,90 I 1,01
0:74 ' 0,79 0,81 0,91 ' 0,97
3,50 I 3,55 3,59 3,64 3,69
1,04 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09
0,62 ° 71 ' 0,79 0,90 1,00
0,83 0:89 I 0,94 , 1,01 1,08
3,46 3,51 3,56 3,61 I 3,66
1,08 1,09 , 1,10 1,11 1,12
0,70 0,79 0,89 0,99
0,99 1,05 1,12 1,20 I
3,'16 3,51 3,57 3,63 '
1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15
I 0,78 0,88 0,98
: 1,16 1,23 1,31
, 3,46 3,52 ' 3,58 ,
1,17 I 1,18 1,19 I
I ' 0,86 :1 0,95
"
1,36 1,44
'N~ t~~
0,93
1,57
3,46
1,28 100

HECYUlAH CnOC06HOCTb OCHORAHHA H OTKOCOB 3aMeTHM, 'lTO eCJIH npI1BeJ,eI!!lOC uopvansuoe ~J,aB.1eHHe

[I'JL II

TO F.1bI

:t.o= ~ -2,

a Kpl1BaH paspuna OA BblpOjlCJ,aeTOI B np'''I}'IO 1'1111'10 '

n,' ,'! L.KO.lbjKCHIIH, Ha-

1{.10HeHrlYIO K OCI1 x no.a yr.ro» 7:/2-2.

Pl1c.64.

; _ HII:e 113J10lKeHO lJIICJ1ClIHoe peiuenae paccxorpeauoa 3aJ:alJH J\Jl5I p = 30" II 110 - 45 B 6e3pa3MepHblx nepeueuusrx C xapaxrepnon J\.ll1l1oii I = k/,', QHO coCT~l1T B§ 33anOJIHeHHI1 Ja6JL 11 no cxe ve lJeTBepTo~I xpaeuoii sa.aa IJl!, 1 npuseaen-

1I011 B .

§ 10J

PA3PblBHbIE PEWEHHH

101

B .maronunr.nux K,lCTKax 2.0, 4.1, "" 12,5, COOTBCTCTB\'IOli\IIX TO'lKaM .1!lHllll paapuua, BbIlJllC.1CHIHI sunonnensr ITO pexvppcnrnua l~OPMY JlaM (1.49) n 'i'Op:.lY:Ie

COB,fCCTIIO C \"C,10BI15I~!11

1

a~~)(~+I))1

'i=,j·

p+y,i11(1+0)

1 + sin p stu (1- 0) ,

.\lIa.l0rlllJIIhIM Of)pa30M B nnar-cna u.max KJleTKaX 0.0, 1.1, .. " 12.12 OTBCqal(Juulx TOlJKilM }IOHTypa orxoca, 311alJeHIle G = ctg pi (1 - sin pl. I3bllJllc.1elllUI 13 3111X I{JlCTKilX npoucicua 1I0 pexyppenrnuv ,!lOpMYJlaM (1.50) II (jlOpMY,le

y = )'h + (x - xb) tg iju, 'f =-0 ~b'

Bbl'lI1c.nCHIHI BO BlIYTpCHHIIX KJIeTKaX, Kal{ 06WIHO, BbIllO.1HCHbI ITO peK\'pPCHTllbDl (jJOpm'JfaM (1.49) II (1.50).

3HillJCHlf51 x, y 11 a, OITPCJ,C.15110li\l1e KPIlBYIO GA, cnc.tviournc:

x=0,08 0,18 0,30 0,43 0,60 0,791,011,25 " = 0,05 012 021 0,30 0,44 0,59 0,79 1,01 ;;, ~ 0,57 0:60 0:6,3 0,65 0,68 0,71 0,74 0,77

3 3HiI'ICIIII5I X, Y 1I ~, naiourue KPHB}'10 0 B, TaKOBbI:
X = 0,00 0,09 0,14 0,20 0,27 0,33 0,40 0,46
\' ~ 000 0,09 0,15 0,22 0,29 0,38 0,47 0,56
_ ,
,0 = 0,79 0,81 0,84 0,86 0,90 0,93 0,96 0,99
X = 0,54 0,62 0,70 0,78 0,86 0,93 1,00 1,05
)' = 0,70 0,83 0,99 I,W 1,36 1,57 1,83 2,09
~ = 1,03 1,08 1,1:2 1,17 1,22 1,28 1,33 1,39 Ha pIIC. 64 nocrpoena ccrxa xapakrcpucrux - Jll1Imj.'I CKOm,}]{eIlfHI ITO KOOp- 11i1laTa~1 _I'3.10BbIX TO'lCK, ITpIlBCJ\elwbIM B Ta6JI. 11.

Pa'::OIOTpI1M CfacTilbltl cnyCfatl, xoi na ~TO:I ~o = 0 II, C,le..'lOBaTe.1bHO, KOJIT),P naancaioiuer-o orxoca B sepxuen TOlJKe 0 I1MeeT ropH30J-lTa.'lbHYJO

KacaTl·.lbllYIO (PI1C, 65). TIO]{a}l{eM, KaK :r (i

nOCTpnHTb IIpH6.B1/l\eHHOe peurenae OKO.-10 TOCfKll 0 B 3a}'IKIlyrotl rpopxe. EY,ll,eM CCfYlT<lTb. CfTO :; -- ":;0, '? H X, Y Ma:Ibl, a T<lKjKC, 'no oruotueunc )" x Ma:IO,

lIPllCft~1

JJ

~o _- -1- slnp~·

PIlC. 65.

OCHOBlIaH CI1CTe~la ypaBIlelll1ti ..'\.111 neconon CblIlY4eA cpe.au MQ;f\CT 0WTb npe..'l.CTaB~ella B BI1D,e

OJ 00

(I --T- sin G cos 2'';;) ~ --T- sin 0 sin 2", .---

. . o x I , , dy

- 2:; sin ~ (Sin 2:;, ,~~ -cos 29 ~~ ) =c 0,

. . DJ , ih

sm 0 SIIl 2'.;) -)- .L (1 - SIIl P cos 2c,r,) a +

, , (X ' • +)'2:; sin r (:OS 21 ~: + sin 29 ~~ ) =-= i

102

HECYmAH CnOCOEHOCTb OCHOBAHllfi 11 OTKOCOB

[rJI. 11

Ouenna B 3TllX ypaBHeHllHX nops.aox pa3.~llT-IIIbIX 4.~eHOB 11 OT6poCllM re 113 HllX, xoropue MalIbI no cpaanenmo C OCTaJIbHbIMll. TaKllM nYTeM HeTpY.llHO BbIBeCTll npll6JIll)f{eHHble ypaBHelIllH

. Ocr . o:p

(1 - Sin p) - = '( - 200 Sin P -

oy ax

(2.45)

11 HafiTll npocThle llHTerpaJIhl

Y = 9 (x), (1- sin p) 0 = ['(- 200 sin pi (x)J Y + f (x), (2.46)

conepacaiuae nBC nponaso.u.nue !PYHKUllll f (x) 11 9 (x).

Taioxe JIerKO BllneTb, 4TO ycnonas (2.43) ano.n, xpaaon Te,'!bHO ynpouraiorcs

dy _ -(I +. ) 'f

dx ~- ~ - Sin P 2'

OA 3Ha4H-

1 I

0= 1 '({ + 00 (1- sin pc.:J2), I

- s n P , J

(2.4 7)

a YCJIOBHH (2.44) B.llOJIb KPI1BOtl OB 6yJl.YT dy

dx = ~ = 9, 0 = 00'

(2.48)

Hurerpaxu (2.46), nOCJIe onpeneaenas npOll3BOJIbHbiX !PYHKUlltl f (x) 11 9 (x) 113 YCJIOBlltl (2.47) 11 (2.48) n03BOJIHIOT HatlTH ypaBHeHHH KpHBbIX OA 11 OB, a ratoxe !PYHKUllll 0 H 9.

Ilpezcne acer o HeTpY.llHO nOJIY411Tb ypaaneuae

dYt _ _!_(I +. ) dY2

dx - 2 sin p dx'

xoropoe BMeCTe C rpaHH4HbIMll YCJIOIlIl5JMI1 Yl = )'2 = 0 npn x = 0 YCTaHaBJIllBaeT 3aBI1CllMOCTll

Yl=(I+sinp)~2, ~=(I+sinp)~

Me)f{.lly 0pJl.I1HaTaMll Yl 11 Y2, a TaK)f{e Me)f{.llY yr JIaMI1 HaKJIOl!a ~ 11 P KpHBblX OA 11 OB.

llaJIee .'1erKO BbIBeCTI1 ypaBHeHI1e

3H . 3k

Ro = - sin p = - cos p ,

"( "(

xoropoe CB5J3bIBaeT 0pJl.HHaTY Y2 = Y H yrOJI HaKJIOHa ~ KPHBOtl OB. 0110 MO)f{eT 6blTb npeoopasoaano K aaay

§ 10J

PA3PblBHbJE PEWEHllH

103

T a 6 JIll u a 12

I 12 I

x y

tr

0,86 0,95
0,15, 0,13
3,46 ; 3,49
0,33 0,36
1,01 1,07 1.14
, 0,20 0,19 0,19,
3,46 3,49 3,51
I 0,39 0,41 0,42
1,11 1,18 1,23 1,28
3 0,25 0,24 0,24 0,23
3,46 3,49 3,50 3,52
, 0,43, 0,45 0,46 0,47 , I I I I

0,761 0,82 ! 0,11 0,10 3,46 3,49 0,29 0,31

°

x y

cr

x y

c

'P

x y

c

'f

1,21' 1.26 0,29 0,29

1,37 ' 1,42 029,029

x y

1,31 0,29

cr I, I 3,46 3,48 3,50 3;52 3;53
~ 0,47 0,48 , 0,50 0,51 0,52 I'
x 1,29 ) 1,34 1,39 1,44 1,49 1,53
Y 5 0,33 0,33 0,33 0,33 0,33 0,34
a 3,46 ' 3,48 3,50 3,52 3,53 II 3,55
'f 0,50 , 0,51 0,53 0,54 0,55 0,56 I
! "
x 1,36 1,42 1,47 , 1 51 1,56 ,: 1,60 1,65
Y 6 0,38 0,38 0,38 " 0;38 I, 0,38 0,39 0,39
" 3,46 3,48 3,50 3,51 3,53 3,54 " 3,56
'f' 0,53 0,55 0,56 0,57 0,58 0,58 0,59
,
x 1,44 1,50 1,54 1,58 1,63 : 1,67
Y 7 0,42 0,43 0,43 0,43 0,44 0,44
a 3,46 3,48 3,50 3,51 3,53 3,55
f 0,56 0,58 0,59 0,60 0,60 0,61
x 1,52 1.56 1,60 1,65 1,70
Y " 0,48 0,48 0,48 0,49 0,49
0 8 3,46 3,48 3,50 3,51 3,53
'f 0,60 0,61 0,62 0,62 0,63
x 1,58 1,62 1,67 1,71
Y 9 0,52 0,52 0,53 0,53
o 3,46 3,48 3,50 3,51
'i' 0,62 0,63 0,64 0,65
x 1,64 1,68 1,73
Y 10 0,56 0,57 0,57
o 3,46 3,48 3,50
'f 0,65 0,66 0,67
,
x 1,70 , 1,75
Y 11 0,61 ' 0,62 I
c 3,46 i 3,48 "
'i' 0,67 0,68
x 1,76
y 12 I 0,66
a 3,46
'f I I 0,70
, I , I

I

!

104

HECYlUMI CnOCOEHOCTb OCIIOBAHl1tl II OTKOCOB

II IIMeeT npocron nurer pa.t

82 = }- (V + _f_) .

\' 1<0 ,- )'"

~ 13 yCl0BII51 rO.10MOPCPIlOCTH cpylIKl\HII ~ B OKpeCTllOCTlI T04Kri 0 C1e.uYCT, 4TO np0I131l0,1bHa51 nOCT051Hlla51 C=-O. YpaBIICI{![e

!!1._ = 3 =-= ~ r ~1y dx I V Nu

.uO,l)!{HO 6bITb npomrrerpnposano C Y4CT0:l1 rpanucnoro YC.l0IlIlH y = 0 npu x = 0, TaK 'ITO

x2

\' -~

--2Ro .

OKOII'laTe.lbHO ypallHeHI151 I{PHllbIX OA II OB npunuxator HIl.J.

x~

v -=-- (1 -+- sin 0) --

- " 4Ho'

x~ Y= 2ND'

(2.49)

a HCKOMble CPYHKIUllI C H Cf 6y.uyT

:10 sin p (3 sin p - 1) (X3 - 21<0)')

C - Co = _::_--'-'-------;c;--'----'--''------'"-'--'--

21<g (1 - sin p)

r.ne Ro eCTb paanyc Kpl1BH3HbI KPllBOtl OB Il T04Ke O.

x

(2.50}

.;_--

Ro

x' __ !'r8-, __ J,r6-, __ lr'4.-, __ J,r2-,~l,r°-, __ ar,8~==o,~5~~o,~4~~a~2_'~10.0

o,z

0,4

1

i ali ,,?'

Puc. 66.

BMeCTe C TeM HeTpYlI.HO nOJIy411Tb )TJIbI HaK,10Ha xpaasrx OA l! OB K OCI1 X B6JIH311 aepxnea T04KI1 0, a HMeHHO

Orciona SlCHO, 4TO npa CPHKcHpoBaHHOM "( xjk yrJIbl ~ H ~ B03paCTalOT C YBeJIH4eHHeM yr aa snyrpenuero TpeHHSI p.

HUlKe aano '1l1CJleHHOe peureaae paccaorpennoii aana or ,nJlSl P = 30° 11 ~o = 0 B 6e3pa3MepHblx nepeaeaaax C xapasrepnoa ,LIJlHHOii I = k/"'(. OHO COCTOUT

~ 10]

P.\3Phlllllble PEWEHII5I

105

B npmlenellllli npll6mLKellHbIx (POp:-IY'l OKOJlO TOljK,~ 0 ~I1 B 3ano,meHHlI Ta6,1. 12 no cxeue qeTBeproil xpaencn 3a;J,a'1I1, npI1Be,,\eHHoll B ,~3. .

31JaqeHIlH x, y, onpe;J,eJlHlOIll,ne KpllBylO OA, cJle;\y iotuue:

x = 0,20 0,33 y = 0,01 0,01

045 058 0,72 0,82 0,95 1,14 1,28 1,42 1,53 1,65 0:03 0,05 0,07 0,10 0,13 0,19 0,:23 e,29 0,34 0,39

31laqellliH x, I' :\31011\lle KPIlJ3YIO OB, TaKOJ3bJ:
, ,
.': ~ 0.00 0.:20 0,34 0,47 0.60 0,76 0,86 1.01 1,11
Y ~ o,no 0,01 0,Q2 0,04 0.07 0,11 0,15 O,:!O 0,25
x ~ 1,:21 1,29 1,36 1,44 1,52 1,58 1,64 1,70 1,76
Y =0,19 0,33 0,38 0,42 0,48 0,51 U,56 0,61 0,66 II

I, 11'1 CKOJlL;KeHllH no KOOPHa pHC. 1i6 nOCTpOe~Ia ccnca xapaKTepHCTllK, - JlH u

illlHaTaM Y3.10BbIX TOqeK, npHBe,Il,eHHbIM B Ta6J1. 1:2.

II I

rJIABA III

.ll.ABJIEHHE 3ACbInKH HA nO.ll.nOPHbIE CTEHKH

§ t 1. AKTHBHOe )l,aBJIeHHe 3aCblIIKH

ua IIO)l,lIOpHble C TeHKH

KJlaCCH'leCKOlt 3ana'leti 0 n C.~y)l{HT onpene,lellHe nanae ,. peneJlbHOM paBHOBeCI1H cunysen CpeJlhl HHn 3aChlnKI1 Ha nOlln

'lHH TpeHI151 no HX 3anHHM rpa o p ue CTeHKI1 npn HaJll1-

I1 H5IM.

OCTaHOBKY sron aanasa MO)l{H

06.~analOll(I1X 60JlbWHM rpe 0 n05lCIIHTb na pbl'la)l{HbIX necax

HHeM B HanpaB '

ropue ynce BCTpe'laJlHCb pauee OHa .1511Oll(I1X 11 nOnllIl1nHHKe, KO-

C BeCaMI1: na ~eB\'1O 'laWK' aHa.~Ofl1'lHa CJlellYIOll(etl sanaue

• J Y no.roxeu rpys P

Ha onopy; HPlmo onpe "eJlI1Tb ' a npanas sauma naIlI1T

g naBJleHl1e Q KOTO

xorna secu HaXO"5ITC5I B ,poe I1Cl1bITblBaeT onopa

g npeneJlbHOM paBHO 0 '

aaaasa HMen ana peWeHI1 . BeCI1I1. 'leBHnHO, 'lTO 3Ta

51. OnHO H3 HI1X "CTa

JIelfl1e OT Hanopa 4aWKI1 J HaBJlIIBaeT MeHbwee naB-

)l{e 'laWKI1. ' a npyroe - 60.1bwee naBJIeHHe OT orrropa ron

f1PI1CTynI1M reneps K H3Y'leHI1IO

nO.~O)l{I1TeJIbHotl nOJlyoCblO naBJIeHI151 3aCb1I1KI1, OrpaHH'leHHoti

HaKJIOHeHHYIO non vr JlOM P 3x, Ha 3anHIOl0 rpam, nonnopaon creuxn,

• 1-" ananHM BnOJlI, 3TOtt nOJI '0

HOpMaJIbHOe naB,leHl1e p = X 11 J CH x npHBeneHlIoe

IlnOJlb 3anHetl rpauu 06 p () onpeneJlHM npHBenelIHoe naBJleHHe q

P , pa3YIOll(He C HOpMaJIblO yro.r 13

acnpeneJlelHle Hanp5l)l{elll1ti n H n .

nJl51 1l0CTaTO'l1l0 60.1bWHX yr JlOB Pp peneJlbHOM paBHOBeCI1H 3aCI,InKH

xpoxe onHOU T04KH ° r MO)l{eT 6I,lTb HenpepblBHbIM BClOny

, eCJlH aa aannea rpann I1MeeT MeCTO paBeHcTB~

10 I = Ul <po

HopMa.1bHa51 11 KacaTeJ1bHa51 KOMnOHeHTbl

3anHeti rpauu MOl'v'j 6I,ITb npHBeneHHoro naBJ1eHH5I na

J Bblpa)l{eHbI TaKHM 06pa30M:

~n = q sin 0, npH'leM I 0 1< p.

3Ta 3ana'la HMeeT nBa peWeHH5I' 0 H

naB.1elll1e OT nanopa 3aCblI1KH a ',n 0 113 Hl1X onpeneJl5leT atcmu.s noe ornopa ron )l{e 3aCbITIK' ' np) roe naer ttuccu e no e naIlJleHHe 01' H, aKTI1BHOe naBJIeHHe 06

paa MeHI,we COoTBeTcfBYIOTlrero n bl'lHO B HeCKOJlbKO

.u, accHBHoro naBJIeHH5I.

§ II]

AKTHBIIOE nABJIEHHE 3ACbITIKIi HA nOnnOPHbIE CTEHKH

107

Ha'lHeM C onpeneJleHI151 aKTl1BHOrO naBJleHH5I 3aChlnKH Ha nonnopHylO cTeHKY, npennoaaraa, 'lTO nonnopnas CTeHKa npensrrcrnyer ocenaumo 3aCblI1KIi BHH3, TaK 'lTO 0 = Ul ::> O.

Orcrona nerxo BHneTb, 'lTO B 30He, npHMbIKalOll(eti K no.l0)l{l1TeJIbHoti no.nyocn x, I1MeeT MeC'fO MHHHMa.~bHoe, a B 3011e, npaauxaiouien K 3anHeti rpaHI1 nonnopuon CTeHKl1, -- MaKCI1MaJlbHoe uanpmxeuusre COCT05lHH5I.

TaKI1M 06pa30M, IlnOJlb no.ioaorrensnon nonyocu x, orpauaunaatouien aacunxy, KaK 11 panee,

p (x)

G-=-~--'----~

1 + sin p

(3,01)

3 nno.n, 3a;J)leti rpalHI Bc.~enCTBI1e (1.17) np 11 '/. = + 1 ;10.1)1{HO 6bITb

Herpynno BHneTb, 'lTO onpeneneune axrusuoro .naB.1eHII5I 3aCI,lflKI1 aa nOllnOpHYIO cfeHKy auanoruano HaXO)l{neHl11O MHHHMaJIbHOrO naB.1eHI151 aa OCHOBaHl1e; 3TH 3ana'lH COBnan31OT, KOr na ~ = rr ro = 0,

PaCCMOTpl1M cnauana nOCTaBJIeHHYIO aanasy n.151 aenecoxon cpenu, KaK scer.aa, npennoxaras, crfO pi (x) > 0, Ii BbITIOJIHHM pan nocrpoennn na nIlYXJIHCTHOtl nJlOCKOCTH ~Yj. Ha JIHCTe J nauecena rpaneUI151 AOOj 0ZA2' Y KOTOPOti CTopOHa AOOj ecrs orpe- 30K npsxon (3.0 I), a na .1HCTe II - np5lMoyro.~I,HI,lti

_ rpeyro.u.unk A20zA;j, OrpaHH'leHliblti npaxott (3,02). 3TH 06.1aCTll coenaaeuu BnO.1b OTpe3Ka xapaKTepI1CTHKH 02AZ B onHY KOM6I1- HHpOBalIHYIO ,Il.BYXJlI1CTHYIO 06,13C1'I" KOTOpa51 npencrasneaa ua puc. 67, a B pa3BepHYToM BHne ua PI1C, 68,

:J,aHHble R.lOJlb AoOj H OJ O2

OCTaIOTC5I npC)f{HIiMII, a Bno.1b 021'\:,

sin (~! - (D) q = G --S'_ill--:~-! ~

rne 0603Ha'lCHO

'() sin co

SIn __ =-,-

sin P

l1MelOT Illln

Y= X tg~

/1

(3,02)

qL.' __ -l

PI1C, 67.

PI1C. 68,

flo 3TIIM naHHblM onpenenstorcs peWeHII5I ypaaueunn (1.35) nOCJIenOBaTe.~bHO B np5lMoyrOJlbHOM rpeyrom.naxe AoOj Aj, B np5lMoyroJlbHHKe AjOj02A2 H B np5lMoyrOJIbHOM rpeyr-oxsuuse A202A3•

3necb npenno.raraerc», 'lTO anaueane cr = 9j = 7!;2 B TO'lKe OJ MeHbwe 3Ha'leHH5I 9 = Cfi2 B TO'lKe O2 IIJ1H, 41'0 Cfi2::> ,,/2. 31'0 nepaneuCTIlO aa OCHOBaHHII (3.02). YCTaHaBJIHBaeT c.nenyioruee yCJIOBHe:

1t 1

~::>2-2(Q-Ul).

xoropce aaxnanuaaer aexo ropoe orpauaxeaae na yro.n ~.

lOS

nABnEHHE 3ACWnKH HA nOnnOPHWE CTEHKH

[Ll. II!

OT06pa}f{eHHC I{QM6111IHpOBallHOt! 06iIaCTH n a n.'IOCKOCTb X\' nOKa3aHO aa pHC. 69. OTpe3KY xapaKTepHCTI1KH 0102 COOTBeTCTB),CT I;a n.l0CKO-

011 xy o.nra oc06a51 T04Ka O.

OTMcTH~I. 4TO ec.tu rrpl'JhL1yUll'C IlepaBeHCTBO He HhIflO.1HCHO, TO 06-

.Z' JlaCTlI APA[ II A20.43 B6.1113l! '1'04- Kll 0 1111HclOT 06U(lll' 'IaCTI!, a 1l0- TOMY npene.lbHoe COCT05111lIe 6n pasPWBOB n05lBIITbC5I He ~lOiKeT.

3l1a4elllie npllBe;1CHlloro .ran.re-

HI151 q =- qo B BCpXlletl TO liKe 0 aa rHetl rpaun MOiher 6hlTb BhlpaihellO .// -repea 3Ha4eHI1e npllHe;l'::HHOro ClaB.le/HI151 P == Po B TOt! ihe TOll Ke 0 3aCb[[]KI1.

Xo a paCCph,ll.CHl1tl a.recj, TOT }f{e,

PIlC. 69 -rro I! B § 5, 110 3HalleHU5I ::; II v

B rosxax 01 11 0., renepi., KOHe4HO', HaXOn5lTC5I113 (3.01) 11 (3.02). TaKIlM otipaaov, BClO.1b xapaKTepHCTlIKlI 0102 nO-npe}f{HeMY

::; =cc --, ~ exp [(" - 2:.:0) l')" 'Jl

I -, ~111 P I h, '

a BMeCTe C TeM

(3.03)

nepet!,ll.eM rertepj, K peIUeH1110 noc raB.~eHHotl 3a;l34l! Cl,l51 BecoMot! cpe.an, He rpeoya, lIT06bl CPYHKUI151 P (x) 6hJ.la MOHOTOHlla. nOBTOp5l51 06blllHble paCCY}f{-leHI151, paCCMOTpl1M Ha nnOCI{OCTI1 )-!-L TpaneILl110 A00102A3,

npe-lCTaB.1eHHYIO Ha I1l1c. 70. :LallHble sno.n, AOOI H 0102 OCTalOTCH TCMlI }f{e, a Bno.lb 02A3 6YClYT

Y= x tg~,

X0T51 no n B.11HllllleM COC)CTBellHoro Beca cpop~la .'IHHI1t! CKOJIb}f{elll1H ua IWOCI{OCTH xy l1eCKO:lbl{O 113MeH5IerC5I, HO 06U(I1t! xapaxrep ax pacnO.10iKCHl!5I OCTaeTC5I anecs TeM }f{e, 4TO H na p HC. 69.

B lIaCTHOM c,lytlac, xor.aa H3 rpannue aacunxu paBHoMepHo paCnpe)l,e,leHo np!lBe'!(CHHoe HopMa.lbHoe ,ll.aBiJelll1e p, npenbl,ll.YlL\311 aana-ia euie 60,lee npocra.

PIlC. 70. llJl51 nenecoaon cpe au B 06J1aCT5IX AoOAI H

A20 A3 ua nnOCKOCTl1 x y CeTI{Y JII1HUtt CI{0J1b}f{eHI111 06pa3YlOT -lHa ccxencrsa napaJIJIenbHhlX npsnux, a B OQ,1aCTll A10A2

O-lHO ceMet!CTIlo JIlIIIHt! CKOJIb}f{eHl151 COCTOHT 113 npsnux, npOXO.lHUlllX sepea T041{Y 0, a npyroe - 113 JIOrapllcpMl1l1eCKI1X cnBpanetl (pHC. 71).

§ 11]

AI{TIlBHOE ,ll.ABJ1EHI1E 3AcwnKH H~ no~nOPHWE CTEHKI1

109

A OA A OA COOTBeTCTBYIOT Hd nnOCKOCTI1 bl TOllKI1 01

06;IaCT5IM 0 1 11 2 3 0 0

A10A2 OTBe4aeT OTpe301{ xapaxre PI1CTHKI1 1 2'

11 O2, a orinacrn nopnoa

OLJeBl!,ll.HO, liTO npunenennoe nan.reune q aa 3anHett rpanu non

CTeHKH paBHOMepHO pacnpene.reno II MO}f{eT 6blTb asrpasceao Cne,ll.YIOlL(I1M 06pa30M:

p Sin (\! - (u) exp [(7r - 2p - Q + 0)) tg pl.

I T sin p sin ~2

(3.04)

q=

llJI5I BeCOMot! cpenu nllHI1Il CKOJIbiKeHH5I na nJIOCKOCTI1 X y OCTaIOTC5I

6 A OA a B OCTaJIbHblX 06JIaCT5IX CTaHOH5ITC5I

np5lMhlMI1 JIl1ll1b B 0 JIaCTI1 0 l'

KpIIBbIMI1.

p

II

Puc. 71.

Pllc.72.

H KOI'"a aa n II 51 51 rpam, no.anopuon CTeHKI1

OnleTI1M Tenepb C.TY4an, ..... ,u,

sepruxa.n.na, a yrOJI TpeHI151 UJ = o.

none Hanp5l}f{eHlltt onpe,ll.en5leTC5I KOMnOHeHTaMI1

'tXy=O,

H TaK 11 ,ll.151 BeCOMot! cpen

a 'IHHIlHMI1 CKO lb}f{eHIl51 KaK ,ll.JI5I HeBeCOMOn, •

5IB,~5IIOTCH napaJI',']em,Hble np5lMbIe (puc. 72). TaKI1M 06pa30M, nerpynno YCTaHOBllTb, liTO

1- sin p q=: (p + IY) 1 + sin p

eureane sanaua 0 ,ll.aB,'JeHHI1 aacurnor aa

Cnenyer 3aMCTHTb, xro p • C TIYlIae npI1BO,ll.I1T

erony K Kvnona B 'HOM •

nonnopHYIO CTel-IKY no M . - p5lMa51 JII1HI151 cnO.1-

. 3TO eCTeCTBeHHO, TaK l{aK n

K TeM »ce pe3} .1bTaTaM. TII1HI1t! CKO'Ib}f{eHH5I

aeT C onHott 113 np5lMhlX , , ,

3allH5I aacunxu connan 1010 TOllKy sanaen

a I!MeHHO ron 113 IIlIX, KOTOpa51 npoxo nar lIepe3 Hl1iKH

rpanu.

110

nABJIEHHE 3ACblTIKH HA nonnor nus CTEHKH

[rJI. l!l

HCHO, l.JTO nCfiCTBHTCJIbHOC naBJICHHC na 3anHCfi rpann nonnopnon CTCHKH B TOl.JKe 0 He nOJI)f{HO 6blTb OTpHuaTeJIbHbIM. CnenOBaTCJIbHO, Hc06xonHMO, l.JT06bl

:::? H 1 + sin p

p e-: 1 - sin p

OCTaHOBHMClI reneps na cnyuae , xor na rrpC.llb1nymec YCJIOBI1C, HaKJIanblBaJOmCC OrpaHHl.JCHHC na npHBCnCHHOC naBJICHI1e p, He c06.1IOnCHO. PaCnOJIO)f{HM CHCTCMY xoopnanar xy TaK, l.JT06bl naB!lCHHe B TOl.JKC 0 3anllCfi rpann 6bWO paBIIO ny.no. DPH '::ITOM B,lO.1b nOJIO)f{HTCJIbHOfi no.tyocn x ,Il.OmKIIO 6bITb npHJlO)f{CHO

a +H=H 1 +Sitl p

y 1- sin P

p

Taxoe naBJICHHe, KaK H B COOTBCTCTayiourea sanave § 9, cnenye r paccxarpnsan, KaK B03,Il.cficTBHC uexoropor-o caos BblCOTbl h , .1e)f{amcrO Han nOJ10)KHTe.lbHofi nOJlYOCblO x (pHC. 73). DOJlc Hanp5l)f{CHHfi B 3TOM CJlOC naeTClI cnenytouinx 06pa30M:

ax=O, ay+H=p+l(h+y), "Xy=O.

113 yCJIOBHlI HcrrpepbIBHOCTH KOMno-

lIeHTbI a y aa nOJIO)f{HTe,lbHoft no.ryocn x Ol.JCBHnHO, l.JTO

h = ]_ [H 1 -+- sin p - J.

"( 1 - snt p P

3Ta BeJlHl.JHHa .aaer MaKcHManbllYIO BblCOTY C.l01l, KOTOpa51 HC OKa3bIBaCT na 3a,Il.HIOIO rpam, HHKaKoro naBJlCHI151 H lIa3blBaeTC5I tcpumunectcoii eucomoa .

CJlCnOBaTCJIbIlO, anecs lIe06xo,Il.I1MO paCCMaTpHBaTb nBC 30Hbl: uenpeOeJlbliyLO, aannaarouryro c.ioa Han nOJ10)KI1TeJlbHOfi nO.1YOCblO x, H npeOeJlbliyLO, 3anOJIHlIIOmylO 3aCLITIKy non ron )f{C nO.lmKI1TCJIbHOfi noay-

PIlC. 73.

OCblO x.

B aenpenexsnon 11 npencJlbHofi 30Hax KOMrrOHCHTbl Hanpll)KCHH5I onpCACJIlIlOTClI COOTBCTCTBCHHO ¢opMyJlaMH (2.39) H (2.40). Ha rpanaue 3THX 30H - nOJlO)KHTCJIbHOfi no.nyocn x, BKJIIOl.JaH TOLJKY 0, BCC KOMnoHCHTbl Hanp51)KCHHlI HcnpcpblBHbl.

ECJIH yrox TPCHH51 no 3anHcfi rpana (j) = p, TO ypaBHcHHlI npenezrsHoro paBHOBCCHlI B Y3KOM CJlOC BnOJlb KOHTaKTHofi np5lMofi HMCIOT npoCTblC HHTCrpaJIbl. DPH suaone 3THX HHTCrpaJIOB OCb x HY)f{HO nanpanJllITb BnOJIb 3anHCfi rpann nonnopnon CTCHKH, a yrO:I :x - 3aMCHlITb aa yroa ~.

DOKa)KCM, KaK nOCTpOHTb npI16J1H)KCHHOC peureune B6JIH3H KOHTaKTHofi npaxort - OCH x, xor-aa IlnOJlb HCC a = a (x) H cp = c. Cl.JHTa51,

III

.u.'BJlEHHE 3ACbIr1KH IIA no.unOPHbIE CTEHKH

§ 111 AKTHBHOE ...

r _ e H MaJlbI, OUCH 11M B ypaBHCHHlIX (1.28) nopllnoK

l.JTO a _- a (x), cp - Y6 C 113 HI1X KOTopbIe MaJIbI no cpaane-

pa3J1I1l.JHbIX l.J.1CHOB H OT POCHM T '

HHIO C oCTaJlbHbIMH. D pH6J1I1)KCHHO 6y.ueM HMCTb

o o~

o~ +2a(x)tgp -oy = 0,

(3.05)

a BMeCTC

C TCM

O'fJ sin(?-P) -a'(x).

[~~-2a(X)tgp oy ('1'-1;)=1 cosp

BMeCTC C rpaHI1LJHblMH YCJlOBH51MI1 a = a (x) 11

(3.06)

DCpBOC ypaBHeHHe 9 = E npH y = 0 .uaCT a = a (x)[ 1 -- 2 (:1' - 8) tg p],

ypaBHCHHC npc06pa3YCTC51 c.1enYlOmH.M 06pa30M: a sropoe

o Cf - £p _ ~ [a' (x) -I StI1 (~- p) J.

iJy - 20 (x) cos P

OJl)l{IIO 6bITb rrpOHHTcrpHpOBaHO C Yl.JCTOM rpaHHl.JHorO

OHO n _ 0 l.JTO KOHCl.JHO, HC npc.uCTaBmlCT HHKaKorO

BH51 ;p = 8 npn y -, '

ctgp [, Sin(~-p)JY.

(:(-8)2= 2cr(x) a (x)-1 cosp •

(3.08)

(3.07)

YCJlOTpyna

A"h UHa lbHbIC ypaBHCHHlI xapax-

JIcrKO TaK)f{e npc06paZOBaTb nH't''t'CpCH •

B TOM )KC Y3KOM

dy = 'f -10, dx

dy _ cr + '1'-£.

dx - ctb P Sill~ P

(3 08) B l.JaCTHOM cJIyLJac, xorna CbII1YOCT3HOBHMClI na aurerpaae (k'__ 0) a paccMaTpHBacMall sanava HC

na JIHlllCHa CUCnJlCHHlI -,

l.Jall cpe n .. rruHbI L TaK KaK npn 3TOM BCJIHl.JHHbI

HMCCT xapaKTcpHOl1: .H' .

c (x) c (lx)

-y-=zy'

x=Lx,

y=Ly

a' (x) = a' (Lx),

HC .uOJI)I{HbI 3aBHCCTb OT L, TO npOH3B0.1bHall ¢yHKUHlI a (x) = 1aox

H, cnc.uOBaTCJIbHO, ctgp[ _ Sin(~-p)Jl_.

(9-8)2=---2- 1 crocosp x

T KapMaHY [68J 6y.uCT nOJlYl.JCHO 3TO COOTHolllCHHe, npHHa.uJle)f{amccHHtl npCnCJIbHOrO' paBHoBecHlI nJI51 B § 25 KaK uurerpaa CHCTCMbI ypaBHC

ro KJIHHa H3 HnCaJlbHO-CbII1Yl.Jcfi cpe.asi .

BeCOMO

112

.llAB.1EHI1E 3ACbInKil ILl. nO}1,f10PHblE CTEHKII

o

:1

T a 6 .1 I! I( a 13

[r.n. III

.)

6

: I 0 I

I

v

6

x

x

)'

x )'

3

x y

x )'

x v

x )'

10

x )'

9

x y

000 O:O(J 0,67 1,:")7

rHu 0,00 0,9:1 1,07

0,17 0':15 1,0-1 1,6,

0,14 0,38 0,96 1,76

0,25 0,,32 1,22 1,70

0,21 0,57 1,11 1,78

0,-19 0.17 i.i; 1,62

0,3S 0,3,) 1.17 1,156

0.80 O,O,J 1 "0

(57

I) 40 0;02 1,:1" 1 ,69

0,:12 U,b9 UO

1 -,

.1.

0.32 \J,9-1 1,30 1,80

1.,)11 il.Ou 1,'13 1,57

1),9,) 11.17 1.:39 1,lil

0,66 0,52 US 1,68

0,53 (J,fi9 1,.:;3 1,71

O,:1S (J.B' 1.57 1,7-1

0,98 IJ.:1:J 1,.3{ 1,6-1

0,86 0":::;2 1.62 1,61

0,13 0,69 1.66 1,70

0.09 O,~7 1,70 1,73

0,45 1.0-1 1.74 1,76

1,20 0,00 1,47 1,01

1.10 0.17 1,32 1,61

1,.10 \1,1, 1,6.) 1,00

1,41) 0,00 1,611 J ,3/

1 on I): 17 1. 78 1.60

l.lll 0.:J5 1./0 1,6-1

1,06 /J,';:_? 1,75 1,67

1.14 0.69 1 ,~~(3 1,69

n.s: 1,1)4 2.(11 1. 73

1].72

1')')

e.os 1,76

0,S7 1.:19 ,',U9 1, ,S

1),) 0,69 2.06 1,68

1,22 (J,S7 2,10 1,70

ios 1,(J-l 2,14

1 -C) " -

0,9:1 1 ,~:! 2,18 1,73

0,78 1,39 20')

(77

0,62 1.57 2.26 1,79

0,,)3 1,67 2.1D 1,~3

10

~,uo \l.UU :].00 1,.)/

1,811 1I,UlI 1,~7 1,.;,

UII) 1),17 :':,0.) I.IlU

1.7(1 lI,17 1.9~ 1,6u

1,79 11.3" 2.111 1,62

1,67 n,:;] 2,]" 1,65

I.S9 0,3.3 I,D, 1,63

1,-12 0.H7 2.2i 1,69

U9 1.0~ 2,J8 1,72

1.11

1 ,),)

. ,-~

q 'J')

1:;-!

