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SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Instructional Module Organic Chemistry

Preliminaries
I. Module Number 4
II. Module Title Order Among Elements
III. Brief Introduction Although all elements differ from one another, some show similarities that
allow scientists to categorize them. Around 1870, Russian chemist Dmitry
Mendeleyev used these similarities to construct the original periodic table. Since
that time, newly discovered elements have been added and the table’s layout has
changed; however, the modern periodic table conveys essentially the same
information as the one that Mendeleyev created. In the modern table, elements with
similar properties fall into columns called groups or families. Group 1 of the periodic
table, for example, contains a number of soft metals, all of which react vigorously
with water to form hydrogen gas.
IV. Module Outcomes In this module, you will be acquainted to early attempts in classifying the elements,
reading periodic table, different groups, blocks and trends in the periodic table.

Lesson Number 1
Lesson Title • Early Attempts in Classifying the Elements
• Reading the Periodic Table
• Grouping the Elements: Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals
• The s, p, d, f- block Elements
• Trends in the Periodic Table
Brief Introduction of Periodic Table, table of the chemical elements arranged to illustrate patterns
the Lesson of recurring chemical and physical properties. Elements, such as oxygen, iron, and
gold, are the most basic chemical substances and cannot be broken down by
chemical reactions. All other substances are formed from combinations of
elements. The periodic table provides a means of arranging all the known elements
and even those yet to be discovered.
Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Describe the early attempts to classify elements.
2. Demonstrate understanding of the properties of elements based on periodic
atomic properties.
3. Manifest appreciation of the importance of knowing the properties of
elements and how they are used in the human body and technology.

Lesson Proper
I. Getting Started
Give the symbol of the following elements.
1. Copper
2. Tin
3. Mercury
4. Iron
5. Potassium

II. Introduction/Discussion of Content (Including processing of content & suggested activities)

Early Attempts in Classifying the Elements

Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner
• Dobereiner’s triads
• noticed that certain groups of elements having similar properties seemed to come in groups of three,
such that the atomic mass of the middle element was approximately equal to the average mass of the
heaviest and lightest element.
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Dobereiner’s Triads

Triads Atomic Mass Atomic Number

Lithium 6.9 3
Sodium 23.0 11
Potassium 39.1 19
Ave. of lithium and potassium 23.0 11
Calcium 6.9 20
Strontium 23.0 38
Barium 39.1 56
Ave. of calcium and barium 23.0 38

John Alexander Reina Newlands

• Law of Octaves
• Elements were arranged according to their increasing atomic weights, every eight element had
properties similar to each other.

Dmitri Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer

• Elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, recurring pattern appeared in their
properties.
• Regular trends led Mendeleev to organize the elements into a table in the order of their atomic
masses.

Henry G. J. Moseley
• Atomic number rather than atomic mass was used to arrange the elements.

Periodic Law
• States that when elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic number, their physical and
chemical properties show a periodic pattern

Reading the Periodic Table

The modern periodic table is divided into 118 squares; each representing a unique element.

Periods- the rows in the periodic table

-periodic table has 7 periods
Period Number Number of Elements
1 2
2 and 3 8
4 and 5 18
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6 and 7 32
To keep the periodic table from being too wide, fourteen of the elements of the sixth period are placed
under the main part of the periodic table, together with the fourteen corresponding elements from the seven th
period.

Groups or Families
• the columns, which consist of elements having similar chemical properties
• periodic table has 18 groups or families

Three Ways to Label the Groups

1. The Groups are labeled with the Roman numerals together with letters A and B. In US, the longer
columns on the left side and right side are labeled IA through VIIIA, and the shorter columns in the
middle are labeled IB through VIIIB.
2. Some chemists switched from Roman to Arabic numerals. For example Group IIIA is labeled 3A. In
Europe, the groups on the left side are labeled IA through VIIIA, and those on the right side are labeled
IB through VIIIB.
3. In 1895, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) proposed new labeling system
to resolve the controversy between the American and European systems. They proposed that the
groups be designated by the numerals 1 through 18.

