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ilR.R~i'1 a>T atmt>'(Oj $)fate I
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~ 11"{ fcfcqq ~ ~ *
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~ &lj>llil'TI° cl)T ~ m~ ~ f!IAl.::ll ~it ~ m ~ w~
latin g Mate rial) cfi~Mld i1 ~ ~ ~
mate rial) ~ aR 11"{ ~ ~ i 3ffi ~ it \lfT fc!'4ailm (Insu
d~l~{OI ~ ~ ~ ~ ii
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1l"{ fcfi-m >fcf>R qTT fc!'4dU~ &llc:1< 1~ ' 0llfR
0 cfi ~ cnf;m "RTt ~ ~ "lJT ~f~c fi M921 (cam bric tape ) ~
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a:R,1@ fc!~cHl'i:R w~~ ~ fcrr'lA m it a19~A ~ >f'qfq
cnT ~ \lJIBT t, ~ a:R,1@ fq~<1U'tT,, ~in

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1. Clas s 4-"cf>Tc1, ~ , ~ I <119Al-i- 900°C
2. Clas s A-dl 9Al1 f<1f' 42-1 050° C 1 ~ t $'~'1~R:S ~ , ~ ' 91ffifll$:S, ~ ' ~ I
3. Clas s E-<119AH f<1f' 42-1 200° C, ~ i 91dg< l-<"ilffc.c.fi, 9tffifq1l$<:1 CJ:4l¾l ~ ,
4. Clas s B-dl 9AH f<1f' 42-1 300° C , ~ i 3-tcf>lis{Rcf> W~ -cf>) c:11f.-f~1 ~ W2l >!<WT 'ITTffi -%1
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Physi cal Class ificat ion

Solid Liqui d Gas

di::,lt;{UI : fo{f~cfi , ~ , di;l~ { OI : fq-fl«:1 ~ ' di;l~{OI : €?1~~l"H ,

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cfi"Rf, ~ ~i~4iT4< ~ 1l$~}i1 1 , SF 6

 Electrical Conducting Material

High Resistivity/Low Cond uct ivity

Low Resistivity/High Conductivity
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o~lti{ □ I : 211R1 , ~ ' 4 111 -:i1 1isi,II.l
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~ 1. (6f) om a;- ~1'11;:a ~ a;- 'iR 1l ~'1'11$e I

~-"Btjt ill<:1cf> lRT~ it a:r:RT ~ ill<:1ct>dl 3=f2Tqf R8 >Trait~~ cf)f{UT, ~ -mrr{ 3Tiqcfi ~
Fcnir ~ cfTffi mg ticm "i1M cfiT >Trait~ -mrr{ f;r8 t JWcn ➔ 3l1R ~ ~ ~ ~ i:4 re1cti 'tRT~ ~ q;f{UT

~ ~-m ~ ~ ~ t, ~ d-f~~ch14 (non-magnetic ) q 3ffl ~ (non-fe1TOUS met al) t -i1- ,m:1r

~ <lf-114Rct> a-21r ~~&art , ~ ~ trr it ffiffi mm t ~ w m ~ a:r~ 31;f/e11 ~ ~
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F7

