Haramaya University

Haramaya Institute of Technology

DEPARTIMENT OF Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
MSc Summer Program (2019)
Applied Hydrology Assignment

Grourp Name ID No

1. Mohammed Adem Ahmed Kpgp/361/11

2. Muaz Aliyi Abrahim Kpgp/375/11
 Haramaya University
Haramaya Institute of Technology
Applied Hydrology for Irrigation and Drainage & Engineering
MSc Summer Program (2019)

Applied Hydrology Assignment

Question 1
The following figure shows you the catchment water balance, how do explain the water balance
equation of this catchment? Explain briefly.

 Solution
A catchment (also called drainage basin, river basin, and watershed) is an extent of a
land where water from the rain or snow melt or drains downhill into body of water , such as
river,lake,reservoir,estury, wet land, sea or ocean. In hydrology, catchment is of logical unit of
focus for studding the movement of water with in the hydro logical cycle, because the majority of
water that discharges from the catchment outlet originated as precipitations falling on the
catchment.

The water balance equation for a catchment

P-R-G-ET = ∆S
Where P- , precipitation, R- river runoff, G- ground water runoff,
EP- evapotranspiration, ∆S= storage change in a catchment Question 2
A reservoir has the following inflows and outflows (in cubic meter) for the first three months of
the year. If the storage at the beginning of January is 60 m 3, determine the storage at the end of
March.

Month Jan Feb Mar

1
 Inflow 4 6 9
Outflow 8 11 5
 Solution
The Storage change is

m3

Question 3
The following Table shows rainfall records for Gauge X and other 20 gauges average rainfall

year Gauge X 20 gauge average year Gauge X 20 gauge

average
2002 188 264 1984 223 360
2001 185 228 1983 173 234
2000 310 386 1982 282 333
1999 295 297 1981 218 236
1998 208 284 1980 246 251
1997 287 350 1979 284 284
1996 183 236 1978 493 361
1995 304 371 1997 320 282
1994 228 234 1976 274 252
1993 216 290 1975 322 274
1992 224 282 1974 437 302
1991 203 246 1973 389 350
1990 284 264 1972 305 228
1989 295 332 1971 320 312
1988 206 231 1970 328 284
1987 269 234 1969 308 315
1986 214 231 1968 302 280
1985 284 312 1967 414 343

a. Examine the consistency of gauge X data,

b. Find when a change in regime occurred,
c. Discuss possible causes,
d. Adjust the data and determine what differences this makes to the 36 year annual average rainfall
at gauge

 Solution

2
Cumulative Annual Rainfall (cm)

3
year Gauge X 20 Gauge
2002 188 264
2001 373 492
2000 683 878
1999 978 1175
1998 1186 1459
1997 1473 1809
1996 1656 2045
1995 1960 2416
1994 2188 2650
1993 2404 2940
1992 2628 3222
1991 2831 3486
1990 3115 3732
1989 3410 4064
1988 3616 4259
1987 3885 4529
1986 4099 4760
1985 4383 5072
1984 4606 5432
1983 4779 5666
1982 5061 5999
1981 5279 6235
1980 5525 6486
1979 5809 6770
1978 6302 7131
1997 6622 7413
1976 6896 7665
1975 7218 7939
1974 7655 8241
1973 8044 8591
1972 8349 8819
1971 8669 9131
1970 8997 9415
1969 9305 9730
1968 9607 10010
1967 10021 10353

4
a. It can seen above the graph gauge x data are not consistent.
b. There is a change in regime around 1981
c. Because:-
• shifting of rain gauge to a new location
• Change in the ecosystem due to calamities
• Occurrence of observational error from a certain date
d. The ratio of gauge x to other gauge (1967-1981) is =

The ratio in the 2nd part (1982-

Hence, the correction ratio should be =

All the rain fall value from 1982 to 2002 are applied with the same correction ratio(1,35)
The old average of gauge x is 278.4 mm and the corrected one is 327.6 mm

5
Question 4

The daily flows of a river for three consecutive years are shown in table below, for convenience
the discharges are shown in class intervals and the number of days the flow belonged to the class
is shown. Calculate the 50 and 75 % dependable flows for river using the flow duration concept.

