10/26/2022

THE PERIODIC TABLE

BY
Ghazanfar Sultan
• O/Level Chemistry
Teacher at The City
School, Karachi.

• Visiting Faculty, Institute

of Environmental
Studies, University of
Karachi.

• Researcher at H.E.J.
Research Institute of
Chemistry, University of
Karachi

• Member of Chemical
Society of Pakistan

2-1 O/LEVEL CHEMISTRY

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8.1 PERIODIC TRENDS

OBJECTIVES
a) describe the Periodic Table as an arrangement of the elements in
the order of increasing proton (atomic) number.
b) describe how the position of an element in the Periodic Table is
related to proton number and electronic configuration.
c) describe the relationship between group number and the ionic
charge of an element.
d) explain the similarities between the elements in the same group of
the Periodic Table in terms of their electronic configuration.
e) describe the change from metallic to non-metallic character from
left to right across a period of the Periodic Table.
f) describe the relationship between group number, number of
valence electrons and metallic/non-metallic character.
g) predict the properties of elements in Group I, VII and the transition
elements using the Periodic Table
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8.1 PERIODIC TRENDS

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8.1 PERIODIC TRENDS

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8.1 PERIODIC TRENDS

SOME FACTS ABOUT PERIODIC TABLE
The Periodic Table is a way of classifying the elements.
It shows them in order of their proton number.
Lithium has 3 protons, beryllium has 4, boron has 5, and so on.
(The proton number is the lower number beside each symbol.)
When arranged by proton number, the elements show periodicity:
elements with similar properties appear at regular intervals.
The similar elements are arranged in columns.
Look at the columns numbered 0 to VII. The elements in these
form families called groups. Look where Group 0 is.
The rows are called periods. They are numbered 0 to 7.
The heavy zig-zag line above separates metals from non-metals,
with the non-metals to the right (except for hydrogen).

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POSITION OF ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

HOW TO FIND PERIOD NUMBER

The period number tell you the number of electron shells in the
atoms.
So in the elements of Period 2, the atoms have two electron
shells.
In Period 3 they have three, and so on.

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POSITION OF ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

HOW TO FIND GROUP NUMBER

The group number is the same as the number of outer-shell electrons
in the atoms, except for Group 0. In Group I the atoms have one
outer-shell electron, in Group II they have two, and so on.
The outer-shell electrons are also called valency electrons. And they
are very important: they dictate how an element behaves.
So all the elements in a group have similar reactions, because they
have the same number of valency electrons.
The atoms of the Group 0 elements have a very stable arrangement
of electrons in their outer shells. This makes them unreactive.

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8.1 PERIODIC TRENDS

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8.1 PERIODIC TRENDS

As you saw, the elements in a group behave in a similar way. But

they also show trends. For example;
Group I elements become more reactive if you go down the group.
Group VII elements become less reactive if you go down the group.
Across a period there is another trend: a change from metal to non-
metal.
For example in Period 3, only sodium, magnesium, and aluminium
are metals. The rest are non-metals.
So if you know where an element is, in the Periodic Table, you can
use the patterns and trends to predict how it will behave.

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8.1 PERIODIC TRENDS

Some properties of elements of group I
Element Melting point/°C Density (g/cm3) Atomic Radius (Å)
Lithium 181 0.53 1.52
Sodium 98 0.97 1.86
Potassium 63 0.86 2.27
Rubidium 39 1.53 2.47
Caesium 28 1.88 2.65

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PROPERTIES OF ALKALI METALS/GROUP I

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PROPERTIES OF ALKALI METALS/GROUP I

• Alkali metals are the largest elements in their

respective periods and their valence electron
configuration is n1.
– The valence e- is relatively far from the nucleus, resulting in
weak metallic bonding.
• Alkali metals are unusually soft compared to other
metals. They can be cut easily with a knife.
• Alkali metals have lower melting and boiling points
than any other group of metals.
• Alkali metals have lower densities than most metals.
• Their densities increases down the group.

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PROPERTIES OF ALKALI METALS/GROUP I

Lithium floating in oil floating Potassium reacting with water.

on water. Alkali metals have Alkali metals are very reactive.
low densities. 2K(s) + H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

Wednesday, 26 October 13 Fundamentals of Chemistry

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Group VII:The Halogens Family Portrait

KEY ATOMIC PROPERTIES, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND REACTIONS

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Group VII: The Halogens

1. Any substance above its

melting point and below its
boiling point is found in
liquid state.
2. Above their boiling points
all the substances are found
in gaseous state.
3. Below their melting points,
all the substances are found
in solid state.

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Group I: Alkali Metal Group VII: The Halogens

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Group I: Alkali Metals Group VII:The Halogens

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