# 39(1<S>'t{mmt, m ~ 3l21qf d-J4le11 ~~~ 4jf;,q:; ~* mm ti d-J4le11 ~ ~ ~ m~

.3 =Rf(

t ~ m ffl ~~it~~ "Bl'lf~ mm t, m ~ga:rr ~ 6-14le11 ~ q~=q,q_ % m~ i

cn"q

. cfi1" @Ti.let>{ m
c3m ~ "# ~ cn7 qf2.2.4j ""
3l21qf "€9it ffl ~ cfi1" m1-0 ~ ~ t, &H7fH m i
Rmrnf Fcifs!l62. dlY'-1111:ff 1Wf ffi 3:ff"{ fig 3srfficn7 s,rn,q1 mfilt1 m ffl ~ (hard drawn copper
~ m1-0 ~ '5TTcIT t, ffl ~ ct>'-i,4l~,< mm~ Jlfcfi1 d-J1lt11 ~ ~ t1+.flt1, c-;,rzr) ~ t, ~
m
~ ~ cfl7 -i:41flcndl ~ ffl ~ it arf'~ t120°C ~ dl9'-iH 1R 6f ..flt11 ~ ~ cfIT >f@U~ cflT "t:fR 1. 72
10-8 3w=f ~ t 3ffi m
~ ~ ~~~1lR 1.77x 10-8 3w=f ~ t, ~ cfil 3mf 1:ffiB "ffitT ifi n
ffl ~ - Acf>dl t (fey fcif'~ ~ cfil" ~ cf qf<2~1· t" ~ -q tjr ~1llfl ~ f!chctl ~I ~ ~ ~~
orrosion) t- "SI'~~~~~ t- d-llcR-il$:S "ch1 ~ 11«J ~
~~~>Tra it~ cf>f "T7T mm t, qfdlq{OI

mt~~z~i:r«r~~it>r~"ITTmt m{rfa:TRUf "cf,T (lcha1 t, 3i1l~11 ~~ ~ m ffl ~ it

rJ: ~ crey 1lfHich cf>f 1lR ~ : 8.89 er 1084°C t, ~ cnr a;pf m-q&f 8.15 ~ 4.72 r-, "efc:r qTf i4l ,4k<
·m-ort,
fcr?Jo ill{ ~ ~ ~ 3ili:4~l/ch ~ (soldering) cl?.TT tj~s ➔ ~ :IJJT tjr ~ ~- ~ t, ~ ~
:ter soldering) ~ ~ , ~ cf>1 ~"CR~ '3ilcffi1$s Wo ~ CR1cR-i fctf!ll/ch "ff'llcf>< t;21l/l ~ "t1~ l:IT
~ W1 f/J:4rt >f@U~ ~ cntff ~- cf41fcfi 6-1 tR ~ ~ '3ilcR-il$:S 1Ro ~ illflchdl "cf>T T1 "ITTCTf ■ t,
 ,_ 1ht ( \)t\ 111Ttt11 , Switc h , 1·11111,v co11l 11c1 ( , 11 1 d , ), " ' ' •~f ,!ft·-! , l 11,rrn 1 cl111J.( w,,, & u,r1n " t1nv,
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~~ 2. Pl~~ftt<'I ~ ~ ~ 'lTTO ~ 'Jff{ ~I

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~ -11 !4"1\1 Si 1:Fll•~ •~i i k ll(:1· poi nl. 0 .7 V 1 -1
✓

( ;.- •:1.rrl •!, •fil kt1( '(' point. 0 .:1 V ';ymbvl

s rlf)-~ itil 1.-1111u1 N ty p(' ( ~r. 'H d q{ In~~ •, §11 7;f,1TJ ,~rtrcri ·fW-11 ~ [T l ~ j~
~ I .. ;TR ~ , ~ ~ ~
q ~ yv~ cm ¥9 (~ ~ , en~ 'I rt\ Icfi1l _l \}mn ~-I tm:F:tf\ r,r~r. i~ IN ~-h ~ I ( ] r) T.f.t 7:f,n~ f.P f.p_pl it nA i I
~ lt?m- 1{11 ,~cf,\~ , \}fl{\-.,, 14 , \mtt1'TG I
'l'ran Nis tor- Jl .?~~ ~ tfc!_l Y
,r\' (S(•mi -condu ctor m at< !r i ul H) 7fi'I mrTT1''1 (n.!1-,i r1 t an ccJ -t:111 'l~
tl'l1•ctric field) ~ olrrlB (magniltHil-) in. ~f'ITT ~en ~~ I J~..rrcqcfi (f-:c mi -condu ctor) 1'.l m1l (curr<;ntJ ·atq
~ ~ lOlun's & law) <lil ~Wj,91 (--H ;.rr~· ~ ~ dn{ ql c:-?..al (voltage) ~"lit· n ·,m•i-w. ~ ,wn i 1~ 1f'11 ii
' '?if'1'1h~.(' ~ -qm (device )* >{7.TT11 ~ 117:fl °(, I ~if'1'1~-l{ , ~ Bfv~ (twojuncti on HJ ~ v,n 'ITT dq1<1 f l
-qmldt'vic<:-) i i "Bf~ P , N ~ P 3l?:fq( N, P 3fu N ~'lif (m atcri a hi ) cfi1 zjf'{,f i i ~ f -1tT.ff P-fi ffi <a ,
~ (b) ~ - fc:_©P-11 TP-11 "%1 ~if'1'1R.~J° °;\ ~ mq (v acuum) (l'l!l Ttm--1 ~ 'fil ~ ~ ml "t ~ f,4,1r1