Daily mean No. of days flow in each class interval

discharge (m3/s) 1961-62 1962-63 1993-64
140 - 120.1 0 1 5
120 - 100.1 2 7 10
100 - 80.1 12 18 15
80 - 60.1 15 32 15
60 - 50.1 30 29 45
50 - 40.1 70 60 64
40 - 30.1 84 75 76
30 - 25.1 61 50 61
25 - 20.1 43 45 38
20 - 15.1 28 30 25
15 - 10.1 15 18 12
10 - 5.1 5 - -

No. of days flow in each

Daily mean Column1
class interval
discharge total comulative Pp=(m/(n+1))*100%
(m3/s) 1961- 1962- 1993- 1961-
total m
62 63 64 64
140 - 120.1 0 1 5 6 6 0.55
120 - 100.1 2 7 10
19 25 2.278
100 - 80.1 12 18 15 45 70 6.38
80 - 60.1 15 32 15 62 132 12.03
60 - 50.1 30 29 45 104 236 21.51
50 - 40.1 70 60 64 194 430 39.19
40 - 30.1 84 75 76 235 665 60.62
30 - 25.1 61 50 61 172 837 76.3
25 - 20.1 43 45 38 126 963 87.78
20 - 15.1 28 30 25 83 1046 95.35
15 - 10.1 15 18 12 45 1091 99.45
10 - 5.1 5 0 0 5 1096 99.91
totall 365 365 366 1096

6
 Solution

From flow duration curve : Q50=35 cms and Q75=26 cms

7
Question 5
Monthly inflow at a proposed reservoir site for a drought period of 15 months and targeted
demands are given in the following table. Compute the storage required using the sequent peak
analysis method.

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
River in 250 350 400 200 150 150 100 50 150 300 400 450 150 200 450
flow
(Mm3)
Targeted 150 150 200 250 350 400 250 200 150 150 100 250 350 300 100
demand
Mm3

 Solution
Month Rt (demand) Qt (flow) Kt-1 Ka= Kt-1+ Rt- Qt

8
 Jan 150 250 0 0
Feb 150 350 0 0
Mar 200 400 0 0
Apr 250 200 0 50
May 350 150 50 250
Jun 400 150 250 500
Jul 250 100 500 650
Aug 200 50 650 800
Sep 150 150 800 800
Oct 150 300 800 650
Nov 100 400 650 350
Dec 250 450 350 150
Jan 350 150 150 350
Feb 300 200 350 450
Mar 100 450 450 100

Ka Is Max, -
max =K*, the Required Capacity

Demand Reservoir empty

900
800
Reservoir full

700
600
500
400 Demand

300
200
100
0
-100 0 5 10 15 20

9
Question 6

Compute outflow hydrograph for the inflow hydrograph provided in the following table:

Time (hr) Inflow (I) (m3/s)

0 500
2 1170
4 2400
6 4210
8 4780
10 4310
12 3350
14 2230
16 1580
18 1130
20 890
22 720
24 590
26 520

Route the inflow hydrograph through river reach characterized by the following linear relationship
between storage (S), in m3/s, and outflow (O) in m3/s. Use the Muskingum method

S= KO
Where: K= 32400 S (9 hours)

 Solution

When we Use the Muskingum method S= KO, the value of x=0

Qn = CoIn + C1In-1 + C2Qn-1
Q2 = CoI2 + C1I1 + C2Q1, when

Co

10
Time (I) (m3/s) 0.1I2 0.1I1 0.8Q1 Q(m3/s) S= KO
(hr) (m3)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 500 500 16200000
117 50 400
2 1170 567 18370800
240 117 453.6
4 2400 810.6 26263440
421 240 648.48
6 4210 13009.48 421507152
478 421 1047.584
8 4780 1946.584 63069321.6
431 478 1557.2672
10 4310 2466.2672 79907057.28
335 431 1973.01376
12 3350 2739.01376 88744045.824
223 335 2191.211
14 2230 2749.211 89074436.4
15.8 223 2199.3688
16 1580 2580.3688 88248612.96
113 15.8 2064.295
18 1130 2335.295 75663558
89 113 1868.236
20 890 2070.236 67075646.4
72 89 1656.1888
22 720 1817.1888 58876917.12
59 72 1453.751
24 590 1584.751 51345932.4
52 59 1267.8
26 520 1378.8 44673120
52 1103.04

11
 6000

5000
Discharge(m3/s

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
time(hr)
INFLOW HG OUTFLOW HG

12
Question 7

Explain briefly the characteristics of flood intensity for both catchment types as shown in the
following figure, considering time of concentration, length of tributaries, and shape of catchment
for your explanation.

