Sjdm Cornerstone College Inc.

190 Libis 2 Muzon, City of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, 3023
sjdmcornerstonecollege.inc@gmail.com | (+63) 917 700 4758

Transnational Parenting and Its Effects on Educational Outcomes: An

Advanced Quantitative Study of the Relationship Between OFWs' Parental

Distance and the Academic Performance of Grade 12 Students in SJDM

Cornerstone College, Inc.

A Subject Requirement for Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

(Research Project)

Submitted By:

Olayvar, Charlene A.

Submitted to:

Mr. Christian Almadrones, LPT, MAEd

Research Project Teacher

School Year 2022-2023

 CHAPTER I

The Problem and Its Background

This chapter contains the introduction, background of the study, statement of

the problem, objectives of the study, hypothesis, significance of the study, and the last

part is the scope and limitations. Young individuals who have OFW parents commonly

live apart from their families. This marks an influential occurrence in a child's life. This

study provides information about the effect of the parental distance of overseas

Filipino workers (OFW) on the academic performance of their children, who are

already in their senior years. This study also indicates these youngsters' learning

outcomes and emotional conditions.

Background of the Study

Many Filipinos prefer to work outside of the nation, mostly because they believe

there are more chances of success and higher incomes accessible abroad compared

to the Philippines. These employees are known as Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW);

they are Filipinos who left their own country in order to find employment internationally

and to be able to provide for themselves and their families (OWWA member, 2022).

Filipino citizens frequently prefer to work abroad because they have exposure to

more employment prospects because corporations in the Philippines, as opposed to

other countries, demand employees have specific qualifications, years of work

experience, and educational backgrounds. In keeping with this, most Filipinos earn

more money in foreign countries than they do in the Philippines, where even people

with more years of experience are underpaid (Outsource Accelerator, 2023). Although

they have had different international experiences, they all share the common goal of

giving their families back home a better quality of life.

 Notwithstanding these opportunities and aims, an OFW's life has never been

simple. They must overcome several obstacles and difficulties along their journey, as

well as making sacrifices and leaving their loved ones, particularly their children and

spouse, in order to pursue better opportunities for themselves (ThePinoyOFW, 2022).

It certainly has an impact on both parents and their own children who are left at home.

According to Lobos et al. (2019), OFW parents are finding it difficult to meet their

children's necessities while also ensuring that they receive the assistance they need

while being far from their homes. Parental unavailability is a major problem for OFW

families since it leads to an absence of emotional support for their kids, which in turn

has a detrimental effect on the child's welfare. Numerous OFW parents may miss out

on their child's whole upbringing and their growth throughout the years due to their

parental unavailability. The parent-child relationship may be damaged as a result, and

even after the kid has seen their parents again after a long absence, they may feel

distanced from one another. In other instances, youngsters could make poor

decisions due to the fact that their parents are not around to guide them at home

(Yeung & Bacani, 2020).

Children need their parents to help guide, teach, and support them as they

develop and begin to acquire knowledge. Lack of guidance, particularly in academics,

will be difficult for a young learner. The family serves as the first classroom for

children, and having parents on their side will serve as their strong role models

(Pajarillo-Aquino 2019).

In Pajarillo-Aquino’s study, she stated that a number of studies from other sectors

have suggested that having a single parent at home has a detrimental impact on

children's school engagement and educational progress. Furthermore, an OFW's

children typically struggle in school with focusing, completing work, being bullied,

having low self-esteem, having trouble interacting with others, having difficulty with
social skills, not getting involved with school events, and receiving poor grades in one

or more subjects (Adalla, 2019).

According to Ramos (2020), the absence of parents in the home has been

highlighted as a major factor influencing children's academic achievement. Loose

households seem to be a severe challenge to the emotional, psychological, and

intellectual development of the young teenager. This has an impact on pupils'

academic performance.

Theoretical Framework

Parental involvement in a child's education increases the child's sense of support

and motivation and serves as a role model for the youngster. Children who have

parents who are actively engaged in their education are more likely to appreciate it

themselves since they can see how valuable it is to the family. According to the theory

of parental involvement, parents' involvement affects their children's academic

success. According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, the involvement of the society,

parents, other family members, and friends all have a significant impact on learning.

The engagement of parents not only enhances academic performance but also

has a positive and negative impact on a student's personality and conduct. Children's

attitudes toward school, school environment behaviors, self-esteem, and attendance

can all be significantly influenced by a parent's drive and involvement. Youth are more

inclined to succeed in school, have more productive relationships with their fellow

students, and be successful beyond school if their parents are fully involved in their

education. Parents' contributions to their students' education at home deserve to be

acknowledged.
 The theory contends that kids whose parents are constantly committed to their

education have a greater chance to grow up with a strong, optimistic view of their own

ability to succeed in academic tasks than youths whose parents are not.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.

