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w :J M ~4 ,1 % ~a .

aj or ity Fi nd s its Past: Placinx Women in History,


Gerda Lerner, The M
8.
s, Ne w York, 1979, p. 16
Oxford University Pres
~ ,n~dlera) ~ - taJism ,
'W ha tev er ha pp en ed to the Vedic Da si? Orien
Uma Chakravart i,
Su de sh Va.id
an d a sc rip t fo r the pa st' , in Ku mk um Sanghari.
Nationalism ,
en: Es sa ys in Co lon ica l Historv, Kali fo r W om en
(ed.) Recasting Wom
-8 7
New Delhi , 1989, pp. 17 u Civilization, MotiJal
io n of W om en in Hi nd
A. S. Al tek ar , The Posit
Banarsidas, DeJhj, 1983
. (First Edition: 1938).
~ ,u~dle1a) ~ - w
d mk um Ro y. 'In Se ar ch of Ou r Pa st, AR ev ie
,) UmaCbakravarti an Ku
omen in
ns and Po ssi bil iti es of the Hi sto rio gr ap hy of W
of ._ Limitatio

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