 Solution

Flood Intensity is inverse relation with time of concentration and length of tributaries Also
length of tributaries are direct relation with time of concentration and also depends on
shapes of catchment, fan shaped are near to circle therefore length of tributaries and time of
concentration is short. But fern(leaf) shaped are long and length of tributaries and time of
concentration are long at this time precipitation have a time to infiltrate into the soil .
(a) Fan shaped (b) fern(leaf) shaped
Produces greater flood intensity produces less flood intensity
Less time of concentration more time of concentration
Less length of tributaries more length of tributaries

13
Question 8

The following information for watershed A and its two-hour unit hydrograph has been
determined: area=100mi2, Lc=10 mi, L=24 mi, tR= 2 hr, tPR=6 hr, Qp=9750 cfs/in, W50= 4.1hr,
and W75= 2hr. Watershed B, which is assumed to be hydrologically similar to watershed A, has
the following characteristics; area = 70 mi2, L= 15.6 mi, and Lc=9.4 mi. Determine the one-hour
synthetic unit hydrograph for watershed B.

 Solution
Given
watershed A Watershed B
A=100mi2 A=70 mi2
Lc=10 mi L= 15.6 mi
L=24 mi Lc=9.4 mi
tR= 2 hr
tPR=6 hr
Qp=9750 cfs/in
W50= 4.1hr
W75= 2hr

For watershed A

tPR= t’P = t’P=6

t’P=5
tp = 21/22  tp + tR/4
or 5 = 21/22  tp + 2/4 = 21/22  tp + 0.5
 tp = (5 – 0.5)  22/21 = 4.714 h
tp = 4.714 h tp = Ct (L Lca)0.3 or,
4.714 = Ct (10  24)0.3  Ct =
4.714/(10  24)0.3 = 0.91
Ct = 0.91
Qp = 2.78  Cp  A / tp or,
9750 = 2.78  Cp  100 / 5
 Cp = 9750  5/ 2.78  100
Cp = 175 this out the Cp range therefore we use 0.93
For watershed B
Both watershed are hydrologically similar therefore Ct and Cp are the same
Cp =0.93 and Ct = 0.91 we use this one tp = Ct
(L Lca)0.3= 0.91 (15.6  9.4)0.3 = 4.06 h tp =
4.06 h

14
tr = tp / 5.5 = 4.06 / 5.5 = 0.74 h t r
= 0.74 h
Using tR = 1.0 h i.e. for a 1-h unit hydrograph, tp =
21/22  tp + tR/4= 21/22  4.06 + 1/4 = 4.125 h tp
= 4.125 h
Qp = 2.78  Cp  A / tp= 2.78  0.93  70 / 4.125 h = 43.87
Qp = 43.87 m3/s
W50 = 5.87 / q1.08 = 5.87 / (Qp / A)1.08= 5.87 / (43.87 / 70)1.08 = 3.54h
W50 = 3.54 h
W75 = W50 / 1.75 = 3.54h/ 1.75 = 2.02 h
W75 = 2.02h Time Base: tb =72+3 tp
=72+4.125×3=84.375h
tb 5h

Question 9

Compute the runoff from 5 inches of rainfall on 1000 acre watershed the hydrologic soil group is
50% group B, and 50% group C, interspersed throughout watershed AMC II is assumed. The
land use pattern is 40 % residential area that is 30% impervious, 12% residential area that is
65% impervious, that is 18% paved road with crabs and storm sewer, 16% open land with 50%
fair grass cover and 50% good grass cover. And 14% parking lots, plazas, schools, and etc.

