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SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Instructional Module Organic Chemistry

Preliminaries
I. Module Number 2
II. Module Title Probing Matter
III. Brief Introduction Matter, in science, general term applied to anything that has the property of
occupying space and the attributes of gravity and inertia. In classical physics,
matter and energy were considered two separate concepts that lay at the root of all
physical phenomena. Modern physicists, however, have shown that it is possible to
transform matter into energy and energy into matter and have thus broken down
the classical distinction between the two concepts. When dealing with a large
number of phenomena, however, such as motion, the behavior of liquids and
gases, and heat, scientists find it simpler and more convenient to continue treating
matter and energy as separate entities.
IV. Module Outcomes In this module, you will be acquainted to definition of matter, states of matter and
the changes it undergoes.

Lesson Number 1
Lesson Title Matter- Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
Brief Introduction of Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter may either be
the Lesson living or non- living, has an odor, or no odor. It can be detected using our senses-
sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. Matter is what the world is made of. The
materials surrounding us, the air we breathe, the earth beneath our feet, the food
we eat, the water we drink, a book, and even the stars of the universe are forms of
matter.
Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Define matter.
2. Describe the three physical states of matter.
3. Differentiate the following terminologies:
Heterogenous and homogenous mixtures
Pure substance and mixtures
Compound and element
4. Compliment the application of chemistry in our industry

Lesson Proper
I. Getting Started
Picture Analysis

Guide questions
1. What are the three pictures presented?
2. How will you differentiate the three things?

II. Introduction/Discussion of Content (Including processing of content & suggested activities)

Matter
• is anything that occupies space and has mass.
• may either be living or nonliving things
• can be detected using our senses
• the air we breathe, the earth beneath our feet, the food we eat, the water we drink and even the
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CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of Quezon R4A
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stars of the universe are forms of matter.

States of Matter
Three main states of matter
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
Fourth state of matter- Plasma
Fifth state of matter- Bose- Einstein condensate
Each of these states is also known as phase.

Bose-Einstein Condensate, special state of matter in which atoms in a confined gas act together like a
single giant particle after being cryogenically cooled to a temperature near absolute zero. The atoms in a Bose-
Einstein condensate (BEC) are in their lowest energy ground state and are strongly affected by the uncertainty
principle in quantum mechanics. As the momentum of each slowed-down, ultra-cold atom approaches zero
and so can be determined with more precision, the probable location of each atom becomes more uncertain
over a larger area.
As a result, the probable locations of the individual atoms overlap in a kind of cloud of probability. The
atoms in the gas condense into a single quantum state that can be described by a wave function.
The Bose-Einstein condensate is named for the Indian physicist S. N. Bose and the German-born
American physicist Albert Einstein, who predicted in 1925 that this quantum phenomenon could occur with ultra-
cold atoms. A team of American scientists created a Bose-Einstein condensate for the first time in 1995, earning
the researchers the Nobel Prize for physics in 2001.
Special cryogenic techniques are needed to cool atoms to such a low temperature—within 200 billionths
of a degree Celsius above absolute zero. The atoms are first confined in a magnetic field in a vacuum chamber
and subjected to a set of laser beams. The atoms absorb and emit photons that carry off energy, cooling the
atoms. In a second step, the cooled atoms are polarized to have the same spin and are transferred to a
magnetic trap. Radio waves are used to expel the most energetic atoms remaining in the magnetically confined
gas, leaving atoms with the lowest possible energy state. Elements that have been cooled to a Bose-Einstein
condensate state include rubidium, sodium, lithium, and hydrogen.