This concept map indicates the relationship between the variables of

transnational parenting by an OFW and how they are connected to their child's

academic performance as a student.

Statement of the Problem

This study seeks to determine the implications of distance parenting on the child's

academic competence and emotional welfare at school. This study will be undertaken

with learners who are the children of OFW.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions based on the study

above:

1. What is the demographic profile of the students in terms of:

1.1 Name
1.2 Age

1.3 Gender

1.4 Years of parental distance

2 . How does long-distance parenting affect a child's learning and development?

3 . What significance does a parent's involvement have in a child's development?

Objectives of the Study

This study intends to verify and aims to ascertain the following:

To understand the potential effects of parental absence of an OFW on their

children who are left at home and to gain official and honest information about the

value of child-parent engagement in school to children's education and emotional

well-being, particularly with regard to their academic performance.

Hypothesis

This study intends to verify and deny the following hypotheses:

Ha: The child's development and academic performance are unaffected by an

OFW's parental distance.

Ho: An OFW's parental distance has an impact on his or her child's development

and academic success.

Significance of the Study

By conducting this study, the researcher aims to provide reliable information that

can be used for future purposes, especially for:

Students. The findings of this study will encourage children of OFW parents to

put in extra effort in their education and make progress regardless of their parents'
distance and absence, which will prompt them to function better in class. This study

will help students show appreciation for the sacrifices of their parents.

Parents. To make them understand the importance of spending as much time as

possible with their child. The relationship between parents and children will be

strengthened and maintained as a result of this.

Administration. The school administration can use the results of the study as

inspiration to provide the students with the advice and support they seek in regards to

counseling and support programs that would reduce their feeling of yearning for their

parents.

Future Researcher. The findings of this study will provide them with access to

reliable information that they may use as a guide for future research that is related to

this study. This can provide information for their study on how a parent's absence

impacts a child's academic achievement.

Scope of the Study

In this study, the researcher primarily focuses on students who are children of

OFW parents in order to examine how their academic performance is related to their

relationship with their parents as OFWs.

Limitation of the Study

The inquiry will take place and be bound to SJDM Cornerstone College Inc., with

20 respondents selected from various grade 12 strands, for one week, and the data

will be confirmed for three days. This study intends to determine and reach a

conclusion that contains verified information concerning the academic performance of

a student who experiences parental absence from their OFW parent.

Definition of Terms

The chosen terms utilized in this study have the following definitions:

Transnational - Used to indicate businesses or commercial endeavors that exist or

are conducted across national borders.

Parenting - The act of raising kids, protecting and caring for them, and ensuring their

healthy growth into adults.

OFW - Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) are individuals with Filipino citizenship who

work abroad for a brief period of time.

Distance - The condition or reality of being far from something else, as in space.

Academic Performance - Being an effective learner who performs in class and

participates in extracurricular activities.

 CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
In this chapter, the researcher provided some of the relevant literature and

studies after conducting an in-depth search. It contains several sources that the

researcher acquired from journals, publications, and the internet. This will act as a

guide for the researcher as they build the study.

Local Literature

Overseas Filipino Workers

Overseas Filipino workers, also known as OFWs, are essentially foreign workers

who reside and work outside the Philippines for an extended or temporary period of

time and contribute to the overall growth of their country. In the process, they

contribute their expertise to other nations and benefit the communities they get

involved with (CompareRemit, 2020). According to the POLO-OWWA (2021) article,

OFWs frequently find employment as domestic servants, construction workers,

nurses, caretakers, seamen and women, working professionals, and many more

occupations, depending on demand from foreign employers. According to the recent

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) data, the number of OFWs working overseas was

projected to be 2.3 million last year. Overseas Contract Workers (OCWs), or those

with an established work contract, make up 97% of all OFWs. The remaining 3%

worked abroad without a contract.

According to DOLE-CAR (2023), a hero is someone who is adored or idolized for

his or her bravery, exceptional accomplishments, or virtuous traits. Overseas Filipino

Workers (OFW) are regarded as modern-day heroes (Bagong Bayani) as they are

contributing to the economy of the Philippines through remittances and, more crucially,
by making personal sacrifices to provide an adequate life for their families, although

they are experiencing homesickness.Terrible stories of Filipinos who worked

overseas. Despite the rising amount of insults directed against OFWs, numerous

individuals desire to be one. Regardless, some see this as their only chance to meet

their families' financial demands. Not all modern heroes are fortunate in their working

situations overseas; others are in tough situations; others are being abused by their

bosses; some are working longer hours than stipulated in their contracts and there are

several more conditions that contribute to their personal sacrifice.