Note: use curve number table to get respective land use and soil group.
 Solution
Rainfall: 5 in., Area: 1000 acres •Soils: –Class B: 50% –Class C: 50%
•Antecedent moisture: AMC(II) Normal •Landuse Land use –
Residential •40% with 30% impervious cover •12% with 65% impervious cover – Paved roads: 18%
with curbs and storm sewers –Open land: 16% •50% fair grass cover
•50%goodgrasscover •50% good grass cover –Parking lots, etc.: 14%

Hydrologic Soil
Group
B C
Land use % CN Product % CN Product
Residential (30% 20 72 14.40 20 81 16.20
imp cover
Residential (65% 85 5.10 6 90 5.40
imp cover)
Roads 9 98 8.82 9 98 8.82
Open land: good 4 61 2.44 4 74 2.96
cover
pen land: Fair 4 69 2.76 4 79 3.16

15
cover
Parking lots, etc 7 98 6.86 7 98 6.86
Total Total 50 40.86 50 43.40

CN= 40.86 + 43.40 = 83.8

Average AMC CN=83.8 S= = 1.93in

Pe =3.25in

Wet AMC Pe

Question 10
Find the half-hour Unit hydrograph using the excess rainfall hyetograph and the direct run off
hydrograph given in the following table.

Time (1/2 hour) Excess rainfall (inches) Direct runoff (cubic feet per
second)
1 1.06 428
2 1.93 1923
3 1.81 5297
4 9131
5 10625
6 7834
7 3921
8 1846
9 1402
10 830
11 313
 Solution

M=3,P1=1.06,P2=1.93,P3=1.81,N=11,Q1=428,Q2=1923,Q3=5297,Q4=9131,Q5=10625,

Q6=7834,Q7=3921,Q8=1846,Q9=1402,Q10=830,Q11=313

16
Number of purses in UH=N-M+1=11-3+1=9

U1=Q1/P1=428/1.06=404cfs

Q2=P1U2+P2U1=1923=1.06×U2+1.93×404, U2=1079

Q3=P3U1+P2U2+P1U3=5297=1.81×404+1.93×1079+1.06U3, U3=2343

Q4=P3U2+P2U3+P1U4, 9131=1.81×1079+1.93×2343+1.06×U4, U4=2506

Q5=P3U3+P2U4+P1U5, 10625=1.81×2343+1.93×2506+1.06×U5, U5=1459

Q6=P3U4+P2U5+P1U6, 7834=1.81×2506+1.93×1459+1.06×U6, U6=453

Q7=P3U5+P2U6+P1U7, 3921=1.81×1459+1.93×453+1.06×U7, U7=381

Q8=P3U6+P2U7+P1U8, 1846=1.81×453+1.93×381+1.06U8, U8=274

Q9=P3U7+P2U8+P1U9, 1402=1.81×381+1.93×274+1.06×U9, U9=178

Question 11

The annual rainfall at station X and the average annual rainfall at 18 surrounding stations are
given below. Check the consistency of the record at station X and determine the year in which a
change in regime has occurred. State how you are going to adjust the records for the change in
regime.

Year Annual rainfall (cm)

Station X 18 stations average
1990 30.5 22.8
1991 38.9 35.0
1992 43.7 30.2
1993 32.2 27.4
1994 27.4 25.2
1995 32.0 28.2
1996 49.3 36.1
1997 28.4 18.4
1998 24.6 25.1
1999 21.8 23.6
2000 28.2 33.3
2001 17.3 23.4
2002 22.3 36.0
2003 28.4 31.2
2004 24.1 23.1
2005 26.9 23.4

17
 2006 20.6 23.1
2007 29.5 33.2
2008 28.4 26.4

 Solution
First we calculate cumulative off rainfall

Year Cumulative Annual rainfall (cm)

Station X 18 stations average
1990 30.5 22.8
1991 69.4 57.8
1992 113.1 88
1993 145.3 115.4
1994 172.7 140.6
1995 204.7 168.8
1996 254 204.9
1997 282.4 223.3
1998 307 248.4
1999 328.8 272
2000 357 305.4
2001 374.3 328.7
2002 396.6 364.7
2003 425 395.9
2004 449.1 419
2005 474 442.4
2006 496.6 465.5
2007 526.1 498.7
2008 554.5 525.1

The above cumulative rainfalls are plotted as shown in above Fig. It can be seen from the figure
that there is a distinct change in slope in the year 1996, which indicates that a change in regime
(exposure) has occurred in the year 1996. To make the records prior to 1996 comparable with

18
those after change in regime has occurred, the earlier records have to be adjusted by multiplying
by the ratio of slopes m2/m1 i.e., 0.9/1.25. Calculated from the graph