1,00 1.39 2,35 1,76

1,8:l

§ 11]

AKTI1BHOE .llAB.1EIlI1E 3.\CbIf1Kll 11.'1. IlO.llf10P lIblE CTEHKIl

,I :1

x 1

Y I 12

x

c i

. I

x I

I~il : j ~I

13

1~

Iii

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

.') -±

,

_------- -- -"--------_---_.

0.011 I).()O (UK 1.0·)

-0,10 11,;'3 (),97 I,D9 i

11.16 ' O.1i2 I 1.I1K I l.~-I

0,12 1 11,66 'I 1.()1

l,b9

0,08 0,69 1.(11 1,'l2

-1l.1l7 -0.111 1,1], I 1,26 1.1Ii I 1.36 1.97 1.9.)

, II '1 I

1l:~1 I J .27 I I.;'" '

I 1),161'

u.~{)

1

, (i,l'c ' lUlU I 1.20 1.01

T a 6 .'I II L( a 13 (n poiio.uncenuev

113

Il.~G 1,I'U I 115 i 1."., i

!

.. 111 1.08

1l.1.' 1.1(J 1.:18 1.91

-0,01 1.47 1,,5-1 1,93

](1

(J, j.) 1,10 2.1.) 1,86

-0,48 1 '1')

(00

2,12

--(1.48 -0,41

1,.)6 1.8u

1,22 1, J:l

2,OB 2.0,5

-u.:;g -ORI

1,63 1.87

1.16, 1 ~.12 :

o.xt 1.19 1,62 l,b.5

-0,-16 2,02 1 62 2:0.3

-0,09 ., 11

i :;8 2.06

-0,71 c,18 lS1 2,09

o.as 1,3H I,BO 1,83

-IJ,I~ ') ~J)

1;',8

I,VIi

-1I.iO 2,14 i.ss 1.9~)

-0,1-1 J.:!-l i.se ~,01

-U,70 2, .. .l l 1. ~,l 2.0f

-o,oc 2.~B 1,68 2.00

-I) D·'1 2: i-l ] ,6:'; .2,12

0,:27 1.69 1, ~(~ 1,Uu

-ll,ll :!.::U .!.(J6 1.~)6

-1),2R 2.3.J 2,114 1,98

-1),13 .) ~6

~:Ol 2,nu

~(),;)7 2,,15 I.D7 2,03

-1169 2:64 1,93 .2,05

-U,93 2.18 1.113 2,10

-1.0.3 2,04 1.78 2,12

0,41 2.111 2,2~! 1,oK

n ;]1 1 :88 ",HI 1,90

(J,OO 1],00 0.41 1.98

0,2.; 1,.:?") I,S9 1.88 :

0.191' 1.311 1,0 I 1,90

-0,24 11.23 -0,21 1--1).19, -016

0,911 1 16, 1,:19 I I.fJO I 1>'1

o.si : 1:12 1'1') 1..~1 1.711

2,10 I 2.112 2:110 1.9K 1.97

-0,36 ! -IU6 '1-0,35 -(1.31 -0,32

1,00 1.2.; 1.4K 1,71 1 ,~:l

0.84 1.07 1,27 1,47 1,66

2,12 2,07' 2,0-1 2.02 2.00

8 3aK. 1288. B, B. COKOJIOBCKI!I1

.t Y

a

f

x y

c

x I y !

! "

x y

G

'f

x Y

x Y

x Y

If

x y

x y

c

x y

I '

y

0,00 o.oo 0,:35 2,12

,

0.04' U,UO 0,2-1 1 U . .j,;

~:~i I ~:~C

0,02 0,0,)

0,25 (H8

(J,60 0,81

1,981 1,9-1

-0 ]01-0 12

0::34 0:60

0.52 0,76

2,12 2.0.3

I . _

r-L)0l)

I 0:68

I' o.ss 2,12

1

I

1. 1.9-1

0.08 ~.07 2.IJ8 UI3

I

I 0,211 I

Ii 00

U,Nll I

':::: I

0,17

U B6 1:6:J

I x 11,00 o,IISI

\' 11,00 0,20

I' 11 0,57 0,71 I

,i : I :::: :::: I 0,11 o.is (1.21 ,Uli 0,81 n.:]1i o.to 0,43 0,49

v I 12 0,00 o,n 0,.J2 1),62 lI.bl I,UO 1.19 1.38 1.,)7 1,75 194

I ' o,"le -0,70 089 1,118 1.21 1,4; I.Gl 1,0,J 1.,'8 2,10 .)3"

I y i I,eo 1,1>3 I:B:1 1,84 1,84 1,SS r.ss 1,~3 Uti 1,86 1:86

------~--~--~----~I~------------------------~--~-----

-1).08 l.-t? 2.24 1,95

-0,23 2.56 :2.22 ] .~17

0,41 2,07 219 1;%

-O,~1 2,9-1 2,UH 2,06

-0.93 :1,02 2.0:1 2,OS

-1.0-1 " 08

1:9~ :2.iU

-1,1-1 ;::1.1--1 1 ,~J3 ",12

114

.uABJIEHHE 3ACblTIKH HA nonnor aus CTEHKH

[rJI. III

Hance 1l3J10lKCHO 41lCJlCHHOC PClIlCHIlC paCCMaTpllBaCMOH 3a.lla41l .llJlll P = 30°. 00 = 200, ~ = 1100 Il

P =Po+"(x

B 6c3pa3McpHbIX ncpeaennux C xapaxrepaoii .llJlIlHOH l = Poh OHO COCTOIlT B 3aIIOJlHCHIlil Ta6J1. 13 no CXCMaM BTOPOH Il TpCTbCH xpaeaux 3a.lla4, npnse.llCHHbIX B § 3.

Pllc.74.

B nnaroaaasnue KJlCTKIl 10.0, 9.1, ... , 0.10, COOTBCTCTBYIOIll.IlC T04KaM! nOJlOlKllTCJlbHOH noayocn x, BHCCCHbI Y = 0 Il 3Ha4CHHlI x, a BMCCTC C TCM

l+x

0'= J

1 + sin p

naJlCC, B KJlCTKIl 0.10, 0.11, ... , 0.14 B nopanxe IlX B03paCTaHIlll, a TaKlKC

sanacaua x 0-= Y = 0 Il 3Ha4CHIl1i 'f

1

a = -=-1-+,-----.- exp lt= - 2'1') tg p]. sm P

Haxoaeu, B .anaroaansnae KJlCTKIl 0.14, 1.15, ... , 10.24, OTBC4alOIll.IlC T04KaM' 3a.llHCH rpaaa nonnopaoa CTCHKIl, nOMCIll.CHbI

1

'f = ~ + 2 (~l- (0).

BbI41lCJlCHHH BO BHYTPCHHIlX KJlCTKaX Ta6J1Il~bl no-npeacaeay npOBCJ\CHbt no pCKYPPCHTHbIM !lJ0PMYJJaM (1.49) Il (1.50), a B nOCJICJ\HIlX .aaar-onam.nux KJlCTKaX - no PCKYPpCHTHblM !lJ0pMYJlaM (1.50) npn y = x tg~.

§ 12]

nACCHBHOE .uAB.~EHHE 3ACbIITKH HA no.urrOPHblE CTEH!{H

115

3Ha4CHIl1i 6c3pa3McpHoH BCJlIl41lHbI

sin ([l- (0)

q = cr sm ,2

HaH,LIeHbI no 3HaQCHIlliM a B naaroaaasnux KJlCTKaX 0.14, 1.15, ... , 10.24, TaK 4TO

y = 0,00 0,34 0,68 1,00 1,32 1,63 1,93 2,24 2,54 2,84 3,14
cr =0,35 0,52 0,68 0,84 1,00 1,16 1,32 1,47 1,62 1,78 1,93
q = 0,20 0,30 0,39 0,49 0,57 0,67 0,76 0,84 0,93 1,02 I,ll
Ha puc. 74 nocrpoena CCTKa xapaKTcpHCTHK - JlHHHll CKOJlbiKCHHlI no KOOp-
.llIlHaTaM Y3J10HbIX T04CK, npIlBC,LICHHbIM n Ta6J1. 13. § 12. naccHBHoe AaBJIeHHe 3acwrrKH Ha rro.urropHwe CTeHKH Ilepennex reneps !{ HaXOlK,JeHHIO naccnsuor-o .uaIl.leHH5I 3aCbIIT!{H Ha nonnopnyio CTeHKY, C'lHTa5I, 'lTO no anopuaa creuxa ocyIl\eCTBJIlIeT BblITHpaHHe 3aCblTI!{H asepx, TaK 4TO 0 = -Ul -< o.

Orciona 51CHO, 4TO B 3011e, rrp I1Mbl!{alOIl\etl K no.io acnrensnon nonyOCH x, 6y.uyT HMeTb MeCTO Ma!{CI1Ma.lbHoe, a B 30He, npaxuxaiouien !{ 3a.uHeti rpaun nonnopuon CTeH!{I1, - MI1IlI1Ma.1bIlOe Harrp5IiKeHHble COCT05lHH5I.

VI TaK, BllO,'lb rro.~OiKHTe.lbHoti no.ryocn x, orpauauaearouiea 3aCbIITKY, no-npeacnexy

p (x)

~ == ri = 0,

1- Sill P ,

(3.09)

a B.uO.1b 3a.uHeti rpann cor JlaCHO (1.17) rrpl1 'I. = --1 .uO.1iKHO 6blTb

~ill(\!+Ul) B "+ 1 (0+ ) (3.10)

q = o sin \2 9 = : -:2 2" -" lO.

JIerKo sanert., 4TO onpeneneune naccnsuoro .uaBneHH5I 3aCblTIKH aa nO.lrrOpHYIO CTeHKY aHaJIOrH4HO HaxOiK.ueHI1IO MaKCI1Ma.lbHoro .uaB.lelll1l1 aa OCHOBaHl1e; 3TH aanana TOiK.uCCTBeHHbl, Kor.ua, ~=T:, lO=O.

~ ff [;/

q q

PIlC. 76.

PIlC. 75.

PaCCMOTpl1M cuasana nocrae.teaayio aaaaxy .u.151 aesecoaon cpcnu, C4HTa5I, 4TO p' (x) > 0, 11 BblTIOJIHHM 06bl4Hble nocrpoenna aa nnyxJIHCTHOti nJIOCKOCTH. OTpe30K rrp5lMoti AoOI ua .1HCTe I onpeneneu ypasnenaea (3.09), a npaxas 02A3 na .1HCTe II - ypaBHeHHeM (3.10). ElTa .uBYXJIHCTHa51 06JIaCTb npencrasnena na pHC. 75, a B passepnyroa BH.ueHa pHC. 76.

8*

116

nABnEHHE 3AcwnKH HA rrOnnOPHWE CTEHKH

[r-n. III

llaHHble aao.n, AOO[ H 0102 OCTafOTCH TaKHMI1 xce , KaK 06bI4HO, a Bnonb 02A3 HMefOT BHn

Y= xtg~.

3neCb C4HTaeTCH, 41'0 3J1a4eHHe 9 == (;1 = 0 B T04Ke 01 Mellbille 3Ha4eHHH 7 = 7'1 B T04Ke O2 IL1H, 4TO 92>- 0. 31'0 nepasenc'rno BUIeJ:CTIme (3.10) npunomrr K YCJIOBl1fO

rJ" 7: 1 (0 + )

c' -/' 2-"2 -- (0,

OrpaH114HBafOill,eMY ),10,'1 ~.

Oroopa.seune KOM6HHHpoBaHHoH 06.1aCTH ua n,lOCKOCTb x Y 1l306pa)!{ClIO ua pIIC. 77. OTpe3KY xap axrep acrnxa 0102 COOTBeTCTByer o.nna ocorias TO'lKa 0.

OTMeTlJ:vI, 'lTO ec.rn npenblnywee IIepaBeHCTBO He C06:1fOneHO, '1'0 06.HCTlI A00.41 H A20.43 OKO:IO T04Kll ° HMefOT 06ill,He 4aCTH, 41'0

Puc. 77.

YKa3bIBaeT ua B03HHKlIOBellHe p aapsrnos.

3Ha4ellHe npuneneuaor-o

nan.reuns q = qo B sepxuen T04Ke ° aannen rpan» MO)!{eT

PIlC. 78.

6hlTh nupaa.euo 4epe3 3Ha4eHHe npunenennoro naB,TIeHHH P = Po

B T04Ke 0 aacunxn TaK:

Po ,in(~1 + (')) .

q) ,:~ -.~-,- ---.~- exp [(2~ -.-: + 9 +(0) tg pl.

, 1 - sru P ,UI l! '

(3.11 )

06paT!!MCH Tenepb K pelUeHHIO Toli xce 3a}I:a'lH, HO n,lH aecoaon cpen u, lie HaluaJ:hlBaH ua 41YllKUHIO P (x) OrpaHH'leHI1H MOHOTOllHOCTH. DOBTOPH5I npexoute paccyncnenus, paCOIOTpl1M na n.l0CKOCTH /'Il. rparieUIIIO .400[02A1, nOKa3aHHYfO na puc. 78. naHHble BnO'Ib A001 H O[O~ OCTafOTCH npe)!{HI!Mll, a IUO,'lb O2.43 6Y.WT

r r;: + I (0 I

Y = X tg~, 9 =;'! - 2 '2 -- ~- (0).

Ooumn xap axrep pacno.ios.enus ,111Hl1li CKO.1biKeHHH aa 11:10CKOCTl! xy TaKoli iKe, 41'0 11 ua puc. 77.

§ 12]

rrACCllBHOE nAB.1EHIIE axcunx» HA ncnnor nue CTEHKl!

117

B 4aCTIIO~1 clYQae, xor.ra na rpaunue 3aCLIITKH pasuoaepuo pacnpelle.'leHO npnne.aeuuoe nopua.n.noe .aannenue P, paccuarpanaeuas 3aJ:a43 ocorienuo npocra,

.11~1 neaecouott cpe.nu B OU:13CT51X .400A1 H .42°.43 Ha n:IOCKOCTII xY ceTKY c'llllll1H CKO:lb)!{eIlI1H 06pa3ylOT .JB3 cexrencrna nap a.r.re.u.uux npsMh!X, 3 R 011.'13CTl! .410.42

OCIHO ce~lelicTDO .1HHl!tl CI(0,lb- fJ

m:elll!H COCTOllT II:, llPHMblX, n pOX 0 .tsnu II X 4 e p e:3 TO 4 xy 0, Z':-_~_;_.Ll_J.....J_'--L....L.L.l.--'-'-:-r-7ri:---;, 3 J:pyroe -. IB JlOrapncpMI1- '1eCKilX cnnpa.ren (puc. 79).

06,13CTH~1 AlI0.4! 11 .420A1 na I1. iOCKOCTIl x Y COOTBeTCTBYIDT T04Kl1 O[ H 02 ua 1l.10CKOCTII :;'r" a 06.13CTll .4[ ° Az OTBe4aeT oTpe30K xapakrepucrnkn 0/)2'

~CHO. 4TO npnncaeuuoe nau.reuue q H3 aa.rnen r p auu 1I0:1!lOPHOli CTeHKl1 paBHOMepHO cras.ieuo T3K:

I

! T.J

PliC. 79.

P sin(Q+,,)) [(2' --LCl I ')'CTr]

q = ---.- . exp I) -" , -- T W 1", i .

1 - SIn p sm ~~

(3.1:2)

;1,151 necouon cpe.ru .1l!1I1!1I CKO.']biKeHII5I ua Il,IOCKOCTlI X Y OCTatOTC5I npHMLI~1H .1UlUb B 06JlaCTH .41)0.41, a B ocra.n.uux 06,laCT5IX 6Y,'LYT Kpl1BhlMII.

OnleTIIM renep s C,lY4all,

KOfCIa 33J:HH5I rp arn- 110,'LnOPHOtl

CTellKI! BepTIlK(],'lblla, a )'1'0,'1 :T

TpeH!!51 UJ '= O. ~._""",~*....__.-:::*:::",,--, ~~~---:"'"

Flo.te IIJ.np5liKellllli J:aeTCH

KOMilOHeJlT3MII

,1 + si11?

C:;x-+-H=(p ~IY)l-"lllp'

0y-+-H=jJ -:-V', :xy ·=0,

a JIlllil!~~1H CKO:IhiKeHIIH KaK ,'L'151 HelleCO~lOli, TaK H n.151 IlecmlOH cp e.i C.ly)!{aT 113jl3.l.'le.'IbHLle np sMhlC (PIlC. 80). I InK, .'JCl'KO BHneTh. 'ITO

1 T sin p q 'CC (p _J_ '[ Y) r=- olllP'

Pac. 8u.

HVii\1I0 33\;(:TI1Tb, 41'0 pemeHlIe aanasu ° !l8Rnelll1H na no.anopnyio CTeflKY no MeTOJ:Y 1\. Ky.tona u 3TOM c.ryvae 11.aeT rc }Ke pe3Y.'lbTaTLI, TaK KaK npHM351 .'1l1lll!51 cno.raanna 3aCLlflKII connanacr C O':lIiOrt 113

118

.llABJlEHHE 3ACbITIKH HA nO.llnOPHbJE CTEHKI1

[r-n. Jll

npHMbIX .1HHl1tl CKOJIb)l{eHI1H, a I1MeHHO C ron 113 HI1X, KOTopaH npoxo.llI1T 4epe3 HI1)1{HIOIO T04KY 3a.llHetl rpaua,

EC;I11 yron TpeHI1H aacunxn no 3a.llHetl rpanu (j) = p, TO ypaBHeHI1H npene.n.nor-o paBHOBeCI1H B Y3KOM CJIoe BLlOJIb npHMotl KOHTaKTa LlOnYCKaIOT anrerpaau. Ilpn ausone 3TI1X I1HTerpa.10B OCb x HY)I{HO HanpaB.1S1Tb ano.n. 3aLlHetl rpaun nonnopnoa CTeHKI1, a yro.i a 3aMeHHTb aa yrOJI ~.

Herpy LlIIO nOCTpOI1Th np116.1H)I{eHHOe peiuenne IlO,lH311 KOIITaKTllotl npS1Motl-OCH x, xorna BLlO.'Ib lIee :l=:l(X) II 1=s. C4HTaH, -rro :l - ::; (X), :;; + S 11 Y xa.tu, nOBTopI1M COOT BeTCTBYIOlllHe paccYfl(Llelll1H § 11. npH6,1!1)1{eHfI0 6y.ueM I1MeTb

(3.13)

a TaK)I{e

[(h rJ'f ] + xin (~ + p) 1 ( )

rJy + 2::; (x) tg P ()y ('1 e) = 1 cos p -::; x.

Ilepsoe yp asnenae BMeCTe C rpaml'lHbIMH YC:IOBI1HMI1 0-= J (x) 11 9 ~-= - - S npl1 y -= 0 LlaeT

(3.1 ~)

o = ::; (x) [ I+-2 (:;; + s) tg p],

(3.15)

a aropoe ypaBHeHHe :rOJl)l{1I0 6bITb npOflHTerpl1pOilaHO C Y4CTOM rpaIillllHoro YC10BHH 'y ~.::_ --- s npl1 y = 0, TaK 4TO

erg P [01 (x) -- ,ill .(~ P )J

(1-1-S)2= 2~(x) 1 C'1Sp y.

(3.16)

OCTaeTCH euie npeoopaaouari, ,,\HcpcpepeHlll1a:IbllbIe ypaBHeHI1H xapax-

TepHCTllK

rio.tar aS1, -rro

1 + s ~Ia,10. npIl6:1!1}l{eHHO

dy 'f + 2

dx ctg P + sill~ P ,

lIatllleM

dv (/x-=:P+S.

06paTI1MCH rerrepi, K nnrer pa.iy (3.16) B 4aCTIfOM cnynae, xor na cunynas cpcna JIYImelIa cuen:ICIII1H (/? -= 0), a y paccxarpnaaeaon 3a-'la411 ner xapaxrepuon n,ll1Hbl I. Torna np0l13BOJIbHaH CPYHKlll1H

o(x)= Pox,

TaK qTO

Clg_f[I_ Sill(~--;-p) JL.

2 ao cos P X

3TO COOTHomerIHe 6v ner TaK)I{e uaaneno B § 25 KaK narerpan CI1CTeMbI ypasueuaa npenexsaoro paBHOBeCI1H Ll,lH aecoxoro K.ll1l1a 113 nneaxsuo cunyuea cpenu,

§ 12]

119

nACCI1BIIOE LlABJIEIII1E 3ACblITKI1 HA no.anosuus CTEIIKH

OCTallOBI1MCH reneps ua nexoropox 0606melll111 npexcunx paccyxcneHl1tl. nonycTI1M, 4TO 3aCblITKa OrpaHI14eHa KPI1BOJlI1HetlHbIM KOHTYPOM, HaK.10HeHHbIM K ropl130HTY non nepexeaasrx yr JlOM a, B.llO,lb xoroporo npl1J10)l{eHO npnaeneunoe .llaB.1eHl1e p = p (a) C yr.l0M 0 == 0 (a). 6YLleM C4I1TaTb, 4TO 3Tl1 CPYIIKlll111 nenpepunnu 11 LlonycKaloT nenpepusuue np0113BOLlHble.

Hopxa.n.aas 11 xacare.isnaa KOMnOHeHTbI npnscnenuoro naB,leHI1H, KaK 06b14HO, BbIpa)l{aIOTCH TaK:

0n+H-=pcoso, ":n..c=psino.

TaKI1M 06pa30M, 113 (1.17) HCHO, 4TO

Sill t. ~,' = a + (l - 'j() 7':4' + -21 (x~ -- 0) + m.tz ,

o =p sin (t.--"o)'

r.ne, KaK acer na, 060311alleHO

sin 0 sin1= -.-, S\l1 P

OTCIOna BbITeKae'!', 41'0 KOIlTYP 3aCbITIKH 11306pa)l{aeTCH aa n,10CKOCTI1 bl B Bl1.lle uexoropon KpI1BOtl. 3TO 06CTOHTe,lbCTBO He BHOCI1T KaKI1X-.11160 CYlL\eCTBeHHbIX YCclO)l{HeHl1tl.

PIlC. 81.

3aLla411 0 LlaIl.leHI1I1 aacunxn aa nOLlrI0pHYIO CTeHKY MoryT 6bITb TaK)I{e pasoopaau, xoraa aacunxa MIiOWC_wiUw, T. e. COCTOHT 113 HeCKOJIbKI1X OLlHOP0.llHbIX C-l0eB C pa3JII14HbIMl1 MeXaHI14eCKI1MI1 CBotlcTBaMI1 -C pa3JII14HblMl1 rIOCTOHHHblMI1 1. P Ii H.

120

,lAfLIEHllE :oACblflKH llA nO.Ll.nOPHblE CTEffKH

[r .1. III

04t'flI1J.HO. 41'0 ]f31'0pI130HTa.n,HbIX npausix p33J.e.13 COC(:.:1llllX C.'IOceB KO:>!f10HeHTbl Jy II ':xy n.ur Be.'IH4I1Hbl ]I 11 0 .'1.0 ,!}KHhI OLITL nenpepunua , TOLl3 KJK ::; \WIKC]' nperepnCB3Th KOHe4Hbltl P33ph1B.

fIOK3IKC~I. lf3I1plDlep, K3K YCT3i'10BI1Th aKTliB'1Oe .lafJ:l(:]-ll1e 113 110.'1.nopnyio CTeHKY JJ1YXc.'IOtlllOtl 3aCb1f1KI1. orp anuuenuon no.iosarre.n.non 110.1YOCblO X, s.ro.n, I<OTOP011 pacnpe.ie.ieno npI1IW;r211f!OC '1OP}I;UbIiOe .aan.teune P __c- P (X). ,vleX3111l4eCKHe CllOtlCTB3 BepXIICIO C:IOH J.3Hhi lIOCT05llllfhDIII 11' ;>1 H IiI' 3 re iKC CB0l1CTB3 Hl1iKHl'ro C.IOf] - nOCT.)IlHllbI\1JI 12' P2 II H~ (pIIC. 81).

IlO:IIl HanpmKellllll II OCi.13CT5lX A00';-\I' A10A2 II .-t.P..-i, B npc.re.tax Bepxlle~:o CIOH K3J< OObl4110 onpe.ie.nnorca 110 J3illlhl\1 BJO:ih ropuaonT3.lb1l01l rpannuu 3aCblllKl1 11 ~lallllhl~1 llJO:lb uepxner o ':lJaCTKa :'3.1 II ert

rp3HH no.inopuon CTeHKI1. .

,\1l3:10nj4llbI\I oripaso», nO:11l nanpssecnnn B 00.13CT51X BoQBl' B1QB3 11 B/JHl ~ npCle.·I.:X Ill1iKHerO C.l051 HaXO.l51TCH no J.aBHbnl 13.:10.1h r opn- 3011Ta.lbHOlI n p fl~IOI1 paane.ra (.10C13, OTCT05lw,eil OT rpannuu aacunxa H3 P3CCTOHHIlH b , II ;r;Jllllbi~1 13.:10'-1b IIHIKHcro YLJaCTKa 33JlleH rpann.

OnleTHM lJaCTflblti C::)'lJ3l-i, Kor,:ra 1I3 ropusoura.n.noa rp,lIJ1IUC 3aCblI1KlI pasnovepno p acnpe ie.reuo npnne.aeunoe '1op~ia.lblloe Ja-IUeHlle p. sa.rH5I5I rpaas nOJ[]OpIlOII CTC]-]KII aepruxa.u.na, a yro.i TpeHII5I co = O.

.T Flpu 3TOM na r paunue 33CbIf11{1! H na

np5l~lotl pasne.ta C.l0eB, orcrosuien 01' r paHIllLhl na paccro aunn b. P:ll3HO.\!ep'1O p ac npe;J,enCHbl 11 p llBe,:rellHhle '10 p :'la.lhH bl e ,:ral3.lellll fl

PI = P 11 P2 = P + "( 11; + H2 - HI' OlJel311.J1l0. lJTO npl113e,1(;1I110C nopua.n.noe l3B.1C nne 'J7 + HI -'-- ql 113 nepxnex Y"3cTKe 3alUletl rpauu !IMCe1' OOblllHbl11 BI1J

__ ., 1 - sin PI

ql- (PI --+--11.\,) -------, 1 T sin Pl

a npu ae.teunoe .'13B.le'1lIe z , + J-iz -== qz ua HI1}KHe!l! _)''13C1'Kl' 6),.lCT

q2 = Ipz + Idy - b)] 1 , Sll2__P_:!_

1 ----;- ;,111 p~

.11I:llIH'\1II CKO.'lblKeHlIH 5113.1HI01'C5I J.Ba ce.\letlCTB3 napaaneasnux npsI\],;X, nepecexuicumxca 13 BepX'1C.\1 C.l0C no.r vr.raxn 22] = -;-:,'2 -- 01

a II 1-I1I1K1leM c.ioe nc.i yr:13MII 222 = .. /2 - 22 (p-HC. 82). " ,

113 npnnc.icuuoa 3a;r3lJI! 13I!.J.1I0, KaK 0606w,IlTb npe;rblJ.YIlJ,I1C "leTOllhl H3 »noroc.ionuy.o cblny4ylO cpe;r)'. Cllal13.13 C:lClyeT onpene.nn s no.ie '13npmKelllli'I B sepxuev cnoe Il npune.teaaoe .rae.tenue l3.!l.OJlh rpannnu paJJe:13, ncpe aanacaoe n a HHIKIlIlt'1 c.ion. 3aTeM lIY}EiIO HaHTI1 no.te 1IaIlp5liKeHl1tl 13 3TO.\1 l-IHIKlleM C.l0C II npll13c.leI-lHOe ~aB.le'1He 13J.O.lb c.rellYlOuJ,etl rp anuuu p as.re.na. flpOJO.1IK;JH 3TH paCCpK]l,Cl!HH 1I ,U3.1ee. I-:yiKHO,

TY

Pile. 82.

§ 13J

PA2Phl13HblE PEWEHH51. JIOM.\lIblE 110,UnOPllb'E CTEHKI1

121

O,UHaKO, C.'1e.rlHTb aa TeM. lJ1'o6hl np n nepexo.re 4cpe3 rp3HI!lLY p aa.re.ta C.10eB He H3pYW3nOCb Hcp3BeHCT!l0

l':xy!-«Jy+H)tg? 1I.1II [0i-<~.

.VhIOrOC'IOKIlOCTb chlIIYlJetl C pe ru \IOllieT OblTb 6e3 TpyJ3 Y41'cIla l!

B .rpyr nx 3a,UaLJaX 0 npe ie.n.nox p3Bll0l3eC11I1. OCTalIaB.ll!B3TbC5I H3 3TO~[ 60.1CL· nO;I.p06HO uer IlIlKaKoil HeooxO;lmlOCTll.

B 3THX p accyncnennax, KOHe4IlO. COl3CeM nc 005l33Te.1bHO, LfTOGbl r-p annuu C,10el3 6hl.111 ropIl30'1Ta.'lbllbDIlI npfl~lbIMH; OllIl MoryT ObITb H3- K,1011Hbl~1II npmlblilill lUll JarKC KpllBbnll1.

§ 13. Paapusnue peiuenus. Jlov aaste nonnopnue CTeHRII

Pacnpene.icnue J-l3npHi!;eHlltl npll npene.n.ao a p313H0l3eCllII 3aCblI1I-;1I ,U,151 ,10CTa1'04HO va.tux )'L1013 2 nenpep unuo BCIO.uy, nx.uouas T04KY 0. ecnu na 3a,UHet1 rp anu uuno.iueno llepaBeHCT130

101 co -< f).

Cnarana onpc.ie.nn» 3KTllBHoe ,UaB.~eHl1e 3aC;,ll1KII ua 110;r110pHyIO CTellKY. B 06,nC1'l! Ao0A, KaK 06bI4110,

I

1>:

9 ===- :I ~

a BMeCTe C TeM

q =P + ].\' _ __:i~ _i~

1 + sin P slu .'I

(3.17)

3 = _l_ (..l J_ 0)

, 2 .

H:111

'H P + ,y (1 ' tn .os 2°)

J"T -= ~1 + .'- ·-t--S pL I" ,

. SIIIP'

P __;_.,\,

': = --, '-".- sin D sin 28.

n 1 ., . sin P , \

04eBH.'l,1l0e HepaBeHC1'BO () co , oriecnesneaiouiee OTCYTCTBHe COCKa.lb-

3bl133HIlH no 3allHetl rpaHH no nnopuoa CTeHKlI, YCTallaB.'lH13aeT C.leJYIOw,ee yc.1Ol3l1e:

HaKJIa,lbIBalOw,ee nexorop oe OrpaHI14eHI1e ua yr o.t ~.

Teneps, a1l3nOrl1'lHblM 06pa30M, llatl,UeM rraCCI1BHOe ,UaB.leHIH~ 3aCblf1KlI aa 110,l110PHYIO CTeHKY. B 06JlaCTli AoOA, KaK II panee,

0= P+U I-sin p

cp=O

, '

a 110TOMY

p + U sin (il - 0)

q = 1 - sin P sin il

(3.18)

llnll

p+u ~

on +H = (1- sin p cos 2t'),

1 - sin P

't = - P + iY sin p sin 2~.

n 1 - sin P

122

.lI.ABJIEHIiE aACblTIKIi HA nO.llnOPHbIE CTEHKI1

[rJI. III

HepaBeHCTBO - 0 -< co , He nonycxaiouiee COCKa,lb3bIBaHI151 no aanaett rpaHIi, .llaeT YCJIOBlie

orpamrsnaaioiuee yro.~ ~.

Pacnpeneneuae Hanp5l)KeHHt1 npn npenem.nou paBHOBeCl111 aacunxu .ll.l51 YL10B ~, He Y.llOB.1eTBOp5l1Oll1,I1X npensiayumx HepaBeHCTBaM, .llOJI)KHO conpOBOIK.llaTbC5I .~HHI151MI1 paapsiaa, Buuie, B § 10, Y)Ke 6bIJIO noxasauo, lJTO

9-=C(+;- ~ (~.+o)+mT:, y+ =C(+ ~ (1-o)+m;t,

a TaK)Ke, lJTO

u+ _ sin(Ll+o) ~ - stn (t.-o)·

Hauneu, KaK 06bIlJHO, C onpeneaenns

PIlC. 83. aKTI1BHOrO .llaB.1eHlI51 aaCbInKI1 ua nonnopnyio cTeHKY.

PaCCMOTpl1M cnanana aaaasy n.151 HeBecoMotl cpensr 11 6yneM na rr.toCKOCTI1 xy paa.rnuari, nBe npenem.uue 06JIaCTI1 AoOA 11 AOB, p aanenenHhle npaaon .111HHetl paapuna OA, KaK 9TO l1a06pa)KeHO na pac. 83.

B 9TI1X 06.1acT5Ix AoOA 11 AOB COOTBeTCTBeHHO

0= P

I + Sill P ,

l-Is YC.10BHt1 (2.41) H (2.42) BnO.1b npsvon .111HI1I1 paspusa c.renyer ,

lJTO

p sin(Ll+o)

l+sinp Sill (Ll-c) ,

r.p=~,

0===

a H3 (3.02) OlJeBI111HO, lJTO

P Sill (tl + 0) sin (~! - w)

q= l+,illP ,in(tl-o) sin~l

(3.19)

3aMeTlIM, lJTO 3HalJeHHe q, onpene.naeuoe cpOpMyJIOtl (3.19), HeCKO.1bKO 60.1bwe COOTBeTcTBYIOll1,erO 3HalJeHI151 q, nasaexor-o cpOpMyJIOtl (3.03) 11.151 rex )Ke yr.10B HaK.10Ha ~ 3anHet1 rpann nonnopnon CTeHKI1, T. e. )'IKe 3a rrpe11eJIOM ee rrpI1MeHI1MOCTI1.

Ilocrp oeuuoe peWeHl1e I1MeeT MeCTO noxa YL1bI C( -< ~ 11 '? -< .. /2 11.111, npyrl1MI1 CJIOBaMI1, rrOKa B~rrOJIHeH~ YCJIOBI151

1 K 1·

"2(Q +w) -<~ -<"2- 2' (Q -w),

YCTaHaB.1I1BalOll1,He npenenu H3MeHeHI151 yrna ~.

§ 13]

123

PAaPblBHblE PEWEHI151. JIOMAHblE rr011rrOPHblE CTEHKIi

Paaoepex ry )Ke 3a11alJY 11.151 aecoxon cpenu, I1Me51 B BI111Y, lJTO .1I1HI151 paapuna OA reneps CTaHOBI1TC5I xpnaoa.

B 06,1acTI1 AoOA BOaHI1KaeT npocreniuee no.ie Harrp5l)KeHl1tl, xoropoe HepenKo BCTpelJa.1OCb paHee 11 He HY)K11aeTC5I B KaKI1X-nH60 rrOHCHeHI151X.

Vl3 YC.10BI1t1 (2.41) 11 (2.42) BD.O.% KPI1BOtl .1I1H 11 11 paspbIBa OA B peay.m.rare rrpocT~x npeoopaaoaanna c nenyer, lJTO

dy

dX = tgC(,

p+u sin(Ll+o) o = 1 + sin p sin (Ll - 0) ,

9=1.

TIepet1neM Terrepb K HaXO)KneHl110 rraCCI1BHOrO 11aBc1eHI151 aacunxu aa rtonnopayio creaxy.

PaCCMOTpl1M aa11alJY nc151 Hesecoaon cpenu 11 6Y11eM Ha nne-

CKOCTI1 xy pa3.1I1lJaTb nne rrpeneJIbHble orinacru AoOA 11 AOB, pasneneunue rrp5lMot1 p asp uaa OA, KaK 9TO rrOKa3aHO na Pl1c. 84.

B 9TI1X 06.1aCT5IX AoOA 11 AOB COOTI3eTCTBeHHO

PIIC. 8cJ..

o = --;--'P'-c-_ I-sill p ,

VIa YC.1OBIft1 (2.41) 11 (2.42) BnOJIb np sxoa paspuna OA BbITeKaeT,

lJTO

p sin(Ll-c)

1 - stu p sin (Ll --l-- il)

0=

a 113 (3.10) 5ICHO, lJTO

p sin (tl - c) sin (ll + til)

a=: I-sinp Slll(Ll+o) Sill'!

(3.20)

I

Ilocrpoeuaoe peurenne cnpaaennnso, noxa Y110B.1eTBOpeHhl yC.10BI151

narouiae npenenu l1aMeHeHI151 yr JIa ~.

OCTaHOBI1MC5I aa TOt1 )Ke aanane 11JI5I BecoMotl cpenb], rrpl1HIfMa51 BO BHI1MaHl1e, lJTO JII1HI151 paspuna OA reneps npeap auiaercs B KPIfBYIO.

B 06J]aCTIi AoOA 06pa3yeTc5I npocreniuee noae Harrp5l)KeHl1tl, KOTOpoe Y)Ke BCTpelJa.1OCb paHee 11 He rpeoyer .lI.aJIbHetlWI1X noacnenan.

124

J.\B.1EHIIE 3,\CblflKII IIA IlO,JIlOPHLIE CTEHKI1

[1.1. III

l Ia YC.IOBlIti (lAI) II (2.42) B;J,O:lb KpllBOti .111HIIII p33pLIBa OA IlOCIC npocrux npeotip aaonannn B]'ITCK(lCT, 'ITO

!I\'

~ -==-_tIT:'J.

d x .-'"

..,--'-'--..1

, :2 '

110 yrO.1 (; 01HITb-T3KII OYilCT IlepeMeHIILI~!.

