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Ajmal_ismail nov '21

1. What is Measurement?

This is a function that compares the unknown quantity to the standard, resulting
in the knowledge of the unknown quantity’s quantity based on the standard used
for comparison.

2. What is a Thermocouple?

It is a junction of two materials used to convert heat into electrical energy. When
a pair of wires made up of two completely different metals are joined together and
kept both the joints in two different temperatures, as a result, a voltage difference
is produced proportional to the heat.

3. Types of Thermocouples

Type B

Type C

Type D

Type E

Type G

Type J

Type K

Type N

Type R

Type S

Type T

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4. Working Principle of Thermocouple?

The principle of thermocouple depends on the three effects;

See beck, Peltier, and Thompson.

See beck-effect

This type of reaction occurs when two metals with different properties are mixed.
When heat is applied to any of the metal wires, electrons flow from the hot metal
wire to the cold metal wire. As a result, direct current energizes the circuit.

Peltier-effect

Peltier’s effect is the total opposite of See beck’s. This effect states that by
applying a potential difference between two dissimilar conductors, a temperature
difference can be formed.

Thompson-effect

The voltage induces the total conductor’s length due to the temperature gradient
as two disparate metals fix together and form two joints, according to this effect.
This is a physical term that describes the rate and direction of temperature
change at a specific location.

5. Advantages of thermocouple

• High-temperature range (-180 to 2320 °C)

• Inexpensive

• Large variety

• Large temperature range

• Rugged

• Self-powered

6. Disadvantages of thermocouple

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• Non-linear

• Low voltage

• Require reference

• Less stable

7. What is RTD?

RTD stands for Resistance Temperature Detector. RTDs are sensors used to
measure temperature

8. Types of RTD?

• Wire-Wound RTD

• Thin Film RTD

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9. Working principle of RTD?

The relationship between the resistance and temperature of the metal is the
working principle of RTD, which means that the resistance of a metal varies with
temperature. The amount of change in the material’s resistance value caused by
a per degree increase in temperature is measured, and the sensor is calibrated
accordingly.

10. Difference between 2 wire, 3 wire, and 4 wire transmitters.

A 2-wire transmitter transmits both power and signal over a single cable. Power
and data signal is always directly proportional to the common ground in a 3-wire
transmitter but in a 4-wire transmitter, there is a dedicated 2- wire each for both
the power supply and data signals

11. Difference between Thermocouple & RTD?

12. Advantages of RTD

• More accurate

• Linear output

• High sensitivity

13. Disadvantages of RTD

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17. What is a Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistor?

In an NTC thermistor, the resistance is indirectly proportional to the temperature

that means the value of resistance decreases when the value of temperature
increases and its conductivity increases. When temperature increases the
electrons are formed and increase the conductivity of an object.

NTCs are used in temperature measuring devices.

18. Advantages of thermistor

• High sensitivity to the temperature

• Low cost

• Small in size

• Easy to dismantle

19. Disadvantages of thermistor

• Limited range in measurement

• Non-linear characteristics for NTC

20. What is Process control?

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