Cumulative rainfall 1996-2008

= 554.5 – 204.7 = 349.8 cm

Cumulative rainfall 1990-1995 adjusted for changed environment=

204.7*(0.9/1.25) =147.6cm

Cumulative rainfall 1990-2008(for the current environment) =497.4

a.a.r. adjusted for the current regime = 497.4/19= 26.2

DMS

600

500
com. station x

400 DMS
Linear (DMS)
300

200

100

0 com. 20 avrage station

0 200 400 600

Question 12

A small watershed consists of 2 km 2 of forest area (c = 0.1), 1.2 km 2 of cultivated area (c = 0.2)
and 1 km2 under grass cover (c = 0.35). A water course falls by 20 m in a length of 2 km. The
IDF relation for the area may be taken as

i in cm/hr, t in min and T yr

Estimate the peak rate of runoff for a 25 yr frequency

 Solution

19
First we calculate tc (time of concentration)
tc =0.02L0.8 S-0.4 tc=time in min L=length in
m
tc tc=55min=t

T=time in year, I cm/hr, t=time in min

I= =18.6cm/hr

Q=CIA =2.78I(∑CiAi)=2.78×18.6(2×0.1+1.2×0.2+1×0.35)=40.8 cumec

Question 13
The following are the rain gauge observations during a storm. Construct: (a) mass curve of
precipitation and (b) hyetograph.

Time since commencement of storm (min) Accumulated rainfall (cm)

5 0.1
10 0.2
15 0.8
20 1.5
25 1.8
30 2.0
35 2.5
40 2.7
45 2.9
50 3.1

 Solution

First we calculate ∆p and ∆t because I=

∆Pi=p2_p1 and so on , then we can find I

Time since Accumulated ∆p in time

commencement rainfall (cm)p
of storm (min) t ∆t=5 min I=

20
 cm/hr
5 0.1 0.1 1.2
10 0.2 0.1 1.2
15 0.8 0.6 7.2
20 1.5 0.7 8.4
25 1.8 0.3 3.6
30 2.0 0.2 2.4
35 2.5 0.5 6
40 2.7 0.2 2.4
45 2.9 0.2 2.4
50 3.1 0.2 2.4

(a) mass curve of precipitation

b. hyetograph.

21
 heytograph
9 8.4
8 7.2
7
intensity(cm/hr)

6
6
5
4 3.6

3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4

2 1.2 1.2
1
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
time (minit)

Question 14

Compute the daily evaporation from a Class A pan if the amounts of water added to bring the
level to the fixed point are as follows:
Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Rainfall 14 6 12 8 0 5 6
(mm)
Water -5 3 0 0 7 4 3
added (removed
(mm) )

What is the evaporation loss of water in this week from a lake (surface area = 640 ha) in the
vicinity, assuming a pan coefficient of 0.75?

 Solution
+ Water added to the lake
-Water removes from the lake
Then we find ∑EP pan evaporation in this week

22
Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Rainfall 14 6 12 8 0 5 6
(mm)
Water -5 3 0 0 7 4 3
added (removed
(mm) )
9 9 12 8 7 9 9

∑EP =63mm

Pan coefficient = or EL=pan coefficient×EP

Therefore EL=63MM×0.75=47.25mm
When EL=Evaporation from lake EP=pan evaporation
Water lost the lake in this week=A×EL=640×

Question 15
A sub basin with area of 1038 sq. km has 7 stations. The normal annual rainfall depths for all
the seven stations are given below in table. Determine the optimum number of rain gauge
stations to be established in the basin if it is desired to limit the error in the mean value of
rainfall to be 10%. Indicate how you are going to distribute the additional rain gauges stations
(if required).

Table. Normal annual rainfall depths for stations in sun-basin

Station A B C D E F G
Normal annual rainfall 87 89 76 43 35 23 88
depth (mm0

 Solution
Statio Normal annual Difference Difference ̅, Statistical
n rainfall depth (x – ̅) (x – )̅ 2 parameters ,
(mm) x Cv
A 87 24 576
B 89 26 676
C 76 13 169
D 43 -20 400
E 35 -35 1225
F 23 -40 1600
G 88 25 625
∑x=441 ∑(x –