Cyu~eCTBe!iHO OTMCTl1Tb, 'lTO Be,'III'lIIHa nnrepna.ia U311CIJellliH 8 B KOTOpOH cyuiecrnyior p aap usuue nO:15I H3np501(CHHt! xruc npn al~T'lIBIlO\I, TaK II np n naCCHBJ-Iml J'3B.1eHIIHX :laCLInKlI, panna -;;/2 - ~l. 3Ta BC.'JlI'!HHa )'MeHbW3eTCH C YBe.1H'lelfIlCM W 1I pasua Hy.'110 np ir UJ = Ci.

OCTallOBIDICH Tc:repb IJa lJaCTJ!otl 3a.134C 0 npe.re.n.nov p~mIOBeCHII ocrpoyro.n.noro Hl'BCCO~loro x.mua on rpeuas no OOKOBhnl rp ansx, KOTOP3H o hl.1 a pe ureua r. c. l l.launp o [61)] H P. 1 LlU.'lJ.CHI CO]. TaK

~ KaK Jl 3TO~i sa rase '( = 0, q = H II (!)=-- 0 TO

/1 J (jJOpSIY:13 (;3.10) cpa3y n-:c ortpe.ae.taer '

// ~J p c:_-= HI_+- '~l_P_ si~(=,- -=~) " __ ~ ( '( ';,_

////.8, 1-.'i!lp~inp+G),J'--:2 ..1~")'iJ(,;.-2~)·

. / // I U

!7c/ / / 4, t 5iCHO, IJro yr:lbl :x II 2 II3MeIHI1O'fCH B npe.rc.rax

]1' r--- 8--

• .1, / ,

n /

~', "--r-"..:------I.42

"-----..J4

o

a npIIHe.1ellHoe uopxa.n.noe ;J,3B:lelllIC

Puc. 85.

H .> J" ,/ H 1 + bin p

~ J~ --_. __ •

I-olll P

C re.tys P. ll.ln.t.iy, 1!OjKIIO IlOK3'o3Tb, 'ITO n pu ~!;JI)'IX yr.10B :x II ~:j cnp anen.nrau COOTIlOWeiJI-lH

3113'lCI!I1H,{

:x = (1 + sin O)}_

, ':2 '

(3.2:2)

iWTOP hie ycrauan :nIB3ICJT, YTO B1\O.lh nO:IOn-:lITe 1bHoti nO,'I1'OCII x HOp\!3:1",lloe .aaa.reuue

:Jy c__=: p~-H s: .. cc!? :osp ~~.

OTCIO.1a BIJ.lHO, 'iTO npn qJHKCllPOB3lIHOM (p -- H)/!? vr.tu :x l1 3

n03paCTa!OT c YBe:liI4eIHteM yrna nnyrpeauero TpeHH5I ().., I

Hepe.JI{O BC'I PC'13IOTC5I no.anopnue CTeHIO!, R KOTOPbl:i: 32;J,Hl!C rpann InICIOT nepe.roiu; II COCTOHT 113 nCCKO.lbKllX npHMOJ1l1Hetlllhlx \,,13CTKOB.

11 pucrynux, 113npIDlep,]{ IlCCJ1e.'l.OB3I-11110 3!{'Il1BHOro .n:aB,leHlI; =,aChInKII na liO}U10p~ylO C'I eIiKY, y KOTOPOti 3anHHH rpans 05,13,J3eT 01lHlI;vI nepc.,10Mml H oopaaoaana JlByMH npHMO,ll1HetlHh!MI1 ),Y3CTKaMl1, HaK,10HelillbIMII !{ OCII x no.a yr.13MH ~1 11 ~2'

PaccM3Tpl1M CH3'l3J13 Ilocr3B,lefHl),!-O 3311.3'-1}' 11..IH HeBccOAlOti cpeau, C.1e;J,Y51 OUhllJHO\IY nop511lKY p3CCYlKllClIl1J:l, H BhInO.1Hl1M pHll nocrpoenun 113 '-IeTbIpex.l1lCTHOt! nJIOCKOCTl1 b;. Ilonyuenasre T3KHM nYTeM 0(i,13CTlI coe.muexu Il,J,Oclb .OTpe3KOB xap3KTepl1CTI1K 02A2' Q1Bl H Q2B2 II 01llIY '-IeThlpeX:IHCTHYIO O{li13CTb, Il306palKeHJ-IYIO H3 pIIC. 85, a B p33BepI-l\,TOM

Bl!;J,C - Ha pIIC. 86. .

~ 13J

PA3PhIBllblE PEWEI-II1H .• 10MAJ-IbIE n011.IlOPI-IbIE CTEHKH

125

Oroopaxcenae KOM6l1I-1I1POB3HIIOti orinac Tl1 113 nnOCKOCTb x y IlOKa33HO 113 pIIC. 87. OTPC3K3M xap3KTepHCTlIK 01°2 l1 Q1Q2 I-I3 n.10CKOCTI1 ;'1) :OQ'JBCTCTBYIOT ocoiiue mo-u:u ° II Q H3 ILWCKOCTli xy.

Puc. 86.

Pl1C. 87.

q2Q = qlQ exp [201 - ~2) tg pl·

06P3TIIMCH reneps K peWeHl110 ron n-:e 33- .rasu, I-IO i1nH necoaon cpensi, H nOCTpOllM I-I3 n.l0CKOCTl1 1.\1 KO.\lOI1l!l1pOB3HH)'1O oriaacrt, coCTOHW,ylO Bel np saoyro.n.nux rpeyro.u-unxos II npsaoyrom.uunoa, npencraanennux ua pUC. 88. Ocram.nue p3CCyn-:.ueI-lI1H He npenCT3BJI5IIOT 4ero.11160 uoscr o.

06ll\l1ti xap axrep p3Cn0J10)J{eHI151 xapaxrepnCTI1K - nl1lllltl CKonbllieHH5! na nnOCKOCTI1 x y OCT3eTC5I npen-:Hl1M, XOT5I <POpM3 I1X cYll\eCTBeI-lHO

3Ha'le!llie. npnne.neuuoro n3BneHI1H q =: qso B TO'-lKe Q I-IJliKHerO Y4aCTK3 33llHeti rpasn Bhlp3)J{3eTC5I -repea 3H3'-1elll1e npuaenenaor o aan.re!lIiH q = qs Q B ron iKC TO'lKC Q BepXHCI'O Y'-IaCTKa 33,J,Heti rpaHI1 B T3KOM Hl1llC

B 'l3CTHOM c.1Y'-l3e, xor.aa na rp annne aacurncu p3BI-IQJlepll0 pacnpcneneao npnsenennoe HOpM3Jlb-

1I0e 1l3BneHl1e p, p3CCM3TpI1B3eM351 aanasa OCO- PIIC. 88.

6eI-lHO npOCT3.

,2.151 nenecouon cpen u B 06.I3CTHX AoOA1' B2QB3 H A20QB1 ua n.10CKOCTI1 x y ceTKY JlJ1Hl1ti CKOJ1b)l{eHl151 OOP33YlOT nBa ceMcticTBa napan-

113MeH5IeTC5I.

41
~
I
~

..42
It
q .4, 126

.llABJIEHIlE 3ACbIITKif HA nonnornus CTEHKIl

[rJI. III

JIeJIbHbIX npaastx, a B 06JIaCT5IX A10Az II B1QBz O.llHO cevencrno JII1Hlllt CKOJIb)l{eHI151 COCTOIiT H3 np sxux, npOXO.ll5ll11,I1X '1epe3 TO'lKIi 0 II Q, a .llpyroe - 113 .~orapH(pMI1'1eCKI1X crmpanen (puc. 89).

06JIaCT5IM AoOAl 11 BzQB3 cOOTBeTcTBYIOT na rrJIOCKOCTIi ~lJ TO'lKIi O2 II Qz, a 06JIaCTI1 AzOQB1 --TO'lKI1 O2 I1JII1 Ql' 06JIaCT5IM A10Az 11 B1QBl OTBe'laIOT OTpe3KI1 xapaKTepHCTJ1K 0102 11 Q1Q2'

PIiC. 89.

O'leBI1.llHO, 'ITO npnaeneuuoe naB.1eHl1e q2 ua Hl1)1{HeM Y'IaCTKe sanIIetl rpaan rrO,llrrOpHott CTeHKI1 paBHOMepHO pacnpe.ae.neao 11 MO)l{eT 6b1Tb aupaaceno sepea rtpuae.nennoe naBJIeHlle ql na BepXHeM Y'IaCTKe cnenytoll1,I1M 06pa30M:

llJI5I aecoxon cpen u .1I1HHI1 CKO.~b)l{eHI151 na rrJIOCKOCTI1 x y OCTaIOTC5I rrp5lMbIMI1 TOJIbKO B 06.~aCTI1 AoOA1, a B OCTa.%HbIX 06JIaCT5IX 6ynYT KpI1BbIMI1.

HI1}Ke 113J10n<eHO '111CJleHllOe peruenue paCC~!oTpeHHOH 3alla'lll llJl51 p = 30°, m = 20°, ~l = 900, ~2 = 120~, P ~ I~' H = 0 B 6e3pa3MepHblx nepexennux C xapaxrepaofi llJlIlHOH 1= b. UHO COCTOIiT Il aano.nnenun Ta6J1. 14 no cxeva a BTOpOH H rperr.eii xp aeasrx aanav, npnnenennux B § 3.

DOPHllOK aanoxnennn Ta6JJ11l\bI OCTaHeTC5I npeMHIlM, a 3Ha'leHllH x, y 11 u, <p B KJleTKaX 6.0, 6.1, ... , 6.8 Hai111eHbI nYTeM nnrepnoaanaa.

B llllarOHaJlbHble KJleTKll 0.2, 1.3, ... , 6.8, coo rnercrnyiontae TO'lKaM aepxHero Y'IaCTKa aanuen rpanu, aarmcaasr 3Ha'lCHHH

§ 13]

PA3PbIBHbIE PEWEHH5I. JIOMAHbIE no.anoenus CTEHKH

127

I

I

I

I I.

PIiC. 90.

128

.llABJIEHI1E 3ACblITKI1 HA TIO.llTIOPHbIE CTEHKI1 [r JI. III I

Ta6JIuL(a 14 '1

6

0,89 0,98 1,04 1,12, 1,21 " 1,37', 1,39 1,40 1,41' 1,42

a

-'I'

x y

0,00 0,03 0,08 0,12
I, 0,87 0,96 1,09 1,22
! 0,98 1,04 1,13 1,22
11,37 1,38 1,40 1,41 a

0,00 ' 0,04 1,00 1,13, 1,05 "~I 1,14 1,37 ' 1 38

0,09 1,25 , 1,22 140

x y

8

a

i-'I'

1,29 1,37
1,43 1,44
0,17 0,22
1,34 1,46
1,30 1,38
1,42 1,13 ,

1,45 1,53

1,45 1,45

0,26 1,58 1,46 1,43

0,23 1,62 1,47 1,43

0,13 1,38 1,31 1 41

0,18 , 1,50 1,39 142

0,31 1,70 1,55 1,44

0,28 1,74 1,56 143

§ 13)

\

\

-cp i

y

a

x y

a

x y

PA3PbIBHbIE PElllEHHII. J10MAHbIE lIO.lllIOPHblE CTEHKH 129

9

0,00 ' 0,01
1,00 1,16
0,77 0,88 '
1,11 1,16
0,00 0,00
1,00 1,17
0,67 0,79
0,98 1,05 T a 6 JI H L( a 14 (npOOO.!l:JICeltue)

8 9
0,06 0,10
1,28 1,42
1,1°1 1,19
1,29 1,31
" 0,06
0,03
1,31 , 1,46
0,99 1,09
1,20 1,23
0,00 0,02
1,33 1,49
0,90 1,01
1,11 1,16 . I~I ° I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
I ,
\ I I
x 0,00 0,06 0,12 0,17 0,23 I 0,29 i 0,33 0,39 0,44 0,50 I 0,56 0,62 0,68
y ° 0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 ,0,50 0,57 0,67 0,77 ::: I 0,97 1,07 1,17
G 0,67 0,73 0,80 0,87 0,93 1,00 1,05 1,11 1,18 1,31 1,38 1,45
-<p 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57
,I
x 0,00 0,05 0,10 0,16 ' 0,21 0,26 " 0,30 0,35 0,41 0,46 0,52 0,57 0,63
y 1 0,00 0,11 0,22 0,33 0,44 0,34 0,62 0,72 0,83 0,93 1,04 1,14 1,25
a 0,59 0,67 0,75 0,82 0,89 0,97 1,02 1,09 1,16 1,23 1,30 1,37 1,44
-'f' 1,47 1,48 1,50 1,50 1,51 1,52 1,52 1,52 1,53 1,53 1,53 1,54 1,54
X 0,00 0,04 0,09 0,13 0,18 0,23 0,27 0,32 0,37 0,42 0,47 0,53 0,58
y 2 0,00 0,12 0,24 0,36 0,47 0,59 0,66 0,78 0,89 1,00 1,11 1,22 1,32
a 0,53 0,61 0,69 0,78 0,85 0,93 0,99 1,06 1,14 1,21 1,29 1,36 1,43
-tp 1,37 1,40 1,42 1,44 1,45 1,46 1,47 1,48 1,48 1,49 1,49 1,50 1,50
,
x 0,00 0,04 0,09 0,14 0,18\ 0,22 0,27 0,32 0,37 0,42 0,47 0,52
" Y 3 0,17 0,30 0,42 0,53 0,65 0,73 0,85 0,96 1,07 1,19 1,30 1,41
a 0,62 0,70 0,79 0,87 0,95 1,00 1,08 1,16 1,24 1,31 1,39 1,46
1-" 1,37 1,39 1,41 1,43 1,44 , 1,45 1,46 1,47 1,47 1,48 1,48 1,49
, ,
I ,
x 0,00 0,04 0,09 0,14 0,17 0,22 0,27 0,32 0,37 0,42 0,47
Y 4 0,34 0,47 0,59 0,71 0,80 0,91 , 1,03 1,15 1,26 1,37 1,49
a , 0,71 0,79 0,88 0,96 1,02 1,10 1,18 1,26 1,33 1,41 , 1,49
,
-'I' " 1,37 1,39 , 1,41 1,42 1,43 1,44 1,45 1,46 1,47 1,47 1,48
" x, 0,00 \ 0,04 0,09 I
" 0,12 : 0,17 0,22 0,26 0,31 0,36 0,41
Y 5 0,52 0,65 0,77 0,86' 0,98 1,10 1,21 1,33 1,45 1,56
a 0,80 0,89 0,97" 1,03 1,11 1,19 1,27 1,35 1,43 1,51
-'I' 1,37 1,39 1,40 ' 1,41 1,43 1,44 1,44 1,45 1,46 1,46
X 0,00 0,04 0,08 0,12 , 0,17 0,22 0,26 0,31 0,36
Y " 0,70 0,82 0,91 104 1 16 128 14O 1 51 163 a

X Y

a

-'I'

X Y

a

-'I'

X

Y 14

a

X

y

a

X Y

a

X! Y

10

11

-0,13 -0,15 -0,16 -0,16 _0,15 -0,13
1,22 1,42 1,60 1,78 1,95 2,12
1,26
0,60 0,75 0,89 1,02 1,14 1,16
0,85! 0,96 ' 1,03 1,09 1,13
-0,27 -0,30 -0,31 -0,30 -0,29
2,23
1,46 1,67 1,86 2,05 1,22
0,64 0,80 0,95 1,09 1,12
0,85 0,96 1,03 1,08
-0,41 -0,45 -0,46 -0,46
2,34
1,72 , 1,94 2,14 1,16
0,69 0,86 1,02 1,07
0,85 0,95 1,02
, -0,57 -0,60 -0,62
2,43
1,98 2,21 1,08
0,74 0,92 1,01
0,85 0,95 0,00 -0,03 ' -0 03

, 1,00, 1,18 1:35

0,57' ° 70 G,83

0,85 I 0,'96'

1,04

, -0,03 1,52 1,05 1,09

0,18 0,22

1,68 1,82

1,37 1,46

1,34 1,36

0,15 1,88 1,39 , 1,29

12

0,09 0,12
1,60 1,74
1,19 ' 1,29
1,25 1,28
0,03 0,06
1,64 1,79
1,12 1,23
1,19 1,22 0,09 1,94 1,33 1,24

-0,02 1,68 I 1,05 1,13 ,

0,00 1,84 1,17 1,17

0,02 2,00 1,27 1,20

13

-0,73 : -0,77 2,50

2,26 099 I'

a , 0,80 0,94
, , , 0,85
-'I' , ,
! ! ,
, I, -0,90
X 2,55
Y 18 0,86
a 0,85
-'I'
l 15

, , , ,
, , I' , , , i ,
X , I 0,00 0,03 0,06 0,10 0,14 0,18 0,22
Y 9 I I 1,00 ' 1,14 i 1,28 1,42 1,55 1,68 1,82
a 0,90 1,00 1,10 1,19 1,28 1,37 1,46
-'I' , 1,24: 1,27 1,291 1,31 \! 1,33 1,341 1,36
I 'I
i J 16

17

9 3aK. 1288. B. B. COKOJloBCKHIl

130

nABnEHHE 3AGNrrKH HA rrOnrrOPHNE GTEHKH

[rn. III

a B .liuarOHaJIbHble KJIeTKU 6.12, 7./3, ... , 12.18, OTBeqaIOIl(Ue TOqKaM HU;Jmero yxacrxa 3a.n;Hell rpaan, noaemensr 3HaqeHU5I

cp = ~2 + ~ (~, - OJ).

BIHUC.1eHU5I BO aayrpeanax KJIeTKaX nponenensr no pexvppenrnuu tjJOpMYJIa~ (1.49) U (1.50), a B .liuarOHaJIbHbIX KJIeTKaX - no pesyppearnua tjJ0pMYJIaM (l.bO) npa y = ° u.1ll no pexyppearnau tjJOPMY JIaM (1.50) npu y = I + x tg p. 3HaqeHU5I 6e3pa3Meplwll BeJIUqUHbI

sin (n - ,u)

q = cr sin Q

onpenenensr no 3HaqeHU5IM cr B JJ:uarOHaJIblibIX KJIeTKaX 0.2, 1.3, ... , 6.8 U 6.12, 7.13, ... , 12.18, TaK 'ITO

y = 0,00 0,17 0,340,52 0,70 0,87 1,00 1,00 1,22 1,46 1,72 1,98 2,26 2,55 cr = 0,53 0,62 0,71 0,800,890,98 1,05 0,57 0,60 0,64 0,69 0,74 0,80 0,86 q = 0,30 0,35 0,41 0,46 0,51 0,57 0,60 0,33 0,35 0,.37 0,40 0,43 0,46 0,49

Ha puc. 90 nocrpoena cerxa xapaxrepacrnx - JIHHllll CKOJIblKeHU5I no KOOp.n;UHaTaM Y3JIOBbIX TOqeK, npuBe.n;eHIIbIM B Ta6.~. 14.

§ 14. KpHBonHHe~Hhle ITOAITOpHhle CTeHKH

no cnx rrop paccaarpnaanacs no.anopnue CTeHKI1 C rrp5lMo.'1I1Het1HbIMl1 3anHHMl1 rpaH5IMI1. Teneps He06xonl1MO 06paTI1TbC5I K nonnopuux CTeHKaM, y KOTOPbIX aannne rpaHH KpHBOnI1Het1HbI.

Ilpene.n-noe paBHOBeCHe 3aCbIITKH, sooouie rOBOp5l, COrrpOBO)!{naeTC5I Kpl1BbIMH nI1HI151MI1 paapuaa, YcnOBH5I paap siaa BnO.1b TaKl1X nI1HI1t1, BbIBeneHHble panee, OCTaIOTC5I cnpaaen.mauvn 11 He Hy)!{naIOTC5I B KaKHx-nH60 nononanre.n.nux rr05lCHeHI151X.

3at1MeMc5I [52] ortpene.tenaeu aKTI1BHOrO naB.1eHH5I na KOHType nonnopnon CTeHKH, npenno.naraa, 'ITO B BepXHeM C,10e 3aCbll1KI1, pacno.no)!{eHHOM Han OCblO X, sanano 06bIqHoe npocrenuree no.re Harrp5l)!{CHHt1. TaKHM 06pa30M.

o - P+IY - 1 +sinp'

a Bnonb COOTBeTCTBYIOll1,et1 nyrl1 KOHTypa I1MelOT MeCTO

P+IY sin(~+o)

q = 1 + sin p sin ~

IWH

cn+H= P+IY (1+sinpcos2~), 1 + Sill P

B 06naCTl1 AoOA, npencraanennon na puc. 91, B03HHKaeT raxoe )!{e npocrenuiee no.re nanp aacennn, KaK 11 B nepxne a cnoe.

§ 14J

KPI1BOnl1HEt1HNE rronrrOPHNE CTEHKl1

131

Terrepb BnO.'1b nl1HHH pa3pbIBa OA orr5lTb-TaKH

!!:J__ = t;_.; a, dx

(3.23)

P+IY sin(~+O) u= l+sinp sin(~-o)'

a B.rr.O.'1b KOHTypa OB rro-rrpe}lmeMY

sin(Q-w) c.r,=B+-21 (Q-lll),

q = U stn s: ,I

(3.24)

HO vron g y)!{e 6vneT rrepeMeHHNM. KOHTypHorO

J "t" J e qaCTHbJe c.'lyllal1 ,)Toro

OTMeTI1M Ha1160.'1ee I1HTe pecHbl

ycnOBH51

rpoeno pellleHl1e ypaBHeHl1tl (1.45)

B 06nacTI1 AOB MO)!{eT 6blTb rroc 'leTBCpTotl KpaeBot1 aanasu.

11 (1.46) no naHHblM (3.23) 11 (3.24) rrpl1BeneHHblM .rr.aBJleHl1eM P

3HalleIIl1e U = UO B TOllKe 0 CB513aHO C

Ccle.rr.YIOW,I1M o6pa30M:

p sin(Q+w)

Co = 1 + sin p sin (Q - w)

a .'II1HH51 pa3pb!Ba nepexo.anr B np 51MYIO .'1I1Hl1iO cKonb)!{eHI151.

PaCCMOTPl1M lIaCTHbltl cnyllat1, xor na

P - 0 a KOHTYP rronrropHotl 92) II

III = 0 11 1-'0 -, 0 1130HTa.'1bHVIO KacaTenbHYIO [pnc. . 0-

CTeHKH HMeeT B rosxe r06P oe p' euieuae OKO,10 TOllKI1 0 B 3aMK-

OCTpOI1Tb rrpl1 .'Il1)!{eHH 0

Ka)!{eM, KaK IT C '11 X Y Manbl, a TaK)!{e, liT

H)'Totl cpopMe. 5yneM C'll1TaTb, liTO o - Q' 9 '

III = 0 11 UJ = p,

Kor.rr.a COoTBeTcTBeHHo

9=? 11 9=?+E.

Tovxa 0 xonrypa rronrropHotl CTeHKH no)])!{Ha 6blTb Bbl6paHa TaK, lIT06bl KOM-

• ~ 6bl i1H HerrpepblBHbI.

rrOHeHTbl Un l1'~' OA

Jlerxo BHneTb, '-ITO nl1HH5I pa3pblBa H

OB I1MelOT 06lll.VIO KaCaTe,1bH),10

KOHTYP - OM

HaK.10HeHHYIO K OCl1 X non yr n

1

ao= ~o= 2(9 +lll).

ECM! )T0.'1 TpeHI151 III = p , TO

1t

ao= ~O=2 -E,

I'

:1

I

9*

Puc. 91.

!I

PI1C. 92.

132

,UABJIEHHE 3ACbJI1KH HA rrO,UnOPHbIE CTEHKH

[rJI. III

OTHOllIeHHe yl x MaJIO, npHlJeM

.., - p -0- 1- sin p .

Paccyxcnerma § 10

__0t - 0 ay - ,

H TaKHe me HHTerpaJIbI

9 = rr (x), (1 - sin p) 0 = h - 200 sin p q/ (x)] y + f (x), (3.26)

naWT npe)J{HHe npH6nH)J{eHHhle ypaBHeHHiI

( 1 in p) acr 2' a'f - Sill P ----rJY = 'I - 00 Sill P ax

(3.25)

conepsxaume nBe np0l13BOJIbHble ¢YHKIJ,HI1 f (x) II Cf (x).

YCJ!OBHiI ano.n, KPHBOti OA HMeWT BHn

~~ =:x=(l+sinp) ~, 0= l~~inp +oo(l-sinp~2), (3.27)

a YCI10BHiI BnO,1b KPHBOti OB 6ynyT

(3.28)

Hurerpanu (3.26) nOCJIe onpe.aeaenna np0I13Bo.'IbHSIX ¢YHKIJ,HtI f (x) H Cf (x) H3 YC,10BI1t1 (3.27) H (3.28) naior ypasneuue KPI1BOti OA, a TaK)J{e CPYHKIJ,HI1 0 11 9 . .netlcTBI1TeJIbHO,

x ~-,- 1<0'

a nH¢¢epeHlJ,l1a,1bHoe ypaaueane

dy _ (1 ---L' ) x

dx - ,Sill P 2Ro

BMeCTe C rpaHl1lJHbIMI1 YC.10BI1i1MIi y = 0 npn x = 0 YCTaHaBJIHBaeT, 'ITO ypaanenue KPHBOti OA HMeeT BJ1n

. x2

Y = (1 + Sill p) 4Ho • (3.29)

I1cKoMble (PYHKIJ,HJ1 :; J1 9 OKOHlJaTeJIbHO 6ynYT

ao sin p (3 sin p -1) X2 - 2Ro (2cro sin p -IRo) Y

0-00= ')

2Ro (1 - sin p)

(3.30)

rne Ro ecrs panJ1YC KPJ1BH3HbI KPI1BOti OB B TOlJKe O.

Herpynno BJ1neTb, 'ITO (POpMy.1bI (2.50) 11 (3.30) naror O,UJ1HaKOBble

pe3YJIbTaTbI npn p = H 11 Ro = (3H sin p)/,. .

HaJ16oJIbllIl1t1 narepec anecs npencraa.rser npnsenennoe nopaa.n.aoe naBJIeHHe q aa caMOM KOHType nonnopaon CTeHKI1 B6.TJH31i sepxnert TOlJKJ1 O. DpH6JIH)J{eHHo OHO paBHO

q = p + ( ,- j~o p sin p) y.

Orcrona cnenyer, 'ITO npn ¢HKCJ1pOBaHHbIX, y/ p H rh Ro OTHOllIenne q/p y6LIBaeT C YBeJIUlJeHHeM yr na snyrpenuer-o rpeuns p.

133

KPllBOJIIiHEtlHbIE nonIlOPHbIE CTEHKIi

§ 141

onllcbIBaWIll.HM nJIOCKoe npe,UeJIb-

06paTHMC5I Tenepb K ypaBHeHI151M, MeH5IiI KPJ1BOJIHHetlHble OpToro-

aBHOBeClle CbIIlYlJeti cpenbI, 110 npll

:~~b~hle Koopnl1HaThI cneUHa.TJbHOrO tI:~~a. KoOpnJ1HaTbl x H y cOOTBeT-

Bb16epeM aa TaKJ1e KPJ1BOJII1He vpa OTClJl1TaHHoti OT TOlJKll 0,

O n'IJ1HV ,UvrI1 OA KaKorO-Hl16ynb KOHTJ '

CTBeHH ' J J 93) B:,!ecTe

II n.1HHY HOpMaJ1H AB (pHC. .' 0

C TeM 0603HalJllM lJepe3

dx R=R(x)=Ya

TOlJpanHyc KpHBI13Hbl s roro KOHTypa B

K e ~~eBJ1nHO, 'ITO KBanpaT 6eCKOHelJHO ,~~~ noro 3J1eMeHTa n.'1HHbl ds HannweTCiI 1 .

[ Y J2 2+ d 2

ds2 - 1 - -,--- dx Y ,

- 1<. (x)

a K03¢¢I1IJ,J1eHT M. flaMe paBeH y

g= 1- R(x) •

PRe. 93.

npJ1H5ITblX KPllBOJIIiHetlpaBHoBeCH5I B

.n1i¢¢epeHIJ,J1a;1bHble ypaBHeHH5I HblX KoopnliHaTax J1MeWT Blin

acrx ~ _ 2'~ry = 'I g sin ex,

Tx+g ay 1<

a cr =?»

a,XY + 2+.!....-- = 'I g cos a,

ax g ay R (3.31)

1 ,I

I

o6pa30M:

l H ~ =osinpsin2cp.

Ox j=:;(1±Sinpcos29)- , 'xy

0y e ypaBHeHI1i1 paBHoBecliil

nw1"hepcHlJ,lia.%HbI

Bblpa)!(eHllil B '1''1'

BHOCiI 3TH tI CIICTeMC ypaBHelIl1t1:

(3.31), npllneM K OCHOBHO acr '\

acr .-L' sin 2vg - - \

(1+dnocos2·.o)T' sm p s , ay

~', 'x a'll ] . n a

f . (a'll J..) _ cos 2vg - = 'I g SI , \

~ 20 sin p L SlIT 29 Tx+ N. ' ay (3.33)

acr+

. . 2 aJ + (1 - sin 0 cos 27) gay

'In p sill r .0 -a '

" , x a -r

[ray + 1 ) + sin 2(.Dg __:t j = 'I g cos a. 1

+ 20 sin p cos 2:;; \ax N ,ay

134

nABnEHHE 3ACHnKH HA nOnnOPHHE CTEHKH

[r.r. III

YMHOIKa5I nepsoe ypaBHeHHe na sin (T' ± e), a aropce aa . _ cos (T' ± e) II CK.1anblBa5l, 6YneM HMCTh

[~:::L 2::1tCYp(Otp +_!_)- 'Vg sin (2 =+= P)]COS(':; ~ s).L

o» : b ox R I, cos 2 ' .

-L g [ocr -+~ 2::; tao 0'i' _ 'V cos (a =+= P)] sin (':; :::L e) = O.

I oy b, oy I cos P , ,

I

} (3.34)

1

JIerKo BHneTb, 4TO 3TH CHCTeMbI ypallHeHHtl nepeXO;UlT B CHCTeMLI (1.27) H (1.28), xorna pallHyc KPHllH3HbI R HeorpaHH4eHHo B03pacTaeT, a KOHTYP Y -= 0 CTaHOBHTCH np5lMOJIHHetiHhIM.

EC.1II yro.r TpeHH5I 3aCb!ITKH no aaaaen rp ann w = .0, TO ypaBHeIIH5I npene.1hHOro paBHODCClI51 B Y3KOM c.toe BJ:O,lh KOIITaKTHoro KOHTypa HMelOT npOCTLle HHTerpaJIhI. TIPH BblBone 3THX HtlTerpa,IQB KOHTYP Y = 0 CJIenyeT COBMemaTb C KOHTypOM nonnopHott CTeHKll, a },!,0,1 o: 3aMeH5ITb na yr o.i ~.

TIoKaIKeM, KaK nOJI)''lHTb l1pH6.'IH)KeIlHoe peWeHlle B6JIH3H KOIITaKTHoro KOflTypa, KOrna ano.n, 3TOI'O KOffTypa o = Ci (x) 11 'f =c e. C'lllTa5l, 'ITO C - o (x), T' - SHY Ma,lbI, OIleHllM B ypaBHeH1l5lX (3.34) nop5lnOK pa3- JIII'lHbIX 'l.lJeHOB H oT6poCHM TC 113 HHX, KOTopLIeMa.1LI no cpaBHeHHIO C oCTa.lbHLIMH. TIPH6iIHIKeHHo Hatt,'leM

a BMeCTe C reM

(3.35)

[0:; Otp '/ sin (13 - p) 2

oy -2Ci(X)tgpay. (y-s)=j cosp + R Ci(X)tgp-::;'(x). (3.36)

TIepBoe ypaBHeHl1e BMeCTe C rpaHH'lHLIMH YC.IOBIf5lMH Ci = Ci (x), ? == E rrpll y = 0, KaK 06bI'lHO, nan

Ci = ::; (x) [1 - 2 (:p -_ 8) tg P ],

(3.37)

a BTopoe yp aBHeHl1e OKOlI'laTe,lhHO 6y neT

O(y-cP=ctgp [CiI(X\- SillO-P)] _ _l_

oy 2cr (x) ,} j COS? /( •

OHO no.nsuo 6blTb rrpoHHTerpHpollaHo C Y'leTOM rpaHH'lHOro YCJIOBIHI cP = E npn Y = 0, a HMelmo

('O-E)2=~[::i'(X)_'V Sin(~-p)] 1-1:'.

T 2J (x) I cos p ..\ R .

(3.38)

He06xonilMO TaKIKe npe06pa30BaTh nHcpcpepeHlJ,Ha.lbHbIC ypaBHeHH5I

xapaKTepHCTI1K

dy _ gta(" - c)

-d - ,., J..!_~, XL, .

§ 14]

135

KPllBOJIHHEttHHE nonrrOPHHE CTEHKH

X
, y
a
'i'
x
y
a
'?
x
y
c
'f'
x
y
a
'F x

y 1

G

'?

x

y 2

a

x

y 3

x y

a

'i'

x

Y ti

<r

x Y

<r

7

x y

a

8

9

10

11

12

0,52 0,57 0,61 0,65
0,15 0,15 0,15 0.15
8,32 8,45 8,56 8,66
0,55 0,57 0,58 0,59 Ta6J1H~a 15

8 I

I

I I 0.·16 I 0,50 0,55 'I

x o.u 0,11 0.11

;; I 0 8;70 8,84 8,98 i

0,48 0,50 0,51

0,59 0,63 0,67 0.72 0,76
0,19 0,19 0,20 0,21 0,21
7,95 8,04 8 1418.23 8,32
0,63 0,64 0:65 0,66 O,G8
0,64 0,68 0,73 0,78 0,84
0.23 0,24 0,25 0,26 0,27
i 7.56[7,0.0 7,74 7,83 7,90
I 0,70 0,71 0,72 0,73 0,7.S
0,70 0,75 0,80 0,85
0,28 0,30 0,31 0,32
7,18 7,26 7,35 7,42
0,77 0,78 0,80 0,81
0,76 0,81 0,86
0,35 0,37 0,09
6,70 6,78 6,86
0,86 0,87 0,88
0,81 0,87
0,42 0,45
6,24 6,31
0,95 0,96
! 0,87
0,51
3,71
1,06 0,89 0,29 7,98 0,76

0,90 034 7:.)0 0,82

0,97 1,04
0,:)6 0,38
7,57 7,64
0,83 0,84
0,98 1,0.) 1,15 1,26
0,43 0,46 0,50 0,55
7,00 7,07 7.15 7,23
0,90 0,91 0,93 0,94
0,99 1,06 1,16 1,26
0,50 0,54 0,59 0,65
6,45 G,,12 6,70 6,69
0,98 0.99 1.01 1,02
0,99 1,06 1,16 1,26
0,58 0,62 0,69 0,76
5,85 5,92 6,00 6,09
1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11
0,99 1,05 1,15 1,25
0,66 0,71 0,79 0,87
5,27 5,34 5,43 5,53
1,18 1,19 1,20 1,21
0,97 1,03 1,12 i'5i
0,75 0,81 0,91 4:85
4,57 4,65 4,75
1,32 1,32 1,33 1,34
0,99 1,08 1,17
0,90 1,02 1,14
3,99 4,09 4,20
1,47 1,48 1,49
I 0,98 1,04
1,17 1,33
3,09 3.22
1.74 1,74
0,88
1,47
2,26
2,07 0,92 0,41 6,93 0,89

0,92 0,47 6,38 0,97

0,93 0,54 5,78 1,07

0,92 0,61 5,20 1,17

136

nABnEHHE 3AChlDKH HA nOnnOPHhlE CTEHKH nO.1ara5l, 'ITO cp - E Ma.70. TIPH6JIH)KeHHO

[rn. III

dy

-===(;)~C' d.x I .... ,

dy =ctgp(I' y)+'P-S d x ----

R sin2 p'

3TH HHTerpaJlbI, eCTeCTBeHHO

KOrna paanyc KpHBH3HbI R HeO~p:~eXOn5lT B HHTerpanbI (3.07) U (3.08),

nopnon CTeBKI1 CTaHOBHTC5I np5lMOJIJ1::~::~M. B03paCTaeT, a KOHTYP non-

HHlKe 113JIOlKeHO '1HCJIeHHOe peinexne u

rro,I(rIopHoii CTelIKe pa,I(Hyca R ,I(JI5I = 36oaC~M~TpeHH0I1 3J,I(~'1H npn xpyrosoa rrepeMeHHblx C xapaKTepHoii .llJII1Hoii ! _ R b - ° 11 P = 0"(1{ B 6e3pa3MepHbIX lKeHHbIX <jJOPM\' JI B6JI1l3H TO'lKH 0 H - . HO COCTOliT B rrpHMeHeHHH rrp1l6JIH-

xpae U ' B 3arrOJIHeHHH Ta6JI 15 rr

BOll aa.aa-ur, rrpllBe,I(eHHoi1 B ~ 3. . 0 cxeae seraeproa

Puc. 94.

B ,I(HarOHaJIbHbIX KJIeTKax 20 4 I I? 5

paapsma, BbI'IHCJIeHI151 BbirrOJIHe~~ no p' .. " ~. , cooTBeTcTBYIOIl\HX TOlJKaM JIHHHH exj ppeHTHbIM <jJOPM}' JIaM (1.49) H <jJopMpe

Y = Ya + (x-xa) tgrJ.a

BMeCTe C YCJIOBHlIMH

I

rJ.=2(~+o), cr= p+y sin(~+o)

l+sinp sin(~-o)' T=~'

AHaJIOrHlJHbIM 06pa30M, B ,I(llarOHa.7bHbIX KJIeTKax 0 0 I

lJaIOLL\HX TOlJKaM KOHT\'pa nonno HOH c. " .1, ... , 12.12, OTBepeHTHbIM <jJ0pMy.1aM (1.50) np p _ " TeH!(If, BbllJHc.~eHHlI BblnOJIHeHbI rro pexyp-

B H X - srn c:; Y = 1 - cos (') •

bJlII1CJIeHH5I BO BH}'TpeH}!Ilx !(JIeTK~X ra6JII1 T'

rro peKyppeHTHblM ¢opMYJIaM (1.49) II (1.50). usr, KaK scer-na, rrpOBe,I(CHbI

§ 15)

137

rrAPHhlE nonnOPHhlE CTEHKI1

3HalJeHlI51 x, Y H «. onpeaeaaxnuue KPHBYIO 0 A, CJIe,I(YIOIl\lle:
x = 0,00 0,20 0,31 0,43 0,55 0,65 0,76 0,89 1,04 1,26
y = 0,00 0,Q2 0,04 0,07 0,11 0,15 0,21 0,29 0,38 0,55
rJ.=0,00 0,15 0,23 0,31 0,38 0,44 0,50 0,55 0,61 0,68
a 3Ha'leHH5I ~ 11 6e3pa3MepHoH BeJIHlJHHbI q B,I(OJIb KPHBOfi OB TaKOBbI:
~ = 0,00 0,21 0,33 0,39 0,48 0,55 0,63 0,70
q = 5,00 4,86 4,67 4,55 4,35 4,16 3,97 3,78
il = 0,77 0,86 0,95 1,06 1,17 1,32 1,47 1,74
q = 3,59 3,35 3,12 2,85 2,60 2,29 1,99 1,54
Ha puc. 94 nocrpoena cerxa xapaxrepacrnx - JIHHHH CKOJIblKeHII5I rro KOOp-
;(HHaTaM Y3JIOBbiX TOlJeK, rrpaaenennua B Ta6JI. 15. § 15. Ilapaue nonnopnue CTeHKH

Hapaay C OTne.1JbHbIMU nonnopuuan CTeHKaMI1 npI1XOnI1TC5I TaK)Ke paccaarpuaart. napHble nonnopnue CTeHKH, KaK napan.nem.nue, TaK H aenapaaneni.nue.

3Ta sanaua no-npeaotexy HMeeT nna peWeHH5I: onno H3 HHX onpene.'I5IeT atcmueuoe naaneane OT nanopa 3aCbIIIKI1, a npyroe naer naCCU8Hoe naanenae OT orrropa ron )Ke 3aCbIIIKH.

06paTHMC5I, nanpnaep , K H3Y'leHHIO aKTUBHOrO naBneHH5I 3aCblIIKU na napnue nonnopnue CTeHKH, y KOTOPblX aannne rpaHH napaaae.n.nu H BepTHKanbHbI. TIoKa)KeM, 'ITO peweHue sron aanana cyuiecrnennux 06pa30M 3aBHCHT OT B3aUMHoro pacrro.1JO)KeHH5I nonnopnux CTeHOK.

Ecna paCCT05lHHe Me)Kny nonnopnuxa CTeHKaMH nOCTaTO'lHO BenI1KO, TaK 'ITO KpatlH5I5I mlHII5I CKOnb)KeHH5I, npoxonauiaa '1epe3 HU)KHIOIO TO'lKy 3anHett rpanu, nep ecexae r rpanauy 3aCbIIIKH, TO onpeneaenne naBncHH5I aa sry nonnopnyio CTeHKy aHa.10rlI'IHO npenunyuiexy: eC,111 )Ke paCCT05lHHe Me)Kny no.anopnuxn CTeliKaMI1 nOCTaTO'lHO xaao, TaJ{ 'ITO ra )Ke nlIHH5I CKOnb)KeHII5I He nOXOnlIT no r panauu 3aCbIIIKI1, TO HaXO)KneHlIe naBnell1I5I na nonnopuyto crenxy CB5I3aHO C nononHIITenbHblMH paCCY)KneHH51MI1.

TaK KaK rtpu aKTI1BHOM naBnellHI1 nonnopnue CTeHKH y nep)KI1BalOT 3aCbIIIKY OT OCenaHH5I BHI13, TO aa npason aaanen rpann yron 13 = (j) >- 0, a na neBoti 3anHeti rpaan yro.1 0 = -- (j) -< O.

TaKHM 06pa30M, BnOnb npasoa 3anHetl r paaa Sc.TIenCTBHe (1.17) fIPI1 'I. = + 1 11 0 = (j) no-npexcneny

sin (Q - Ul)

q =:J. sin ~~ ,

(3.39)

a BnO.1b ne~lOti 3anHeti rpaml cornacno (1.17) npl1 '1.=+1 If o=-(j) On51Tb-TaKH

i

~ I

(3.40)

I

138

nABnEHHE 3AChlnKH HA nonnOPHhlE CTEHKH

[rn. III

PaCCMOTpl1M cuasana aanaxy nJHI aeaecouon cpenu, C.1enYli 06bI'lHOMY nopanxy paccyxnennn, H BbIl10J1HHM plln nOCTpOCHl1tl aa MHOrO,ll1CTHOtl nJlOCKOCTH ~1J.

TIoJlY'leHHbIe 06.'IaCTl1 coennnenu B onHY KOM6l1HHpOBaHHYIO 06.laCTb, l1306pa)KeHHYIO aa puc. 95, nyTeM cxpennenna Jll1CTOB I3nO/lb OnHOl1MeHHbIX OTpe3KOB xapaxre-

Pl1CTl1K. B pa3BepHYToM I3H,.'J,C' I I

KOM6l1HHpOBaHHali 06JIaCTb npe.r- ;

craa.teua na puc, 96. -{,'I{. 4":'··---I1_.4""", __ ~

I I

Puc. 95.

PIIC. 96.

naHHhIe I3nO,'Ib npllMblx A02A13A24 11 AzoA3!A42' cooTBeTCTI3YIOlll,HX 3anH11M rpaHliM no.nnopaux creno«, I1MelOT BlI,.1

x=~a, 11 x=a.

3Tl1 nannue natcr B03MO)KHOCTb onpe.ie.iart, peiuenns nepaon, I3TOpon 11 rpersen xpaeaux 3ana'l .'1..'111 ypaaaeunn (1.35) B npsxoyro.n.aux 'rpeyro.n.nnkax II I1pllMoyro,lbH!1KaX, naueceunux na n.10CKOCTl1 ~'~.

OT06pa)KelIl1e KOM6l1Hl1pOBaHHoti 06naCTl1 aa nJIOCKOCTb xy npe.nCTaI3,leIIO na puc. 97. OTpe3KaM xapaxrepncnu; A01Au2 l1 AlOA20 COOTBeTCTI3YIOT na IlJlOCKOCTH xy ocooue TO'lKH P H Q.

Jlepexonna renepi, K peuienmo ron )Ke 3ana'lH nnll aecoxoa cpenu 11 nauecex aa nJlOCKOCTI1 ),[1 KOM6IHmpoBaHHYlO o6:1aCTb, COCTaBJleHHYID 113 npaaoyroasaux rpeyroasnmcoa H npaaoyr-o.aunnxoa, KaK 9TO 110Ka- 3aHO na pHC. 98.

Ilaaaue B1l.0Jlb npliMoti A02A13A24' cooTBeTCTI3YlolILetl npason 3anHetl r pann, I1MeIOT I3l1n

x=--a,

a ano.n, npnuon A20A31A42' OTBe'lalOllI,eti JleI30tl 3a1l.Heti rpann, 6ynYT

110 1-

9 = 2' - 2' (L! ~ (j)).

x=a,

§ 15)

139

nAPHblE rronrrOPHblE CTEHKI1

3TH naHHbIe n03BO.1111OT lIatlTH .peiuenns nepsoa, BTOPOti 11 rpeTbetl xpaeaux aanas .'1.,111 ypaaaenan (1.45) 11 (1.46) B COOTI3eTCTI3YIOIlU1X npaaoyr o.n.aux rpeyro.n.naxax II npsnroyro.u.nnxax, uaneceuaux Hd f1JIOCKOCTH AP..

Ilpuaenennue auuie paccyxcneans KaK n.~lI aenecoaoa, TaK H ,.'J,,111 secoxon cpen, O'leBHnHO, xoryr 6bITb npono.nxenu H nanee.

YKa)KeM raroxe, 'ITO 3 anas a 3HalJl1Te,lbHO ynpouraercs, xor na npe.re.n.uoe paI3HOBeCl1e 3aCbll1KH oo.ianaer CHMMeTpHeti OTHOCHTeJlbIlO OCH y. TIpY! ,:)TOM nOCTaTO'lHO HCCJle,J,OBaTb .111Wb npanyro rro.l0BI1HY no.ryno.tocu. cunras, 'ITO BnOlIb nOJlO)](HTeJlbHotl nOJ1YOCH y yr-o,n 9 = 7>;2.

B 'laCTHOM c.tyuae, xor 11.a BnOllb »

rpanmu; 3aCbIl1KH pannovepuo pac-

1

•

I

I

j

L

Pac, 97.

Pac, 98.

npene.ieno npnaenennoe uopxa.n.uoe ,.1aB.'IeHHe p, paccaarpnsaeaas aanana ocooeuuo npocra.

nJIli neaecoxott cpe.au 6yne~1 pas.muari. I1a nJlOCKOCTt! xy 06naCTl1, l1306p3}KeHHbie na pHC. 99.

B 06,laCTliX OP All' A12P A13 11 A11 P A12 no.is nan plllKem~tl H CeTKI1 JlYlHl1ti CKO,lblKeHl1l1 OCTalOT-ClI TaKI1Ml1 »ce, KaK 11 B § 11. 3TI1M oO,lacTlIM cooreercrnyiot aa rr,'IOCI(OCTI1 bl nBe TOlJKI1 All' A12 H OTpe30l{ xapaxTepl1CT111(1l All A12·

Onpene.reune nOJIetl HarrplllKeHl1tl II CeTOI( ,1I1Hl1tl CKO,lblKeHI1l1 B ocra.rsHOtl 'laCTH rtonocsi npl1Bo,.'J,HT K IlOOlJepe,.1HoMY peIlIeHl110 rpersux KpaeBb!X aanan 11..1l1 ypaaueuaa (1.35) COB~leCTHO C 06bl'1HblMI1 narerpa.iaau (1.37) H (1.39).

ill I

j

140

nABnEHHE 3ACWnKH HA nOnrrOPHWE CTEHKH

[r n. III

TaK, HarrpHMep, B 06,laCTII A11A12A22 na nilOCKOCTH xy YKa3aHHOe peurenns ypaBHeHHt! (1.35) MO)f{eT 6bITb nocrpoeuo no naHHbIM

x+a=aCOS(r.p-E) exp[(y -":'2)tgp], sin E

y=(x+a) tg(r-S)

BnO.% OTpC3Ka xapaKTCpI1CTI1Kl! AUA12 11 no 3Ha'lCHHlO x = 0 anons OTpC3Ka AUA22 OCH y.

B 06naCTI1 A12A13A23A22 na TOt! )f{C n.JIOCKOCTH xy nOn)f{HbI 6bITb, KaK scerna, rrpl1MCHCHbI nurerpanu (1.39). TIP0I13BO,lbHa51 rrOCT05lHHa51 D BbIpa)f{aCTC5I 'lCPC3 3HalJCHH5I (j H Y B 06nacTII A12PA13, a npOH3BOnbHa51 CPYHKlJ,1151 g (y) onpe-2: nCn5lCTC5I no 3HalJClfl151M x = x (9) 11 y = Y (9)

-o¢-.I...~"""".l....(!..,..,.,~__ Bnonb OTpc3Ka xapaKTCpl1CTI1KlI A12A22. TaKI1M

06pa30M,

o = p exp [ 2 (r::; - _:_ - Q .L w) to- c]

1 + sin p '2 ' b,'

to-(,"--L_~)_ Y-Y(y) bl",--X_x(y)'

a CCTKa .JIHHI1t! CKOnb)f{CHH51 COCTOI1T IT3 CC~ct!CTBa rrapa.JI,lC.JIbHbIX npsxux 11 CCMct!CTBa H30rOHa.lbHbI x KpI1BbIX.

B 06.JIaCTH A13A23A24 PCruCHI1C ypasuenan (1.35) MO)KCT 6bITb Hat!nCHO ITO 3HalJCHI151M x 11 y a.ro.n, OTpc3Ka xapaKTCpl1CTI1KI1 A13A23 II rro 3HalJelII1!O x = -_ a BJlO.JIb YlJaCTKa A13A24

j 3a,UllctI rpaun.

)l~51 BCCOMOti CPC1(bI mlHl1l1 CI{O,'Ib)[{eIII1H ua

II rriIOCKOCTI1 xy OCTalOTCll rrp5lMhIMH .~I111Ir, B 06-

PIlC, 99, ,1aCTI1 OPA11 , a B OCTa.JIbHbIX oo.iacrsx 6Y!LyT KpIIBbIMH.

HaXO)f{,UcIll1e ITO.1Ct! HarrpH)f{CHHti II CCTOl{ .JIHHHti CKO.lb)KCHHll npnno,UI1T K nOOlJCpe,UHoMY PCWCHI1!O BTOPblX 11 TPCTbl1X xpaeasix 3a,UalJ !Ln51 ypaBHcHl1ti (1.45) 11 (1.46).

TIPC,UbI,UYll1,HC paccY)f{,UeHI151 KaK 1(.JI5I aesecouon, TaK 11 ,U.JIil BCCOMOti cpen, OlJeBHnHO, MorYT 6blTb 6C3 OC060fO rpyna npOnO,l)KeHbl CKO.lb yro.ano naneso.

OTMCTIlM, HaKOHelJ" c.1YlJati, xorna 33,UHI1C rp3IIJ1 no,UnopHblX CTeHOK BepTHK3.JIbHbl, 3 yro,n TPCHI151 w = 0.

TIone Harrp5l)f{eHI1t1 BO seen no nyno.rocs orrpCnC,l51eTC5I C.1Ccly!Oll1,I1~!11 KOMnOHeHT3MI1

1- sin p

o +H -- (p +'Yy) ::;y -1-, H -= P +-'Y)', 'txy = 0,

x - I 1 T Sill P , I

I XI ° I 1 I 3 I 4 1 5 I 6 I I 8 I 9 110 III I 12 I

11,00 I 0,80 II 0,60 I 0,40 0,20 I 0,20 I , II I I 1

000 035 0,69 1,04 1,3911,/3

° 0'67 0'90 1,13 1,36 1,59 1,82 I

1;57 1;57 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,57 ,

1 00 082 063 0,44 0,25 0,061 0,00 . I

0;00 0;38 0;75 1,11 1,47, 1,83 1,9? 1

0,59 0,85 1,10 1,35 1,59, 1,83. 1,8a

1,47 1,51 1,52 1,53' 1,54 1,55 1,57 ,

10 1;37 I 1:41 ~, ,
I 0 , 1,44 i
-'f' i , , ,
1,00 0,85 :
,
!-i I ! 4,92 ~;56 I I
11 , 2,68
, , 1,37 1,41
,
1-9 1
I-~ 1,00
I 5,52
12 2,87
I 0 I, I 1,37
I' 'I § 15]

-x y

a

-x y

-x y

o

-y

-x
Y 3
0
-9
,-x ,
Y
0
-9
I-~ 1
I
I-~
-x
Y 6
0
-?
-x
I ! Y
:'1 0
-'i'
;1 -x
y
j a
-9
-x
Y I

! !

o

2

nAPHWE nOnnOPHWE CTEHKIl

1,00 0,00 0,53 1,37

067 I 049 , 031 I 0,12 i 0,06 0,00 g'~i 0:80 1)8 1;56 1,93 2,04 2,15 0:81 108· 13" 1,59! 1,84 1,86, 1,88 1 44 1',481' 1;50 I 1,51 ! 1,52, 1,541' 1,57

, I i I

1 00 0,84 0,68 0,50' 0,32 0,261 0,20 0'60 1,03 1,44 1,84 2,23 2,35, 2,48 0'84 1,14, 1,41 1,68 1,95 1,98, 2,~1 1:371 1,42 ,1,45 1,47 1,48 1,51 1,b3

100 084 0,68 0,51 0,45 0,38 0,18 1;22 1:66' 2,08 2,48 2,62 276 3 15 1,16' 1,46 1,75 2,02 2,07 2:11 2)9 1,37 1,41 1,43! 1,45 1,48 1,50: 1,5-1

0,62 0,55 0,36 2,86 301 3,42 2,14 2;19 2,39 1,45 ,1,47 1,51

o 79 I ° 72 , 0,03 3'07 ' 3:23' 3,67 2; 18 2,25 2,47 1,42 1,44 1,48

I 1,00 0,84. 0,68 1,84 2,28 '12,71 1,49 1,79 2,08 1,37 1,40 1,42

1,00 0,84 2,46 2,91 '1,82 2,12 1,37 1,40

1,00 , 3,58

2,24 11,37

1

I

1,00 0,94 i 0,88. 0,69 3,09 ,3,26 3,431 3,~9 2 11 2 22 2,29 2,03 1;37 1:39 1,42' 1,46

1,00 0,9~ 0,75 i ,3,33 3,51 3,98

: 210 2,27 2,52 11:37 1,40 1,44

000 I

2;84 2,17 1,57

0,82 4,07 2,50 1,42

1,00 4,28 247

141

T a 6 JI 11 u a 16

0,00 3,48 2,43 1,57

0,18 3,77 2,5.'; 1,54

0,00
4,09
2,68
1,57
0,17 0,00
4,37 4,67
2,79 2,91
1,55 1,57
0,33 0,16 0,00
4,63 4,95 , 5,24
2,88 302 . 3,14
1,52 (55 11,57
0,41
4,74
2,89
1,50
0,'19
4,86
2,90
1,48 0,51 4,28 2,72 1,49

0,58 4,38 2,72 1,48

O,GS 4,49 2,72 1,45

0,68 5,13 ry 91

0,84 4,73 ry 71

142

.llABJIEHIiE SACbInKIi HA nonnor-xus CTEHKI1

a JIIiHI1HMIi CKOnbmeHI1H HBJIH

IOTCH napannensuue npHMble. Tal{I1M 06paSOM

0,0 0.4 0,8 l.2 'Z' HeTpY1l.HO BI1.ueTb, 'ITO '

q=(P+iY) l-sinp.

1 + sin P

::f

OlJeBIi.uHO, 'ITO 1I.ettcTBHTe.lbHble .J:aBJIeHHH Ha sa.uHHX rpaHHX rro.urropH~X CTeHOK Il IlepXHI1X TOlJKax: P H Q He MoryT 6blTb

OTpHlJ,aTeJIbHLIMH. TI03TO\IV neooxo ITI1MO

lJT06bl - __",

p.:):.H 1 + sin p

. 1- sin p

AHaJIorl1lJHO rrpe1l,bl.J:ymeMy MOfyT 6LITb 6es ococoro rpyna paccaorpenu napnue no.anopnue CTeHKH, y KOTOp~X aannne rpanu aenapanne.asau.

o HH'Ke nano lJl1CJIeHHOe peinenae paccxorpeaHOli 3a.n;alJl1 .uJIH P = 30°, W = 20° P -= . H-

B 6e3 ' {a, .... °

pa3MepHblx nepeaennsrx C xapaxrepnof

.n;JIliHOH l = a. 0110 CBO.n;I1TCH K 3anOJIlleHI1IO ra6JI. 16 no cxexaa aropoa 11 rperi.eii xpaenux 3a.n;alJ, npnaenennux B § 3.

.' B KJIeTKI1 0.0,. 1.0, ... , 5.0, cooTBercTBYIOnnre TOlJKaM xapaKTepl1CTI1KI1 PAll, aneceasr paaJIl1lJHbIe 3HalJeHlIl1 x 1I y, a KpOMe roro,

a=

p+y

1 + sin p ,

x _ llaJIee, B KJIerKI1 0.0, 0.1, U.2 aanacaua - - 1, Y = ° 11 'i' B nopanxe I1X B03pacraHIIH

a r aioue '

cr = ""'"I-+-'"P,-.- exp [(;: - 2~) rg 0]

SlIl P •• .

HaKOl;eu:, B .n;l1arOHa,1bHble KJIeTKl! 5.0

6.1, ... , 12.7, coorner crayiourae OCIl CI1MMerplm' BlleceHbl x = ° co - 7':/2 a '

02 ' T _O • , B .n;llarOllaJIbHble KJIer-

hll ., 1.3, ... , 10.12, oraevaiounre 3a:(lIeH rpana nOMeIl\eHbI '

71: 1

x=-l, r.p='2+2 (~!-w).

BbIlJllCJIeHIlH Il .n;llarOHaJIbHbIX K.1eTKax co-

PliC. 100. OTBeTCTBYIOIl\I1X rouxaa OCIl CIlMMerpHI1, Il~mOJIHl1IOTClI no peKYPpcHrHbIM cjJ0pMYJIaM (1 49)

u a B .ul!arOHaJIbHbIX KJIeTKaX orne. .,

aa.anea rpaan, _ no pexyppenruua CPOPM\'JIJM (1 50)' JaIOIl\HX TOlJ-

3HalJeHI!11 oeapaaaepnof BeJIl!lJllHbI 0 ••

sin (U - w)

q ~ cr --'--__:'

sln ,2

KaM

\

1

~.

II

I I

§ 16)

nnOCKOE nPEnEJIbHOE PABHOBECI1E cnoHCTott CPE.u~

143

HaXO,UlITCS! no 3HalJeHIlllM a B .n;l!arOHaJIbHbIX KJIeTKaX 0.2, 1.3, ... , 10.12, TaK '!TO:

)' =O,O? cr = 0,53 q -=' 0,30

0,60 0,84 0,48

1,84 1,49 0,86

2,46 1,82 1,04

3,09 3,33

2,14 2,19

1,23 1,26

3,58 4,28 4,92 5,52

2,24 2,47 2,68 2,87

1,29 1,42 1,54 1,65

I

1

I

1

Ha pllC. 100 nocTpoeHa cenca xaparcrepncrus - JIIlHI!H CKOJIb)KeHlIlI no KOOp.n;I!HaTaM y3JIOBbIX TOlJeK, npllBe.n;eHHbIM B Ta6JI. 16.

YMeCTHO raxxce YKa3aTb na .llpyrlie sanalJli 0 rrpene.1bHoM pannoBeCl111 cbIllYlJett cpenbl, auaaorusnue 113BecTHblM sanalJaM 0 rrJIaCTlilJeCKOM paBliOBeCHI1. TaKIiMH sa.ualJaMH SaHI1ManCH C. C. BHJIOB [8), HSYlJliBIllHtt cxcarne cunysen no.nocu. Ii M. ill. MI1HllKOBCKHtt [20], paCCMOTpeBIllHtt nas.teuue meCTKIiX urraanoe aa csmyvee OCHOBaHlie.

§ 16. nJIOCKOe npe~eJIbHOe pasuoeecne CJIOHCTOH cpensr TIJIOCKOe np e.llenbHoe paBHOBeclie caoncron CbIITYlJett C penu orrpene.1HeTCH 06blKHOSeHI-lOU rrpe.lleJIbHott 3aBliCliMOCTblO

i"nl=(oll+H)tgp

I .. 1'

'\

Mem.uy HopManbHott on H KaCaTeJIbHoti "« KOMrrOHeHTaMIi HarrpHmeHIiSl, lia pa3H~X HaKJIOHH~X 3neMeHTapH~X OTpeSKax linli cneijUaAbHOu npe-

nenbHott saBIiCI1MOCTblO

\ "Xy I = (Oy + H) tg III

Mem.uy HopMa.lbHott 0y H KacaTenbHOtt "xy KOMrrOHeHTaMI1 ua r-opnaouTa,lbHblX 3.1eMeHTapHb1X orpcaxax.

Pacnpe.ue.1eHlie HarrpHmeHlitt Il SOHax 06blKHoseHH020 rrpe.uenbHor0

paBHOBeCI1H Cc10I1CTOtt CbIITYlJett cpenu HlilJeM He OTJIl1lJaeTCH OT 113YlJeHnoro BbIwe, n03TOMY s.ueCb pa36lipaeTCl1 JIHWb pacrrpe!l.eneHl1e nanps)KeHIltt B 30Hax cneijUaAbHOZO rrpe.uenbHoro paBHOBeCI151.

Ha OCHOBaHHIi CKaSaHHOI'O panee 0 nl1HI1HX CKo.lbmeHHSI HCHO, 'ITO

Il TaKI1X 30Hax lJepe3 Kam.uylO TOlJKY aa nnOCKOCTIi xy npoxonur npsMa51 nl1HHH CKonbmeHI1H, rrapannenbHal1 OCH x.

CI1CTeMa ypaBHeIII1tt 06bIKHOIleHHoro rrpene.lbHoro paBHOBeCIiH cno-

ncron Cb][]YlJett cpe.au cosnanaer C CI1CTeMott ypaBHeHl1tt rrpene.1bHoro paBHOBeCH5I HeC.'IOI1CTOVi CbIITYlJett cpeuu , yme 113YlJeHHott B § 3 Ii 4.

3attMeMcH r eneps llccne.uoBaHlieM OCHOBHOtt CI1CTeMbl ypaBHeHHtt

rrnocxoro cneu.l1anbHoro rrpe.ueJIbHOrO pasaoaecaa cnolicTott Cb][]ylJett

cpe.ubJ.

)Jl1cpcpepeHunallbHhle ypaBlieHHH

paBHOBeCHH

o'txy oay

---ax + oy = 1 cos a

(3.41)

o~x O'xy .

ax+ay =1 sin x,

II

11 cneUHanbHoe npe.uenbHoe ycnOBl1e "Xy=(oy+H)tgo, 0= ±lll

(3.42)

144

'1

[rJI. III ,

1LABJIEHIiE 3ACbll1KIi HA rrO.ll110PHblE CTEHKIi

COCTaBJI5IIOT npocryio ClicTeMy rpex ypaBHeHlifi C TpeM5I

Harrp5lmeHH5I. KOM110HeHTaMIi

OCTaHOBliMC5I CHalJaJIa na HHTepeCHOM CJIYlJae KOr 1La C06CTBeHHblfi

aec OTCYTCTByeT, T. e. KOr1La r = O. '

I1HTerpaJIbl CIiCTeMbl yp aBHeHliti (3.41) H (3.42) Bbl palKalOTC5I B rtpocron cpopMe

CJx-=/(y)+g(x)tg2o, 0y=g(x), x=x-ytgo (3.43)

H conepscar .rae rrp0l13BOJIbHble cpyHKlI.l111 / (y) Ii g (.x), a xapaKTepl1CTI1KH aa .z: 0 11.10CKOCTIi xy CYTb ropl130HTa.lbHhle 11 HaKJIOHHble rrapa.1Jle.lbHble npsvue

y = const, x = const, 1i306pameHHble na puc. 101.

6Y1LeM raioxe rrpliMeH5ITb npocro'JaCTHoe peuienne, B KOTOPOM KOMrrOHeHTbl

P 101 Harrp5lmeHli1l °x,Oy H t"" He 3aBHC5IT OT

I1C.. KOO -~

pnunar x, Y H coaepxar .llBe rrpo-

H3BOJIbHble rrOCT05lHHble.

Jlepennea renepi, K CJIY a

'I 10, Kor.lla C06CTBeHHblfi Bee HarrpaB,leH rrapaJIJIeJIbHO OCH y, T. e. KOr.lla yrOJI IX = O.

I1HTerpaJIbI ypaBHeHlifi (3.41) 11 (3.42) I1MelOT npocryio cpOpMy

CJx = / (y)+ g(x) tg2a -rxtg 0, CJy = g(x) +TY (3.44)

H. 3aBliC5IT OT .llByX rrpOH3BOJIbHbIX CPYHKUl1fi / (y) 11 g (x) a xapaxre-

PI1CT~H aa rrJIOCKOCTI1 xy OCTaIOTC5I rrpemHI1MI1. '

npeneaennc 110JIefi Hal1p5lmeHHfi B 06blKHoBeHHblx npenensuux 30Hax l1POBO.llI1TC5I B CJIOIiCTofi cunysen cpene TaK me, KaK H B HeCJIOHCTOfi. HaXOm.lleHlie rrOJIefi Harrp5lmeHI1fi B cneunaasnux rrpe.lleJIbHblX 30Hax CBO.llI1TC5I K 110JIYlJeHI11O rrpOH3Bo.1bHb1X CPYHKlI.lifi BXO.ll5lW.HX

B nnrerpanu (3.43) I1JIIi (3.44). '

OlJeBH.llHO, 'ITO 'yr o.n cp B.llO.lb r paann Mem.llY 06blKHOBeHHblMI1 11 crrellHaJlbHblMH rrpe.lle,lbHblMI1 30HaMI1 MomeT 6blTb supaxen sepea 1i3BeCTHblfi yrOJI O. B caMOM nene, ypaBHeHI151

sin p sin 2cp = (1 - sin p cos 2cp) tg a li.lli sin (2, + 0) = sin 0

Y sin p

rrOCJIe HeCJIOmHblX rrpe06pa30BaIIlifi narcr

r ne m -lle.l0e lJHCJIO. 3necb, KaK 06bllJHO, aseneuu 0603HalJeHH5I

sin t::.. = sin 0 sin p ,

l1pIIlJeM

sin[J=~

sin p ,

H

§ 16]

rrJIOCKOE l1PEnEJIbHOE PABHOBECHE CJIOHCTOfi CPE.llbl

145

TaKHM 06pa30M, rpanauu Memny 06blKHOBeHHblMIi Ii Crrell.HaJIbHblMH l1pene.%HbIMI1 30HaMI1 MoryT 6blTb nnyx BHnOB: 01LHH H3 HIiX COOTBeTCTByeT j( = - I, TaK 'ITO

(3.45)

a npyron OTBelJaeT .~ = + I, H n,'151 Hero

9 = ~(L\-o)+m7t.

(3.46)

I1306pameHH5IMH 3TI1X rpaHI111 ua l1JIOCKOCTIi ~1J c.tyscar lJeTblpe ceaencrsa rtpsxux, l1apaJI.TIeJIbHbIX 6liCCeKTpHce xoopnnuamoro yr.'1a. TIp5lMbIe xaxnorc ceueactaa 3aBHC5IT OT uexor o lJliCJIa m Ii MoryT 6blTb coaxeuienu nyrea npocror o nepenoca B Hal1paB.leHHI1 0= const ua paCCT05lHIi51 2 V2m rr ,

PIIC. 102.

Ilanee HY)KIlO I1MeTb B aany, 'ITO nJI5I paBHOBeCI151 CJlOIiCTOtt cuny'lett cpen u aeooxonnvo BbITIOJIHeHl1e HepaBeHCTBa

I t xy I -: (cry + H) tg (j),

xoropoe YCTaHaBJIHBaeT na l1JIOCKOCTIi ~1J B03MomHbie 30HbI 06SIKHOBeHaoro npenem-noro paBHOBeCH5I, pacnonoxcennue Memny YKa3aHHbiMu l1p5lMbIMH 11 OTMelJeHHb:e WTPI1XOBKOti na puc. 102.

TIpH (j) = 0 3TH SOHbl ClKI1MaIOTC5I 11 aupoacnarcrca B npsuue

cp = 7t/2 + mt: Ii 9 = m .. ; Hao60pOT, npn (j) = p OHIi pacurHp5l10TC5I II 3arrOJIH5IIOT BCIO l1,'IOCKOCTo ~1J.

TI pusenea reneps [40] npocrenuryio aanaxy 0 l1pe1LeJIbHOM paBHOBeCUI1 C.10HCTOtt cunynen cpez.u 6es YlJeTa coricrsennoro seca.

PaCCMOTpliM necyuiyro cnocorinocri, C.l011CTOro OCHOBaHI151, OrpaHI1- neuaor-o OCblO X. 3ananl1M BnOJIb 110,10lKI1Te.1bHoti no.tyoca x paBHOMepHO pacnpeneneunoe npnnenennoe nopaarn.noe nasaeune p H onpene.1l1M paBHOMepHO pacnpene.nenaoe rtpnnenennoe HOpMaJIbHoe naBJIeHl1e q B)l.O.% orpnuarensnon rrOJIYOCH x, rrpl1 KOTOpOM OCHOBaHlie COXpaH5IeT npene.n.noe paBHOBeCl1e 6es BbIITlipaHH5I Hi1H OCenaHI151.

10 3aK. 1288. B. B. COKOJlOBCKHi!

II

146

aABnEHHE 3ACHnKH HA nOanOPHHE CTEHKH

[rn. III

Ha'lHeM C 0

npeae.1eHH5I ynep)l{HBalO

aa CnOHCTOe OCHOBaHHe H 6 uter-o npHBeneHHoro aaBJleHH5I

6 y neM na nJlOCKOCTH

H30 pa)l{eHHble na pHC. 103. xy pa3.'IH'laTb 06.'lacTI1,

B 06J1aCT5IX AoOA H A OA

I1MelOT MeCTO 1 2 3, KaK H n.151 Hec.l0HCTOtl CbIn}''letl cpenu

0= P To

1 + sin p' 9 = -2 H 0 = q

1 I ' CP===IT,

a ceTKH - S n p

nHHHtl CKOJIb)l{eHH5I COCT05lT 113 nByx

np5lMbIX. CeMetlCTB napa.1.'IenbHbIX

p

PHe. 103.

B 06,laCT51X A Oa H a OA

HHTerpa.1bI (1.38) 1ypa~HeHI1~ 2, K~K Bcerna, nOJl)l{Hbl 6bITb npHMeHeHbl

B 3THX OOnaCT5IX npene,lbHoro paBHOBeCH5I .. TaKHM 06pa30M,

o = --o---=P__ [(

1 -L sin p exp rr - 21') tg p],

cp = 8 + 8,

11, On5lTb-TaKI1,

~ - q 2

v - I_siUpexp[ (rr-9)tgp], 1'=8+:::,

a ceTKH ,1HIlHtl CKO,'Ib)l{eHH51 06

TO'lK)' 0, II nOrapl1,j,MH'le pa30BaHbI np51MbIMH, npOXO,l5llll,HMH xepea

Jl ~j CKI1MH cnl1pan5lMH.

anee H3 YCJlOBHtt (3.45) lJ (.'3.46) npn 0-

- - III MO)l{HO BattTlI "r.'IbI

To 1 J

(;(1 =4+ T(p+Q +w) 11 IX = 3,,+ _!_ ( _ 0 +

2 4 2 P -- w),

a TaK}Ke BeJlH'lHilbi ~ H 0

O v '.( na npsaux a 11 Oa B

np51Motl a1, O'leBI1nHO, 1 2' caMOM .ae.re, na

a Ha

o - P

1 - 1 + sin p exp [- (Q + to) tg p],

npsaon Oa2, a!fa,lOrWIHO,

O2 = q exp [(0 ) t

I-sinp ---lll gp],

1 92=7t-2(Q-lll).

T; 1

91 =2+2(Q+lll),

-; 16]

:-.

nJlOSKOE nPEnEJlbHOE PABHOBESI1E cnOI1CTotl CPEnhl

147

,

I,

I

B 06J1aCT5IX a10A H AOa2 HMeeT MeCTO 'laCTHoe peurenue ypannenan (3.41) H (3.42). He aaancsutee 01' KOopnHHaT x, y. TIP0I13BO.lbH1ole lIOCT05lHHble, BXOn51lll,He B 31'0 peurenne, nO J])I{HbI 6bITb onpene.tenu H3 YC.'!OBHtl na npauux Oa1 H Oa2•

- BMeCTe C TeM MO)l{HO C'lHTaT1o, 41'0 B YKa3aHHbIX 06,laCTllX B03- !IlIKaeT JlH60 cneuu assnoe rtpenem.noe paanonecue C .'!HHI151MH cko.noxeiIHll - ropH30HTa.1bHbIMH napanne,'IbHbIMH np5lMbIMH, .11160 otiuscnoeennoe npenensnoe paanonecne C ,1HHH5IMII CKO,lb)l{eHH5I - nByMll ceMetlCTBa~m nap a.tnensnux np5lMblx.

Jlerxo BHneTb, 41'0 np 51Ma51 0 A, 06p aayrouias C OCblO x yr on

7t/2 + tu, 51Bc151eTC5I npsuon suuueii paspuea. TI03TOMY H3 yC;10Bl1tl (2.41) II (2.42) cnenyeT, 'ITO

sin (Q - w)

~ === 'J

2 1 sin (~2 + w)

l-sinp 'In(~}-(0) 2<2

q = PI + sin p sin(~1 + w) exp (- - tg p).

(3.4 7)

Cpaaueane rjJ0PMY,1 (3.47) II (2.D4) nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO ynep)l{HBalOlll,ee npaaenennoe naanenue q n,'!51 CJlOHCTOfj cunyvea cpenu oo.n.ure, 'leM

nn51 HeCJlOI1CTotl, IIJlI1, HHa'le p

rOBOp5l, 'ITO CnOHCTOe cHny'lee OCHOBaHl1e rpeoyer 60,%utero ynep.xaaaiouiero rtpu- Z' BeneHHorO naBneHI111, 'leM He- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-L~~

C.'!OI1CToe.

Ilpu w = 0 yr nu a1 = = rr/2 -- 8, 1X2 = rr - 8, np5lMa51 0 A cosnanaer C no no)l{HTe.lbHotl nonyocsio y, 06-

JlaCTI1 A10al 11 a20A2 au-

pO)l{nalOTC5I B nBe npsuue o Al H 0 A2, a cneuaansnas

rtpene.rsuaa 30Ha 3anO,lH5IeT BClO oo.racn, A10A2, Ha060poT, npn III = P yr nu 1X1 = a2 = 7t - 28, 06.'!aCTb a10a2 BblpmK.1aeTC5I B OllHY npnxyto OA, a cneuxam.nas npene.n.naa 3011a nponanaer BOBce.

OTMeTHM, 'ITO npn w = 0 nO,l51 Hanpll)l{eHHtl B COOTBeTcTBylOlll,HX 06,laCT5IX, H306pa)l{eHHbiX na pHC. 104, oc06eHHO upocru. TaK, B 06- ,1aCTH AoO A HMelOT MeCTO

A,

PHe. 104.

H 1- sin p

Ox + = PI-+- sm p ,

a B COCe;I.Hetl 06,laCTI1 AOA3 oynyr

+H- 1 + sin p

Ox - q 1 _ sin p ,

:Jy+H=p, 'tXy=O,

II

10*

148

.llABJIEHHE 3AC

blITKH HA rrO.llIIOPHbIE

CTEHKH

[r JI. III

HaKOHeu, H3 YCJIOBH5I

Y)Ke HeTpY.llHO rrOJIY'lHTb HerrpepblBHOCTH KOMrrOHeHTbI

Ox na rrp5lMott OA

q = p ( 1 - sin p )2

. 1 + sin p •

(3.48)

TIepetl.lleM .llaBJIeHI151 na BI1.llHO, 'lTO

reneps K

HaXO)K.lleHI1IO

CJIOHCTOe OCHOBaHl1e. AHIJIa;!I'lwalOlll,ero rrpl1Be.lleHHOro

HO rrpe.llbI.llYlll,eMY one-

q = P 1 + sin p sin (Q + w)

1 - sin p sin (U _ w) exp (2f! tg p).