>fcl~ (nmplificnt ion of s igna l) (l9.ff ~ 1lft9~ (circuit) 'rfi ~ i-1
N P N P N P

C E C

B B
(a) (b)
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'Pf 3'cR)u ~ "a5 'ffi'< ~ crqr t? idl$e I

~ 2. ("i') ~ (Glass) ~ fcftjo
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· fclf'lFl ~ 311cR-H$si ~ ~ IDU ffi ~ t ~ ~
~-~ (Glass)- 316f,14f1cfi ,m~ ~ I
ft1q1;::qa: ~ 4Rc!.~ff, ~ ({?:fl~ mfil t1 ~ ~ o~ m ~ ctitaif1cfi fqMlll6til -q ~Y,M1~th:1 i 1 ffl if;
~~,e:1 ~ r~rc:1ctiT1, ~ , q:;'fftj,'i{ft, ~,f-sllq , ~,2~14q, ~r(_"~'ll'-', ~, ~ ~ ~ 3lTi:R-irs.s ~ mt,
~ ~ ~jSl4fil (Different applications of Commercial Glass)-~ ~ fcl?J,o {l'f:TI g;f.:RF~ r";
~-~~,~a:ncITT= 11I~3llfu:~~*ff icfll~~~-~1~"B mfunif q<r~qa~~
mwwr~t,
~ g?ll 2ctlfq,j11 ~ ~ , ~ ~ 3lTfu: m cflT <i4~a,lla ~ %, -m * m
(en) ~atf<"Hi cfell{:;ij en FfiR;tctii ~ (Fused Quartz or Silica Glass) - ~ aiq q11 ~ ~ 3ITT
m ~ ~ ~ f~fc:1ctil ~ 'T~fc:1cfil -m"
cf>~ ~I~ "tRJ~ ~ ~ ~ o?:JT ~ ~ ~ 6ITT: ~
>ffuu~~~"T1l ~i1 -
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~ ~ 61Ti:R-il$s cf>1 ~ 3ilC4~<.lcfial ffl t1 ~ ffl ~ ~ "T7T ~ i ~ ~ "T7T 6Hl~Zil ~ ~ ~ °% 1
~ ~ cliTr-11 cf>1 ~ if H-Hll.-fl. o~ ~ ~ >J"lfcn ~ ~ 3if'~ ~ ~ ~I
4
e<eat ~t~as fi&Mtifi fflt'til ~ - - . l?lf ~crftlAU q; j,flAQ"•· lll1lf : 2019
( ) "ffi' ~ ~ ?Ji-Hl~ (Fibre Gla st:i ;n_sul a t~on)-ffl ~ fq?J,cHl~ 130°C ~~ Jif~
~ i , w:fcflW d-ljwwn "B ~cfiTg ~ cfi) ~ ~ ~ 1RT~ ~ ~ ~ m,
11
m qi17-l c:n1:
~~
(mineral oil) it ~-cf<l (impregnate d) M ~ t1 ■
~ 2. (~) 31croW'f; ~ ~ 3,&ftq wn cJn ~ I
Btre"-a141l4 'TJT- .
·om cfl6q~ne1a1 (Melting point, flush point and volatility)-Jlc."Fllcfi q;-r m1:f
l1M-1icfi, \l0le1'1icfi
~ ~ fc~~,~ 3fj51<WTI -q "ITTcfT t ~ mID'i:TT'f "cfi%ll cfffi fci,qcHl~ c)J ~ c)J , ~ ~~ m
(non-drawin g compound impregnated insulated cable) 3llR -q cli~.ftll 'IN t 'fcf> ~ c)J ~ cfil4cfil{1
a1qq11 1lftm -q 3-tc1~Tift-la 3-TTP:PJ>l (impregnatin g compound) 'cfiT l1mT ,m' ~ f i ~ cnl 7TlR
(migration) -;, "ITTI
\Jtj(>·Flich (flash point) if; cfiRlTT ~ d01li:;1 m c)J ~ 3TI~ ct14l-lH cf>l Wlll f.-t~=qa mm t f i
"3"B WP~ 3WT WR cf>1 ~ -;, it I
ctJIS9~0Z1dl cfil i:r-~ ~flfciQ. t fcn' ~ fcflm c:11159~0(1 fcl~:!,(Rltfl ~if* qlfc.dl c)J Q@~<::1 *>f'qJcff ~ 1R
-m ~ il"fl ~ (evolve) "ITTffi t -al~~~ it "ITTffi ti c11159~0<::1 '9"c;Tif ~ ~ fci~~l,('Hl'tJcfl ,m' mm
ti .
~ i-11e1cfio1 (Thermal Conductivi ty)-/ R ~ n2TT 9{1~~a ~ if;- cf1RlJT ~~~mm
2

t 91\ fcl'€1,d~l~ ~ l-TT'UPi it fqflf~a it~ t i ~ cfil ~ >f'lflq ~ ~ "B

m mm~
fq~c-tU'tlcfl 1R R'lf<
~ ti
~ ~ -tj!Z1cfidl cfR1'i fq~dU~ ~ ~ "B ctldlct{UI -q >f'qfcij 'f'411HHOI if;- cflRUT dl4l-lH ~ 'cfiT