23
 ̅)2=5271
n=7
∑
=
̅ =63
̅̅
̅̅
̅
√∑ ( – ̅) =29.6

Cv ×100%= ×100%=46.98

N=(
Additional rain gauge station determined by
N-n=22-7=15
Therefore the number of additional rain gauge needed for area of watershed is 15 distributed as
proportional to watershed
First the ratio of area of watershed to gauge station is 1038/7=148.3 this is indicate that 1 gauge is
148.3 sq. area represent
But now change to reduce the error is sq.is represent by 1 gauge therefore the error is
can minimized

Question 16
Annual rainfall in cm for station A from 1964 to 1993 are as follows:
130.0, 136.1, 132.3, 127.9, 140.1, 129.3, 128.5, 136.6, 125.6, 139.3, 118.5, 116.3, 137.7, 132.1,
133.6, 135.5, 130.3, 122.7, 120.2, 128.8, 138.3, 131.7, 121.1, 117.7, 112.3, 139.6, 141.1, 133.3, 129.2,
126.6

Plot the annual rainfall data. Apply a simple 3 years moving average over it. Also, plot the mean of
the series and comment on the nature of the data.

 Solution

Year Annual rainfall in cm Year Annual rainfall in cm

1964 130.0 1979 135.5
1965 136.1 1980 130.3
1966 132.3 1981 122.7
1967 127.9 1982 120.2
1968 140.1 1983 128.8
1969 129.3 1984 138.3

24
1970 128.5 1985 131.7
1971 136.6 1986 121.1
1972 125.6 1987 117.7
1973 139.3 1988 112.3
1974 118.5 1989 139.6
1975 116.3 1990 141.1
1976 137.7 1991 133.3
1977 132.1 1992 129.2
1978 133.6 1993 126.6

The Table is a simple 3 years moving average over it

Year 3 yrs moving average rainfall in cm Year 3 yrs moving average rainfall in cm
1965 132.8 1979 133.13
1966 132.1 1980 127.5
1967 133.43 1981 124.4
1968 132.43 1982 123.9
1969 132.63 1983 129.1
1970 131.47 1984 132.93
1971 130.23 1985 130.37
1972 133.83 1986 123.5
1973 127.8 1987 117.03
1974 124.7 1988 123.2
1975 124.17 1989 131
1976 128.7 1990 138
1977 134.47 1991 134.53
1978 133.73 1992 129.7

25
 Rainfall
160

140

R 120
a
i 100
n
80
f
a 60 Rainfall
l
l 40
20

0
1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992
Year

Question 17
Determine the direct runoff hydrograph (DRH), the Φ-index , and the excess rainfall hyetograph
(ERH) from the observed rainfall and the stream flow data given in the table. The watershed area
is 7.03 square miles.
Table. Rainfall and stream flow data

Date Time Observed rainfall Observed stream flow (cubic feet per
(Inches) second)
24 May 8:30 Pm 203
9:00 0.15 246
9:30 0.26 283
10:00 1.33 828
10:30 2.20 2323
11:00 2.08 5697
11:30 0.20 9531
25 may 12:00 Am 0.09 11025
1:00 8234
1:30 4321
2:00 2246
2:30 1802
3:00 1230
3:30 713

26
 4:00 394
4:00 354
4:30 303
 Solution

N=0.8(A)0.2 =0.8(7.03)0.2 =1.2 day =28.8hr

So the base flow start from 0.5hr and end in (may 4+28.8)hr
That means 4+28.8=32.8hr
Base flow =203cft/s
A straight line base flow separation gives a constant value
of 203cft/s for the base flow.
Area of DRH=∑ DRH×∆t

= (0.5×60×60) × 46282=83307600cft = total direct runoff due to storm

When we change area of catchment that given mile into feet =195985152 sft

Basin Area, A=7.03 mi2

 (Phi-index) method =?
Calculate the direct run off hydro graph
By using strait line method for base separation base starts from 400 ft3/s
Rd = Vd/A =7.839*107ft3/A =4.80 mil depth of direct run off
Neglect all precipitation intervals that occur before the onset of direct runoff (before 9:30)
•Select Rm the precipitation values in the 1.5 hour period from 10:00 –11:30
rd