CpaBHeHl1e CPOPMY JI (3 49)

rrpl1Be.lleHHoe .llaBJIeHl1e . 11 (2.08) rrOKa3blBaeT 'lTO

.ll1151 HeCI10l1CTOti 11 q .llJI5I CJIOI1CTOti CblITY'leti c pa3pywalOlll,ee C06HO ' JII1, .llPYrHMI1 CJIOBaMI1 " " pe.llbI MeHbwe, 'leM

o Bbl.llep)J{aTb MeHbwee pa3pywalO ' 'lTO ,,,OI1CTOe OCHOBaHl1e cno-

TMeTI1M, 'lTO IIpl1 (0 _ 0 uiee naaaeune, 'leM nee

- rro-rrpe)J{HeMY JIerKO HatlTI1 JIOI1CToe.

q = p ( 1 + sin p )' 2

1- srn p •

06paTI1M BHI1MaHl1e 'IT

C 113BeCTHbiMI1 CPOPMYJI~MI1 ~ CPc;tMYJIbI (3.48) 11 (3.50) TO'lHO

CrrpaBe.llJII1BbI TOJIbKO .. Ilayxepa. Caenoaarc COBrra.llaIOT

HeC.l0I1CTOro naio .llJJ5I CJ10l1CTOro OCHOBaHI151 JIbHO, rrOCJIe.llHl1e

T I1CKa)KeHHble pe3Y.1bTaTbl. npn (0 = 0, a .llJI5I

(3.49)

(3.50)

r Jl A B A IV

nPE)l.EJIbHOE PABHOBECHE CBSl3HOti CPE)l.bI

§ 17. nJIOCKOe IIpeAeJIbHOe paBHoBecHe HAeaJIbHO-CB5I3HOH cpeAbI

3attMeMc5I Terrepb HCCne.llOBaHl1eM OCHOBHOA CI1CTeMhl ypaBHeHI1t1 rrJIOCKorO rrpe.lleJIbHOrO paBHOBeCH5I l1,Il.eaJlbHO-CB5I3HOA Cpe,Il.bl, I1Me51 B BI1,Il.Y, 'lTO ee MO)J{HO paccaarpnaar» KaK CbWY'lYIO cpe,Il.Y 6e3 BHyTpeHHero TpeHI151, T. e. rtpn p = o. OrpaHI1'lHMC5I B ueJl51X orrpe,Il.eJIeHHOCTH C.1Y'laCM, Kor,Il.a C06cTBeHHhltl Bec HarrpaBJIeH rrapaJIJIeJIbHO OCI1 y.

OCHOBHblMI1 ypaBlleHH51MH 3,Il.eCb 51BJl51IOTC5I ,Il.l1cpcpepeHUl1a.TlbHble ypaB-

llelll151 paBHOBeCH5I

ihx iJ:xy

_+---0 ox oy - .

H rrpe,Il.e.'IbHOe yCJlOBHe

(4.01)

1

-(0 _0)2 +,,2 = k2 4 x y xy .

( -1.02)

I

1

Bce co06pa)J{ellH5I 0 MexaHH'leCKOM nO,Il.06HH, H3Jlo)J{eHHble B § 3, COXpaH51IOTC5I H 3,Il.eCb. O,Il.HaKO 6e3pa3MepHoe 'lHCll0 p = 0 H, C.'le,Il.OBaTe.%HO, OHO BbIITa,Il.aeT H3 paccMOTpeHH5I.

TIO,Il.CTaBJ15151 B ,Il.HcpcpepeHUHaJlbHble ypaBHeHl151 paBHOBeCII51 (4.01)

Bblpa}!{eHl151 (1.23), TO)J{,Il.eCTBeHHO y,Il.OBJIeTBOp5l1Ow,He YCJlOBHIO (4.02).

nOJIy'lH~1 OCHOBHYIO CI1CTeMY ypaBHeHHA

~ _ 2k (sin 21' o'f - cos 29 O'f) = 0 ~ ~ oy'

~+ 2k (:os 29 ~+ Sin2:!l~) = 1·

oy ax' oy.

YMHO)Ka51 nepaoe ypaBHeH!1e na sin (9 ± 7:/4),' a nropoe ypaBHeHl1e aa - cos (rt ± 7:/4) 11 CKJIa,Il.bIBa5l, 110.1Y'll1M

[g~ + 2k ~~ ] cos ( 9 + ~ ) + [~~ + 2k ~~ - 1] sin ( ? + i) = o.

I1cCJIe,Il.OBaHH(o OlTOt! CHCTeMbI ypaBHeHHA y,Il.06HO npOBO,Il.HTb MeTO,Il.OM, KOTOPblA Y)J{e HCnOJIb30Ba.1C5I pauee npn H3Y'leHHli aHa.l0rH'lHoti

150

nPEnEnbHOE P~BHOBEC"E CBH3HOR CPEnW CHCTeMbl (1. 28). TI03TOM

CooTBeTcTBYIOTITHe pace 'Y ,Zl,a.1bHell:wee 113.10)KeHue

LU, Y)K,Zl,eHHH § 3 KpaTI(Q nOBTOPlieT

JJHrjJ¢epeHllua.lbHble ypaBHe .

ypaBHeHuti HI1H xapaKTepl1CTUK co

CTOliT U3 CI1CTeMbl

d Y = dx to" (co _ 2:.)

11 CI1CTeMbl to. , + 4

ds =+ 2kdY="(dy.

TIoc~enHue ypaBHeHuH

nOC,'le BBe,Zl,eHI1H HOBOR ¢YIIKUUU

. _ s-iY

Z-~

HeTpYJUIO npouHTerpupOBaTb, a UMeHHO

Z =+ cp = const.

CeMeRcTBo xapaKTepl1CTI1K (4.04)

rrpe)KHeMY 6YneM Ha3bIBaTb' ;ep~:\:;I:e.ll1eMOe BepXHI1MH 3HaKaMI1, rro- 3HaKaMH - emopu u, . , a ceMetiCTBo, naBaeMoe HU)KHUMIi

J1eI'KO BUneTb, 'ITO xapaKTepUCTI1K

cp =+ 71:/4, T. e. non TeMI1)Ke r.la~1H 11 HaK.~oHeHbl KOCH x non yr,laMIi CJlenyeT, 'ITO xapaKmepucmu!u na ' 'ITO U JIUHUU CKOJlb)KeHl1l1. OTClOna CKOJlbJICeftUfl. nJlOCIcocmu xy flSJlfllomCfl JlUftUfl.MU

YpaBHeHUli xapaKTepHCTUK (4 03)

B aune KaHOHwlecKoti C . U (4.04) MoryT 6blTb nepelllicaHbl

UCTeMbl ypaBHeHUR

0Y ox ( _)

oE = ar tg ? - i '

oY ox ( )

():;) = (hj tg y + 1- '

TaK KaK aa He3aBucUMble nepe ~

MeHHble YllOOHO Bbl6paTb

~=Z+9, 1i=Z-cp.

JJallwI! TaK)Ke 'laCTHble p (4.06)

'ra eWeHH5l OTBe'lalO

K Ha3bIBaeMble uI-ITerpa :Ibl yp , ume nOCTOHHlIblM ~ U "11

no 1) C • aBHeI-lllti rrpene'lbHor '1'

• ''leHHble . A. XPUCTHaIIOBH'leM [58] , 0 paBHOBeCUlI, BnepBble

1. Ecan ~ nOCTOllHHO, Torna KaK •

ne.lbHoro paBHOBeCI15l I1MelO 1i nepeMeHHO, TO ypaBHeIIUH rrpe-

j T HHTerpa.~bl

Z~Cp=~o _ IMH S=U-2k9+C, 1 xSIn(cp-,::_)-ycos( _ 7:) }

4 9"4 =/(-::»)

C npoU3BO:lbHb1MU nocTOllHIIhlMU t C

ell: / (CD). . '0 lWIi U npol13BO

T .1bHOR rjJYHKllH-

TIepBoe ceMetlcTBo xapaKTC HC"'l1K

MLIX Y = const, a BTopoe ce'!~tlC;BO na n.l0CKOCTH xy COCTOUT U3 rtpsHaxOnHTCli 113 ypaBHeHHlI

( 4.05)

( 4.07)

dY=dxtO"(r:;+ r.\

to.. 4)-

Ir», IV

( 4.03)

i

1/

1

i ~I

§ 17] rr.l0CKOE rrPEllEJlbHOE PABHOBECI1E IillEAJlbHO-CB1I3HOtl CPEnbl 151

nOCTpoeHflOe peuieune cnpaaenmac JII1Wb no oratiaiouien npsnux xapaKTCPllCTI1K, KOTopaH onpenenserca TaKHMI1 ypaBHeHI1HMI1

x = C052 (Y- ~) [cos ~~7:/4J, Y = sin2 (ry- 1-) [Sin (~(9) r./4J

1

I I

PaCOIOTpHM BLIp O)KnCHHblti c.tyuan, kor na npsuue xapaKTCpI1CTI1KI1 npOXO]l.HT xepea OllHY TO'lKY 0, 11 BBeneM noxspuue xoopnunaru r, U. O'lCBllllHO, 4TO nponasonsnas rjJYHKlll1l1 f (rr) = 0, a I1HTerpa.'!bl (4.07) HamlwyTCH TaK:

s="(y-2kcp+C,

11m!

KpIIBble xapaKTepl1CTHKH Tenepb oc06eHHO npocru - OHI1 npenCTiiB.l5lIOT cooon KOHlleHTpU'leCKHe OKPY)KHOCTI1 C uenrpaau B T04Ke O. 2. EC.'lI1 )Ke 'I nOCTOllHHO, rorna KaK ~ nepexeuno, TO ypaBHeHl1l1 npe.'le.'!bHoro paBHOBeCHli nonyckaior HIITerpaJ1bl

Z -9 = ·~o 1I.'!H S = U+2ky+D, )

x sin (9+ ~ ) - Y cos Cr + 1- ) = g (9) j

(4.09)

c rrpoH3Bo:lbHblMH nOCTOHHHblMH 1io 11.111 D H npOH3BOJlbHOtl rjJYHKllHetl g (e).

Ilepsoe ceMeAcTBO xapaxrepacrn« aa n.lOCKOCTH x Y H aXOllHTCII

113 ypaIlllcHIIlI

d Y = d x tg ( 9 _- T) ,

a nropoe ceaencrno COCTOHT lI3 rrpHMblx y = const.

Ornriarouiaa npssnrx xapaKTepHC1'UK onpeneaaercs ypaBHCHH5lMI1

x-cos2( + r.)' [ g('f) J'

- cp 4 CGS (1' + 7:/4)

( 71:)[ O'() l'

!=sin2 C,?-l--'- b 'f

) , '4 sin ('f' +7:!4)J

Paaocpev BblPO)K).CIIHbIA cJlyqafi, xor na np 5llvlblC xapaKTepHCTlIKH npOXO.l51T nepea O;J.HY T04KY 0, 11 npHMeHIl~1 noaspuue KoopnHHaTLI r, U. 51cllO, 41'0 npOIBBOJlbHa51 ¢YHKUIl5l g (1') = 0, a nnrerpaau (4.09) 6YAYT

s="(y+2ky+D,

to" (':! + 2:) = 2-

to. , 4 x

HIIl1

(4.10)

!":pi1Bble xapaxrepucruxa reneps O'lCHb npocTbl-OHH lIBJllllOTCli KOHUCHTpl14eCKHMI1 OKPY)KllOCTlI:VIH C uenrpaxn Il TO'lKe O.

3. Ec.in, BaKOHeu, ~ 11 11 nOCTOHIIHbl, TO s-"(y H 9 TaK)Ke noC1'OHB]];'!' Ilepsoe II aropoe ceMctlCTBa xapaxrepncrnx 06pa3ylOT na n110- (KOCT!! x Y AIle op roroua.u.nue CHCTCMbl napaane.n.nux I1p HMbIX.

B naJlblIetiwell! 'laCTO npnnercs BCTpe4aTbCH c peurenneu xpaenux 3a-'la4 n,lH ypaaneuan (4.05) 11 C onpene.tenaeu npOli3BOJlbHblX rjJYBKlll1t1, BXO]J.5111IHX B I111Terpa.TJb] (4.07) H (4.09).

152

rrpE.llE.~bHOE PABHOBECI1E CB1l3HOtl. CPE.llbl

[r Jr. IV

TIPI1 3TOM HY)J{HO HMeTb B BHJ.Y, lJTO XapaKTepHCTI1KH na rrc10CKOCTM ~1j MOrYT 6blTb 1i306pa)J{eHbl rrpllMbIMH, rrapa.~.lec1bHbIMIi KOOp.llI1HaTHbIM OCliM a paBeHCTBa 1> = const Ii S -,Y = const - rrpll~lbD!II, rrapac1c1eJlbHbIM~ 6HCCeKTpl1CaM KOOp.llIIHaTHbIX yr .10B.

TIpe06pa3yeM reneps ypaBHeHl1lI xapaKTepllCTIiK Ii KaHOHllqeCKMe ypaaaeuan, nepexcns OT KOOp.llI1HaT x Ii y K KOOp.llIiHaTaM

U = xsin (9+ ~)- ycos (cr+-i),

( ") . ( ")

v = y -:OS Cp-"4 - x SIn Cp-"4 •

Ilocns yxaaaanon 3aMeHbi ypaanesua xapaKTepHCTI1K (4.03) npl1HI1- MalOT BI1.ll

dv + II dcp = 0, du - v dy = 0,

(4.11)

a KaHOHl1lJeCKl1e ypaBHeHI151 (4.05) 6Y.llYT

ov U OU v

ar+2=0, Chj+2=0.

(4.12)

YpaBHeHI151 rtnocxoro rtpene.n.noro paBflOBeCI151 MoryT 6blTb npe- 06pa30BaHbi K rrOJllIpHblM KOOp.llI1HaTaM r, e, KOTOPblMIl TaK)J{e npnxo.llI1TC5I lJaCTO nOJlb30BaTbC5I.

r" • JlI1¢¢epeHUliaJlbHble ypaBHeHH5I paBHOBeCI151 .llJl51 secoaon cpenu

C 06beMHbiM BeCOM , Hanl111IYTc5I TaK:

oar + I O"r8 + ar - aa _ . B O"rrJ + 1 Oa0 + 2"r0 'B

ar 7aB => -,sm, 7fT 71JB -,:-=,cos,

a rrpe.lleJlbHOe YCJloBHe 6Y.lleT

_!_ - 2 _2 _ 2 4 (or -- ~u) + 'rO - k .

HCCJle.llOBatll1e 3TOtl ClICTeMbl ypaBHeHlItI Hl1lJeM He OT.1HlJaeTCli OT rrpe.llbI.llYll1,ero. Ilpnaenea c1HWb nacrnoe peurenne , xoropoe 6Y.lleT npuMeHeHO B .llaJlbHetlllIeM,

°r=oo=x2k(Bo-O)+,rsinB, "r1=zk, z= ± 1.

3atlMeMclI [46J H3YlJeH!leM no.ts Harrp5liKellJ1t1 B oCHOBaHl1l1, orpaansenHOM OCblO x, npennoaaras, lJTO B,!I,O.'lb rrO,lOiKI1Te:lbHotl nO.1YOCI1 x paBHOMepHO pacrrpe.lleJleHO HopMa.~bHoe .llaBJleHHe p, a B,J,O.1b crpuuarc.n.aoa rrOJlYOCH x HOpMaJlbHOe .llaBJleHl1e q.

Hapsny C KOOp.llI1HaTaMI1 X, Y 6Y.lleM rr0J1b30BaTbCli KOOp.llI1HaTaMH r , 0, HalJa.10 KOTOPblX noaeureno B TOlJKe 0, a nonspnas OCb 0 = ° coana.naer C OCblO X.

§17l

rrPE.llEJlbHOE PABHOBECIiE H.llEAJlbHO-CBH3HOtl. CPE.llW n.~OCKOE

153

HOCTb .llaBJleHHtI p - q aeaennxa, rto ne Harrp5l)J{eHHtl orrpenOKa pa3

. 51 l!3BeCTHbIMI1 ¢OpMy.'WMI1 .L1e.15le1 C

} p-q(20+S1'n2B) 'ta=P-q(1-cos20).

~~ =p+,y- 21t. u - 'r 2"

llCHO, lJTO MaKCI1MaJlbHoe KaCaTeJlbHOe Harrp5l)J{eHl1e OTClO,.la

~rl p-q .

t = V "4 (or - ofJ)2 + 't;e = -,,- sin B

6 bWI'M npu e = rr '2. TI03TOMY npene.m.noe COCTOllHl1e B03-

6y;reT HaH OJ! , I _ k

aer npexcae scer-o B.llOJIb OCH y, xorna p - q - 7t.

HHK , naB'IeHl1tl p _ q a HMeHHO

n 11 .llOCTaTOlJHO 60.'IbWotl pa3Ho,- TI1 ,u, • ,

p q _);, k7t HeKOTOpa51 cpennss 06J1aCTb A10A2 CTaHOBI1TCli npe-

npH p~ T:r.lla· 'KaK npnxuxaioume K Heft 06J1aCTIi AoOAl 11 A20A3 ae;:~~~~ nenpeoe.u.nu uu, 3TH 06J1aCTIi paanenenu .llByMlI rrp5lMblMI1 ~C :X1!1 B = :x2, npoxonsuraan lJepe3 TOlJKY 0 H 0603HalJeHHblMI1 ~Al. H OA2 (pnc. 105).

til

PHe. 105.

3aMC'TlIM, lJTO

ncecroponnero C)J{I1MalOll1,ero Harrp5l)J{eHH5I BbIlJHTaHHe

HIIKaK He 1!3MeHHeT MaKCHMa.lbHoe xacare.n.aoe aanpasceuae t, HO npeapaTeJlbHO OCI1 y Cnenonarensno,

IllaeT 3a,.lalJY B aHTI1CHMMeTp!1lJHYlO OTHOC!1 •

I

Or-{ (p+q)-,y, on-2(p+q) -,y

- t - lJeTHble ¢yHKUI1Ii OT TOf O.

CYTt, ueseruue ¢yHKUI1I1 OT x, a 'd!1 6" A OA

- e aenpene 'IbHbl x 0 nacren 0 1

IKe x. OTClO,!I,a lICHO, lJTO pacnoaoacenn •

H A20A3 cHMMeTpHlJHO OTHOCHTeJlbHO OCIi y, TaK lJTO yrJlbl :Xl =:x, 0.2='-:- 0 ..

154

nPEnEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOA CPEnhl

[r Ji. IV

B Henpe,le:lbflOA 06.1aCTI1 AOOAj HY)KHO npl1MeHI1Tb ClenYIOll1,ee lJaCT_ Hoe peiueaue:

Or} = Cj - C228 == (D, sin 25,~ D2 cos 28) 4- 1 Y, °e

'ra = C2 + D, cos 2e + D2 sin 28,

a B npe.ae.n.non 06.'laCTH AjOA2 MOlKHO I1cnO,lb30BaTb raxoe lJaCTHoe

peuienne:

°r=oa=2k(80-e)+IY, 'r'J=k.

TIHTb nponaao m.aux nOCTOHHHbIX, BXOnHll1,HX B 3TH xacmue peweHI1H, 11 Hel13BeCTHbIA yrOJI IX HaXOll.HTCH 113 rpanaunux naHHbIX

H yC,'10BI1A HenpepbIBHOCTI1 scex KOMnOHeHT HanpHlKeHI1H na rpaHl1lJHotl npHMOn 0 Aj•

Onpe re.ma cnanana none HanpHlKeHI1A B KpanHI1X Henpell.enbHblX 06.'1aCTHX AOOAj 11 A20A3• OlJeBl1nHO, lJTO B 06.1aCTI1 AOOAj KOMnOHeHTbI HanpHlKeHI1H npl1HI1MalOT c,lenYlOll1,l1ti ann:

Or } _ + + k 20 cos 2a ~ sin 2:< ± sin 2 (8 ~ a)

- - PlY 1 - cos 2a '

L.J0

, _ k cos 2 (0 - a) - cos 2a

r9 - 1- cos 2a

llaJ1ee MOlKIIO noxasari., lJTO B CI1MMeTpHlJlIblX TOlJKax 1 11 2 06.'1acren AOOAj 11 A20A3 I1MeIOT MeCTO npocrue paBeHCTBa

°r2=p+q+2jY-Orl,

OTClOna YlKe nerpynno yCTaIlOBI1Tb, lJTO B 06,laCTI1 A20A3 KOMnOHCHTbl HanpHlKeHI1H 6Yll.YT

Or} ,_ + +k2(8~rr)cos2a+Sin2a ± :;in2(B+a)

- q 1 Y 1 - cos 2a '

°9

k cos 2 (8 + a) - cos 2a

'rO = 1 - cos 2a •

Hannex reneps none HanpHlKeHl1n B cpennen npeneJibHOn 06JIaCTH AjOA2• 5lCHO, lJTO KOMnOHeHTbl nanpaacenas TaKOBbI:

1

°r= 0'J =2"(p+q)+ lY+ k (rr- 2e), 'r9 = k,

a -cerxa Jil1l1l1n CKOilblKeHI1H COCTOHT 113 ny-nca npaaux, npOXO.ll.Hll1,I1X lJepe3 TOlJKY 0, 11 CeMenCTBa xonnenrpnnecxnx OKPYlKHocTeti C uenrpaMI1 B TOti lKe TOlJKe O.

17) n.'1OCKOE nPElI.EnbHOE PABHOBECHE I1HEAnbHO-CBH3HOn CPE.il,hl

§

15,5

BXO.il,Hll1,lln B 3TH cpOpMy.%I yro.'1 IX onpene.rser no.noacenae rpamor. pHMbIX OAj 11 OA2• MelKny yr nOM IX 11 pa3HOCTbIO naB.1eHl1n P~ q liblX n •

T 'leCTO npOCTaH 3aBHCI1MOCTb

llMce . ( 2a _ sin 2a )

P- q = 2k 7: - 1 ~ cos 2a •

TIpll na,lbHetillleM YBe.'ll1lJeHI1I1 pasnocrn lI.aBneHHn P - q cpennas npe.le:lbHaH 06.1acTb AjOA2 paCWl1pHeTCH, a yron IX YMeHbwaeTcH; npn p _ q = k (7: + 2) yro.t IX = 7:/4.

113ylJllM reneps 60nee no npoono cnYlJan, xorna p - q = k ('IT + 2), a nO:I'C HanpHlKeHHti onpene.iaerca npell.bWYll1,I1MI1 BblpalKeHI1HMI1 npn

p

I I, I

I 'I

t?'

Puc. 106.

C( = 7:/4. 3necb Y.l06HO BepHYTbcH K npH~!oiIl1HetiHblM xoopnnuaraa x, Y, nplDleli51H H3BeCTHble cpOpMy.'lbi npe06pa30BaHI151

Ox} = _l_ (c + o ,) ± _l_ (:; - o j) cos 28 + 'r'j sin 28,

2 r . 2, r

0y 1 .

': xy = 2' (or _ 0,,) Sill 20 + ':r'j cos 28.

Okouvare.n.no B 06JlaCTH AoO Al HMeIOT MeCTO 0x=P+LV-2!~, 0y=P+1Y, 'Xy-=O, a B 06.1aCTlI A20A3 6Y.lF

0x=q+ly+2k, 0y=q+1Y, 'Xy=O.

Cae.ioaare.n.uo, B "TUX 06.1acT5Ix 06pa3YIOTCH npocrejiume nons HanpHlKemltI, a Ma[(CI1ManbHOe KacaTe.'1bllOe nanpaxceaue

t=~f"J_(o -0 )2+,2 =k.

V4X y xy

TaKuM 06pa30~!, npn paanocru naB.leHI1t1 p ~- q = k (rr + 2) yroa IX = 7:/4, a 06e xpanune orina CTlI CTaIlOBHTCH npenenbHbIMH cpa3y no. Bceti ax naouiana (pHC. 106).

156

rrPEnEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOA CPEn~

[r a, IV

Panee 6bIn~ paccaorpcnu paannunue 3analJl! 0 npene.u.aou paBHO_ BeCJ1I1 CbIITYlJetl cpenu C BIlYTpellllHM rpenaex H cuennenaeu, rrpH'leM Ka)f{naH aanaxa cnanana peura.racs npu OTCYTCTBHH c06CTBelllloro Be

• ca,

KOI' na rrJlOCKOCTb q C.~y)f{HT IWOCKOCTblO xapaxrepucrmc.

TaK KaK anecs rrJl0CKOCTb ~'~ seer na HBnHeTCH ITJIOCKOCTblO xapaKTe_ PHCTHK, TO npe.aaapnreasnoe HCC.'IenOBaIlHe npn OTCYTCTBHH C06CTBeHHoro . aeca He rpeoyercs. 4TO )Ke xacaercs xeto.aa peiuenns pa3J1HlJHblX sanau, TO OH HHlJeM He OT.'IHlJaeTCH OT xerona. npuaeuenuor o suure.

§ 18. HecymaH crrocooHoCTb oCHoBaHHH

PaCCl>IOTpHM npensapnrem.no lJaCTHYIO aanany, a HMeHHO rrpenenbHoe pasnosecae OCliOBaHHH, ocpaanueuxoro OCblO x, BnOJlb KOTOPOtt paanoMepHo pacnpeneneno naB.leHHe p C KOMrrOHeHTaMH n H t.

Kacarem.nas KOMrrOHeHTa t MO)f{eT 6bITb n.~H ynoricrsa supaxena B cpopMe

t = k sin 20, rrpHlJeM 10 1-< ~ ,

Boanaxaromee B OCHOBaHHH none rJarrpH)f{eHHtt 6yneM Ha3bIBaTb npocmeUWU.M. OHO He 3aBHCHT OT x H orrHCbIBaeTCH nHcpcpepeHlI.llaJlbHblMH ypaBHeHHHMIl paBHOBeCHH

xoropue nerxo xoryr 6bITb rrpOHHTeI'pHpOBaHbI, a HMeHHO

"xy=t=ksin20.

TI03TOMY 113 (1.19) OlJeBHnHO, 'ITO

s = n+1Y+xk COS 20, 9 = (1-'1.) -i-+xo+mrr, Y. = ± 1.

a BMeCTe C TeM

3I1aK x YCTaHaBJ1HBacT BHn npenem.uoro pasnoaecas: 'I. = - 1 COOTBeTCTByeT .MUHU.MaolbHOfity, a v: = + 1 OTBelJaeT ,UaI<Cll.MaAbHO.MY sarrp51)f{eHHbIM COCTOHHHHM. Jhrmm CKO.'lb)f{eHHH anecs oxens npocru, TaK KaK OHH 06pa30BaHbl rrapaJWeJlbHblMH npHMblMH.

3atlMeMcH HCc.1enOBaHHeM necyiuen cnoc06HoCTH OCHOBaHHH, orpaHH• uennoro OCblO x. 3ananH~1 Bnonb flOJIQ)I\IlTe.1bHoA no.rvoca x KOMnoHeHTbI nl H tl pasnoaepno pacnpenenennoro naSJIeHIUl p, a BnOJIb OTpHlI.aTeJIbHOA noxyocn x - ro.n.xo KOMnoHeHTY t2 raxoro )f{e naBJIeHUH q; 0 npenenax COOTBeTCTBYIOlll,YIO KOMf10HeHTY 112, npn KOTOpoA OCHOBaHue coxpanser npenensnoe paBHOBeCHe 6e3 BbIITUpaHHH JiJlH OCenaHI151.

1

I

§ 18]

IlECYlll,AH crrOCOEHOCTb OCHOBAHHA

157

KacaTc.1hHbIe KOMrrOHeHTbl naBneHHA BnOnb rrO.10)f{HTe.1bHOA H OTPHU3TC.lbHOtl no.lyocett x MoryT 6bJTb BbIpa)f{eHbI c.1enylOlll,HM 06pa30:.l:

t, = k sin 201 H t« = k sin 202,
nplllJe:.!
1011 -< ~ l! 1021 -< -i-. HalJIIc:.! C onpeneaenus y nepacasaiourero ;:r:aBJ1CHI1H na OCHOBaHlle, CtJIlTaH, 'ITO napyurenne npene.n.nor-o paBHOBeCH51 rrpIlBO.!l.HT K ocenanmo OCIlOBalll!5l Bnonb rrOJIO)f{HTeJIbHott rrOJIYOCH x H BblITHpaHHIO ero Bnonb OTpHUareJlbHotl nOJlYOCH X.

TaIWM 06pa30M, BnOJIb rrOnO)f{I1TeJlbHOA noayoca x BCJlenCTBHe (1.19) rrpl1 '1.=-1 Hy)f{HO npansri.

(4.13)

a Br1.0.'1[' OTpl1l1.aTeJlbHOA no nyoca x cor JlaCHO (1.19) npn x = + 1 non)f{HO 6bITb

(4.14)

Petueune 3TOA aanasa OCHOBaHO aa rrpl1MeHeHl111 HHTerpaJIOB (4.08) ypannennf npenexsnor o paBHOBeCI1H. XOTH rrpH 3TOM cpena C'lHTaeTCH

'Y Pl1c. 107.

fleCO:Ilutl, HO 061l!.Htt xon paccyxcnennn s.aecs TOT )J{e, 'ITO 11 B COOTHeT· CTBY10lll,etl aanase § 5 nJiH neaecovon CbIITytJeti cpenu.

,.~ia rrnOCKOCTH xy pa3J1HtJaIOTCH TpH oo.nacru: AoOA1, A10A2 H A20A3, ll.)u(Jpa)KeIlllble aa puc, 107; rrOJIO)f{eHHH rrpHMbIx ~Al H OA2 ortpenellellbl yr saxn

158

rrPE,lEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOfi CPEnhl

Ir JI. IV

a CeTKI1 ,111Hl1fi CKOllb)l{eHHH 06pa30BaHbl nBYMll opror-onaxsnujm ceMelt_ CTI3aMH napanne.n.nux npaaux.

B 06,laCTI1 A10A2 HMelOT MeCTO nnrerpanu (4.08) ypaBHeHHfi rrpene.u.noro pannosecna n.1H BblpO)l{neHHOro C.1Y'IaH, a HMeHHO

s=1Y-2k9+C, tg(9 --i-)= ~ H.~H y=e+i·

TI POH3Bo.':lbHaH rrOCTOHHHaH C MO)J{eT 6blTb aupaxcena nepea 3Haqe.

HHH S - "[ Y H Y I3 06.ncTH AoO AI' TaKHM 06pa30M, OKOHlJaTeJIbHO

s = nl + '(y - k (2cp - 'IT + 201 + cos 2(1)'

tg ( y - ~) = f HJIH Y = e + ~ ,

a cerxa .1HHHfi CKO.lb)J{eHI1H COCTaB.leHa rrYlJKOM npaaux, l1pOXonSIllJ,HX uepes TOlJKY 0, H ceMcficTBOM KOHlleHTpHlJeCKHX OKPY)I{HOCTefi C lleHrpaau B rca )l{e TOlJKe O. Ilpenunyuiee COOTHOUleH!!e

s = nl +, y - k (2cp - 'IT + 201 + cos 2(1)

11 3HalJeHl1e y = 'IT + 02 B 06naCTl1 A20 As naior B03MO)l{HOCTb onpenenars s I3 ron )l{e 06JIaCTH, a 3aTCM

( 4.15)

4aCTHblfi cJIYlJafi npenunyurero , xor-na 01 = O2 = 0, 6bl,~ paCCMOTpeH euie J1. Ilpaanr.rev [27]. TIpl1 3TOM 06JIaCTH AoOA1 H A20As aa rtnocKOCn! x y pacnonoacenu CHMMeTpHlJHO OTHOCHTe.~bHO OCH y, a nopxansuue naB:leHHH n1 = P H n2 = q CBH3aHbi cnenYlOllJ,HM 06pa30M:

q=p-k(r.+2).

( 4.16)

Ilepenneu rerteps K onpenenenmo paapyuraiouier-o naBneHHH aa OCHOBaHHe, ClJHTaH, 'ITO napyurenne npenensuoro paI3HOBeCHH npnaonjrr K auriapanmo OCHOBaHHH BnO.lb no.ioxorrem.noa rro.1YOCH x 11 OCenaH111O BnOJIb OTpHllaTeJIbHOfi rrOJIYOCH X.

I1TaK, anons rrO,~O)l{HTe.lbHofi rrO.1YOCH x BCJIenCTBile (1.19) npa )( = 1 MO)l{HO rrOJIO)l{HTb

( 4.17)

a BnOJlb orpauare.u.noa nonyocn x cor .nCHO (1.19) npn )( = - 1 nOJI)I{HO 6bITb

( 4.18)

Peuienne 3TOfi sanaxn OCHOBaHO na HCrrOJIb30BaHHH HHTerpaJIOB (4.10) ypaBHeI!Hfi npenem.nor-o paI3HOBeCIIH, a 06llJ,Hfi xon paccY)l{neHHfi anecs

§ 18J

HECYllJ,AH C110COEHOCTb OCHOBAHHfi

159

rO'r }KC, 'ITO H B COOTBeTCTBYIOllJ,efi aanane § 6 nm neaecoxon cbIITyqefi epenb!.

Ha n,10CKOCTH xy pa3JIHlJalOTCH TpH 06JIacn! AoOA1, A10A2 H AzOAs

HaHeceHHble aa pHC. 108; no.toaceaas npaxux OA1 H OA2 naHbl yr.laMH

I

a CCTKH IlHHHfi CKOJIb)l{eHHH COCTaBJIeHbl H3 nsyx 0pTOrOHaJIbHbIX ceMeficTB napa:I:leJIbHbIX npsaux.

Pac, 108.

B 06JIaCTH A10A2 crrpaBCnJIHBbl anrer panu (4.10) ypaanenun npe.aensnoro pasuonecna .llJIH anp oacnennor o CJIYlJaH. TIpoH3BOJIbHaH rrOCTOHHllaH D no.mora 6blTb orrpenenena lJepe3 3HalJeHllII s-,Y H y B 06JIaCTH AoOA1, raK 'ITO OKOHlJarCJIbHO

I1JIH

,o-e-~

T - 4'

a CCTKa .1HIIHli: CKOJIb)l{eHllH orip aaoaaua rrylJKOM rrpHMblx, npoxoaautax 4cllc3 TOlJKY 0, II ceMeficTBoM KOHlleHTpHlJeCKHX OKPY)I{HOCTefi C lleHTpaMH I3 ron )l{e TOlJKe O. Ilpenu ayuiee COOTHoweHHe H snasenne '1 = rr:/2 - 02 B 06,'laC1'H A20A3 rr03BO,15lIOT HatlTH s B ron )Ke 06.~aCTH, a 1'aK)I{e

( 4.19)

OC06blfi HHTepcc npencr aanaet lJaCTHbltl CJ1YlJatl, xor.aa 01 = 02 = 0, a nopxa.n.uue naBJIeHHH n1 = P H n2 = q CBH3aHbI TaK:

(4.20)

, I

!

I:

160

nPEnEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOA CPEnhl

[rn. IV

113Y4HM reneps npenensaoe paBHOBeCHe MaCCHBa, OrpaHH'IeHHOro

OCblO X, HaKnOHeHHOA K ropH30HTY non yr JlOM IX, BnOnb KOTOpOA aD

HOMepHO pacnpeneneHO naB.'lemle p C KOMnOHeHTaMH n H t (pHC. 1~9)~

PHe. 109.

Kacareasnyio KOMnOHeHTY Bno.lb OCH x ynotino npencrasnn, B cjJopMe t = k sin 20, npasex 1 0 1-<: i .

06pa3YlOmeeCH B MaCCHBe none HanpmKeHHA He 3aBHCHT OT x II OnHCblBaeTCH nHcjJcjJepeHlJ,HanbHblMH ypaBHeHHHMH paBHOBeCHH

d-r;

~= 'Y sin 0:

dy I ,

do

_y = 'Y cos 0: dy I '

xoropue xoryr 6blTb nertco npomrrerpupoaanu, TaK 4TO

0y = n+,ycoso:, 'exy = t+,y sin IX.

Hr ax, xacareasaaa KOMnOHeHTa aanpsxceuns -;: xy' neAcTBYIOUJ,ero ua HaK.'IOHHbIX npsxux, napanne.n.nux OCH X, onpeneaserca c.lenylOmllM 06pa30M:

sin 20y = sin 20 + If sin IX, np!!4eM : ~y : -<: -i-.

Da.~ee. 1I3 (1.19) 04eBHnHO, 'ITO

a y aupaxcaercn xepea oy IfJIH cP TaK:

_ k sin 20y - sin 20 _!!_ sin 2<p - sin20

y - r sin a "( sin a

(4.22)

HECymAH CnOCOSHOCTb OCHOBAH!!A

161

§ 18J 1B3 3HaKa v: = - 1 !! y. = + 1, BX01UIUJ,lle B 3TO peureuue, KaK BceU3, COOTBeTCTBYIOT nByM HanpH)I{eHHblM COCTOHHHHM - MUflUMa.!lbflO.lt)' II JtaKCUMaAbflO.WY·

rIerKO HaATH npHMYIO, aa KOTOpOA -::xy = 0; OHa OTBe4aeT 01' = 0,

t

Y = Yo = - 'f sin 7. •

Eelll 0: = 0, TO npene.n.aoe p asaoaecue B03MO)l{HO BO scea nonyn.l0CKOCTII 0 -: y -<: 00, TaK KaK nepaaencrso loy 1-<: 71:/4 YJ.OBJleTBOPHl'TCH aBTOMaTII4eCKll; eC.1H }Ke IX > 0, TO npeae.u.aoe paBHOBeCHe B03- MQ}KJlO .'IIIWb B nO.10Ce 0 -<: y -<: y*, B KOTOpoA nxeer MeCTO nepasenCTHO . 01' ! -<: 7:/4.

OpJj!llaTa y*, cOOTBeTCTBYlOmaH Oy = .. /4 pasua

a runpuna acett nOJ10Chl Yo -: y -<: )1*. B KOTOpOA 0 -<: Oy « 71:/4 04eBHnHO 6y.1Cl'

k b= 11*- \10=--'

_,. - 'j sin 7.

.Tet KO TaK}Ke HaATlI .~!!H!!H CKO.1b}KeHIIH nocrpoenuoro nO.'IH aartpamelilltl. C 3TOA uem.io c.renyer B .IlHcjJcjJepeHu!!a.%HhIX ypaBHeHHHX

~~ = tg (,,? + 1-)

np" 1l0MOmH COOTHOWeHI1H

y- Yo=bsin2y

aup aarrn, y sepes 9. Coorsercraytoume ypaBHelIHH dx = _ 2b (sin 2'( ± 1)

dy

MOI)'1' ·6blTb npomrrerpupoaauu, TaK 4TO

x = b (cos 29 ::;:: 29) + const.,

3 .IIIHHHMH CKO.lb)l{eHI1H cnY)I{aT nyrH UHK.l011J..

