HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM

ASSIGNMENT: WREE-6051_RESEARCH METHOD

SUBMITTED TO: Elias J. (MSc)

SUBMITTED BY: ID.No

ABDUSALAM IDRIS OMER PGP/835/14

February/2022
 1. Yields in wells penetrating rock units without fractures were measured by Wright
(1985), and are given below.
Unit well yields (in gal/min/ft.) in Virginia (Wright, 1985)
0.001 0.030 0.10 0.003 0.040 0.454
0.007 0.041 0.49 0.020 0.077 1.02

Calculate the

𝑿_𝒊 mean, μ Geometric mean,G median deviation,δ Skew

0.001
0.003
0.007
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.041
0.077
0.1
0.454
0.49
1.02 0.19 0.043 0.0405 0.31 2.07
sum 2.283
n 12

a) Mean

n
Mean, ~
x = ∑ x i /n
i=1

(0.001+0.030+ 0.10+0.003+0.040+0.454 +0.007+ 0.041+ 0.49+ 0.020+0.077 1.02)

= =0.19
12
b) Geometric mean

G=√ X 1∗X 2∗…∗X n

n

=12√ 0.001∗0.030∗0.10∗0.003∗0.040∗0.454∗0.007∗0.041∗0.49∗0.020∗0.077∗1.0 2

=0.043

c) median

1|Page HiT, SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING,

To compute the median, first rank the observations from smallest to largest, so that x1 is the
smallest observation, up to xn, the largest observation. Then

0.001 X +X
n th n+1 th
( ) ( )
0.003 Median=
2 2
2
0.007
0.02 Or
0.03
0.04 P0.5 =x( n+1 )∗0.5=6.5 item

0.041
Is between and therefore
0.077 X6 X7
0.1
0.454 x 6 + 0.5( x 7−x 6 ¿=0.04+0.5(0.041-0.04) =0.04
0.49
d) Compare these estimates of location. Why do they differ?
1.02
 They differ because the data are skewed. The estimates which are more robust are
similar, while the mean is larger.

2. For the well yield data of exercise 1, calculate the

a) Standard deviation, s

S=√ s 2

s is sample variance, s =∑ ¿ ¿¿
2 2

i =1

=((0.001−0.19)2 +(0.030−0.19)2 +(0.10−0.19)2+(0.003−0.19)2+(0.040−0.19)2+

(0.454−0.19)2+(0.007−0.19)2+(0.041−0.19)2 +(0.49−0.19)2+(0.020−0.19)2+
(0.077−0.19)2+(1.02−0.19)2)/12-1

2
s =0.0961

S=0.31

2|Page HiT, SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING,

b) Interquartile range

IQR= P75 −P25

X_ ((12+1) ∗0.75) =9.75

Is b/n X_9 and X_10

X_9+0.75(X_10-X_9) =0.3655

X_ ((12+1)0.25) =3.25

Is b/n x_3 and x_4

X_3+0.25(X_4-X_3) =0.00375

IQR=0.3655-0.00375=0.36

c) MAD

=(|0.001-0.19|+|0.003-0.19|+|0.007-0.19|+|0.02-0.19|+|0.03-0.19|+|0.04-0.19|+|0.041-0.19|+|
0.077-0.19|+|0.1-0.19|+|0.454-0.19|+|0.49-0.19|+|1.02-0.19|)/12

=2.785/12

=0.232

d) Skew

Skew=2.07

e) Quartile skew

(0.3655−0.0405)−( 0.0405−0.00375)
= =0.83
0.3655−0.00375

Discuss the differences between a) through c).

3|Page HiT, SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING,
The largest observation is an outlier. Though the skew appears to be strongly positive, and
the standard deviation large, this is due only to the effect of that one point. The majority of
the data are not skewed, as shown by the more resistant quartile skew coefficient.

a). It would probably be computed by weighting concentrations by the surface area

represented by each environment. The median would under-represent this mass loading.

b) The median would be a better "typical" concentration, and the IQR a better "typical"
variability, than the mean and standard deviation. This is due to the strong effect of the one
unusual point on these traditional measures.

3. The following chemical and biological data were reported by Frenzel (1988) above and
below a waste treatment plant (WTP). Graph and compare the two sets of multivariate data.
What effects has the WTP appeared to have?

Therefore, the bar chart show that there appears to be no effect of the waste treatment plant.

4|Page HiT, SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING,

4. Discuss the characteristics of Correlation Coefficients

Characteristics of Correlation Coefficients measure of the strength of association between

two continuous variables. Of interest is whether one variable generally increases as the
second increases, whether it decreases as the second increases, or whether their patterns of
variation are totally unrelated.

Correlation measures observed co-variation. It does not provide evidence for causal
relationship between the two variables. Evidence for causation must come from outside the
statistical analysis from the knowledge of the processes involved.

 Measures of correlation (here designated in general as ρ) have the characteristic of

being dimensionless and scaled to lie in the

Range −1 ≤ ρ ≤ 1.

ρ = 0, When there is no correlation between two variables.

ρ is positive, when one variable increases as the second increases.