Ф= 0.54 in/hr

Day Time Observed RF Observed stream Base flow DRH(cft/s) Col3- DRO
(inch) flow(cft/s) Col4 volume
1 2 3 4 5 6
24 May 8:30 Pm 203 0
9:00 0.15 246
9:30 0.26 283
10:00 1.33 828 400 428 770400
10:30 2.20 2323 400 1923 3461400
11:00 2.08 5697 400 5297 9534600
11:30 0.20 9531 400 9131 16435800
25 may 12:00 Am 0.09 11025 400 10625 19125000
1:00 8234 400 7834 14101200
1:30 4321 400 3921 7057800
2:00 2246 400 1846 3322800
2:30 1802 400 1402 2523600

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 3:00 1230 400 830 1494000
3:30 713 400 313 563400
4:00 394 0 0
4:00 354 0 0
4:30 303 0
∑RF=5.61inch ∑ DRH= 43550 78390000

Question 18
Construct a 10 minute SCS unit hydrograph for a basin of area 3 km2 and time of concentration 1.25
hour.
Solution
Given Tc=1.25h, tr=10min=0.166h, A=3km2 C=2.08
Then tp=0.6Tc=0.6×1.25=0.75h
Tp +0.75=0.833h qp

=7.49m3/s cm
to construct 10min UH multiply y-axis (q) by qp and x axis (t) by Tb
ordinate
time of 1hr
(hr) UH(cfs/in

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 0 0 0
1 45 45
2 60 45 105
3 22 60 45 127
4 8 22 60 45 135
5 1 8 22 60

10 min SCS unit hydrograph

700
600
500
discharge ( ft

400
300
200 Series1
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time(hr)

Question 19
An 8 square mile watershed has a time of concentration of 1 hour. Calculate a 10-minute unit
hydrograph for this watershed by SCS triangular unit hydrograph method. Determine the direct
runoff hydrograph for a 20-minute storm having 0.6 inch of excess rainfall in the first 10 minutes
and 0.4 inch in the second 10 minutes.
 Solution
Given Tc=1h, tr=10min=0.166h, A=8mil2 C=2.08
Then

tp=0.6Tc=0.6×1=0.6h

Tp 3h

qp m3/s cm the same is true for quast 18

to construct 10min UH multiply y-axis (q) by qp and x axis (t) by Tb

tr = 10minutes tp =0.6 tc = 0.6*1hr = 0.6hr = 36minutes

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Tp = 41minutes = 0.683hr

Qp
Tb = 2.67 Tp = 2.67*41minutes = 109.47minutes

To determine the direct run off

Flow rate (Q) =

Then, put in chart

Table .1
Time Flow Rainfall
rate(ft3/sec/inch) (inches)
0 0
10 5.94 0.6
20 11.88 0.4
30 17.82
40 23.76
41 24.35
50 20.79
60 17.24
70 13.68
80 10.12
90 6.57
100 3.01
109.35 0

Then it seems to be
Here on the following table
Table .2
Time Rainfall Flow Direct run off
(inches) rate(ft3/sec/inch
0 0 0 − 0
10 0.6 5.96 3.576 4.2
20 0.4 11.88 9.504 9.5
30 17.82 15.4
41 24.35 21.7
50 20.79 22.2
60 17.24 18.7

30
 70 13.68 15.1
80 10.12 8.0
90 6.57 4.4
100 3.01 1.2
110 0 0

30

25

20

15 DRO
flow rate
10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Question 20
The ordinates of a one-hour unit hydrograph specified at one hour intervals are (in cfs/inch): 45,
60, 22, 8, and 1. calculate the watershed area, the S-hydrograph and the two-hour unit
hydrograph for this watershed.

 Solution

Time( Ordinat S-H(unit storm after S-Curve S-Curve S-Curve Col.6*1/3=2h UH

h) e of everyb1hr) ordinate Lagged Deference
1-h UH (col.2+3) (Col4-5)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 - 0 - 0 0
1 45 0 45 0 45 22.5
2 60 45 0 105 45 105 30
3 22 60 45 0 127 105 82 11
4 8 22 60 45 135 127 30 4
5 1 8 22 60 91 135 9 -22

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Slight adjustment is required to the tail of the 2hr UH
The lagged S-Curve is the same as S-ordinate but lagged by tr=2hr, 2hr UH =S-Curve deference*(tr/tr)
Number of storm in a succession =T/tr=5/1=5
To produce constant out flow,
A=(Qe*tr)/2.78=91*1/2.78=32.73mile2

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