T'axne .1HHHI1 CKO.lb}KeHHH, npuaennre.m.ao K MI1HHMa.~bHoMy nanpa)1\eIlIlOM), COCTOHHlllO, nnH yr na ex = 30° H306pa)l{eHbI aa pHC. 110.

3aMeTHM, 41'0 npHMaH y = y*, napannem.aas rpaaaue, c.rynorr or n- 6alOmeA aroporo ceaencrsa .1HHHA CKO.'1b)l{eHI1H, a cnenonarem.no. HB.151e [C51 npsxon JIlIHHeA paapuna. DeAcTIll1TeJlbHO, ua 3TOA npHMOA yr JIO!loA K03cjJepllUHeHT nepBoro ceMeAcTBa nHH!!A CKO.1b)l{eHHH

dy ( 7.)

dx=tg 9- '4

pasea ny.uo, TaK KaK yr on cp = 71:/4.

11 3aK. 1288. B. B. COKOJIOBCKKII

lti2

npEnE~bHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOfi CPEnbl

[r JI. IV I

TIpennO:10)!{HM renept., LJTO MaCCHB OrpaHHLJeH KpHBO.~HHefiHbIM

KOH_

TypOM, HaK.~OHeHHbIM K ropH30HTy non nepexeunua yr ~OM IX B

, .lI.OJIh

xoroporo pacnpeneneuo nas.ienne p = p («) C KOMnOHeHTaMH n = ti ( )

H t=t(:x) H~H a=o(a). IX

Puc. 110.

Hrak, H3 (1.19) cpa3y il\e cnenyer, LJTO

s= n+xkcos 20, ? = 0:+(1- x) ~ +xo+mrr,

I1306pa)!{eHHeM ror o il\e xonrypa MaCCHBa aa IWOCKOCTH ~7J HB~HeTClI aexoropas KpHBaH, LJTO, KOlleLJHO, He auaunaer KaKI1X-.1H60 CYlll.eCTBeHHbllC 3aTpY.IlHeHHfi.

§ 19. cl»opMa KPHBOJIHHeHHhlx OrKOCOB.

Paapuanue peuienus

3afiMeMCH HCC,le.llOBaHHeM 06bIKHoBeHHoro orxoca, OrpaHHLJeHHorO no~O)!{I1TelIbHOfi no.tyocsio x H lIeKoTopblM KPHBO.1HHefiHbIM KOHTypOM. HaK.~OHeHHbIM K ropH30HTy no.a TynblM yr nox ~. 3a.lla.llHM B.IlO~b 9TOt! noayocn x pasnoxepao pacnpenenenaoe HOpMa.1bHOe naaneaae p H onpe.lle.1HM <P0PMY cB060.llHOrO OT .llaB.~eHHfi KpHBo.~HHefiHoro KOHTypa, npn KOTOpOM OTKOC OCTaeTCH B npe.lle~bHOM paBHOBeCHH.

TaKHM 06pa30M, B.llO.lb n0.10)!{HTe~bHofi no.ryocu X, KaK scerna,

s=p-k.

(4.23)

a aaons KOHTypa orxoca cor aacno (1.20) npn x = + 1 .llO~)!{HO 6blTb

s=k.

(4.24)

§ 19J

~OPMA KPI1BO~I1HEfiHhlX OTKOCOB

163

PeweHue sroa 3a.llaLJH OCHOBaHO aa npHMeHeHHH I1HTerpa~oB (4.07) aBHCJlllti npene.~bHoro paBHOBeCH5J.

Yp Ha n.10CKOCTH xy pa3~HLJaIOTCH TpH 06~aCTI1: AoOAj• AjOA2 H A20A3,

-t 'TaB leHHble aa pHC. 111.

npe.i- .

B OO:lacTHX AoO Al H AIO A2 COOTBeTCTBeHHO

H. !\aK OObILJHO,

s -= P +, y - k (21' - 1': + 1). tg (1' - ~) = ~ .

a ceT!\1I .11lHlIli CI{o.~b)!{eHHH OCTaIOTCH npeil\HI1MH.

B OO.lacfH A20 A3 CnpaBe.ll~HBbl aarerpanu (4.07) ypaBHeHI1fi npe.IlC.lbHOIO paBIIOBecHH. TIpoH3Bo.lbHaH nOCTOHHHaH C Mo)!{eT 6blTb supa-

------------

18' Puc. Ill.

)!(eHa ncpea 31laLJeHHH s-,Y H l' B 06.~acTH AOOAj, a npoH3Bo~bHaH <PyIlKIUHI f ('1) - LJepe3 ypaBlIeHI1H KOHTypa x = x G~), Y = yO), xoropue noxa LJTO lleH3BeCTllbl. OKOHLJaTe,lbHo

a cerxa nHHHfi CKO.lb)!{eHHH COCTaB.leHa HenapaJWeJlbHblMH npHMblMH H opTorOHa.~bHbIMII K HHM KpHBbIMI1.

4T06hl HafiTH 9TH KpHBble. cne.ayer B3HTb 06blLJHOe .ll1l<p¢epeHUHaJIb-

HOl: ypaBHeHHe

d v = d x to' ( c:J + _:_)

~ b \r 4;

11 ll"1.lpa311Tb B HeM Y sepea 9 TaK

_d,_ x-x c:J _cos('P+,,/4) X_X(-::l)J=_V2kCOS('P-7:/4),

ciy l- (,) 1 cos ('P-1t/4) [ ., "( SlIly

i

I

,

I

II I I

a 3aTeM npouurerpnpona'n-

x = x (-y) - V.~k cos (9 - ~) (In tg ~ + const).

11*

164

nPEnEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOfi CPEnbI flpenbInymee COOTHOWel!He

lr JI. IV

S=P+1Y- k (29-"+ I) acaencmne (4.24) ano.n, KOHTypa orxoca .raer

_ 2k (-:; .-: ) p

Y-1 ~-2+1 =;

OTcIO.ua HCHO, 4TO saasenne ? =?o B BepxHefi T04Ke 0

OTKoca 6yneT KOHTypa

3 .-:+ p

10=2 2k - 1. (4.25)

flo.ucTaB.'IHH BbIpa)!{eHHe Y B .uHCpcpepeHll,Ha.1bHoe COOTHOwemle dy

d- =trr S

x b I'

HMeIOmee MeCTO BnOJIb KOHTypa orxoca, 6yneM HMeTb d x 2k

d~ = lctg?

x _E1T~paBHeHJ1e n~.l)!{HO 6bITb npoHHTerpHpoBaHo C Y4eTOM YCnOBHlI - y - ° npu ~ = ~o. TaKHM 06pa30M, OKOH4aTe.1bHO

2k sin ~ X=-ln--

7 sin ~o·

3.ueCb c.1enyeT ;lMeTb B BRay YC.10BHH

_2k('J '.l

Y- - ]-'»

7' , 0 •

(4.26)

lL1H p> 2k,

KOTOpbIe lIaKnanbIBaIOT nexoropue orpaHH4eHHH na yro,n ~o 11 .uaBJIeHHe p.

KOHTYP orxoca onpene.iaercn nByMH ypaBHeHI1HMH (4 26)

HC A • ,a noc.te

KnI04eHHH t' - O,lHI1M ypaBHeHl1eM

Y= 2"(k {rr-:Jo-arCSin[expGZ) sin ~oJ}

(4.27)

x=~ln sin(~o+~)

"( sin ~o

11 I1MeeT ropH30HTa.%I!YIO aCI1MnTOTY

'1k

Y = 1 (rr - ~o)·

(42 Ha pHC. 112 H306pa:.KeHI>I rpaHH'lHble xpnasre nocrpoenuue no ljJopMyJle , 7) ,l(JlH 3HaqeHHH yr.ra ~o = 90° H ~o = 135°; ll}'HKTHpHble ropasoutaasnue npaxsre HBJlHIOTCH HX aCHMllTOTaMH.

(4.28)

!III

I

§ 10J

~OPMA KPHBOnl1HEfiHblX OTKOCOB

165

OCTaHOBI1MC5I aa 4aCTHOM cnynae, xoraa yr o.r 20 = rr/2 HnH xor na KOllT\'P orxoca I1MeeT B T04Ke 0 BepTI1KanbHYIO KacaTe.'JbHYIO. Il pn 3TOM 6.10,1-[, no.10)!{I1TenbHOfi no.nyocn X npunonceao

0y = 2k.

TaKoe ,laB.1eHHe MO)!{HO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK B03neficTBI1e uexoroporo C;OH ~laCCI1Ba BbICOTbI h, nexcauter-o Han OCbIO x. Ilo ne HanpmKeHl1fi B 3TO~ c~oe ,laeTCH TaK:

::lx = 0, ::ly = 1 (h + Y), 'txy = 0.

::ly ua nonoaorre.isnoa

113 YC.l0BHH nenpepuanocrn KOMnOHeHTbI no.iyocu X .1erKO HafiTH

h = '!!!_. t

3Ta Be.1114HHa aaer MaKcHManbHyIO BbICOTY nepruxam.nor o orxoca H Ha3blBaeTCH KpUmU1leCKOii eucomoa,

ao

04 08 12

18 2.0 24 28" 3! 35-J.' 40

r-,
1\ <,
'1\ r-,
\ ...... r--......
1\ <, ~ A=!J5°
\ 01""-:-- r-
I\_ I--. ~
IT - ~ , - - - - - - -
2 r-,
r-, I
..............
!I cf:ft,-goo ,
1--:
I ...... ~ ~ "
I ~ ..._ -
I t-
n- -- - r_d- -1-l- -~ -~- - --- - '-- r-l 04

fJ.8

/,2

7.8

2,0

2.4

2.8 !! 3,2

PHC. 112.

I lra«, anecs HyiKHO paccxarpaaars nBe 30HbI: nenpeite nunyto, 3aHI1- MaIOmyIO CJIofi Hall nOJIO)!{HTeJIbHOfi nOJIYOCbIO X, H npeoess« YIO, aano.nHHlOiJJ,YIO MaCCHB no.a ron )!{e nOJIO)!{HTeJIbHOfi no.nyocuo x.

B HenpenenbHofi 30He KOMnOHeHTbI HanpH)!{eHI1H I1MeIOT BHn

a B 06.1aCTI1

0x=O, ::ly=2k+1Y, 'txy=O,

AoO A npene.n.uon 30HbI KOMnOHeHTbI HanpH)!{eHHH

'x=1Y, ::ly=2k+1Y, 'txy=O.

(4,29) 6y)'I.)'T (4.30)

166

nPEnEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOfi CPEnbi

[rn. IV

Ha rpaaaue MeiKny 9THMH 30HaMH - nOnOiKHTenbHofi nOnYOCH X

BKnI04aH T04Ky 0, BCe KOMnOHeHTbi HanpHiKeHHH nenpepusuu. '

06paTHM BHHMaHHe, 4TO sees MaCCHB HHKaK He.~b3H C4HTaTb npe.l!.eJib_ HbiM. Taxoe oWH604HOe npennOnOiKeHHe naer ynaoeaaoe 3Ha4eHHe KPHTH'leCKOfi BbICOTbl.

l{OHTYP OTKOCa npn ~o = 7t/2 onpenenHeTCH ypaBHeHHHMH *)

y = ~ arc cos [exp G;) ] H.~H X = 2: In cos G~)

H no-npexcuexy I1MeeT ropH30HTanbHYIO aCHMnTOTY rck

=>

TIpenbInyw,He pesy.n.raru MoryT 6bITb I1CrrOnb30BaHbi raiose rtpn peweHHH npyrofi HHTepeCHofi 3ana411.

3ananHM Bno.lb ropl130HTaJIbHOfi rpaunuu - nOJIOiKl1TeJIbHOfi nO.1YOCH x nOCTaT04HO 60JIbWOe paBHOMepHO pacnpene.reaaoe HOpMaJIbHOe naaneHl1e p 11 onpenenax cpOpMy caocoanoro OT nall.~eHI1fi xpnnonnaertaor-o KOHrypa, npn KOTOPOM HeT BblITHpaHH5I.

------

--

y

PIlC. 113.

Ha nJIOCKOCTl1 xy no-npeacneuy pa3.1114aIOTcH Tpl1 06.1aCTl1: AoO AI' AjOA2 11 A20A3, 11306paiKeHHbie na pnc. 113. Oaaaxo Terrepb npsxue MIHHI1 cKOm,iKeHl1H, aooouie rosops, I1MeIOT uexoropyio 0fl16aIOw,yIO.1I1HI1IO paapusa

x = x (0) _ 1!2k cos (1' -rc/4)

, "( sin l' '

= (co) _ Y2~ sin (1'- .:/4) ,

y y, "( S111 l'

*) OTMeTHM, qTO npasenennue 3,1{eCb HCCJIe;:(OBaHIlH, onycaasosauuue aBTOPOM [.11J euie B 1942 1'., 6bIJIH QaCTI1QHO noaropenu jk. )f{aKI1 [';5] B 1948 r. nO'BIl;:(IlMOMY, )f{. )f{aKI1 He 6bIJI 3HaKOM C 9TI1MIl IlCCJIe,l{OBaHI1HMI1.

1

I

I

I

§ 19)

<l>OPMA KPHBonHHEfiHbiX OTKOCOB

167

KpatlllHH :Il1Hl1H CKO.1biKeHHH A2A3, npoxonsuiaa uepea T04Ky A2, onpe~e~51eTC5I TaK:

Y2k ( rc) [ tg 1'/2 I _1 ]

x=X(?)--'-r-COs :.p-4' Intg~o/2Isin~o'

C lC~oBaTe.lbHo, ypaBHeHHe HCKOMoro KOHTypa (4.27) cnpaaen.nmo

, . 0 T04KH KOHTypa A3• Yron ~. onpenenstouma nO.10iKeHHe sron .111Wb .1, aa KOHType MOiKeT 6bITb aanneu H3 ypaaueaun KOHTypa 0 A3

T04KlI :'3 • '

11 .111H11ll CKOJIbiKeHHH A2A3, a l1MeHHO

tg ~ = tg ~~ exp ( - Si; ~o) .

Ha pnc. 114 npencraaaenu rpaaaxnue xpasue, rrOC}pOeHHble B 6;3- ]Ja3~lepllblx KOOp,l{HHaTaX rro rpopxyne (4.27) ,l{JiH 3HaQeHl1H yr aa ~o = 225 H

II

II

PIlC. 114.

,1 ~ 270°· rrynnrupnuc rOpl130HTaJIbHble npsusre no-upeacaevy cavzcar I1X acnxn- 1'~1 a~l!l. TOQKH. OTMeQecIHble KpYiKKaMIl, cooTBeTcTBYlOT ~o = 225°, ~ = 3,34 1I [io = 270°, ~ = 3,85.

P acn pene.nenne Han pmKeHI1t1 B orxoce n.1H rynux yr JIOB ~o 6b1JIO IIcnpepblBHblM BCIOny. KpOMe onHofi T04Kl1 O. Ha060pOT. nnH OCTpblX )T.10B ~o nOHBJIHIOTC5I uenue /lUIlUU pospuea, OKOJIO KOTOPbIX I1MeeT MeCTO paBHOBeCl1e, HO HeT no.~Hotl HenpepbIBHOCTH HarrpHiKeHl1fi.

5lCHO. 4TO na JIHHI1H paspuaa, HaKJIOHeHHotl KOCH x non yrJIOM a, ](OMrrOHeHTbl On 11 'tn .1l0JIiKHbi 6blTb HerrpepblBHbl, rorna KaK cpe.aaee

168

nPEnEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOR CPEnhl

[r Jr. IV

aopxa.n.aoe nartpaxenae S MO)l{eT nperepneaart. KOHe4Hbltl paapsra, TaKHM 06pa30M,

~ -~

I.n+ - "n-«

Jlertco astsecru COOTHOWeHHH Me)l{ny S _, 9- II s.,, 9+, rrO-rrpe)l{HeMY naauaaeuue YC/lOBURA1U p aspuea. netlcTBHTe.~bHo, H3 (1.19) npn Y. = - 1 H y. = + 1 BbITeKaeT, 4TO

a TaK)I{e, 4TO

-r-: '+

9_=CZ 2-0 m .. ,

(4.31)

s+-s_=2kcos20.

(4.32)

Y cnOBHH paapusa raxoro BHna paCCMaTpHBa.1 B. IT parep [73] npa peureann 3ana411 0 n,laCTH4eCKOM paBHOBeCIIH ocrpoyro.n.aor-o KJIHHa 6e3 Y4eTa c06CTBeHHoro seca H TpeHHII no 60KOBbIM rpaH5IM *).

Ilepeanex reneps [51] K 1I3Y4eHHlO nasacaiourero orxoca, orpannvennoro no,10)l{HTenbllotl nonyocuo x H KPHBOJIHHetlHbIM KOHTYPOM, HaKnOHeHHbIM K ropH30HTy non OCTpbIM yr.'10M ~. 3ananHM BnOJIb 3TOtl nOilYOCH x paBHOMepHO pacnpeneneHHoe HopManbHoe naBneHHe p H HatlneM cpOpMy caooo.aaoro OT naBneimtl KpHBonHHetlHoro KOHTypa, npH KOTOPOM OTKOC coxpauser npenens-

p

Hoe paBHOBeCHe.

PHC. 115. B 06,lacTH AoOA, H306pa)l{eHHotl.

aa pHC. 115, oopaayercs npocremuee no.re HarrpH)I{eHHtl, xoropoe aepe.axo BCTpe4aJIOCb paHee H He rpeOyer KaKHX-.TIH60 noacaenntt.

. Tenept, BnOJIb .'1HHHH paapusa OA coraacuo (4.31) H (4.32) MO)l{HO nO.TJO)l{HTb

dy

dx=tgcz, s=p+,y+k(2cos2:x-l), 9=2cz,

(4.33)

a BJ,O.'!b xourypa orxoca OB no-npeacueay dy

dx = tg~, s = k, 9 =~.

(4.34)

B orinacr« AO B MO)l{eT 6bITb no.nyaeao peurenne ypaBHeHHtl (4.05) no npHBeneHHblM naHHbIM (4.33) H (4.34).

"') OTMeTHM, 4TO COBepmeHHO aHaJJOrH4Hble YCJJOBHH paspsma npHMeHHTeJJbH~' K poncreeaaon saaaue 0 nJJaCTlI4eCKOM KpY4eHHH npH3MaTH4ecKHx CTep)!{HeH 6bIJlH suaenensr aBTopOM [42] erne B 1946 r.

§ 19J

<POPMA KPIIBO.TIIIHEtlHbIX OTKOCOB

169

H Q = Poo B BepxlIetl T04Ke 0 Bblpa)l{aIOTCH

3Ha4eHHH yr.10B :x = (;(0 r' t'

. HOP\!3.1bHoe naaaeune p. netlcTBHTe.'!bllo,

'lept:) ,

,

,I

oe JaB~eHHe P npHHHMaeT BHn a IIOp\la,lbll

p=2k(l-cos~0)·

~l(HO, 'lTO y 1'.1 bI C(O H ?o H3MeIiHIOTC5I B npenenax

o <:: (;(0 <:: ~, 0 <:: ~o <:: ~ ,

a IIO}l\Ia:lblioe .uaB:ICHHe

OA H KOHTYP OB 51B.15110TC5I

06paTH\I BHHMaHHe, '11'0 .'1HHH5I paapu aa 0 YBe-

H o: H ~ npn nBH)I{eHHH 01' T04KH .

KPilBbl\IH, a yr.1bl HX Ha~.~o ;. _ ~/4 H R = 7t na 6ecKOHe4HoCTH.

(;( H 'r' - r' no:x - ,. "

~~liifl~~~~~; ~:3;bIB ~peJ,Hero °IlOpMaJlbHOrO Hanp5I)I{eHH5I s nOCTeneHHo

nlelIblUaeTC5I J,O HY,'!H. . 3a\leTH~l, 41'0 eelH

nopxansnoe naBJIeHHe p = 2k,

:Xo = ~, Po = -; ,

M\ 10 :IHIlHIO CKo.1b)KeHH5I, a KpllBa51 pa3pblBa OA BblpO)l{naeTC5I B np51 .'

HaK lOllellHYIO KOCH x non yr.'1oM ",/4.

, . cCMOTpeHHoH 3a;:ta4H )(JIH ~o = -i5° HlI;l,e 1I3J10;KeHO 'IHCJJeHHOe perueune cP~a axr e HOH )l,JIllHOH l = kj-(. OHO

Il OObPIHblX 6e3pa3MepHblx nep~MeHHblX I C~mY'ltH Cpe)l.bI H CBOi\HTCH K Sdnonropscr peiuenne aHaJIOrll'IHOIl 3a)l,~4H ~~BOH 3a)l,alJH O'\HaKO reneps B,:J:0.1b

no.iucumo Ta6J1. 17 no cxesre 'IeTBepToH Kp . •

.1IIH!l!1 paspusa I 2 2 1 :J) = 2~,

s = P + Y T cos ~ -, T

a B,cO.1b cB060.'\Horo KOHTypa s = 1. BVlO OA caenyoume:

3HalJeHIl51 x, Y II a, orrpe.'\eJJHIO~He KpH J '

X = 0,05 0,12 0,22 0,3:3 0,48 0,65 0,86 1,09 Y = 0,02 0,05 0,10 0,14 0,22 0,30 O,-iO 0,53 ~ = 0,39 OAI 0,42 O,-i3 0,45 O,-i6 0,48 0,50

PHBVlO OB TaKOBbl:
a 31IJ'lelll!51 x, Y H ~, yCTaHaBJJIIBalO~lle K. '
X = 0,00 0,05 0,09 0,12 0,17 0,21 0,25 0,30
Y = 0,00 0,05 0.09 0,13 0,18 O,2-i 0,30 0,36
? = 0,79 0,81 0,83 0,86 0,89 0,92 0,95 0,99
x = 0,36 on 0,47 0,51 0,56 0,60 0,63 OM
v = 0-i6 0,55 0,67 0,78 0,93 1,08 1,25 1,43
. ' 1,-t6 1,55
;1= 1M 1,09 1,15 1,21 1,29 1,37 170

nPEnEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3TIOR CPEnhl

[r.n. IV

I~I I I Ta6J1H~a 17
I , I I I
a 1 2 3 I I I I I I I i
I 4 5 6 7
8 D I 10 11 I
I 12
x 0,0., I 0,09 I
y 0,12 I -
s ° 0,05 0,05 0,0,)
I 'i' LOO 1,01 1,01
0,81 0,81 0,81 I
x 0,09 0,12
Y 0,17 0,22 I
s 1 0,09 0,09 0,09 0,10 I
1,00 1,01 1,01 1,02
'i' 0,8.3 0,84 0,84 0,8~ I
x 0,12
y 0,17 0,22 0,27 0,33
s 2 0,1:1 0,13 1l,13 0,14 0,14
'i' 1.00 1,01 1,01 1,02 1,03
0,86 0,86 0,86 0,86 0,86
x
y 0,17 0,22 0,27 0,32 0,40 0,48
s ,I 3 0,18 0,19 0,19 0,20 0,21 0,22
'f 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05
0,89 0,89 0,89 0,89 0,89 0,90
x ,
y 0,21 0,26 0,32 0,40 0,47 0,56 0,65
s 4 0,24 0,24 0,2." 0,26
0,27 0,29 0,30
'l' 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,04 ],0,) 1,07 1,08
0,92 0,92 0,92 0,92 0,93 0,93 0,93
x
y 5 0,25 0,31 0,39 0,46 0,55 0,64 0,75
s 0,30 0,31 0,32 0,33 0,35 0,36 0,86
'i' 1,00 1,01 1,03 1,05 1,07 0,38 0,40
0,95 0,95 0,96 1,08 1,11 1,13
0,96 0,96 0,96
x 0,96 0,96
y 6 0,30 0,38 0,45 0,54 0,63 0,74
s 0,36 0,38 0,84
0,39 0,41 0,43 0,45 0,47
'i' 1,00 1,02 1,0'1
0,99 0,99 1,06 1,08 1,11 1,14
0,99 0,99 0,99 1,00 1,00
x
y 7 0,36 0,43 0,52 0,61 0,71
s 0,46 0,48 0,50 0,52 0,82
I 'i' I 1,00 1,02 1,05 0,5.j 0,58
1,04 1,04 1,08 1,11 1,14
1,04 1,04 1,04 1,05
x I
)' 8 0,41 0,50 0,58 0,68
s 0,79
0.55 0,58 0,61 0,61 0,67
f 1,00
I 1,113 1,06 1,10 1,13
1,09 1,09 1,09 1,10 1,10
x
y 9 0.'17 0,55 0,65 0,75
s
- 0,67 0,70 0,74 0,78
1,00 1,04 I,OB 1,12
1,15 1,15 1,15 1,16
x
)' 10 0,51 0,61 0,71
s
'P I 0,78 U,83 0,87
1,00 I,OS 1,10
x I 1,21 1,21 1,22
Y 11 0,56 0,66
s
'P 0,93 0,98
1,00 1,06
x I 1,29 1,29
Y 12 I I 0,60
s !
y 1,08 I
i 1,00
! 1,37 I'

I

§ 19]

~OPMA KPHBOJ1HHEAHhlX OTKOCOB

171

Ha pllC. 116 nocrpoeHa cerxa xapaKTepHCTHK - JlHHHll CKOJ)b:.KeHHH no KOOP,llJlHaraM j'3J10BbIX TOqeK, rrpHBe)l,eHHblM B Ta6J), 17.

X'1,2 1.0 a8 as a4 a2 ao

a2

10,1
as
~a8
I
~l,O
1
-: ts
1i4
!I
PIlC. 116. PaCCMOTpllM 4acTHblR CJlY4aR, xorua ~o = 0 H, C,lCJ,oBaTe.%1l0, KOHTYP nanucamuero orxoca B sepxaea T01.JKe 0 HMeeT ropl!30HTa,1bHYIO xacare.n-ayio. TIOKa)l{eM, KaK nocrpoare npl16.1l!)I{eHHOe pemeHHe OKO.10 T04KlI 0 B 3aMKHyT0l1 rpopxe. 6yneM C4HTaTb, 1.JTO s - k, 9 11 x , y

~la,lbl, a TaK)Ke, 41'0 OTHomeHlle st= MallO.

OCHOBHaH CHCTeMa ypaBHeHHR nnH BeCOMOR HneanbHO-CBH3HOR cpeJ.hl

GYJ.eT

us ( iJO" U"')

-- - 2k sin 2,~ __!_ -cos 29 __.!_ =0

iJx T iJx iJy'

us ( iJ~ , iJ'f)

-+2k cos 2·_? _._ +s1ll2'..? - = 1·

iJy , iJx ' iJy

Oueunu B 3THX ypaBHeHHHx nopHnOK 4J1eIlOB H oT6poCHM re H3 nnx, xor opue Ma.1bl no cpaBHeflHIO C OCTa.'lbllblMH. TaKHM 06pa30M, .1erKO

!3hllleCnl npH6J1l1}I{eHHble ypaBHeHHH

1

,I

iJs = _ 2k iJ"r iJy 1 ox

( 4.35)

II nO.1YI.JHTb npocrue HHTerpanbl

( 4.36)

:;;=9(x), s=[1-2kcp'(x)]y+f(x),

3aBHC5Ill\l1e 01' J.ByX npoH3BonbHblX CPYHKU,HtI f (x) H l' (x).

172

nPE4EnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOA CPE4W

[r n. IV'

JIerKO BH4eTb, 4TO YC.'lOBHH (4.33) B40nb KPHBOtl. OA cymecTBeHHO ynpoiuatorca

dy 9

dx='Y.=2' s=1'y+k(l-y2),

a yC.~OBHH (4.34) BJ,O,~b KPHBOtl. OB 6Y4YT

dy .

dx=~=?' s=k.

(4.37)

(4.38)

Ilocnenyioume paccyacaenas HH4eM He OT,1H4aIOTCH OT COOTBeTCTBYIO_ unix paCCY)!{4eHHtl., npHBe4eHHb[X B § 10.

OKOH4aTe.%HO ypaBHeHHH KpHBbIX OA H OB HMCIOT BH1I,

R _3k

0- i '

a HCKOMble CPYHKUHH SHy HarrHWYTCH TaK:

s-k = :0 (Y- ;;J.

r4e Ro eCTb pa!lHYc Kpl1BH3HbI KPHBOtl. OB B T04Ke O.

Taioxe .rerxo rronY4HTb yr.1bI HaKnOHa KpHBbIX OA H OB KOCH X B6nH3H T04KH 0, a HMeHHO

_ ~ x IX

'Y. - 2' ~=R-;= 3k'

TaKHM 06pa30M, yr.'lbI 'Y. H ~ 34eCb MeHbwe, 4eM COOTBeTCTBYIOUUI e yrnbI npn HanH4HH BHyTpeHHero TpeHI1H.

§ 20 . .lI.aBJleHHe 3aCbInKH na nonnopnue CTeHKH.

Paapuausre peureuna

06paTl1MCH, HaKOHeu, K H3Y4eHHIO .Il.aB.~eHHH 3aCbIDKH, orpanasennon rrO:JO)!{HTenbHOli. no.nyccsio x, ua 3a.Il.HIOIO rp am, no.nnopuott CTeHKH, naKnoHeHHYIO no.a yr.'lOM ~. 3a.Il.3.II.I1M B40lIb 3T0tl. noayocn x paaaoxepao pacnpene.renuoe aopxaasnoe .Il.aBJlellHe p H oupeneanx 4aBJIeHHe q B.Il.OJIb aanuen rpann, nxetouiee KOMrrOHeHTbI n H t.

Kacarcnsuas KOMnOHeHTa t na aanaen rpaHI1 .Il.o.~)!{Ha 6bITb 4JIH Y.Il.06cTBa aupasceua TaK:

t = k sin 20, npasex I 0 I -< : .

Pacnpeneneane IIarrpH)!{eHHtl. npH npenensuox paBHOBeCl1l1 3aCblITKH 4JIH 40CTaT04HO 60.TJbWHX yrJIOB ~ aenpepsmno BCIO.Il.Y, KpOMe O.Il.HOlt T04Kll 0, eC.'lH aa 3a.Il.Heli. rpaHH HMeeT MeCTO pasencrso

3Ta aaaasa H anect, I1MeeT 4Ba peurenas: 04HO H3 HHX onpenenser OKmU6Hoe QaBJIeHl1e OT uanop a 3aCbl!IKH, a 4pyroe -llaCCUBflOe .Il.aB.~eHHe

173

3ACblITKH HA nO.Il.rrOPRbIE CTEHKH .IlABJIEHHE

aaoe 4aBJIeHHe 06bl4HO 3Ha4HTeJIbHO MeHbwe opa 3acbJOKH; aKTH

or OTO CCHBHoro .Il.aBJIeHHH.

OTBCTCTB\'lOlllero na HBHoro .Il.aBJIeHHH 3aCbITIKH na nO.Il.nOpHYIO

cO H 411e~i C onpe.Il.e,1eHHH aKT OCe.Il.aHHIO BHH3, TaK 4TO

a xor na rroC.1e4HHH npenHTCTByeT

CTeIlK\ ,

• --ltl >.0.

U _- 06pa30M B40JIb nOJIO)!{H-

TaKIl\[ ,

A no.WOCH x . KaK H pallee, :X'T.:_'-lLLl.J.JLLJ..Ju...~T-7i~~

Tc:[bIlO • ::.

k (')=.2: (4.39)

s=P-- 'T 2'

I

!

0:11> 3a,LlHeA I'paHu Bc.'le.Il.CTBlle

a B.1 ._ + 1 .ll0,1)!{HO 6bITb

( 1. 1 ~)) n p II 1.-

_s_kcos2UJ, y=~+UJ.

II - (4.40)

PeWCHue 3a,Lla4H OCHOBaHo aa !J

PIIMellellllll HllTerpa.10B (4.08) Puc. 117.

n 0 0 paBHOBe-

ypaBlleHIltl. npe1l,e.1bH r

CIlI! l,ll! BblpO)!{.lleHHOrO CJI~:~;CH TpH 06:lacTH: AoOAl' A10A2 H A20A3, 11a n.10CKOCTH x Y pa3.1H_

In06pa)KeHHb1e na puc. Ill.

B 06.13CTHX AoOAl H A20A3 cooTBeTcTBeHHO

IMH ceMeAJlB\.'MI! opToroHanbHb

a Cl'TKll .111HHA CKO.'lb)!{eHuH 06pa30BaHbl

CTBaMIl rrapan.1eJlbHblX npHMblX.

B 06,lacTH A10A2, KaK II paHee, r.

+1) tg('.;J, -;)=-x)~ H.'lH 9=8+4,

s~ P + 1 Y - k (2:;; - 7':, -f

CTaB'leHa n)'4KOM npHMblX, npOXO.llHIllUX

a cenca :1lII!Hft CKo.lb)!{eHllH co. CKllX OKp\,)!{HOCTefi C UeHT-

O "CTBOM KOHUeHTpH4e •

4CPC3 T04KY , II ceMen

~a\lll B TOft )I{e T04Ke O.

. 11MeH Il BU.II.\" npenbwYUl,ee COOTHoweHlle

. S =P +1'Y - k (29-7': --;-1)

A OA HeTp\"nHo onpe,!l,e,1HTb

II 311a4eHHe r::; = '3 + co B 06,~aCTH 2 3' -

• I , 4TO

)I\l' 06:1aCTII, a 3aTeM YCTaHOBIHb,

I k[I_--L-cos2LO-L-2G3+UJ)].

n = p -';- l' y - ., " '

S B Ton

(4.41)

3~eCb He06xO.lllMO [DleTb B BH.llY vc.toaue

~~; -LO,

e orpaI!U4eHHe Ha YI'on ~.

HaK,la.lblBalOll~ee HeKOTOpO

174

nPEnEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOA CPEnW

Ir Jr. IV

ECJlH yr oa Ul = 'IT/4, TO rtpsxaa OA2 cosnanaer C npHMOfi OA3, a 06J1aCTb A20A3 BblpmKJlaeTCH B TY )Ke npsxyro. DPH 3TOM OLJeBH.lI,HO, LJTO

n. = p + 1 Y - k ( 1 - -; + 2~ ) ,

(4.42)

a npenunyuiee YCJlOBHe 6yneT ~ 'IT/4.

OTMeTHM cJlY'laA, xor na 3anHHH rpaus no.anopaoa CTeHKH BepTHxansna, a yron Ul = O. Ilo.re Hanp5l)J{eHI1A onpene.taercn KOMnOHeHTaMH

O"x=p+,y-2k, 0y=P+,y, 'txy=O,

a JlHHHHMH CKOJlb)KeHHH HB.1HIOTCH napaa.re.n.nue npsuue. TaKHM oripa- 30M, HOpMaJlbHOe naanenae n = q paBHO

q=p+,y-2k.

5lCHO, 'lTO naBJleHl1e na 3anHIOIO rpans no.anopuort CTeHKH B 'TO'lKe 0 He nO.l)KHO 6bITb orpanare.rsuus. D03TOMY HY)KHO, 'lT06bI

p?>2k.

OCTaHOBHMCH reneps ua cay-rae, xor.aa npaaeaeuaoe YCJlOBHe, HaK.laiI,bIBaIOIUee orpamoreane na naB.leHHe p, He c06.1IOneHO. PaCnO.lO)KHM CHCTeMY KOOp.ll.HHaT x y TaK, 'lT06bI .aaaxeaae B TO'lKe 0 aanaen rpaan 6bI.10 paBHO HYJlIO. DPH 3TOM BnOJlb nOJ10)KHTeJlbHoA no.nyoca x 6yneT neACTBOBaTb

O"y=2k.

3TO naaneaue, KaK H B aHaJlorH'lHOA aanase § II, HY)KHO paccxaTpHBaTb KaK B03neAcTBHe Col0H BbICOTbI h, Jle)KaIUero Han nonoxarensHoA nOJlYOCblO X. Iloae HanpH)!{eHHA B 3TOM cnoe ,JaeTCH TaK:

O"x=O, 0y=p+,(h+y). 'tXy=O.

113 YC.lOBHH Hen pepunnocru KOMnOlleHTbI "» aa no.'lO)!{lITe.lbHOA noayocu x HCHO. 'lTO

1

h =-= - (2k -p). r

3Ta BeJIH'lHHa .ll.aeT MaKcHMa.'lbH},1O BbICOTY C.l0H, KOTopaH He OKa- 3bIBaeT na 3anHIOIO rpaHb KaKoro-.1H60 naB.leHHH H Ha3bIBaeTCH Kpumu«ectcoi: eucomoa,

l1TaK, aaecs He06xonHMO paCCMaTpHBaTb .rne 30HbI: uenpeoensnyto, 3aHHMalOIUYlO C.l0tt Ha.ll. no.toscare.n.uorl nO.1YOCblO X, H npeoeesnyto, 3allOJlHHIOIUYlO 3aCbIllKY no.i TOtt )!(e nO.lO)J\HTeJlbHOA nonyocsio x.

B nenpenensuoa H npe.ae.u.noa 30Hax KOMnOHNITbI HallpmKeHHH J\aIOTCH COOTBeTCTBeHHO rpopMy.laMH (4.29) H (4.30). Ha rpanuue 3THX 30H - nO.lO)KHTeJ1bHoA no.ryoca x, sx.novas TO'lKy 0, see KOMnOHeHTbl HanpH)KeHHH HenpepwBHhl.

175

HA nO,Il,nOPHbIE CTEHKH nABJIEHHE 3ACbIflKH

§ 20 J accl1BHorO .ll.aB.leHHH 3aCblllKH

npllcTynHM Tenepb K Haxo:n~~~~en:HH OCYIUeCTBJlHeT BblTIHpaHHe oPHYIO cTeHK)', xorn

a nonn , ~ 0 .

H TaK 'lTO 0 = - to '""" . , Cli x no-npe)!{HeM)

BBepx, BnO lb no.l0}K!!Te.~bHOA non) 0 •

!lTaK, . + k ,- = 0,

s=P' , ""(

1 nO.l)J\HO 6bITb cor,lacHO (1.19) np!! v. = - a BlO~b 3a;!.HeA rpaH!!

(4.43)

'It

y=p--;-lU-2" .