Differences Between the Three Physical States of Matter

Solid
Has definite shape
Has a definite volume
Cannot be compressed
appreciably by moderately high
pressure
Very slight expansion during
heating
High density
Liquid Gas
No definite shape; takes the No definite shape; takes the
shape of its container shape of its container
Has a definite volume Has no definite volume
Can be compressed (but only to a Can be compressed or expanded
negligible extent0 by moderately as pressure is increased or
high pressure decreased
Slight expansion during heating Great expansion during heating
Medium density Low density
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Plasma
• The term plasma has nothing to do with blood plasma.
• It has definite volume nor a definite shape.
• It is often seen in ionized gas. It has unique properties such as free electrical charges cause
plasma to be electrically conductive.
• May be formed by heating and ionizing a gas.
• It occurs only in lightning discharges and in artificial devices like fluorescent bulbs and neon signs.
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Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

Properties - are the distinguishing characteristics that we use to identify different samples of matter.
We can recognize our own house among the other houses on the same street by characteristics, such
as paint and design.

1. Physical Properties
• These are the characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance into another
substance.
• Melting point, boiling point, odor, color, taste, solubility, density, hardness, softness, volatility, ductility,
• malleability, viscosity, physical state, heat conductivity, and electrical conductivity.
• For example, to determine the melting point of ice, we must change the ice to water. In this process,
the appearance change, but there is no change in composition.
• A tablespoon of brown sugar crystals are sweet. When dissolved in a small glass of water, the tasteless
colorless water becomes sweet and light brown liquid. The physical properties of sugar, sweetness and
brown color, are still observed even when dissolved in water.

2. Chemical Properties
• These are the characteristics that can be observed when the substance undergoes a change in its
composition.
• The ability of water to undergo a process called electrolysis is among its chemical properties. A change
in composition occurs when an electric current is passed through a container of liquid water and water
is broken down yield the hydrogen and oxygen gases.
• A chemical property is evident when a substance reacts with another substance.
• For example, iron slowly corrodes or rusts when exposed to air or a moist environment to form iron
oxide- the reddish brown rust.

Pure Substances
Pure substances are forms of matter that have the same properties throughout, but unlike solutions that
have variable composition, these have definite and unchanging chemical composition.

Two Kinds of Pure Substance

• Elements
• Compounds

1. Elements
• These are substances that are made up of only one type of atom. They cannot be further
separated into simpler substances. Atoms are made up of smaller particles, but they are not
broken down by ordinary chemical means.
• There are currently 118 known elements, most of which are metals. Chemical elements have
abbreviations called element symbols.

Ways in Naming Elements and its Symbols

1. Symbols for one or two letter/s
• O for oxygen
• N for sodium
• Ca for calcium
• Al for aluminum
2. Named after the discoverer
• Es for einsteinium named after Albert Einstein
• Sg for seaborgium named after American chemist and Nobel prize winner Glenn Seaborg
3. Countries, states and even planets
• Am for Americium (America)
• Cf for Californium (California)
• Pu for Plutonium (Planet Pluto)
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Element Symbols Derived from their Latin Names

ELEMENT SYMBOL ORIGIN

Copper Cu Cuprum
Gold Au Aurum
Iron Fe Ferrum
Lead Pb Plumbum
Mercury Hg Hydrargyrum
Potassium K Kalium
Silver Ag Argentum

Abundance of elements in the earth’s crust, water and atmosphere in percent by mass
• Oxygen- 49.2 %
• Silicon- 25.7%
• Aluminum- 7.5%
• Iron- 4.7%
• Calcium 3.4%
• Sodium- 2.6%
• Potassium- 2.4%
• Magnesium- 1.9%
• Hydrogen 0.9%
• Others- 0.9%
• Titanium- 0.6%
• Chlorine- 0.2%

Elements in the human body in percent by mass

• Oxygen- 65.0%
• Carbon- 18.0%
• Hydrogen 10%
• Nitrogen 3%
• Calcium 2.0%
• Phosphorus 1.2%
• Others 0.8%

Radioactive Elements
• When an element is heated to its gaseous state, the radiation in the form of light is emitted. However,
there are elements that undergo spontaneous emission of radiation or rays and are said to be
radioactive.
• Examples
• Cobalt 60- used in gamma radiation to treat cancer
• Foods may be irradiated, using gamma rays from cobalt-60 or Cesium-137. to retard the growth of
organisms such as bacteria, molds and yeasts.
• Such irradiation prolongs shelf life under refrigeration in the same way that heat pasteurization protects
milk.
• For example, chicken meat normally has a three-day-refrigerated shelf life. After irradiation, chicken
meat may have a three-week refrigerated shelf life.