~-;,m'cfitrn 1 ~ q'l~2ctl d9cfi<Un°-q~ ~~ct{\~cf >l~ 3TI'tfcflmcftt ~:Illl 3TI~~& mtl
~~(The rmal Expansion) -3TI~ >fflR "T1Tfcfi 00 crr#t fq~c-t(I~ fll-lflll cnl cflRUT men i1
d9cf1{01 ~ <im: ~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ 3T<:ffi'tfcfl -q ~ °n2TT f{-l'.:f,,,$1 if;- cfiRUT ~ -q ~ ~ ~ cf>1
~mt 1~ fq~af1'l,r;p3~:rcr~1 ~ fc:1~ct(l'"-IT ~~ "B ~it, m~ f~ >!"BR 2°1ich'i' ~ cflRUT, &Fct<IZ1
~ ~ ffi cn1 ~ ~ an~ t11it1 fq~ct(1-«=0 ~ ~ ~ 3'.RRTC1 ~ ~ lj&f ~ "B cfiRcf) ~ ~1 "IN
~11 dllct~llcfi t fcn' ~ mu~ ffl ~ 'W1TI7-l >TBR 'cfiT ~ ~ "B ~ ~ ~ i1 ~ \ ?:Jr ~fl¾TRi:h
ffl-q~ ~ ~-;,m't1 ·
~ 'TI~ (Heat Resistance )-~ "Q.cn flll-ll.:ll "T1f t ~ ~ lW"T cfi«TT t fcn' 9{1~~a 3ITT ~
TT:l-h?::r=fct=rrTn-rtof T"TT cfi1 ~~m m, c1i@1lll mBT il' dl9l-ll1 ~ qf<c1cf1'i' chl ~~~I "lJ"R fcf~d(I~ if
qR~ ~n a I qq 11 ~ d q1c:R1 TT t ~ d 't'9 ct 19411\ 91- q i@1l ll ~ "B ~ ~ :rm *
cJ,1 ~ 00 'fl'l¼IB ,m' t m~
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"ITT'TT I ~ 3llf~ ~ B ~ Nill ti
l4tf--5tcfi 'T1l (Mechanical Properties)-fc1qaih-fcf> c)J ~ -q >f~ T'l ~ ~ ,n: ?:fITT ~ ~ ~
tt -zq ~ ~ "1TT \J,Z111,l-lct1 ~ it 3lfu l-lt;fctt0 f i1
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~ (fcfi"m 39ch{OI -q) fqf~ >lcfiR ~ <im: ~ m ii tl1llv:f cfiT ~ ~ >fqiR ~~it 6ilc!~llch t

=
~ ~ jSllJlll ~ ~ ~ qftq1o1 f~-f~ "ITT1lll d~lt\{01 ~ ~ ~ ~ t{H-h:111 ' I ~ 'cfiT ~ ~
~~ t ,1TTW~~2TT ~ ~ ~ '.:J,, 0~:Sc-H cfil ~ fm: cfiT d1 9ch~lll ~ (Centrifuga l forces) ~
<-1, d9ch{ fl ~ ~~ ~ 'e1'2TT ~ 'cfiT Gffi - ~ fs;n lJl..q<H ~~men t i
 5
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fciqailm %~ cfTT lllf~cfi m~ 3Hcf1 ~ ITT Rm~ i ~ 3-1!.lfo, f@a i - ' "
(Tem perat ure Rise )--qlc icfi ~ ~ "cfi1 ~ e1m fqqa il~ t.1{1~q *
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scopi c) 1ro~-cfil ~~ ~~ I
fotfchtf,(,ictl (Vis cosi ty)-~ 9{1tj?j,cfl. *
fclfchTTBctl , d~-m:,1 ~ (man ufact uring p r oce8s es) cfi1
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qfto11f'l?f cf~ 3P=f 6ijl44PTI° *
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(Sol ubil ity)- ~ 6-lj)44PTI *,
fq?J,ctU~ cfTT ~ fq<?,14cfi * E.il<?icfi{ "R11Rl "IT T~ ~
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(Thermoplastics)

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+ 0.3% Cr
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Co + 10% Al+ 6% Cu
5. ~ -(V) 51% Fe+ 24% Cu+ 14% 50,000 1.2 45,000
Ni + 8% Al + 3% Cu
6. ~<Rl<.'11$2 44% Fe O4 + 30% Fe2O3 +
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26CoO 3
7. ~-~ 77% Pt + 23% Co 2,00,000 0.45 16,000
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