(4.44)

1\1

a ceTKI1 :IlllmA CKOllb)!{eHI1H

lbHbIX npHMbiX.

napaJl.1e. OA no-npen{HeMY 'It

B 06.13CTI1 At 2 ( J- '") .y 11.ll1 '-( = 8 - 4'

s== )+ly+k(2:;;-+--1), tg\y I 4" =-x

- J n HMbIX npoxonHIl.I,I1X

06pa30BaHa nyLJKOM P , A C ueHT-

a ceTKa .1HHI1A CKO.1b}KeHHH KOHueHTpl1'leCKHX OKpY}KHOCTe JlerKO

'lepe3 TO'lKy 0, Ii ceMeA~TB~~BTOPHH npenbILI.YUJ.He paccy)!{.lI.eHHH,

pa~fl[ B ToA )!{e TO'lKe .

'lTO + )1

yCTaHOBIlTb, + k 11 _ 'IT + LOS 2Ul + 2 (? Ul.

n=p+1Y l

Tb npe)Kllee yCJIOBHe 3LI.eCb Hy)!{HO y'lllTblBa

( 4.45)

e naeT ~ ~ 'IT{4. BepTHKa.1bHa,

a llpenbl.Il.YIUee YC:IOB!! ~;H r aHb nonnopHoA CTeHKH

OTMeTHM c.ly'laA, Kor,Il,a san A P aeTCR KOMnOHeHTaMH

a ~TO.l Ul = o. Ilone HanpHlKeHH Jl + _ 0

_ -1) I "f"J-2k, J =v IY, 'txy- ,

"'x - i I -' I Y Ma Tlb

npHMble. l1TaK, HOp .•• -

. . ''1 '}KaT napa.l.'le.1bHble

a .11J1lHRMH CKO.lblKe1ll1R c.)

1I0e naB.leHHe ri = q paBHO 2k

q=P+1Y+ .

176

nPEnEflbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOA CPEnH

Ir JI. IV

CJIenyeT aaxerurs, 'lTO peurenue aa.iasa 0 .J.aB,leHHH aa nOllOopHYIO creaxy no MeTony K. KY:l01la llaeT npyme pesy.n.rar u. TO.lbKO B 'laCTHOM CJIY'lae, xor na 3a.J.HHH rpaas no.nnopnoa CTeHKH BepTHKaJIbHa, a yrOJI (0 = 0, re H npyrue peay.n.raru nO.1HOCTbIO COBnaJ,aIOT. 3TO nOHHTHO, TaK KaK B YKaaaHHOM c.iynae npnxaa ,1H"!lIH cno.iaauaa aaCblIlKH cosnanaer C np51MoA ,1HHlleA CKO,lb)KeHHH, npoxo.isuren sepea HH)KHIOIO

TO'lKY aanHeA rpaHH.

D,onYCTHM Tenepb, 'lTO aacunxa orpaunseua KpIIBo.1HHeAHbIM KOHTypOM, HaKJIOHeHHbIM K ropu30HTY non nepenennux yr ,~OM a, BnOJIb xoropor o neACTByeT aaa.ieaue p = p (a) C KO~1l10HeHTaMH n = n (a) H t=t(a) H.1H o=o(a).

JITaK, H3 (1.19), KaK 06bI'lHO, BbITCKaeT, 'lTO

Haorip axcennex KOHTypa C.1Y)KHT na 11.70CKOCTH ;1) uexoropaa KpHBaH, 'lTO He BHOCHT KaKHX-,'I1I60 yc,10)KHeHHfi.

Ilpncrynnx rerreps K HaY'leHHIO npene.rsuoro paBHOBeCHH aacunxu B aaBIICHMOCTU OT HaK,'IOHa aanHefi rpann. Pasoepex, n,'IH npOCTOTbI 'laCTHbIA caysan, xor .i a rpannua 3aCbIllKH ropnaoara.n.aa, a naBJIeHHe p nencrayer HOpMaJIbHO.

Pacnpeneneuae HanpH)KeHIIA npa npene.isuox paBHOBeCIIH 3aCbIllKH nJIH JlOCTaTO'lHO Ma.lbIX yr.10B \3 aenpepsraao BCIOny, BK,lIO'laH TO'lKy 0, eCJIH aa aanaea rpann BbIllO.1HeHO HepaBeHCTBO

lol-<(O-<~·

Caasa.ia onpene.urv aKTIIBHoe naBneHlle aacunxn na nonnop HYIO crenxy. B 06JJaCTIl AoOA, KaK H paaee,

'" '~=-

I 2 '

a BMeCTe C TeM

n=p+1Y-k(l-cos2p), f=ksin2;3.

(4.47)

ECTeCTBeHl!oe HepaBeHCTBO (, -< (0, npenHTCTBYIOIl\ee COCKa.lb3bIBaHHIO no 3anlletl fpaHH, YCTaHaB.lHBaeT YCJIOBHe

~<{J},

natoransiaaiouree orpaunseune aa ),rO.1 p.

Tcneps aHaJIOrH'lHbIM 06paaOM Hatl.J.eM naccusaoe .J.aB,'IeHl1e 3aCbIllKl1 na no.anopayro CTeHKY. B OOJJaCTH AoOA, KaK acer.ra,

a nOTOMY

tt = p + IY + k (1 - cos 2\3), t = - k sin 213. (4.48)

'\

I

3ACNnKl1 HA no;:!,noPHNE CTEHKH D,AB.1EHHE

177

§ 201

CTBO - 0 -< {J}, lie H 'paBeH

t aeT npe)KHee YC.lOBl1e rpailll, ,J,

COCKa:lbabIBaHHH no aanHetl. nonYCKaiOIl\Ce

_ N __L .'2_ - 0 + msi, '1- -~, , 2

'C;_ = a+o .s-mn,

a T<lKiKe, 'lTO

s. _s_=2kcos20.

J-!3'llleM C onpe.ueJIeHHH aKTHBHoro

na no.unopHyIO

!lafueHHH 3aCblITKH A OA 11 AOB,

CTUlKY. B 06nacTHX 0

BeTCTlJeIlIlO,

HaHecellllbIX

PIIC. 118.

na pHC. 118, COOT-

32) na npHMotl. paapbIBa OA cnenyer. 'lTO (4.31) 11 (4.

a=o=~ (p+{J)),

s=p+'iY-k(l-2~osO+{J})L

113 YC.l0BHtl.

TaK 'ITO

( 4.49)

+ kl1+cos2lO-2coS(?+lO)1.

n=p lY-

ene'I51eMble cpOPMV.10tl. (4.49), HeCKOJIbKO

3a>leTIHI, '11'0 aHa'leHHH n, onpene. ,hOPMV.l0tl. (4.41) .u.1H rex

aHa'leHHfi n naBaeMblx 't' - .

oo.u.uie coo .. BeTcTByIOIl\HX ' no.unoplIofi CTeIlKI1, T. e. Y)Ke sa

}I{C \T.l0B HaK.l0Ha ? 3a.uHetl. r pana

1]T)('~e.l011 ee npHMeHI1MOCTH. , }T.lbl a < q H ? -< ",2

t IIMeeT MeCTO, nOKa, t'

I1oCTpoeHHoe peurenne

O nnensr YC.l0BHH n.iu, I1Ha4e rOBOpH, noxa BbITI "

I ~3MeHeIlHH YfJIa ~.

HTaHan.'!I111aIOIl\l!e npene.7b , • ,

- )KneHHIO naCCHBHOf 0

I1epct\ne~1 Tenepb K naxo 40B

B 06 'IaCTHX A OA H •

ua no.:1I10pIlyIO cTeHKY. ; 0

,J,aB.leHHH 3aCblTII0I COoTBeTcTBeHllo

9=0,

11

1:2 3aK. 1288. B. B. COKOJlOBCKHi!

178

nPE.ll.EJIbHOE PABHOBECHE CB5I3HOli. CPE.ll.bl

[r JI. IV

I13 YCJIOBHli. (4.31) H (4.32) aa np5lMoli. paapusa OA 51CHO, tITO

~ 1 r.<

cx=-(;= 2CJ+oo), s=p+,y+k[1-2cos(f;+oo)].

TaK 4TO

Il = p+ ,Y + k II + cos 200 - 2cos (f; + (0)]. (4.50)

Ilocrpoeunoe peweHHe cnpaaenanso, noxa \

.'J,oB.leTBopeHbl YCJIOBH5I

U)<~<;-OO,

naiouine npenenu 113MeHeHI151 }T .na ~.

HPKHO OTMeTHTb, 4TO Be.1114HHa nnrepaa.ia H3MeHeHH5I f;, B KOTOPOM

HMeeT MeCTO paspstanoe no.re Hanp5l)l{eHHli. panna ~/2 200 C\

, "-. oTa BeJIH-

4l1Ha y~IeHbwaeTc5I C YBe,lH4elmeM 00 11 pasua Hy.110 npH 00 = 7t/4.

OCTaHOBHMC5I na 4aCTHOli. aanase 0 npenem.uov paBHOBeCHH OCTpOyrO.'lbHOrO HeBeCOMoro K.'IHHa 6e3 TpeHI151 no 60KOBhlM rpaH5IM, KOTOpa51 6bJ.1a peuieaa B. TI parepox [13]. TaK KaK B noli. sanase ,= 0, n = 0 H to -= 0, TO cpopMyna (4.49) cpaay )l{e naer

P = 2k (1 - cos f;),

(4.51 )

5ICHO, 41'0 ,_'r.lbl ex H g H3MeH5IIOTC5I B

, npeneJIax

a HopMaJIbHoe .ll.aBneHHe

o <P< 2k.

JlerKO nokaaari., 4TO npn Ma,lblX 3Ha4eHH5IX ex H ~ npocrue npH6.1H)I{eHHble COOTHOWeHH5I

HMeIOT MeCTO

P = k~2, a = ~ (4.52)

TIo.1YlJeHHble 3.ll.eCb cpOpMy:lbl (4.51) H (4.52) COOTBeTcTBYIOT BbIBe.ll.eHHbIM panee cpopMyJIaM (3.21) H (3.22).

no CHX nop paCCMaTpI1Ba.'lHCb no.anopaue CTeHKH C np5lMOmmeli.HbIMI1 3anHHMH rpaH5IMH. OCTaHOBHMC5I reneps na nonnopnux CTeHKax, y KOTOpux aaaane r pana KPHBO.'IIlHCtlHbI.

Ilpe.nexsuoe paauoaecae 3aCbIllKH, aootiuie ronops, COnpOBO)l{naeTC5I KpHBhlMH JIHHH5IMH paapuaa. YC.10BH5I paapusa BnO,lb 3THX JIHHHli., KOHe4HO, OCTaIOTC5I npe)l{HHMH H He Tpe6Y~T KaKHX-JIH60 nOnOJIHHTeJIbnux n05lCHeHHtI.

3ali.MeMCH[~] onpeJ,eiIeHHeM naBneHHA Ha KOHType nO.ll.nOpHoli. CTeHKH, C4HTa5l, 4TO B BepXHeM c.ioe 3aCbIf1KH, .'Ie)l{alll.eM Han OCbIO X, H3BeCTHO 06b14I10e npocremuee no.re lIanp5l)l{eHHli.. TaKHM 06pa30M,

r: <P=2'

§ 20]

.ll.ABJIEHHE 3AChlnKH HA nOJ,nOPHhlE C1'EHKH

179

a B,10,lb COOTIleTcTBYIOllI.eli. nYrH xonrypa HMeIOT MeCTO n=p+,y-k(1-cos2~), t=ksin2~.

06pa3yeTcH TaKoe cnoe.

B 06.1acTH AoO A, npe.ll.CTaBJIeHHoli. aa pHC. 119, jj\e npoCTeli.Illee none HanpH)I{eHHtI, KaK H B BepxHeM Tcnepb Bno.1b .'1HHHIi pa3pbIBa OA, on51Tb-TaKH,

!Y__ = tg a, S = P + TY + k (2-:05 21. - 1), '? = 2a, dx

(4.53)

a BJ.O:lb KOIlTypa OB nO-npe}lmeMY n=s-kcos2oo, cp=~+to.

I'

( 4.54)

TOlJKY 0 cnenyer Bbl6paTb TaK, 4T06bl KOMnOHeHTbl 'In Ii 'en 6bJ.TIH llenpepblBHbI. JIerKo nosasars, 4TO .1HHI151 paapuaa OA H KOHTYP OB mieIOT 06ll1.YIO KacaTe.'1bHYIO, aaK.10HeHHYIO K OCM X non yrJIOM

ao=po=OO·

B 06.'!acTH AOB MO)l{eT 6bl1'h nanneno peurenne ypaBHeHl1l1 (4.05) no npHBe.ll.eHHblM .ll.aHIIblM (4.53) H (4.54).

3I1a4eHI1e S = So B T04Ke 0 CBH3aIlO C .ll.aBJIemIeM P C,le.ll.YIOll\HM 06pa30M:

So = P + k (2cos 21.0 - 1).

EC.1H yr on 00 = 7t/4, TO

Z'

PllC. 119.

1.0 = Po = ~, a :IHHHH paspuna cTaHoBHTCH npHMotl iII1Hlietl CKo.lb)l{eHH5I OA. TIpH 91'OM B 06.1acHI AOB cnpaBenJIHBbl HHTerpa.lbl (4.07) ypaBHeHHI1 npe -

.ll.eJIbHorO paBHOBeCH5I

S=1y-2k9+C, XSin(9- ~)-Y,:OS(9- ~)=f(9)'

TI pOH3BoJlbHa51 nOCTOHHllaH C aupaxcaercs 4c.pe3 3Ha4ell1!51 S - ,Y 11 9 II 06:IaCTlI AoO A, a npoH3BOnbHa51 cpyHKll.liH f ('f) - 4epe3 ypal3HeHH5I x = x (B), Y = Y (p) KOHTypa nO.ll.nOpHOti CTeHKH. TaK 4TO OKoH4aTe.'1bHO

s=P+iy-k(29-7t+1), tg(cp-i)= ~=~~~~, p=cp- ;,

a cerxa nI1HHtI CKO.1b)l{eHH5I COCTOHT H3 Henapa.'lileJIbHblX Ilp5lMblX - Kacare.n.nux K KOIITYPY H 0pToroHa:lbIlbIX K HHM KPI1BLIX. Bxecre C TeM

12*

il

180

npEAE~bHOE PABHOBECHE CBo3HOH

n Yl CPEnbl

Ir a. IV

I I 1 12
x I , ,
y I U,4~ 0,49 0,54 I I I -,
° 0,10 0,09 0,07 I
s I 0,82 D,83 0,84
'? 0,46 0,47 0,49 I
x 0,51
y 0,56 0,61 ' (J,66 I
s 1 0,14 0,13 0,11 0,10
'i I U,76 0,77 ' 0,78 0,79 I
0,53 0,551 0,56 0,57 ,
x I 0,57 I 0,62 I 0,67 I
y I 0,73 0,79
s 2 0,18 0,17 I 016 0,15 0,14
'i 0,70 0,72 0;'3 0,74 0.74
I I 0,61 0,62 0,63 0,64 0,61
I
x 0,63 I
y 0,68 0,74 O,HO 0,87 0,94 I
3 0,22 0,22 I
s 0,21 0,21 0,20 0,20
0,64 0,66 0,67
cp I 0,68 0,69 ' 0,70 0,68 0,69 0,70 I I
I 0,71 0,71 0)2
x
y 4 I O,~~ I 0,74 0,80 0,87 0,95 1,03 [ 1,12 !
s I i 0,= { 0,27 0,27 0,27 0,27 0,27 0,27 I
'f 0,09 0,60 0,62 0,63 0,64 0,66 0,67
0,75 0,76 0,77 0,78 0,78 0,79 0,80 :1,
S 0,74 0,80 0,87 0,94 1,03 1,12 1,24
.,' 0,33 0,33 0,34 0,34 0,35 1,37
0,51 0,,53 0,55 0,57 0,36 0,37 0,38
I I 0,81 0,84 0,8,'; 0,86 I 0,59 0,61 0,63 0,65
, 0,87 0,87 0,88 ' 0,88 "
, 0,80 0,87 I I
6 : I 0,94 1,02 1,11 1,36
, 0,:19 0,40 0,11 0,~3 1,23 I
04 0 ~ 0,14 0,46 0,48 x y s

'"

x y s

, 0' .] I ,.]{ 0,19 0,01 0,,51

,92 0,93 0,93 0,94 0,95

0,57 I 060 I 0,95 ' 0;96 I,

0,85 0,92 1,00 1,09 1,21 1,33
I ~:~~ 0,49 0,.51 0,53 0,57 0,60
0,:18 0.42 0,45 0.49 0,54
1,021 1,03 1,03 1,04 1,04 1,05
0,90 0,98 1,06 1,18 1,301
0,56 0,59 0,62 0,66 0,71
° ')~ 0,31 '
,d 0,8,1 0,41 0,46
1,12 1,12 1,13 1,1·1 , 1,14
0,9-1 1,02 1,141 1,25
0,67 0,71 0,77 0,82
0,17 0,21 0,28 0,35
1,24 1,24 1,25 1,25
I 0,9R 1,08 1,19
I 0,79 0,86 0,93
0,07 0,15 0,23
I 1,36 1,36 1,37
1,00 1,09 i
I 0,96 1,05 .
-0,09 0,01 ,
I 1,53 1,54 I
0,99
I 1,14
-0,25
1,71 I x
y
s
f
x
y
s
y
x
y 9
S
't
X
Y 10
s
<f
x
y 11
s
l'
x
y 12
s
l' § ~?O)

nAB~EHHE 3ACbInKH HA nO)lnOPHbIE CTEHKH

181

OCTallOBHMC5I, lIaKOHeu, aa 'JaCTHOM cnysae, xorna Ul = 0 H ~O = 0, a KOllT\P nO)lnOpHOtl CTeHKH HMeeT B TO'lKe 0 ropH30HTa~bHYIO xacare.1bll\lO, H npnsenex npH6~H)I{eHHOe pellleHHe B6~H3H 3TOtl TO'lKH O.

PHC, 120.

OKOH'laTe.lbHO. ~HHHII pa3pblBa OA onpenemleTC5I ypaBHellHeM

x~

y = 41<0 •

a cpYIlKIUIl1 S H 9 )laIOTC5I cpOpMy.1aMH

2k ( x~ ')

s=P+ly+k~ To y + 4Ro '

Hall60.1blllHtl nnrepec npencTaBIl51eT HOpMa.1bHOe )laB.'JeHl1e II = q na ca~IOM xonrype rto anopnoa CTeHKH B6m13H TO'lKI1 O. TIpl16m1)l{eHHO OHO

panuo

q=P+(I~~)Y'

, 0

Illlm:e npnscneno 'IllCJleHHOC peiueane npe,Il,bl,lYIll,eil 3a,Il,a'Ill npn KpyroBoil fie tnopnoii crenxe pa,QIiyca R ,QJl5I co = 0 n k = .( R B 6e3pa3MepHblx uepeMeHHblx, c xapaxrepnoii ,QJIIlHoii l = R. OHO nOBTOp5leT pellleHne aHaJlorIi'iHOii 3a,Il,a'Ill .'\Jl51 cbmyqel'I cpe.nsr Ii CBe;J,eHO B Ta6J1. 18. Ho renepu B)l,OJlb JlIlHIlIl paapuua

s = p + y + 2cos 22 - 1, l' = 2'1,

182

nPEnEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HO~ CPE~bI

.a B.llOJlb KOHrypa

x = sin 1',

y = 1- cos 'f.

p = 0,00 P-q =0,00

~ = 0,84 P-q =0,49

BeJlJ1lIIlHbI P - q B'"(OJIb KpllBO" OB

Il raKOBb['

0,21 0,31 0,46 0,53 0,61 0,68 ° .

0,04 0,09 0,18 0,24 0,30 0,36 0,75

0,92 1,02 1,12 124 136 153 /1

0,56 0,65 0,73 0:83 0:93 1:09 dt

Ha puc. 120 nocrpoena cerxa xa

op.:rIlHaraM Y3JIOBbIX roxex npnae paKTeplICTJI!{ - JIIIHUI1 CKOJIbllWHIIH no

, .l\eHHbIM B ra6JI. 18. KO-

§ 21. n~OcKoe npeAe~hHoe paBHoBecHe CBH3HOfi cpeAhl 3a~MeMcH Tenepb lICC.1e.Il.OBaHl1eM CHCTeMbI '

AenbHoro paBHOBeCHH CBH3HOA cpe hl [~l }paBHeHH~ rrnOCKoro rrpe-

HeAHbrx KOOp.Il.HHaT x y , .Il. ,npI1MeHHH CHCTeM\' npHMOJIH-

, H C'lI1TaH, KaK 06b!'-l ~

K ropll30lITY no.r YL10M Ct. no, 'lTO OCb x HaKnOHeHa

DOJ.CTaB,·rHH B 06bI'lHble

.Il.llcpcpepeHUHa,lbHble ypaBHeHHH

ihx ihxv

Ox + 7iY = "( sin «,

paBHOBeCHlI

O~xy i)J

{f;;+ 0; =t cos z

Bbrpa}f{ellHH (1.21) H IDleH B BII.Il." coo

, TlloweHHH

d/-f

dp = - - ::; ctg p, ::; - H = s,

no:r}"HBI TaK lJa3hIBaeM\'1O OCHOBI '

, I) 10 cHcTeM}, ypaBHeI!H~:

(1 + sin ,0 cos 2y) _os + sin 0 sin 2. as 1

ox ' '? 7fY-

- 2::; sin 0 (sin 2::; _cJ1_ _ cos 2'0 0'1) . I

I , ;, '.- - = '[ SIn Ct

uX ' Oy ,

sin? sin 2y~~+ (1 - sin p cos 2y) _cJ_.s__+ ~

oy I

+ 2::; sin Q (cos 2:.0 a'f + SI'n 'J •• Or)'

I I oX ~Y75y = "([os:;(. J

TIpe06pa3yeM 3TY CHC

TeMY, Hcrro.%3_)'H ,\TO.l

( 4.57)

210 -=~-o

:2 I

MenQy .1IIHHHMlI CKOJIb}f{eHIIH

.YpasHeHI1A. ' xoropun n03BOJIHeT .aocrnruyn, cHMMeTpl111

( 4.55)

( 4.56)

lr JI.

~ I I

§ 21]

nnOCKOE rrPEAEJIbHOE PABHOBECI1E CBH3HO~ CPE.Il.hl

183

:y;lHO)l{aH nepnoe yp aaueane ua sin (y i: 8), a sropoe .YpaBHeHlle aa _ COS ('';; ± S) II CK.~a~bIBaH, 6Y,J.eM 11MeTb

de) Sill(a.:;::P)]

r~.~.~,-0jtO'Q-' _-r cos(c.;;'--z)+

I u' - b, ox I cos P , T

[as a,o cos (a. -+ p) ] .

+ - ~ 2J 11..;' Q _T - -r Sill (0; - 8) = o.

ay r . I oy I cos P I +

( 4.58)

I, llcc:rC.10BaHIIIO 3TO~ CHCTeMLI ypaBHeHHA MO)!{eT 6bITb npunenen MeTO), KOTOPb]~ )'}Ke IIcrrOnb30Ba.1CH npl1 113Y'leHIII1 aaa.roruuuon ClIeTOI!>] (1.28). TI03TOMY nansneauiee 113.10)l{eIlHe nocrpoeao no n.iauv § 3.

J,u(pcpepeHUlla.lbHble ypannenaa xapaxrep IICTIIK COCTOHT 113 CIICTeMbI ypaBllcHlltl

dy= d x tg (7 ::;:: E)

(4.59)

11 C11cTnlLI

ds t; 2::;tg pdy= c~{s p [sin (a ::;:: p)dx+cos(a::;:: p)dy]. (4.60)

CeMeilcTBo xapaKTepl1CTIIK, onpeaensexoe BepXHl1MH 3HaKaMl1, !CaK 06bI'IHO, 6Y.Il.eM Ha3bIBaTb nep eu;u, a ceaencrao, .Il.aBaeMoe HI1)l{Hlnm 3fIaKaM!I, emopu u.

OCHOBHaH Cl1CTeMa ypaaneuan l1MeeT .Il.Ba .Il.eACTBHTe.lbHbIX paa.nourux cenencrna xapasrepncrmc, II c.tencaare.u.uo, OTIIOCI1TCH K zuneptio nuwecl,o.\ty nrny.

OlJ(,BlI.Il.HO, 'lTO xapaKTepl1CTHKI1 naknouenu KOCH x non )T.'IaM11 7 :~-, 2, T. e. non TeMII )l{e )TJIaMH, 'lTO H .'lHHI1H CKOJlb)l{eHIIH. OTCIOJ13 BLITeKaeT, 'lTO x apatcmepucmutcu tea n.nocuocmu xy flBJlfllOmCfl su uu s su: ctco.uocenu.n, YrJIbI Me)l{.Il.Y xapaicrepncrnxaxa 2E aa n.rlOCKOcru xy, Ro06IIle. roaopa, B pa3HbIX TO'lKaX paannsnu.

flOIlYCTI1M, 'lTO nepBoe H BTopoe ceMe~CTBa xapaKTepl1CTllK onpe.llem]IOTC51 COOTBeTCTBeHHO napaaerpaan j, H \L. Ilpnxen ceTKY xapaxrePllCTlIK aa KPI1BO.ll1HetiHYIO CHCTeMY xoopnnuar na nJl0CKOCTl1 xy 11 6Y,J.eM pacoraTpllBaTb x, y, o , 9 KaK CPYHKllHI1 OT " H 1.1.

Torna ypaBHeHHH xapaKTepHCTI1K (4.59) II (4.60) Y.ll06HO nepermcar s B llllJ.e KailOHI1'leCKof.'l CIICTeMbI, COcToHIlLe~ 1I3 nB)'x ypaBHellIlf.'l

av ax,

O-f. = (5e tg ('';; - 2),

ay ax

- = - tg ( '.:i --'- E)

a:J. af-L ,j I

(4.61)

(4.62)

¢YHKUHOllal1bllLlf.'I onpe.iezure.u, npeoopaaoaanns o (x, y) ax ay ax ay d(1~f = a'A ar; - Cii '?tI:

184

nPEnEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3LIO"

, 11 CPEnLl

npn nepexone OT nepeMel!HblX x

npeJCTaB.1ell TaK: H Y K nepe.\leHHbIM i, H

o (x, y)

7J~~- - cos P ax iJx .

(A, [1-) - cos ('f+s)COS(:r_') rn:-a;-.

H,eTPY;WO y6e.J.HTbC51, 4TO: e iu e no.« » '

HeHUU (4.61) U (4.62) iJ . P Hue IWHOHUtteCI.;oil cucmeMbt

, ,lfl t: JmOp020 onpeiJe.Zlllllf!.Zb np e 6 Ypa8.

;, ( 0 lJa30BaHUR

D _ U x, y)

-~=FO,

flB.lfle mcst pe '"

..... enue u vpoeuenaa (4.58)

"'lQ)KHO TaK)I{e ycraHOBHTb . .

IWI.;Oil-Hu6yiJb ,lUHUU Heo6xoau :TO. iJ~lfl nOflB.zeHllfl pa3pbtBOB Bao.ll Onp~iJe.lUllle.lb npeo6pa30BaHllfl' ~ II g.ocmam01tHo, 'tmo6bt BOO.llb He: aKOHeu, .'IerKO nOKa3aTb 4TO' 0

na ll.lOCI.;Qcmu xy onpeiJeAll~n . 8 OAb 02ll6alOll~eii xapaJ.;mepllcmu

OCTalJOBHMCH CHa4a"Ia H e.t» npeo6pa30BaHllfl D = O. 1C

CTBeHHblli sec OTC" '. • , a I1HTepeCHO.\1 4aCTHOM c.iysae, KOr.ll.a c06.

y JTcfByer,T.e.KoI'.lI.a "=0

paBHeHI1H xapaKTepl1CTHK (4 59) I .

. OCTa~TCH 6e3 H3MeHeHHH

dy = d x tCY (0 -, c)

b I I'_'

a ypaflHeHHH (4.60) ClWbHO ynpOllJ.a~TCH:

ds I 2::; t<r 0 do -= 0

I b,. .

(4.63)

DocnenHHe ypaBHeHHH

\.V ' nOC.1e BBeneHI1H Ii .h

)l{eHHOIi Il\ .. \laH.lI.e.leM [70J B Bllne HOBO 't'YHKUHH /., npe.ll.no-

dl = Eli d

. 2cr s,

1II0ryT 6bITb

npOHHTerpHpOBaHbI, a HMeHHO

Z =+= l' = const.

(4.64)

J{aHOHHlleCKlIe

ypaBfieHH5I (4.61)

iJy iJx

iJ; = iJ; 19 (1' ~ 8),

H (4.62) reneps .aaror

iJy ox

;,- = ;,- t" (:;; + c) UTj UTj b, ~ ,

( 4.65)

TaK KaK 3a napaMeTphl ~ 11 ,u ec TeCTBeHHO IlpHH51Tb

;=l+?,

(4.66)

~OHe4HO TaKoli 6

, >' Bbl op lle3aBHCl1MblX

ec.tn ; 1I Ti llepeMeHllbI 0 rrepeMeHHblX B03MO)J{eH JII1111b

. nHaKo lIMe~TCH '

tune nocTOHllHblM ~ H • 4aCTHble pellleHHH OTBe4atO-

, ~, no-rrpe)l{HeMy Ha3 '

l.eHll1i npeJe.lbHoro p blBaeMble HHTerpa.1aMH y'paB-

aBHOBeCHH 3TH P'"

TpeHLI OT..'le.lbHO. • ~llleHlI5I ..'lO.1)1{Hbl 6blTb paCCMO-

§ Z1j

nnOCKOE nPEnEJIbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOtt CPEnhl

185

1. Eon ~ nOCTOHllHO, Tor na KaK oft nepexenno, TO aa OCHOBaHHll (4.66) Be,1H41111bl S H ? CYTb <PyHKUHH TOJlbKO onHotl nepeMeHl!otl 1j. CJIenOBareJbHO, BlOJIb nepBoro ceMetlcTBa xapaKTepHcTllK

dy = dx tg (7 - s), 9 = co nst, 8 = const.

fl03TO.\IY

x sin (:;; - E) - Y COS ('1-:0) = const, ? = const, a IlCKO.\!blii nnrerp an 6yneT

x sin ('? -:0) - y cos (1' -':0) =! (9).

IlTaK, nurerpa.tu vpaaaeaua npenensuoro paanoaecns

l..+<p=~o, x sin (-?-s) -ycos('-?-E)=!(9)

(4.67)

CO,lep)KaT npOH3B0i1bHy~ nocTOHHHY~ ~o H npoaaso.n.nyio <PYHKUHtO ! (y).

Ilepaoe ceaencrao xapaxrepacrnx aa niIOCKOCTH xY COCTOHT 113 npsMbl); "(I = const (HJIH E = const H 9 = co nst), a aropoe cexeacrno onpene~HCTCH B pe3YJIbTaTe HHTerpllpoBaHHH ypaBHeHHH

dy = dx tg (<p +8).

Flocrpoeauoe peuienne HMeeT CMbIC.'I JIHlllb no ofH6a~llJ.etl npsxux xapaxrepncruk. 4T06bl HatlTH 3Ty orariaiouryro, HY)I{HO nponH<p<pepeHUHpoaa'rs HHTerpaJI (4.67) no 9 TaK:

[XCOS(<p-S)+YSin(1'-s)l(l + ~~J=!r(?)

II ,100aBHTb TOT »ce aarerpaa (4.67). OKOH4aTeJIbHO, 6ynYT HMeTb MeCTO ypa[lIIeHIIH

x:= COS2(Of-s) [ f('f) Jr,

1 + ds(d,. cos (Of - s)

Sin2(:r-s)[ f('f) I

Y= l+ds/d,. sln(?-s) .

06parllM BHHMaHHe ua BblpO)l{neHHbltl cnyxan, xor na npHMble xapakrePIICTIlKH npoxonsr sepea onHy T04Ky 0 H, c.renoaare.u.uo, COCTaB.rIHtOT nYlJOK.

3necb yn06[[0 BBonHTb noaspnue KOOpnHl[aTbI r, B c nO,'1~COM B TOn )l{e T04Ke 0, rrOMHH, 4TO

x=rcosB, y=rsinO.

I b YC'IOBHtl x = Y = 0 c.nenyer, 4TO npOH3BOJIbHaH <PYHKUHH ! ('?) = 0, a upenunyume HHTerpaJlLI (4. 67) npHHHMa~T Ban

Z+9=~o' tg(qJ-s)= ~ HJIH 9=0+:;' (4.68)

2. EC.1I1 )l{e Tj nOCTOHHHO, Tor na KaK ~ nepexenno, TO ucnencrsne 4,(6) Be.1H4HHbI S H cp CYTb <PyHKUHH O,UHOtl nepexeuaon ~. AHa.l0rH4HO n penblnYllJeMY, mrrerp aJIbI yp aBHeHHtl npenem.aor o paBHOBeCHH

( 4.69)

IlMetOT npoaaaom.ayio nocro snnyio 1Jo H npoaasonsuyio <PyHKUH~ g (?).

186

'1

ern. IV II rr.10CKOCTH x Y Haxo rt

""HTC5I nYTeM

d y = d x to- ('" _~)

b T e ,

rrPEnEJlbHOE PABHOBECHE

CB5I3HOtt CP Ell. b]

TIepBoe ceMettcTBO

HHTerpHPOBaHHn xapaKTepHCTHK Ha

n .vpaBHeHH5I

a BTOpoe ceMeHCTBO II :;; = const).

OfH6aIOl1J,a51

COCTOHT H3 "

rrp5lMb]X ; = co nst (H.1H

rrp e = Const I

51MhlX xapaKTepHCTHK naeTC5I ypaBHeHHnM

cos2 (. + ) n H

x=~[ g(p) ]'

1+d2/dZ COS(?+E) , y= sin2(i' : 2) [ g(?) ]'

o 1 -I- dE/dZ "~ •

x TMeTHM BbIPO)J(neHHbItl. C.1 4atl. '

" on351T 4epe3 OlUIY T04KY 0 H Y06 ' KOIna rrp5lMbIe xapaKTepHCTH

necs HY)J(HO npn pa3YIOT rrY40K. KH npo.

T04 0 MeH5ITb rr0151pH

xe .}f3 YC.'lOBHfi X _ • bIe KOOPJlHHaTbI r B C

g (9) = 0, a HHTerpa.1bl (4 (9)Y 6 0, 5IClIO, 4TO rrpoH3~0 %Ha rrO!IOCOM B

. ynyT ' 51 't'YHKl.lJI5I

I. --? = '10.

H.111

(4.70)

3. EC.1H, HaKOHel.l ~

nepBoe H BTOpoe ceM~fi~T:a 7jxanOCT05lHHbl, TO e H l' TaK)J(e

nBe CI1CTeMbl paKTepHCTHK O~ rrOCT05lHHbl.

TIo rrapa.1.1e.1bHbIX rrp5lMbIX opa3YIOT na rr.10CKOCTH x

Ka)J(eM Terrepb' Y

KaHOHH4eCKl1e" ,KaK npe06pa30BaTb ypa

3TOro BMeCTO ~ p~BHeHl!51 K HeKOTOpbIM HOBbIM ~HeHI151 xapaKTepHCTHK H

o Pll.HHaT x H Y BBeneM epeMeHHbIM U H V. II.JUI

a TaK)J(e

1

x= ~rxsin( +

cos p r.p e)-ycOS(?+c)],

v=~ ,

~ cos p [Y lOS(r.p - E) - x sin (:;; _. s)],

u v

X = Y =Vasinpcosp.

J.ierKo BHlI.eTb

H 6 ' 4TO X 11 V rro

H Yilb T04KH OTHOCH ~ - rrpe)J(HeMY CYTb

pa 1 Te.1bHO ocen npoXO rr KOOpnHHaTbl xaxoa-

•. 1e.1bHbIX HarrpaB Tie ',u.5Il1J,HX 4epe3 Lla"aJlO 0

TI • HH5IM 1VHHli. C ' -r H rra-

OC.1e YKa3aHHott • , KOJlb)J(eHI151 B Tofi )Ke T04Ke

MaJOT rrpocr~fi Bl1l1. 3aMeHbI ypaBHeHI151 xapa .

KTepHCTHK (4.63) npnnn-

dv-_l!_(

cos P de - dc.p) = 0, du - ___}l__ id« + d

cos c ~) = °

a KaHOHI1 p , ,

4eCKI1e ypaBHeHl151 (4.65) 6YlI.YT

av ti (

u; +2CO;p 1-t~ )=0, au +~( dE)

- " aT) 2 cos p 1 - dZ = 0.

(4.71)

(4.72)

n.10CKOE nPEnEJIbHOE PABHOBECHE CB5I3HOli. CPEnb]

187

§ 21J

06paTHMC5I renep s K 06bI4HOMY c,1Y4aIO, xor na c06cTBeHHbltl. sec HanpaB.1eH napanJIe.'lbHO OCI1 y, T. e. xor n a yrOJI a = 0.

Ypal311eHH5I xapaxrepucrmc (4.59) COXpaH5ITC5I 6C3 113MeIleHHH

dy=dxtg(?=tE), (4.73)

a ypaBllemul (4.60) HeCKonbKO ynpocTHTC5I

ds s: 20 tg P dr.p = T (dy::;::tg P dx).

(4.74)

A1l8.10r114Hb1M 06pa30M KaHOHH4eCKHe ypaBHeHH5I (4.61) oCTaHYTc5I

npe)KHlIMH

ii» ax

;))' = --;l_- tg (0 - E),

u'. uA I

ay ax

- = - ter (C!l + 6)

aU. aiL b, '

, I

(4.75}

a I{a1101l114eCKHe ypaBHeHI151 (4.62) 6ynyr

u~ _ 20 to- ') af = 'f (!2y_ _ to" 0 £x_) ",I

aA b' a'A . ai, b, a), '

~: + 20 tg P ~: = r (~~ + tg P ~:). f

(4.76)

C.:ICnyeT OTMeTHTb, 4TO paccxarpnaaeaae anecs ypaBHeHH5I COBrranaIOT C cooTBeTcTBYIOl1J,HMH ypaBHeHI151MII § 3, onaaxo yr.1bl p H e anecs nepeMeHHbL TI03TOMY see peKyppeHTHble cjJOpMy JIbl COXpaH5IIOT CBOtl. 06bI4Hblfi BHl\. OTCIOna BbITeKaeT. 'lTO MeTonbl peWeHI151 pa3JI1I4HblX aanas TaK)J(e OCTalOTCH npe}!(HI1Mn.