Working abroad provides an opportunity to earn a higher salary. However, a

major share of OFWs' earnings goes straight toward their families' fundamental

necessities. Part of it is also designed to support individuals in developing and

achieving aspirations for their own sake and that of those they love. In reality, several

OFWs work multiple part-time jobs to supplement their income. Extra money means

greater savings for them. However, when separated from their families, OFWs

experience a sense of isolation and longing for home. They are generally the people

who miss out on holidays, family gatherings, and various other important occasions,

such as seeing their children physically grow up, which is also an important life

moment that they do not have (Gonzales, 2022).

OFWs as Parents

Lara (2018) claimed that being a parent is difficult. You must prepare your

children for the future and ensure that they have been supplied with the needed

knowledge and abilities to survive. In accordance with this, Balabas, J. (2022),

remarked that some Filipino parents, eager to go the extra distance for family, had to

leave their kids in the Philippines to make earnings elsewhere. The Philippine
Statistics Authority indicates that from April to September 2020, around 1.77 million

Filipinos made this kind of decision.

It's never an easy option, but for several Filipino families, it's a necessary one,

explains Reyes (2017). In the modern world, children and parents sometimes live

hundreds of miles apart because one parent, usually the mother, must leave the

family to work overseas in order to provide for their necessities. In spite of the fact that

this option could be the solution for various people's financial issues, it also carries

with it an additional set of challenges. In an intact family or married couple, it is simple

to designate one parent to look out for the child while the other is gone, but it is

certainly another matter in families with more complicated relationships. Considering

this reality, experts emphasize the importance of selecting a caregiver, whether it be

the other parent or a close family member, who can provide consistent and efficient

care.

Balabas, J. (2022), also stated that being separated from a parent's side is

difficult for children, but it is double as difficult for parents. Parents are missing out on

significant occasions in their children's lives, such as the first academic honor or the

very first moment they rode a bike. Distance is the greatest adversary in maintaining a

close connection between OFW parents and their children.

Foreign Literature

Children of OFW

As stated by Botezat (2023) "Home" is wherever the family is, but for many

children with parents who work overseas, "home" implies the absence of their parents,
psychological and emotional discomfort, and, in many cases, physical and mental

health difficulties. While their parents are away, these children are often cared for by

other relatives. The effects of living in transnational families on children's development

are attracting the attention of social scientists. The children that are left behind may

actually be better off in terms of money and other advantages. However, departing

from their primary family members may be quite detrimental to a child's general

wellbeing. Botezat (2023) also added that, according to recent studies, children who

stay behind after their parents depart are more susceptible to emotional and mental

health issues, including despair and anxiety. When mothers depart, it most affects the

children. Additionally, according to some research, children from transnational

families are more likely than other kids to display behavioral issues. Boys are more

prone to have these disorders, but girls are more likely to have emotional troubles.

Local Studies

Parental Distance on Child’s Education

According to a study by Maculada (2017), parents should serve as their children's

primary moral example, teacher, provider, and inspiration for achieving their life

objectives. Their obligation as a parent for their child cannot be satisfied with any

tangible things. It is insufficient that parents can be excellent providers but cannot

offer their kids the necessary emotional support and counseling. Children who

experience parental absence frequently behave unfavorably, rebel against their

parents, and suffer from feelings of unease, loneliness, and abandonment. These

feelings can be exacerbated by a variety of unnecessary occurrences, such as

abusing drugs or alcohol, skipping classes, or abusing their own property. These

circumstances are unavoidable since the children's feelings regarding their parents'

overseas employment are erratic and do not always change.

 Various children with OFW parents have an influence on their academic

performance, either positively or negatively, according to the Cristobal et al. (2020)

study. Lack of guidance causes children to go in the wrong direction and fail, yet some

students are still able to control their academic performance even when their parents

are distant. Depending on their mental maturity, children have distinct levels of

endurance or acceptance of the circumstance. While some people are open-minded

and embrace their circumstances, others regard migration as a sort of parental

abandonment. The child's age has an impact on how well-liked they are.

Foreign Studies

Parental Involvement on Students

According to a study by Naite (2021), one of the most important components of a

child's growth is their relationship with their parents. This is because they have the

power and ability, via their direct involvement in educational activities, to mold and

grow their kids into motivated, inspired, and tolerant adults. The growth, conduct,

motivation, and academic achievement of children are all positively and significantly

impacted by parents' involvement in the education of their children. On the other hand,

parents who are unavailable are viewed as just neglecting their children's education

and serving only to discourage and demotivate them. Their accomplishments are

negatively impacted as a result.

Parental participation in education has long been praised as a crucial and

beneficial factor in young children's academic and social-emotional growth on an

international level. A child's socioemotional and intellectual growth benefit from

mutually good connections between these two important engaging factors—families

and schools (Lara & Saracostti, 2019).

In consonance with Schmid and Garrels (2021), parental involvement is

connected with students' academic achievement. However, research indicates that

parental involvement and participation vary greatly based on their social and

economic means. Understanding what types of involvement are essential for learners

is crucial because it may help establish how to effectively serve individuals from less

fortunate homes.
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