Names of Different Groups

Group IA or 1- Alkali metals
Group 2A- alkaline earth metals
Group 7A- are called halogens
Group 8A- noble gases
Group 3A- boron family
Group 4A- carbon family
Group 5A- nitrogen family
Group 6A- oxygen or chalcogens

Grouping the Elements: Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals

1. Metals- most of the elements on the left side of the periodic table, with the exception of hydrogen
2. Nonmetals those few elements on the far-right side
3. Metalloids or semimetals between the metals and the nonmetals

Metals
• generally hard, lustrous, malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets, ductile (can be drawn into thin
wire, and readily conduct electricity and heat.
• most metals are combined within ores that must be processed to extract their different parts
• pure metals are separated from ores with heat and done in high- temperature blast furnace. By adding
reactants like limestone and coke (a carbon residue) to break hydrogen bonding and release the bonded
metals.
Nonmetals
• generally gases or solids, not lustrous, not malleable, not ductile, and usually poor conductors of
heat and electricity
Semimetals or metalloids
• some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals. For example, silicon, which is brittle solid
typical of nonmetals, conducts limited amount of electricity

Examples of Commonly Used Alloys and their Composition

Alloy Composition
Brass 72% copper, 28% zinc
Stainless steel 125 chromium, 8% nickel, 80% iron
Sterling silver 92.5% silver, 7.5% copper
10 carat gold 42% gold, 12% silver, 40% copper, 1%
zinc
14 carat gold 58% gold, 24% silver, 17% copper, 1%
zinc
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CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of Quezon R4A
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18 carat gold 75% gold, 18 % silver, 7% copper

24 carat 100% gold

The s-, p-, d-, and f- block Elements

The periodic table can be used to predict the electron configurations of elements. It is organized so that
elements with similar valence electron configurations are in the same column.
Representative elements- s and p blocks’
Transition metals- d block
Inner transition metals (lanthanide series and actinide series)- f- block elements

Trends in the Periodic Table

Many properties of the elements change in a predictable way as you move through the periodic table.
These systematic variations are called periodic trends.
1. Atomic size- the atoms in a family or a group increase in size from the top to bottom of their column.
This is because as you mov down a group, the number of energy levels or shells increases. By
contrasts, the sizes of atom in a period generally decrease from left to right across the row. As you
move from left to right across a period, the atom’s nuclei gain more protons.
Sample
Arrange the following elements according to increasing atomic size: Se, Br, Ga, Ca, K
Answer: Br<Se<Ga<Ca<K
2. Ionic size- An ion is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons. When an atom loses electrons or
becomes a positive ion, it becomes smaller. This is because it has fewer electrons. When all the
electrons in the outermost shell are lost, the outermost energy level is empty. This will reduce the
repulsive force between the remaining electrons, allowing them to be pulled closer to the nucleus.
When an atom gains electron or become negative ion, it becomes larger. This is due to the increase in
the number of electrons and consequent increase in the electric repulsion forces among them. As the
repulsion increases, the electrons spread out, thus making the ion larger than the atom.
Sample
Predict the larger particle in each of the following pairs.
a. Na and Na+
b. O or O2-
c. Ca2+ and Sr2+
Answer
a. Na
b. O2-
c. Sr2+

3. Ionization energy- is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. It can be thought of as
reflection of how strongly an atom holds into its outermost electron. Atom that hold onto their electrons
very tightly have high ionization energy, whereas that atom that hold onto their electrons loosely have
low ionization energy. Within a period from left to right, the ionization energy gradually increases.
Sample
Arrange the following elements according to increasing ionization energy
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Rb, Cs, H, Na, Li, K

Answer
Cs<Rb<K<Na<Li<H
4. Electron affinity- is the amount of energy released or absorbed when an electron is added to an
atom to form negative ion. For most of the elements, energy is released when an atom adds an
electron. The general trend of electron affinity is to increase from left to right in any periodic excluding
the noble gases and to decrease from top to bottom in a family of elements.
5. Electronegativity- is the ability of the atom to attract toward itself the electrons in a chemical bond.
Relative electronegativity of the nonmetals is high and that of the metals is low. These
electronegativities indicate that atoms of metals have a greater tendency to lose electrons than atoms
od nonmetals and that nonmetals have a greater tendency to gain electrons than metals. The higher
the electronegativity value, the greater is the attraction for electrons.
Sample
Predict the element with the higher electronegativity value from each of the following pairs.
a. Cl and F
b. C or O
Answer
a. F
b. O

III. References
Bayquen, A. et. al. (2012). Chemistry. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Brown, W. et. al. (2018). Organic Chemistry. United States of America: Cengage Learning
Smith, J. G. (2020). Organic Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill Education

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

ERIC L. JARO, LPT, MAEd JOHN MARC R. MENDOZA, MAEd, MLIS

Professor, PEC201 Program Head, School of Teacher Education

Validated by: Approved by:

_______________________ JESS JAY M. SAJISE, DBA

_______________________ Vice President of Academic Affairs External