PaCnlOTpl1M cnauana Hecyl1J,YIO cnocoriuocrs HeBeCOMorO OCHOBaHH5I, orp anuvsunor-o OCbIO x, 3ananl1M BnOJlb rrO.TIO}!(HTeJlbHoli. nonyocn x paaHOMCPIlO pacnpenenenaoe HOpMa.1bHOe naaneane p II onpene.ma pasnoMCpIlO pacnpenenenuoe HOpMa.1bHOe lI.aB.1eHHe q BnOJIb OTpl11.1aTeJIbHofi: noayocn x, npn KOTOPOM OCHOBaHHe HaXOnHTC5I B npenensnon panaoneCIlI! 6e3 BblIll1paHH5I HJIlI OCell.aHH5I.

Peuienne 3TOtl. 3ana4H CB5I3aHO C npl1MeHelll1eM HHTerpa.10B (4.68) YpaBlicIlIlli. npenensuoro paBHOBeCI151 nJI5I aupoacaennoro c.'I),4a5l. ,10IlYCTHM, HarrpHMep, 41'0 npene.n.noe ycnoane onpene.neao cjJYllKl.ll1eli.

(1 < n<. 2),

KOTopall na rrJIOCKOCTH nepexeaaux S H T H306pa)J{aeT napaoo.iy, 11.'IH B napa~leTpH'leCKotl cjJopMe - cjJYIIKI.lHHMH

n

S--l--H =k(ctgp\n-l

,0 n}'

TIpI1MeH5I5I COOTHOWeHI1H (1.16), aerpynno npencraanri, 0 H H 'lepe3 ne~eMeHlIhlfi yrOJI p. a I1MeHHO

11

j = __I!r!__ (.£.1[f)' n=T

cos" p ti '

n

H = Ho + k (n _ 1) ( ct~ p )n=t.

'/

188

npEJE~bHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOA CPEnhl

<P\'HKU [r Jr. IV

. HH Z, ratose He06xonHMaH n

6blTb nO.1Y4eHa C T04HOCTblO n, H na.'JbHeAwHX paCCY)!{neHHfi M

no nOCTOHHHoro H HMeeT 'O)J(e'l'

npocron Blfll

2./ _ ctg p

/. - n-l +p.

Ha4HeM C onpenenenas

6 ' • YJep)!{HBalOLUero

y neM na n,lOCKOCTH xy ,il,aB.1eHHH na OCHOBa

6 pa3.1H4aTb TpH 061acTH A 0 A A 0 HHe If

H30 paxcenaue aa pHC. 121. . 0 I' 1 A2 Ii A20A I

B 06.1acTHx A 04 H A OA 3,

o " 1 2 3' COOTBeTCTBeHHO,

\

H

9 == 7':',

a ceTKH ~HHHA CKO~b)!{eHHH

06pa30BaHbi nB"MH

J H30rOHa.lbHbIMH cexertcr.;

II

PHC, 121.

BalrlH napa.i.ie.n.aux npnaux. 11 (1 21

npe.acraa.ieuu TaK: 3 . ) cnenyer, 4TO p H q xoryr 6b1Tb

(4.77)

B 06.1acTH A10A2 HMelOT Mec

ne~bHoro paBHOBecHH "lH TO HHTerpanhl (4.68) vpaBHeHHA npe-

e g. aupoxcneuaor-o C TJY4a Il .

HHHaH Bblpa)!{aeTCH 4epe . . H. pOH3Bo.1bHaH nOCTO-

OKOH4aTe.lbHO 3 3Ha4eHHH p 11 9 B 06.1acTH AoOA1, TaK 4TO

erg P clg

n-1 +p+29= n p{ +Pl+7t, tg(.~-e)=l'_ £J+

T x HJIH r.p = v 5,

a cerxa .1HHHA CKO.1b)!{eHHH COCTOI1

sepea T04KY 0 H H3 n ,.. 6 T 113 nY4Ka npsuux, npoxo.uHLUHX

, "HHHn 0 pa3vIOLUHX

, J C 3THMH npHMbIMI1 yr JIbI 25.

nJIOCKOE nPE.uEJIbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOA CPE,il,hl

189

§ 21)

TaK)!{e 3Ha 4e- 4TO

npl1HI1MaH BO BHI1MaHl1e npe.ubI.uyLUee COOTHoweHHe, a a r- _ 02 11 (j) = To B 06JIaCTH A20A3, HeTpy.uHO BH.ueTb,

Kiln i-I '

ctgP2 + 1- - ~+ n-1 P2- To- n-1 Pl'

(4.78)

TaKHM 06pa30M, saBHCHMOCTb Me)!{.uy HopMa.lbHblM .uaBJIeHHeM P H \.;tepi!.;;lllaIOLUI1M HOpMaJIbHblM .uaBJIeHl1eM q onpe.ueneHa B lJapaMeTpH4eeKO!! cpopMe 4epe3 yr.rJbI PI H P2 npa nOMOLUH (4.77) H (4.78).

06paTHM BHHMaHHe, 4TO B 4aCTHOM cnysae. xorna n = 2, Bblpa)!{e-

H!l5I (4.77) npHHHMalOT 60JIee npocTOA BH.u

+ H = k (1 + sin PI)~ , J_ H = k (1 - sin P2)~ ,

P 0 4 :;in~ PI q, 0 4 sin~ P2

a cOOTHoweHHe (4.78) 6y.ueT

ctg P2 + P2 + rr = ctg PI + Pi-

Depetl.Il.eM renepe K HaXO)!{.ueHHIO pa3pywalOLUero .uaB.leHHH aa OCHOBaIll1C. AHa.l0rH4HO npe.ubl.uYLUeMY 04eBHnHO, 4TO

n

p+Ho=k(ctgnPI)n-11-(n-1)SinPI )

n 1 + sin PI "

q + Ho = k (ctgnP2)n=T 1 + (n - 1) sin P2

1 - sin P2

(4.79)

a TaKlKe, 4TO

(4.80)

I Ir ax, 3aBHCHMOCTb Me)!{.Il.Y HopManbHblM .uaB.leHHeM P H pa3pywalOLUHM Hopilla.lbHblM .uaBJleHHeM q .naHa B napaMeTpH4ecKotl cpopMe 4epes yr .1Jbl PI

H P2 npn nOMOLUH (4.79) H (4.80).

OTMeTHM, 4TO B 4aCTHOM C.ly4ae, xorna n = 2, Bblpa)!{eHHH (4.79)

npHHHMalOT BH.u

+H = k (1- sin Pl)~

p 0 4 sin? PI

+H =k (1+sinp2)~

q 0 4 sin" P2

a COOTHoweHHe (4.80) naer

ctg P2 + P2 - 7t = ctg PI + Pl'

Pe3yJlbTaTbi Bbl4HCJleHHH no ¢opMyJlaM (4.79) H (4.80) - 3aBHcHMOCTH Me)l{.1lY oC3pa3MepHblMH BeJlH4HHaMH P = (p + Ho)/k H q = (q + Ho)/k ,!\Jl5I pa3J1H4HblX I! 1l306pa)l{eHbi na pHC. 122.

Paccaorpnx ,Il,aJIee naBJIeHHe HeBecoMOA 3aCbITIKH, orpaHH4eHHoA no:loIKHTeJIbHOA nOJIyoCblO X, aa BepTHKaJIbHYIO 3a.uHIOIO rpaHb no.unopHoA

• CTeHKH, cOBna.ualOLUYIO C nOJIO)!{HTeJIbHOA no.1YOCblO y. 3a.ua.uHM B.uO,1Jb 1l0.10)!{HTe.lbHOtl nOJIyocH X paBHOMepHO pacnpe,Il,eJIeHHOe HOpMaJIbHOe naa.ieune p H nOJIY4HM HOpMaJIbHOe .uaBJIeHHe q B.uOJIb sanHetl rpana.

190

nPEnEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HO"

Yl CPEnbl

Ha'WeM C onp

aa no eaenenns aKTHBHOrO

nnopnyio CTeHKY H 3aMeTHM nopxa.rsuor-o naBneHHH

, 4TO 3aCWDKH

[r n, IV

P=Po' (()=~

, 2 '

a cerxa JIHHI1t1 CKOnb)KeHHH 06

CTBaMH napaa.reasaux npsaux ~a30(BaHa nHyMH 1130rOHa.lbHbJMI1 ceM Ii

28 . 3 1.21) HCHO, 4TO p +H ea-

, / I I MorYT 6bITb aupancenu 0 H q + Ho

¢ rl-r-t----¥~~~+--l_l_j Me sepea napa,

/ Tp Po C.lenYIOll\HM 06pa30M:

Mr-r-~hf~~~_J'_J~

/ I/P/,

1 ±(n- I) sin Po

1 + sin Po

06paTI1M BHHMaHHe, 4TO B sacr HOM caysae, xor .na n = 2 • TpynHo onpene.nrri, ' He·

P+H}

o = k (I ±sln PO)2

q + Ho 4 sin2 Po '

4a~o~l!Ja~2~---raf:4;-Laf6'=--Lo.J8!I_l __ J10 ~c~aOHCo·le HCK.lI04eHHH napaxerpa Po

, p,. HIITb npocryio

J 3aBHCI1MOCTb

y' p + Ho _ ~ r q + Ho _

Ilepen k V k - 1.

neM 1'errepb K HaXO)l{neHHIO

3aCbJITKH aa nonnopayio CTeHKV A rraCCHBHO~O HopManbHoro .uaB.leHHlf

.' HanorH4HO npenunyiuevy HCHO, 41'0

P+Ho} n

«+tt, =k (ct~PO)\n=:l 1+(n-l) sin Po

1 ± sm Po •

OTMeTIIM, 41'0 B

PI1C. 122,

4aCTIIOM c.~yqae, xor.aa 11 = 2,

nerxo no.'1Y4I1Tb

p+Ho 1

q -+-- H J' = k (I =+ sin PoP

,0 4 sin? Po '

a nocne HCKnlO4eHun

un rrapaMeTpa t. H

, !o HanTH 3aBHCHMOCTb

,. r7J+H; - F p ~_ Ii

Y k -V I °=1

, k .

Pa306paHHbJe anecs npocremuae aanas

PYIOT OCHOBHble oc06eHHOCTH CB H H .uOCTaT04HO HCHO H.1JIIOCTPH-

aa .upyr H3HOYI cpe.ubJ Ilosr .'

HX sanasax HeT HHKaKO'" 6 ' OMy OCTaHaBJIHBaTbClf

YI aeo XO.uI1MOCTH,

nPEnEnbHOE YCnOBHE crrEUHAnbHorO BH.uA

191

Dpe.ub1nYll\He pacCY)I{.ueHHH oc06eHHO npocru. xorna npenenbHoe yC.l0BYle onpenelleHO cpYHKUHeti

S _L- Ho . ~ r-r - r T (1 T) 0./ S H./-.:k

~=arcsmVk-Vk -Ii' ~+o~2'

({OTOpMI aa rr.l0CKOCTH rrepeMeHHbJX S 11 T H306pa)l{aeT .uyry UHKnoHnbl (pIlC. 123), HnH B napaMeTpH4ecKoti cpopMe - CPYHKUI1HMH

5.1- Ho = ~ (7t - 2p - sin 2p), T = ; (1 + cos2p), O.:(.p <.;-.

3TO npe.uenbHoe YCJIOBl1e naeT B03MO)l{HOCTb rro.1Y4HTb .uocTaT04Hoe npn- 611HiKeHI1e .u.rIH orrHCaHI1H MexaHH4ecKHX CBOtlCTB MHorHX CBH3HbiX cpen-

t

II

II

!i

I

II

I

I

I

PI1C. 124.

I I I I I I

! St~

I I I I I

I S+ffo

llif

'2

PI1C, 123,

n pHMeHHH COO1'HoweHHH (1.14), HeTp),nHO Bblpa3HTb S H t 4epe3 nepe1leHHbiti yron r, a IIMeHHO

S = k (; - p) -' Ho' t = k cos P'

Orcio.aa Clle.uyeT, 4TO rrpe.ueJIbHoe ycnoBl1e MOiKeT 6blTb .uaHO CPYHKuHeti

t = k sin (¥-), 0':;; s+Ho':;; 1t~ ,

KOTopaH ua n.loCKOCTII nepeMeHHblX SlIt npeLl.CTaB.~HeT nyr-y CI1HYCOI11Lbl (pHC, 124),

l Icnom.aya COOTHoweHHH (1.16), JIerKO rrpenCTaBI1Tb a H H 4epe3

nepexeunun yrox p, TaK 4TO

a=kctgp, H=Ho+k(ctgp+P- ;).

Teneps Hy)l{HO Bblpa311Tb KOMrroHeHTbl HanpHiKeHI1H a x' ay H 't xy 4epe3 • yr.1bl p H cpo nO.uCTaBJIHH a H H B Bblpa)l{eHI1H (1.21). cpa3y »ce rroilY411M

ax t = k(; _ p±cos p cos 20/) - Ho' --"xy = k cos p sin 2'f. (4.81)

ay f '

192

nPEnEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HOR CPEnhl

[r n, IV

KpoMe TOrO, cnenyeT npe06pa30BaTb npHBeneHHOe BbIWe npenenbHOe YC.TJOBHe, CBH3bIBaIOIUee S H t. OKOH4aTe.lbHO 6yneM HMeTb

1 ( _ )2 + ~ _ k2 • 2 ( :Ox + 'Jy + Ho 'j

"4 'x-"y ":xy- Sill ~ TI'

1 nk

o <2('x+::;y)+Ho< 2'

( 4.82)

<PyHKUHH z, He06xonHMaH n.1H na.lbHeRwl1x paccyxnenna, MO)Ke'l' 6bITb no.tysena nHlUb C T04HOCTbIO no 110CTOHHHoro H HMeeT I1POCTOIt BHD.

2/ = ..". - v

. 2 '

H,lH Z = ".

3aRMeMCH CHa4ana I1pe06pa30BaHHeM ypaBHeHHR I1penenbHoro paBHOBeCHH H 110Ka)j{eM, 4TO 9TH ypaBHeHHH HMeIOT I1pOCT~e HHTerpanhl.

OrpaHH4HMCH, B ueasx I1POCTOTbI, 4aCTHbIM c.1Y4aeM, KOr .aa co6CTBeHHbItt sec OTCyTCTByeT, T. e. xor.aa "[ = O.

YpaBHeHHH xapaKTepHCTHK (4.63) MoryT 6bITb nponurerpapoaanu

y = x tg (9 =;::8) + const, a ypaBHeHHH (4.64) Hal1HwYTcH TaK

8 :L ~ = const,

, ,

(4.83)

(4.84)

OTCIOna BHnHO, 4TO xapaKTepHCTHKaMH aa 11,T!OCKOCTH xy lIBnHIOTClI ana cevencma I1PHMbIX, xoropue HaK.10HeHbl KOCH x 110n yr naMH <p =+ e H COBl1anaIOT C nHHHHMH CKOnb)l{eHHH.

YpaBHeHHH npene.n.noro paBHOBeCH5I HMeIOT, TaKHM 06pa30M, I1pOCTble aarerp a.1bl

x sin 7) + Y cos 7) = f (71), x sin ~ - y cos ~ = g (~)

(4.85)

C nByM5I I1pOH3BOnbHblMH <PYHKUHHMH f (71) H g (~), TaK KaK BenH4HHbi ~ H 7) reneps 6ynyr

( 4.86)

Herpynuo TaK)I{e BbIBeCTH 06b1'lHble nacruue peurenns, cOOTBeTCTByJOutne 110CT05lHHblM ~ H 7).

1. Ecnn ~ 110CTOHHHO, Tor na KaK 71 nepexenuo, TO mrrerpanu ypaBHelmR npene.tsuot-o paBHOBeCH51

~ = ~o, x sin 7) + Y cos 7) = f (7)

(4.87)

conep xar O)1,H), npOH3Bo.1bHYIO rrOCTOHHHYIO ~o H onuy rrpOH3BonbHYiO <PYHKUHIO f (7).

DepBoe ceMeRcTBO xapaKTepHCTI1K Ha I1nOCKOCTI1 xy COCTOHT 113 Henapaanensnux np saux 7) = const, a sropoe ceMeRcTBO - H3 rrapanJJenh-

HblX np axux

y = x tg E + const.

111'E,l,EJlbHOE YCnOBHE cnEllHAJlhHoro BanA

193

0:)J :i' .,~

, Bbl Q)KneHflbltt c.TJY4att, xor.na npH~lble xapaKTepHcTHKH

P;ICCMOTPIDI, p 0 HBeneM 110~HpHhle KoopnHllaTbI r, B.

epc~ onay T04KY , 11 j , (4 87)

npO\O,UlT 4 " 'aH rtwIlKUlIH f (7)) = 0, a nnrerpaa .

" '!O 'lTO npOH3BO.lbH 't' J -,

O'W',iUI ,

np!l!i ,';lacT BHn Y B

~= ~o' tg 7) = - -'x }l,lH or; = - .

( 4.88)

ax ~ nepeMeHIlO, TO HflTerpaJIbl -_:. FeU! )Ke Yi nOCTOHHIlO, Tor.'la ~,'

, 'I" YpaBlIelHltt npene.lbHoro paBIIOBecLH

Tc' j 'C .' t (~)

7) = -'10' x sin ~ - y c.is ~ = g

,. "fl H II pOH3HO.1bIlYIO <PYHKUHIO g (~).

'''I 1!')OH3BonbHYI0 nOCT051HlI) ,0 ·,0 6 a30B3HO

I1olc:l'i ,t H 0 xapaK'repllCTHK na n,TJOCKOCTH xy 0 P c

f1cpllOe cexencre

na pa ,'i.'I(' 'lbHblMH I1pHMbIMH ~Z"~{l],_~~~_I7 __ ~f-0 -:rjJ

\' ,_. - X to'"f:, -~ const,

..' _- b I

(4.89)

a liTOpoe ceMettcTBO - nenap a.r-

-ll,.,I,IIJ;]\IH np51MblMH ~ = const.

, 1';nocpeM BblpQ)KneHHLltt CI1Y'lan. xor.ia npHMLle xapaKTepHcTHKH II p0:\.O:l5IT sepea o/tlly T04KY 0, H ~,il',1 I'b-T3EU npH~leHHM nOJIHpHLle l\OOP:lHHaTbl r, B. 51cHo, 4TO nponanO,lldl3H <pyllKUllH g (;) = 0, a IIHTCr pa.iu (4.89) 6ynYT

'r, "'iv' tg ~ = ~ HnH ~ = B.

(4.90)

no-

:'l, SUFI, naxoneu,

PIIC. 125,

CTlhlilllbl, TO 2 H Y TaK)J{e no-

U(1111IHH. Il epaoe H nropoe ce- IX

6 lL10CKOCTH xy .aaa H30rOllam,Hb

,jl'iL:TB3 xapaETepHcTHK 0 pa3yIOT na

... ncrsa 11apa'I-lclbHL>lX npHMbiX.

u' vrt' L "" ." tt 06lU!1X HIlTerpa.noB

,. 06pa'T'IDl DHHMaHlIe aa HblpO)EneHHbltt cnyna P 11 Q

. c ,. ' . oxonHT 4epe3 nBe T04KlI

( \ ',,-)), KOl";1.a llp5Dlbie xapaKTepllcTHKH np

('»'1, \: C aocUHccaMH =+= a. 6 Jf r e

. ileu, "n06HO npHMeH51Tb no.1HpHhle KoopnHHaTbl r l' 1 2' 2

. P H Q lIMeH B BHny, 4TO

L ::0 'I!Oca.\I:1 B rex )J(e T04Kax ,

O ,,=rjsin81 H x=a+r2,·:osB2, y=r2sin82'

_- a+rlcOS"l> ..>

f (.) H g (~) 6e3 BCHKOrO rpyna onpe.ae-

DpOI!3BO,lhHble <PYHKUHH'I, _ .~' 0 OKOH4aTe;lbHO,

tt - - a v = 0 H X - a, )' - . -

.111!PTClI H3 YCl10BH X - , - [HC 125 HHTerpanbI (4.80)

:,.,]11 CCTJ(I! xapaKTepl1CTHK, m06pa)j{eHHott lap. ,

U\1(~IOT BHn

• y

tg~ ,= x=a'

y tg-'1=- x+a

13 3aK. 1288. B, B, COKOJlOBCKIIIi

194

npE.ll.E.~bI!OE PABHOBECHE CB5I3HOli. CPE.ll.bI

[rJI. IV

a .ll.,151 ceTKH xapaKTepl1CTI1K, nosaaauuon

rpaau (4.85) 6Y.ll.YT na pHC. 126, re )J(e HHTe.

tg ~ = _y_ to" '1l - Y

x+a' b "---x=a

Eo acex paccY)J(.ll.eHI1HX, Hap5l.ll.Y C 30BaTbC5I HOBbIMI1 nopeMellHbIMI1 u , V,

rl.~H t - 8 8

~- l' '1/=7':- 2.(4.92)

KOOp.ll.HHaTaMI1 x, y, Y.ll.06HO rrOJIb. KOTOpbIe onpe.ll.e.1l1IOTC5I TaK

-:r~Q~~::::::- __ f!:_ -=-.J!:.fJ II = x sin ~ - y cos ~,

v= y cos '1/ +x sin » 11.111 06paTHO

x = u cos "'/ + v cos; sin (; +"'/)

y = v sin ~ - U sin "l sin (; +-r,)

TIoCJIe YKa3aHHOli. 3aMeHbI 06. unre HHTerpa.'IbI (4.85), a TaK)J(e HtfTerpaJIbI (4.87) H (4.89) npHHH-

o MaIOT euie 60nee npocron BH.ll.

CI1H c~;a:oBHMcH ua nnyx I1HTepeCHbIx aaaauax 0 npene.n.noa paBH~Be. 3 Oli. cp enu, peWeHH5I KOTOPbIX HMeIOT npocTyIO 3aMKHyryIO CPOPMY.

p PaCCMOTpl1M cnauana npenens-

:c {l Hoe paBHOBeOle nOJIOCbI npn cxa-

--!~~~.L...l...L.J:...J...fL...LJ~Ll..Ll+jJ::_' TI1H ee HOpMa,lbHbIMH .ll.aB.~eHH5IMH p, paBHOMepHO pacnpe.ll.e,'!eHHbIMH na npOTI1BOnOJ10}KHbIX Y4aCTKax, npenno.raras, 4TO .ll..'lI1HbI 3Tl1X Y4aCTKOB p aanu 2a, a WHpHHa nOnOCbI 2b. BCJIe.ll.cTBHe CHMMeTpHU aanasn 6y.n,e.\! uccne.aOBaTb .TJUWb BepXHIOIO nO.l0BHHY rrO.'IOCbI, KOTOpa51 H noxaaana na puc. 127.

B 06.'IaCTH OPAl1 ua nJIOC;KOCTU xy, KaK BCer.ll.a,

PIlC. 126,

b

I

'A

---------- -~---------

ty

PIlC. 127.

B 06nacTu A DA

n \1'- 12

ypaBHeHHli. npenenbHoro

a ccrxa nHHHli. CKOJIb)J(eHHH oopa- 30BaHa .IJ:ByM5I H30rOHa.lbHbIMH ceo Meli.cTBaMu napa.'lJle.'!bHbIX npsxux, 113 ('1. 81) Co1e.ayeT, 4TO

p + Ho = k (221 + sin 281), (4.93) Moryr 6bITb acno.n.aonanu uurerpanu (4.88) paBHOBeCU5I .ll.JI5I BblpO)J(.ll.eHHOro CJIY4a5l. Ilpo~o aupascaercn sepea 3Ha4eHU5I 8 U 9 B

H3BOJIbHa51

nOCTOHHHa51

§ 221

nPEnEJIbHOE YCJIOBHE cnEUHAJIbHOrO BH.ll.A

195

06,1aCTI1 OPA1l' 4TO naer

~ = 8 + <p = 81 +.; , '1/ = 8 - <p = - 81,

TaKl1M 06pa30M,

28=81+~-81' 29=c1+;+81,

a ceTKa .'!HHHli. CKO.'Ib)!{eHH5I COCTOUT U3 cexeacrna npsxux, napanaem.HbIX All A12, H H3 ny-nca npsaux, npOX01l.51W.HX 4epe3 T04KY P.

13 06.1acTH AllA12A22 cnenyer npHMeHHTb unrerpanu (4.91) ypasHeIHIli. npeneasnoro paBHOBeCH5I raioxe .ll..TJ5I BbIpO)!{.ll.eHHOrO cJ1Y4aH

~=E+,?=G2' 'Y)=s-9=-G1.

a cerxa .rIHHHfi CKOJIb)!{eHH5I COCTOHT H3 nysnca npaxux, rrpOXO.ll.HW.HX 4epe3 T04KY P, H nysxa npsxux, rrpOXO.ll.HW.UX sepea T04Ky Q. 3aMeTHM, 4TO B T04Ke All yron 10 = 101 -<.7':(4, a CJIenOBaTeJIbHO, 4TO a-<. b.

Ha Y4acTKe AllA22 OCH Y KOMnOHeHTbI Hanp5l)!{eHH5I (4.81) xoryr 6blTb npencraaneau KaK CPYHKUHH OT y. TIpHHHMa51 BO BHHMaHHe, 4TO 81 -:- 82 = 7': H 0603Ha4a51 81 = G, rro.rIy4HM

Ox} = k Cr: - 28 =+= sin 28) - u; 0y

fOpH30HTaJIbHaH KOMrrOHeHTa pasuoneacmyiomea scex yCH.'IHfi, .ll.efiCTBYIOW.HX rro paspeay PAllA22, nOJI)!{Ha 6bITb pasna HY JIIO. OTCIO.ll.a c,'!enyeT paBeHCTBO

y = a tg 8.

b /oxdy=o, o

KOTopoe rrOCJIe BbI4HCo'leHH5I mrrerpana YCTaIlaB,'!HBaeT, 4TO

2k (82 - cos- c\ tg 102) = HQ, b = a ctg 82,

(4.94)

TaKI1M 06pa30M, HCKOMa51 3aBHCHMOCTb Me)!{ny HopMa.1bHbIM naaneHIlL'),! P II OTHOweHHeM bla supaacena B napaaerpnxecxoa rpopae sepea }TJIhl 2\ H 82 npn nOMOll\U (4.93) H (4.94).

PaCCMOTpl1M reneps npeneasaoe paaaoaecne npsxoyronsnasa npn C)J(aTllll ero Me)!{1l.Y .ll.BYMH urepoxoaarunn nJIHTaMH, C4HTaH 4TO .ll.JIHHa 3TOI'O rrpHMoyro.'1bHuKa panna 2a, a WHpHHa panna 2b.

BCJIe.ll.CTBHe CHMMeTpIlH 3ana4H 6Y1l.eM I1CC.'Ie.ll.OBaTb JIHWb BepXHIOIO ~O.'IOBHHy np5lMoyrO.'IbHI1Ka, KOTOpa51 rrOKa3aHa Ha pHC. 128.

B 06.TJacnl OPAll aa n.TJOCKOCTI1 xy, KaK 06bI4HO,

8=8\. 9=0,

I

il

I

13*

196

nPEnEnbHOE PABHOBECHE CBH3HO~ CPEnbI

[rJI. IV

a cerxa m1HHfi CKOnb)!{eHHH 06paSOBaHa nByMH H30rOlla.'lbHblMH ceMeD_ CTBaMH napannem-aux rrpHMhiX. 113 (4.81) auresaer, 4TO

( 4.95)

B 06.~acTH Al1P A21 MorYT 6blTb npuueueau mrrcrpa.ru (4.90) ypaBHeHI1fi npenensnoro paauoaecns nJIH BblpO)!{neHl10ro c.tysaa. TIPOHsBonbHall

a:

Pl!C. 128.

rrOCTOHHHaH "1)0 astpaxcaercs sepea SHa4CHJ1H E 11 9 B 06,']aCTH OPAw TaK 4TO

Cnenoaarensuo,

a cerxa .~J1HJ1fi CKOnb)!{ellJ1H COCTOI1T 113 ny-nca npnxux, npoxonsumx lJepe3 T04KY P, J1 113 ceaencrsa npsxux, napan nem.nux A11 A21.

B 06,'!aCTH Al1 A21 A22 nOJ1)KHbl 6blTb acno.n.aoaauu mrrerpanu (4.92) rex iKe ypaBHeHHfi npenensuorc paBHOBeCH51 nnH aupozcneuuor-o cnysaa

l1TaK,

~=Z+?=Bl' 1/=8-CP=7:-02• 28=01-°2+7:, 2cp=01+02-7:,

a cerxa nl1Hl1fi CKO.~b)f(CHHH 06pa30BaHa nY4KaMJ1 npaxux, npoxonsuiax sepea T04KH P 11 Q.

3aMeTI1M, 4TO B TOLJKe A22 ;;1'0.1 8 = 82 <;;: 7:/4, a CJIenOBaTeJIbHO.

LJTO b<;;: a.

Ha Y4acTKe Al1Az2 OCJ1 Y KOMrrOHeHTbl Harrp}l)f(eHJ1H (4.81) MoryT 6bITb rrpencTaBneHbl KaK CPYHKI]I111 OT y. l1McH B BHny, LJTO 01 + O2 = 'It J1 0603HaLJaH Bl = B, Hafi,Il,eM

:; } = k (20 ± sin 2B) - Ho. Y = a tg B.

1

nPE,Il,E.1bHOE YCnOBI1E CrrEI]I1~JIbHorO BH,Il,A

197

§ :2:2J

, OIITa%HMI KOMrrOHeHTa paBHOil,eficTB.YlOmefi scex ),clI,'Il1fi, np n-

10PIls, PA 4 ,Il,O;])!{Ha 6b'Tb panna rro.l0BI1He CH.1bl.

IX no p aspeay W 02" '

,10)hCi,:I,II: 'et\ n.111Tbl. 3TY CIl.~~: Y,l06110 aupaanrs sepea cpenaee 3Ha-

cihID1"IUUJ, n. ,Il,aB nenus aa KOHTaKTHo~ rrpHMOfi.

, I10pManbHoli. KO~ITIOHeIlTbl •

qeHlIC

1'1 C"crveT paBCHCTBO

OTCK" .' "'0

b

J ~xdy = nb,

o

nOC.1e BbI'mc.'leHH51 mrrerp ana naer KOTCI10L

n. +Ho = 2k (:::2 + sin2 81 ctg 82), b = a tg 82,

, I, 0 3aBHCHMOCTb Me)!{,Il,V Cpe.'lHHM 3HaLJeHHeM Hop:Vla;lbHofi l,J Jh, • a eTpI1LJeCKOli. .r-r-r I' II OTllometme!>! bla onpencneua B rrap M

Heh, rn 0 95) (4 96)

'\ \'1' 'Ill 2 11 8,) npJ1 noxoum (4. 11 0 •

LJCll" 0 ., 1 - ,- 0 a ,Il,aB1cmle

, ",' "aCTHorO CJIYLJaH Ho = 0 ),10,1 81 -, •

,1.. •• 51 -r ..

b n = 2k arc tg a'

'la:lbHeli.mee paaanrue 3TI1X peay JlbTaTOB B rrpHMeHeH1111 : 1 ~~p:::~

:Il:IIIUO uecyuiea crrOC06HOCTI1 l]enJ1KOB 3a,Il,aHHb1X pa3MepOB b.

K. I). PynrreHe~TOM [34].

( 4.96)

KOMrrocpOpMe

fJIABA V

nPE)J.EJIhHOE PABHOBECUE BECOMOrO KJIUHA

§ 23. YpaBHeHHH nJIOCKOro npeAeJIhHOrO

" paBHOBeCHH

BeCOMoro KJIHHa

Oc06eHHOCTH nne

"" a.1JbHO-CbIIlY1.Jefi cp ens

MHorHX 3a)la1.J 0 npene ~bHOM paauo I n03BOn>1I0T nOJlY1.JHTb peWeHH5I

nYTeM 1.JeM "lTO MO)l{H~ C BeCHH BeCOMoro K,'1HHa 60nee rrpOCTblM Bcex ~THX 3a)la1.J KaK 6 n:.~aTb aa OCHOBaHHH 06ll1,efi reopan. PeweHHe cpOpMe HnH npH'BonHT ~)l T nOKa3aHO )la/lee, nOCTHraeTC5I B 3aMKHYTott nHcpcpep eHll.Ha.1bHbIX yp aBHe::~~rp HpoBaHHIO 06blKHoBeHHblx He.'IHHetlHblx

3afiMeMC5I CHa1.Jana nO)lp06Hb1M HCCne)lOBaHH

BaIOllI,HX nnOCKOe npe)le.1bHOe aBH eM ypaBHeHHfi, onncun0.151pHYIO CHCTeMY KOOp)lHHaT p 8 OB~cHe, npHMeH5I5I rrpellMYllI,eCTBeHHO cnysaeu, KOr)la C06CTBeHHblfi B/C' H . rpaHH1.JHMC5I )lJI5I onpe)leJleHHocTH

n rt-. anpaanen napa.1ne.1bHO OCH

.u.H't'cpepeHll.Ha,TJbHble yp aBHeHH5I paBHOBeCH5I y.

ocr, + 1 ihr8 crr-cr8 a 1 _,

Or r ---aD + -r-- = pin B, ~ + ucrrj 2, rfJ

or rao+-r-=Icos6 (5.01)

H npe)le.1bHOe ycnoBHe

__!_ (a " )2 + 0 sin? p

4 r - "6 ";6 = -4- (ar+a6?

COCTaB.151IOT CHcTeMY

rpex ypaBHeHHfi, cO)lep)l{aIl("IO

Hanp5l)l{eHH5I a ar H " J

T' j r~·

HanOMHHM, 'ITO KOMnOHeHTbl Hanp51)l{eHH5I

BaHHH (1.21) npa H = 0 Bblpa)l{aIOTC5I sepea a

(5.02)

TpH KOMnOHeHTbl

ax}

= a (1 ± sin 0 cos 20)

a 'I ,

Y

ax' ay H "xy ua OCHOH cp c.TJenyIOlll.l!M 06pa30M

"xy = :; sino sin 2cp,

(5.03)

a KOMnOHeHTbl Hanp5l)J(eHH5I 'J ~ H ~

H - 0 " urJ ',6 BCJ1C]l,CTBHe (1.22)

- npe)lCTaBJnlIOTC5I npu rrOMOlll,H a H 0/ TaK: \ rarose npn

a, )

='J(1 ± sin o cos 2''')

°0 I j ,

-;r'J = :J sin p sin 20/.

(5.04)

II § :2 3] YPABlIEHH5I n,10CKorO rrPEnEJIbIlOrO PABHOBECH5I BECOMOro KJIHHA 199

3)leCb HY)l{HO HMeTb B BH)ly, 'ITO? ecrs yro.t Me)l{}l,y uanp aane!Il!eM am ax H OCbIO x ; a t -= 9 - B - yro.r Me)l{ny TeM xce uanp aane[!lIe:-1 'Jmax H npauoa OP, KaK "lTO nOKa3aHO na pHC. 11 H 12 .

• \\HorHe aanasn 0 paBHOBecHH aeconoro K.1HHa H3 H)leanbHo-cbIIlY'Iefi CpC,.'I,bI MoryT 6bITb p accaorpeuu B npennonoaceuna, -rro see KOM110HeHTbl 'l;lIIp5l)l{eHH5I :Jr, ar) H ",) np0110pll.110Ha.1bHbI r HJIH 'ITO a np onopunoil3:IbHO 1', a cP H t 3aBHC5lT TO.lbKO OT 6.

TaKIIM 06p a30M, 6yneM C1.JIITaTb, 'ITO 9 = cp (B), t = t (6) II asenex ilOllYIO CPYHKll.HIO !. = Z (6) l1pYl rrOMOllU1 paaeucraa

Ii

r

I I

a = II'/. (0).

BHOC5I B nl1cprpepeHll.l1aJlbHble ypaBlIeHI151 paBHOBeCH5I (5.01) Bblpa)l{e'I!I5l (5.04), TO}lCJ.eeTBeHHO ynoB,1eTBOP5lIOllI,l1e YC.l0BHI0 (5.02), rrOCJIe npeoopaaosanaa YCTaHOBHM OCHOBHYIO cHcTeMY yp aanenatt

sinp sin 2t ~'a +2zsinpcos20/(~'~ + 1)+Z(1+sinpcos2t)=sinB,

( 1 - sin p cos 2t) ~~. + 2Z sin p sin 2t ( ~} + 1) + z sin p sin 2t = cos B.

6b1Tb P aspeureua OTHOCIiTe.1bHO npOH3BO)lHbIX

d1 cos (2y + G) + 'f, sin 2'~

dfJ cos 2y - sin p

TaK, liTO

(5.05)

a BMeCTe C TeM

d'~ sin 0 - sin p sin (2'~ + 0) -I. cos? P

dt+1= 21.sinp (cos2'.(-sin p)

(5.06)

J1erKO BH)leTb, 1.JTO B npaaux lIaCT5lX 3HaMeHaTeJIH npu ~ = ± E oripauiaiorcs B Hy,TJb; npn "lTOM 1.JHCJIHTe,lH TaK)I{e 06palll,aIOTC5I B Hy.lb lIJIH OT.11111Hbl OT llyn5l. 3TH cBOtlCTBa npuseneunon Cl1CTeMbl nHcpcpepeHll.l1anbHblx ypasuennr; (5.05) H (5.06) 6bl.1H HCCJle.uOBaHbI T, KapxaHOM [68]. a B110c.1e.uCTBI1I1 eute 60,TJee neTa.1bHO H3YlleHbl )K. 3pTO [Gi].

Bo.rsurott nnrepec, KaK H3BeCTHO H3 np enunyuiero, npencraanmor .TJHHHI1 CKOnb)l{elIl151, COCTaB,151IOllI,HC naa ceaencraa H nepecexaiouiaecs :'Ie)l{ny c060fi no.a o.uHHaKOBbIMH yr.taxn

2E~'; -po

3TH .1HHI1I1 CKO.1L}KeHH5l HaK.10HeHbl K oca x rio.; yr .1a~H 9 ::;:: 8, a K rrp5lMoti OP- non \'LlaMH W:=L 10.

TaKI1M 06pa30M, )lH¢cpepeHJHa'JIbHble yp asueuna JlI1HHti CKO,1[')I{eHH5I npHHHMaIOT BHn

;I ,1 n

dO

I' - = to' (u = E)

dr ::'"

.

H OKOH1.JaTenbHO .uaIOT

dr

LiU =rctg(t =+ E).

(5.07)