2. Compounds
• Substances that are made up of more than one type of atom. These can be separated into two or more
simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions.
• Compounds are differed from mixtures in that compounds are chemically combined with definite and
constant chemical composition.
• Example, water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

Mixtures
• Mixtures are made up of two or more substances that are physically combined.

Two Kinds of Mixtures

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• Homogeneous mixtures
• Heterogeneous mixtures

1. Homogeneous Mixtures- have only one phase or have uniform appearance throughout and any
portion of the sample has the same properties and composition.

Examples
• Solutions like salt water
• mixture of salt dissolved in water.
• Rubbing alcohol
• isopropyl alcohol and water.
Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in variable composition. This means that
every portion of the solution is the same as any other portion and that the amounts of its components vary.
The parts of a solution are physically, not chemically combined.

Examples
• Tea
• Coffee
• Metal alloys
• Air we breath

Two Parts of Solution

1. Solute- substance which gets dissolved
2. Solvent- substance which does the dissolving
For example a hot coffee
Which is the solute? solvent?

2. Heterogeneous Mixtures- made up of more than one phase or of different parts and can be
separated physically. The different components are visibly distinguishable from one another.

Examples
• Chocolate chip cookie
• Halu-halo
• Pizza
• Bowl of raisin bran cereal
• Tossed salad

Methods of Separating Mixtures

1. Extraction -this technique uses a solvent to selectively dissolve one component of a solid mixture.
2. Magnetic Attraction- Separating mixtures containing magnetic material like iron, cobalt and nickel.
3. Decantation- This process separates a liquid from an insoluble and heavy solid sediment by carefully
pouring only the liquid into another container
4. Sublimation- It is a process by which a solid changes directly into gas without passing the liquid phase.
For mixtures, this process separates the solid that sublimes from other solids do not.
5. Filtration- This technique separates fine and light solids from a liquid. The mixture is poured through a
filter that traps the solids. The filter is made of porous materials, so the liquid can pass through. Residue
is the solid particles retained in filter paper and filtrate is the clear liquid passes through.

Changes in matter
Change in matter occur all the time in the natural world- iron rusts, leaves on trees change color, wood
undergoes combustion in a forest fire, food in our stomach gets digested, rain dissolves limestones rocks,
and dead bodies decompose.
Controlled chemical change is major factor in addressing our present needs. The raw materials are
purposefully made to undergo chemical changes. For example, chemical changes convert pineapple juice or
buco juice into vinegar, and grape juice into wine through the process of fermentation.

Two Types of Changes in Matter

1. Physical change- involves no change in the fixed composition of a substance. The most common
physical change is the change in the physical state.
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Examples
Cutting of wood
Tearing of paper
2. Chemical change or chemical reaction- occurs when the composition of a substance is change into
a substance having physical and chemical properties completely different from the original. The
following are pieces of evidence of a chemical change- change in color, odor or taste or release of
gas.
Examples
Green unripe banana ripens to become yellow and sweet
When a meat is barbequed

III. References
Bayquen, A. et. al. (2012). Chemistry. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Brown, W. et. al. (2018). Organic Chemistry. United States of America: Cengage Learning
Smith, J. G. (2020). Organic Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill Education

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

ERIC L. JARO, LPT, MAEd JOHN MARC R. MENDOZA, MAEd, MLIS

Professor, PEC201 Program Head, School of Teacher Education

Validated by: Approved by:

_______________________ JESS JAY M. SAJISE, DBA

_______________________ Vice President of Academic Affairs External