ρ is negative, When they vary in opposite directions,

 The significance of the correlation is evaluated using a hypothesis test:

H0: ρ = 0 versus H1: ρ ≠ 0.

When one variable is a measure of time or location, correlation becomes a test for temporal
or spatial trend.

5. Are uranium concentrations correlated with total dissolved solids in the following
groundwater samples? If so, describe the strength of the relationship.

Uranium conc, in TDS, in mg/L Uranium conc, in TDS, in mg/L

ppb ppb
682.65 0.9315 1240.81 6.8559
819.12 1.9380 538.35 0.4806
303.76 0.2919 607.75 1.1452
1151.40 11.9042 705.89 6.0876
582.42 1.5674 1290.57 10.8823
1043.39 2.0623 526.09 0.1473

5|Page HiT, SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING,

 634.84 3.8858 784.68 2.6741
1087.25 0.9772 953.14 3.0918
1123.51 1.9354 1149.31 0.7592
688.09 0.4367 1074.22 3.7101
1174.54 10.1142 1116.59 7.2446
599.50 0.7551

Uranium TDS
682.65 0.9315
819.12 1.938
303.76 0.2919
1151.4 11.9042
582.42 1.5674
1043.39 2.0623
634.84 3.8858
1400
uranium versus total dissolved solids
1087.25 0.9772
1123.51 1.9354 1200
688.09 0.4367
1174.54 10.1142 1000
599.5 0.7551
Uranium

800
1240.81 6.8559
538.35 0.4806 600
607.75 1.1452
705.89 6.0876 400
1290.57 10.8823
200
526.09 0.1473
784.68 2.6741
0
953.14 3.0918 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1149.31 0.7592 TDS
1074.22 3.7101
1116.59 7.2446

The plot of uranium versus total dissolved solids looks like it could be nonlinear near
the 0 TDS boundary.
 So Spearman's rho
rho = 0.72
p<0.001

83292.78−23 ¿¿
6|Page HiT, SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING,
  Pearson's r
tr = 4.75

6. Discuss about the Simple Linear Regression and Multiple Linear Regression

 Simple Linear Regression The relationship between two continuous variables or

between the same two variables.
 The name "simple linear regression" is applied because one explanatory variable
is the simplest case of regression models.
 Multiple linear regression (MLR) is the extension of simple linear regression (SLR) to
the case of multiple explanatory variables.

7. Define Outlier; what are the cause of outliners and how do you identifies outliers in the
data set?

 Outliers, observations whose values are quite different than others in the data set,
often cause concern or alarm. Outliers may be the most important points in the data
set, and should be investigated further.
 Outliers can have one of three causes:
1. A measurement or recording error.
2. An observation from a population not similar to that of most of the data, such as a
flood caused by a dam break rather than by precipitation.
3. A rare event from a single population that is quite skewed.
 The graphical methods are very helpful in identifying outliers. Whenever outliers
occur, first verify that no copying, decimal point, or other obvious error has been
made. If not, it may not be possible to determine if the point is a valid one.

7|Page HiT, SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING,

8. Write a short review about the different techniques used for quality assurance of
hydrometric network.

Answer: quality assurance process is the methods followed to achieve a specified quality and
the methods to check the quality of an existing data set.

Measurement, data acquisition, validation and correction, dissemination, use

Measurement is measured parameter checks: These tests represent the heart of the data
validation process and normally consist of range tests, relational tests, and trend tests.

Data acquisition is a method to acquire and store all types of data from a wide range of
parameters.

Data integration - Data integration procedures are the methods for combining various data
sets into a unified, geographically harmonious data set

Data validation is defined as the inspection of all the collected data for completeness and
reasonableness, and the elimination of erroneous values. This step transforms raw data into
validated data.

Correction Proper correction of data is crucial for data processing. To get qualitative data, it
is necessary to go through each record.

 Double mass analysis is a technique commonly employed to determine corrections

to hydrological data to account for changes in data collection procedures or other
local conditions.

Dissemination This means that it is possible to access the data through special views so that
users can execute queries.

Use Handling of observational data until they are in a form ready to be used for a specific
purpose. To make the proper use of data, data should be stored in such a way that all-possible
errors can be avoided and that the data can be made easily accessible.

Variability check: To check the obvious errors of water level, discharge, groundwater,
sediment, rainfall and evaporation data three main characteristics of time series data have
been considered as criteria of. These are:

8|Page HiT, SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING,

 a. Punching error if this type of data is plotted against time it would follow a more or
less systematic variability shape from where marked deviation within one time
interval is quite impossible.
b. Change in Trend Water level is measured by data collecting agencies with automatic
or manual gauges.
c. Missing Data Time series data are collected at regular time intervals. When data is
not collected or available for some period for some reason, the gap should be filled for
analysis purposes.

Quality check: If too many errors crop up, or if the surveyed area has changed greatly, the
work is updated and corrected. Preliminary data checking can be done by different ways such
as:

a. cross checking
b. general observation
c. graphical presentation, and
d. simple statistical analysis

9|Page HiT, SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING,